published: 16 Sep 2012
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Beauvoir School
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Chatham House
Chatham House, formally known as The Royal Institute of International Affairs, is a non-profit, non-governmental organization based in London whose mission is to analyse and promote the understanding of major international issues and current affairs. It is regarded as one of the world's leading organizations in this area. It takes its name from its premises, a grade I listed 18th century house in St. James's Square designed in part by Henry Flitcroft and thrice occupied by British Prime Ministers including William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham.
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Cornell University
Cornell University (, {{respell|kor-) is an Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It is a private land-grant university which receives funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions.
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Rwanda
The Republic of Rwanda (, , or in English, or in Kinyarwanda) is a unitary republic of central and eastern Africa. It borders Uganda to the north; Tanzania to the east; Burundi to the south; and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Rwanda is landlocked but is noted for its lakes, particularly Lake Kivu, which occupies the floor of the Rift Valley along most of the country's western border. Although close to the equator, the country has a temperate climate due to its high elevation, with the highest point being Mount Karisimbi. The terrain consists of mountains and gently rolling hills, with plains and swamps in the east. Abundant wildlife, including rare mountain gorillas, have led to a fast-growing tourism sector. The largest cities in Rwanda are Kigali, Gitarama, and Butare. Unlike many African countries, Rwanda is home to only one significant ethnic and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda. The country is well known for its native styles of dance, particularly the Intore dance, and for its drummers. Kinyarwanda, English and French are the official languages.
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Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States. The university is located on an campus in northwestern Santa Clara Valley approximately southeast of San Francisco and approximately northwest of San Jose.
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Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe ( ; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe and formerly Southern Rhodesia, the Republic of Rhodesia, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia) is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona (a Bantu language), and Ndebele (also a Bantu language).
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Adlai Stevenson II
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Alan B. Krueger
Alan Bennett Krueger (born September 17, 1960) is an American economist, Bendheim Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University and Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. On March 7, 2009, he was nominated by Barack Obama to be United States Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for economic policy. He is among the [http://ideas.repec.org/top/top.person.all.html 50 highest ranked economists] in the world according to IDEAS/RePEc.
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Arne Duncan
Arne Duncan (born November 6, 1964) is an American education administrator and currently United States Secretary of Education. Duncan previously served as CEO of the Chicago Public Schools.
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Arthur Goldberg
Arthur Joseph Goldberg (August 8, 1908 – January 19, 1990) was an American statesman and jurist who served as the U.S. Secretary of Labor, Supreme Court Justice and Ambassador to the United Nations.
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Austan Goolsbee
Austan Dean Goolsbee (born August 18, 1969) is an American economist, currently serving under President Barack Obama as the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers. Goolsbee is on leave from the University of Chicago where he is the Robert P. Gwinn Professor of Economics at the Booth School of Business.
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Ban Ki-Moon
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Ban Ki-moon
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
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Bashar al-Assad
Dr. Bashar al-Assad (, ; born 11 September 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Ba'ath Party, and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
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Bill Richardson
William Blaine "Bill" Richardson III (born November 15, 1947) is the 30th and current Governor of New Mexico. Before being elected governor, Richardson served in the Clinton administration as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary. Richardson has also served as a U.S. Congressman, chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association. On December 3, 2008, then-President-elect Barack Obama designated Richardson for appointment to the cabinet-level position of Commerce Secretary. On January 4, 2009, Richardson announced his decision to withdraw his nomination because of an investigation into improper business dealings in New Mexico. In August 2009, federal prosecutors dropped the pending investigation against the governor, and there has been speculation in the media about Richardson's career, after his second and final term as New Mexico governor concludes.
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Daniel Inouye
Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (;, Inoue Ken; born September 7, 1924) is an American politician who is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history. A Democrat, Inouye is the chairman of the influential United States Senate Committee on Appropriations.
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David Petraeus
David Howell Petraeus (; born November 7, 1952) is a United States Army general who serves as the current Commander, International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and
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Eric Holder
Eric Himpton Holder, Jr. (born January 21, 1951) is the 82nd and current Attorney General of the United States and the first African American to hold the position. He is serving under President Barack Obama.
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Eric Shinseki
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George H. W. Bush
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Hilda Solis
Hilda Lucia Solis (; born October 20, 1957) is the 25th United States Secretary of Labor, serving in the Obama administration. She is a member of the Democratic Party and served in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2009, representing the 31st and 32nd congressional districts of California that include East Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley.
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Jacob Lew
Jacob "Jack" J. Lew (born August 29, 1955) is the United States Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources. He will be nominated to serve as the Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget (or OMB) a position he previously held from 1998 to 2001. As Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources, Lew is the State Department's chief operating officer and is primarily responsible for resource issues, while James Steinberg, who is also serving as the Deputy Secretary, will be responsible for policy. Lew is co-leader of the State Department's Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review.
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Janet Napolitano
Janet Napolitano (; born November 29, 1957) is the United States Secretary of Homeland Security in the administration of President Barack Obama. She is the third person to hold the position, which was created after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009. She was Arizona's third female governor, and the first woman to win re-election. Prior to her election as governor, she served as Attorney General of Arizona from 1999 to 2002. She is the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office. Forbes ranked her as the 51st most powerful woman in 2009.
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Jeane Kirkpatrick
Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick (November 19, 1926 – December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent anticommunist. After serving as Ronald Reagan's foreign policy adviser in his 1980 campaign and later in his Cabinet, the longtime Democrat-turned-Republican was nominated as the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations and became the first woman to hold this position.
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Jeffrey Zients
Jeffrey D. Zients (born c. 1966) is an American CEO, management consultant and entrepreneur. On July 30, 2010, he was named acting director of the Office of Management & Budget. President Obama appointed him to the new position of United States Chief Performance Officer. Confirmed by the Senate, he is also Deputy Director for Management of the Office of Management and Budget in the federal government of the United States.
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Jesse Helms
Jesse Alexander Helms, Jr. (October 18, 1921 – July 4, 2008) was a five-term Republican United States Senator from North Carolina who served as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1995 to 2001. A leading conservative, he helped organize and fund the conservative resurgence in the 1970s, aiding Ronald Reagan quest for the White House and helping many local and regional candidates.
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Joe Biden
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John A. Scali
John Alfred Scali (April 27, 1918 – October 9, 1995) was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 1973 to 1975.
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John Bryson
John E. Bryson is the former Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and President of Edison International, the parent company of Southern California Edison. He is also a director of The Boeing Company, W. M. Keck Foundation, and The Walt Disney Company, a Director/Trustee for three funds in the Western Asset funds complex, a trustee of California Institute of Technology, and co-Chair of the Pacific Council on International Policy. He serves or has served on a number of educational, environmental, and other nonprofit boards, including his tenure as chairman of the California Business Roundtable and as a trustee of Stanford University. Mr. Bryson is a graduate of Stanford University and Yale Law School.
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John Danforth
John Claggett "Jack" Danforth (born September 5, 1936) is a former United States Ambassador to the United Nations and former Republican United States Senator from Missouri. He is an ordained Episcopal priest. Danforth is married to Sally D. Danforth and has five adult children.
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John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, and is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
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John Negroponte
John Dimitri Negroponte (born July 21, 1939 in London, England, United Kingdom) () is an American diplomat. He is currently a research fellow and lecturer in international affairs at Yale University's MacMillan Center. Prior to this appointment, he served as the United States Deputy Secretary of State and as the first ever Director of National Intelligence.
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John O. Brennan
John O. Brennan (born September 22, 1954) is Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Adviser for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism. He was interim director of the National Counterterrorism Center immediately after its creation in 2004 through 2005. From 2005 until he returned to government service, Brennan served as CEO of The Analysis Corporation. He advised Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama on foreign policy and intelligence issues. Since 2007, Brennan has served as Chairman of the Intelligence and National Security Alliance. It was assumed early on by some that Brennan would be appointed next Director of the Central Intelligence Agency by Obama. Brennan withdrew his name from consideration in November 2008, however, over concerns due to his previous associations with controversial harsh CIA interrogation techniques. Brennan's responsibilities as Deputy National Security Advisor include overseeing plans to protect the country from terrorism and respond to natural disasters.
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John R. Bolton
John Robert Bolton (born November 20, 1948) is an American lawyer and diplomat who has served in several Republican presidential administrations. He served as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations from August 2005 until December 2006 on a recess appointment. He resigned in December 2006 when his recess appointment would have ended
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Kathleen Sebelius
http://wn.com/Kathleen_Sebelius -
Ken Salazar
Kenneth Lee "Ken" Salazar (; born March 2, 1955) is the United States Secretary of the Interior in the administration of President Barack Obama. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a United States Senator from Colorado from 2005 to 2009. He and Mel Martinez (R-Florida) were the first Hispanic U.S. Senators since 1977; they were joined by Bob Menendez (D-New Jersey) in January 2006. Prior to his election to the U.S. Senate, he served as Attorney General of Colorado from 1999 to 2005.
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Laura Ingraham
Laura Anne Ingraham (born June 19, 1964) is an American radio host, author, and conservative political commentator. Her nationally syndicated talk show, The Laura Ingraham Show, airs throughout the United States on Talk Radio Network. The Laura Ingraham Show is ranked eighth among most-listened-to talk radio programs, with an average 5.5 million weekly listeners.
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Leon Panetta
Leon Edward Panetta (born June 28, 1938) is the current Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, who reports directly to the Director of National Intelligence and the President of the United States of America. An American Democratic politician, lawyer, and professor, Panetta served as President Bill Clinton's White House Chief of Staff from 1994 to 1997 and was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993. He is the founder and director of the Panetta Institute, served as Distinguished Scholar to Chancellor Charles B. Reed of the California State University System and professor of public policy at Santa Clara University. In January 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Panetta for the post of CIA Director; he was confirmed by the full Senate on February 12, 2009 and assumed the office the next day.
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Lisa P. Jackson
Lisa Perez Jackson (born February 8, 1962) is an American chemical engineer and politician currently serving as the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Previously, she worked at the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) for 6 years, first as an assistant commissioner and later as commissioner. Prior to that, she was employed by the EPA for 16 years.
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Lynn Sweet
Lynn Sweet is the Washington, D.C. bureau chief for the Chicago Sun-Times and a columnist for The Hill, a weekly newspaper that covers the U.S. Congress, and for The Huffington Post.
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Madeleine Albright
Madeleine Korbel Albright (born May 15, 1937) is the first woman to become a United States Secretary of State. She was appointed by U.S. President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996, and was unanimously confirmed by a U.S. Senate vote of 99-0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997.
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Mansoor Ijaz
Mansoor Ijaz (born in 1961) is a prominent businessman of Pakistani ancestry, a financier, and a media commentator on terrorism, mostly in relation to Pakistan, Iraq and Afghanistan. He is the founder and chairman of Crescent Investment Management LLC, a New York investment partnership since 1990 that includes James Alan Abrahamson, former director of President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative.
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Michael Dukakis
http://wn.com/Michael_Dukakis -
Michael McFaul
Michael Anthony McFaul (born 1963 in Glasgow,Montana) is a professor of political science and director of the Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, of which he is also an alumnus. He is a Rhodes Scholar and noted authority on Russian politics. He has written numerous books on democratic transitions.
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Mobutu Sese Seko
http://wn.com/Mobutu_Sese_Seko -
Ngaire Woods
Ngaire Woods (pronounced "Nyree") is a New Zealand-born British academic.
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Osama bin Laden
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Peter R. Orszag
Peter Richard Orszag (; born December 16, 1968) is an American economist who is a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is also a contributing columnist for the New York Times Op-Ed page. Until July 30, he was the 37th Director of the Office of Management and Budget under President Barack Obama.
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Rahm Emanuel
Rahm Israel Emanuel (; born November 29, 1959) is an American politician and former White House Chief of Staff to President Barack Obama. He served previously as senior advisor to President Clinton at the White House from 1993 to 1998 and as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, representing , from 2003 until his resignation in 2009 to take up his position in the Obama Administration.
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Ray LaHood
Raymond H. "Ray" LaHood (born December 6, 1945) is the current United States Secretary of Transportation and a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives.
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Richard A. Clarke
Richard Alan Clarke (born October 1951) was a U.S. government employee for 30 years, 1973–2003. He worked for the State Department during the presidency of Ronald Reagan. In 1992, President George H.W. Bush appointed him to chair the Counter-terrorism Security Group and to a seat on the United States National Security Council. President Bill Clinton retained Clarke and in 1998 promoted him to be the National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism, the chief counter-terrorism adviser on the National Security Council. Under President George W. Bush, Clarke initially continued in the same position, but the position was no longer given cabinet-level access. He later became the Special Advisor to the President on cybersecurity, before leaving the Bush Administration in 2003.
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Richard Holbrooke
Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke (born April 24, 1941), Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan under the Obama administration, is a top-ranking American diplomat, magazine editor, author, professor, Peace Corps official, and investment banker. He is also the only person to have held the Assistant Secretary of State position for two different regions of the world (Asia from 1977–1981, and Europe from 1994–1996).
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Richard Miniter
Richard Miniter (born 1967) is an investigative journalist and author of two New York Times best selling books, Losing bin Laden and Shadow War. He is a former editorial page writer for The Wall Street Journal Europe, member of the Sunday Times (of London) Insight team of investigative reporters, and editorial page editor of the Washington Times.
http://wn.com/Richard_Miniter -
Robert Gates
Robert Michael Gates (born September 25, 1943) is the 22nd and current United States Secretary of Defense. He took office on December 18, 2006. Prior to this, Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, and under President George H. W. Bush as Director of Central Intelligence. Immediately after being recruited by the CIA, he served as an officer in the United States Air Force. After leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M; University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates also served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee Hamilton, that has studied the Iraq War. He was also the first pick to serve as the first Director of National Intelligence (DNI), but he declined the appointment in order to remain President of Texas A&M; University.
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Ron Kirk
Ronald "Ron" Kirk (born June 27, 1954) is the 16th United States Trade Representative, serving in the Obama administration. He served as mayor of Dallas, Texas from 1995 to 2002; he also ran for the United States Senate in 2002.
http://wn.com/Ron_Kirk -
Samantha Power
Samantha Power (born September 21, 1970, in Dungarvan, County Waterford in Ireland) is an Irish American academic, governmental offical and writer. She is currently a Special Assistant to President Barack Obama and Senior Director of Multilateral Affairs on the Staff of the National Security Council. She is also the Founding Executive Director and the Anna Lindh Professor of Practice of Global Leadership and Public Policy of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government
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Steven Chu
Steven Chu (born February 28, 1948) is an American physicist and currently the 12th United States Secretary of Energy. Chu is known for his research at Bell Labs in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him a share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips. At the time of his appointment as Energy Secretary, he was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley and the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where his research was concerned primarily with the study of biological systems at the single molecule level. Previously, he had been a professor of physics at Stanford University. He is a vocal advocate for more research into alternative energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combating climate change. For example, he has conceived of a global "glucose economy", a form of a low-carbon economy, in which glucose from tropical plants is shipped around like oil is today.
http://wn.com/Steven_Chu -
Susan Rice
Dr. Susan Elizabeth Rice (born November 17, 1964) is an American diplomat, former think tank fellow, and civil servant. She is an American foreign policy advisor and United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Rice served on the staff of the National Security Council and as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs during President Bill Clinton's second term. Rice was confirmed as UN Ambassador by the U.S. Senate by unanimous consent on January 22, 2009.
http://wn.com/Susan_Rice -
Thomas R. Pickering
Thomas Reeve "Tom" Pickering (born November 5, 1931), is a retired United States ambassador. Among his many diplomatic appointments, he served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1989 to 1992.
http://wn.com/Thomas_R_Pickering -
Tom Vilsack
Thomas James "Tom" Vilsack (; born December 13, 1950) is an American politician, a member of the Democratic Party, and presently the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. He served as the 40th Governor of the state of Iowa. He was first elected in 1998 and re-elected to a second four-year term in 2002. On November 30, 2006, he formally launched his candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in the 2008 election, but ended his bid on February 23, 2007.
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Vernon A. Walters
http://wn.com/Vernon_A_Walters -
Warren Austin
http://wn.com/Warren_Austin -
William Scranton
William Warren Scranton (born July 19, 1917) is a former U.S. Republican Party politician. Scranton served as the 38th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1963 to 1967. From 1976 to 1977, he served as United States Ambassador to the United Nations.
http://wn.com/William_Scranton -
Zalmay Khalilzad
http://wn.com/Zalmay_Khalilzad
Rice, Susan Filmography
- Mrs. Washington Goes to Smith (2009)
- When Andrew Came Home (2000)
- The Lot (1999)
- A Match Made in Heaven (1997)
- A Match Made in Heaven (1997)
- For Hope (1996)
- Tears and Laughter: The Joan and Melissa Rivers Story (1994)
- Opposites Attract (1990)
- Opposites Attract (1990)
- Animal Behavior (1989)
- Stamp of a Killer (1987)
- Something in Common (1986)
- Enormous Changes at the Last Minute (1983)
Rice, Susan Filmography
Rice, Susan Filmography
Suddenly Susan
Jack owns a magazine and is the former brother-in-law of Susan. After she runs out on her fiancé on their wedding day, Jack agrees to take her back at the magazine.
Cast
- Brooke Shields
- Nestor Carbonell
- Kathy Griffin
- Barbara Barrie
- David Strickland
- Judd Nelson
- Andrea Bendewald
- Jimmy Scaf
- Currie Graham
- Sherri Shepherd
- Eric Idle
- Rob Estes
- Billy Stevenson
- Albie Selznick
- Karen Maruyama
- Kyle T. Heffner
- Fred Stoller
- Anthony Starke
- Ray Baker
- Charlie Brill
- Season 1
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Episode 1: First Episode
USA...
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Episode 2: Dr. No
USA...
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Episode 3: The Best Laid Plans
USA...
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Episode 4: Suddenly Susan Unplugged
USA...
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Episode 5: Hoop Dreams
USA...
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Episode 6: Lie! Lie! My Darling
Jack wants to show his gratitude for the work everyone put to the latest issue and offers to take ev...
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Episode 7: Golden Girl Friday
USA...
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Episode 8: Beauty and the Beasty Boy
USA...
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Episode 9: Cold Turkey
Susan decides to host a Thanksgiving party to her workmates. Luis is videotaping the event for his r...
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Episode 10: Was It Something I Said?
Jack persuades Susan to be his slimy brother-in-law's "plus one" at a fund-raiser party. At the part...
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Episode 11: The Walk-Out
USA...
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Episode 12: The Me Nobody Nose
Susan claims that looks are just as important as character in society i.e. beautiful people don't ge...
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Episode 13: The Ways and Means
Jack assigns Susan and Vicki to write a parody of relationship guides, called "The Ways and Means". ...
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Episode 14: What a Card
Jack's grandfather has just passed away, but Jack is upbeat. Susan is going to the wake with Jack, b...
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Episode 15: Love and Divorce American Style: Part 1
For the first time in her life, Susan has sex on a first date. She quickly starts dating Adam, and t...
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Episode 16: Love and Divorce American Style: Part 2
Susan has spent another passionate week with Adam. Vicki, on the other hand, has lost in "strip Jeop...
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Episode 17: Love and Divorce American Style: Part 3
After witnessing Susan and Adam's kiss, Jack has disappeared into the woods - literally. Susan has t...
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Episode 18: With Friends Like These
Susan's old friend Paula contacts her and wants to get reacquainted. She has divorced from Susan's e...
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Episode 19: Where the Wild Things Aren't
Jack thinks the gang *needs* a special kind of vacation, so he takes them to a surprise 48 hr vacati...
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Episode 20: A Boy Like That
Susan has decided that it is time to stop feeling sorry for herself because Adam left her. So she's ...
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Episode 21: Family Affairs
USA...
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Episode 22: I'll See That and Raise You Susan
USA...
- Season 2
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Episode 1: I Love You, I Think
USA...
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Episode 2: Past Tense
USA...
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Episode 3: Truth and Consequences
USA...
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Episode 4: Next Stop, Heaven
USA...
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Episode 5: Susan's Minor Complication
USA...
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Episode 6: It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Maddy World
USA...
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Episode 7: It's My Nana and I'll Cry If I Want To
USA...
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Episode 8: A Kiss Before Dying... on Stage
USA...
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Episode 9: The Old and the Beautiful
USA...
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Episode 10: I Didn't Write This
USA...
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Episode 11: Yule Never Know
USA...
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Episode 12: A Kiss Is Just Amiss
USA...
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Episode 13: The Big Shalom
USA...
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Episode 14: Matchmaker, Matchmaker
USA...
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Episode 15: Car Trouble
USA...
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Episode 16: Ready... Aim... Fong!
USA...
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Episode 17: Daddy Piper
When Jack is unable to work he puts Susan in charge. And it doesn't Make Maddy happy that she has to...
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Episode 18: Not in This Life
USA...
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Episode 19: Models and Strippers and Wasps, Oh My!
USA...
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Episode 20: Poetry in Notion
USA...
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Episode 21: Pucker Up
USA...
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Episode 22: 5,947 Miles
USA...
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Episode 23: A Tale of Two Pants: Part 1
The title refers to the title of 'Charles Dickens' (qv)' novel "A Tale of Two Cities"...
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Episode 24: A Tale of Two Pants: Part 2
The title refers to the title of 'Charles Dickens' (qv)' novel "A Tale of Two Cities"...
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Episode 25: Oh, How They Danced: Part 1
USA...
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Episode 26: Oh, How They Danced: Part 2
USA...
- Season 3
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Episode 1: Birds Do It, Bees Do It, Even Some of These Do It
USA...
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Episode 2: Feels Like the First Time
USA...
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Episode 3: Don't Tell
USA...
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Episode 4: Sleeping with the Enemy
USA...
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Episode 5: A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Susan's Party
USA...
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Episode 6: War Games
USA...
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Episode 7: Seems Like Old Times
USA...
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Episode 8: Trash-Test Dummies
USA...
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Episode 9: The Thanksgiving Episode
USA...
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Episode 10: The Apartment Hunt
USA...
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Episode 11: Merry Ex-Mas
USA...
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Episode 12: Wedding-Bell Blues
USA...
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Episode 13: On a Clear Day You Can Hear Forever
USA...
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Episode 14: One Man's Intervention Is Another Man's Tupperware Party
USA...
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Episode 15: Sometimes You Feel Like a Nut
Brooke Shields and Christopher Atkins starred in "The Blue Lagoon" before "Suddenly Susan"....
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Episode 16: Ben Rubenstein, Meet Joe Black
USA...
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Episode 17: The Song Remains Insane
USA...
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Episode 18: Revenge of the Gophers
USA...
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Episode 19: In This Corner... Susan Keane!: Part 1
USA...
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Episode 20: In This Corner... Susan Keane!: Part 2
USA...
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Episode 21: The First Picture Show
USA...
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Episode 22: Bowled Over
USA...
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Episode 23: A Day in the Life
USA...
- Season 4
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Episode 1: The New Gate
USA...
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Episode 2: The Billboard
USA...
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Episode 3: The Pushkin Letters
USA...
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Episode 4: Vicki Moves In
USA...
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Episode 5: Halloween
USA...
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Episode 6: The Cheerleaders
USA...
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Episode 7: The Wish List
When Susan's 30th birthday is approaching, she realizes that there are things that she hasn't done w...
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Episode 8: First Date
USA...
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Episode 9: The Gay Parade
USA...
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Episode 10: The Birthday Party
USA...
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Episode 11: Luis Gets His Groove Back
USA...
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Episode 12: Susan's Ex
USA...
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Episode 13: Dinner Party
USA...
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Episode 14: Stock Tip
USA...
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Episode 15: I Love You
USA...
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Episode 16: The Break Up
USA...
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Episode 17: Girls Night Out
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Episode 18: The Bird in the Wall
USA...
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Episode 19: Susan and the Professor
USA...
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Episode 20: The Reversal
USA...
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Episode 21: Finale: Part 1
USA...
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Episode 22: Finale: Part 2
USA...
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Susan Rice 'This Week' Interview: US Ambassador to UN Discusses Muslim Protest (09/2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:35
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
The US Ambassador to the UN on violence in the Middle East. 'This Week' Transcript: US Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice: TAPPER: Hello again. George Stephanopoulos has the morning off. We are now in the homestretch, just 51 days until the election, and our powerhouse roundtable is standing by to get to all the week's politics. But first, the crisis that has the potential to shake up the presidential race, the murder of four Americans, including the US ambassador, in Benghazi, Libya, on Tuesday, and the wave of anti-American protests and violence now sweeping the globe. For more on what happened and why, let's bring in the US ambassador to the United Nations, Dr. Susan Rice. Dr. Rice, thank you for joining us. RICE: Good to be with you, Jake. TAPPER: So, first of all, what is the latest you can tell us on who these attackers were at the embassy or at the consulate in Benghazi? We're hearing that the Libyans have arrested people. They're saying that some people involved were from outside the country, that there might have even been Al Qaida ties. What's the latest information? RICE: Well, Jake, first of all, it's important to know that there's an FBI investigation that has begun and will take some time to be completed. That will tell us with certainty what transpired. But our current best assessment, based on the information that we have at present, is that, in fact, what this began as, it was a spontaneous -- not a premeditated -- response to what had transpired ...
http://wn.com/Susan_Rice_'This_Week'_Interview_US_Ambassador_to_UN_Discusses_Muslim_Protest_09_2012
UN Ambassador Susan Rice Slams Assad for Houla Massacre - Syria Regime at "Tipping Point" 5-30-12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:05
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Ambassador Susan E. Rice, the US Permanent Representative to the United Nations, makes comments on Syria after Dictator Bashar Assad Massacres 110 Houla Villagers. -- Ambassador Rice: Good afternoon. I will just briefly summarize the main points that we made in our discussion. We certainly agree with Kofi Annan that this is a moment where we have reached, in effect, the tipping point, with the events over the weekend being the most recent manifestation of that reality. I think we may be beginning to see the wheels coming off of this bus. And that means that what happens next and the steps that are taken by the Syrian authorities and by this Council could well be dispositive. The reality is—as I said in our discussion—it's hard to see that there are any more than three potential outcomes at this stage. The political process—which is so crucial to the success of any transition, which is the purpose of the Annan plan—is thwarted by the ongoing, escalating, expanding violence perpetrated by the government and the reality that the opposition cannot possibly be expected to come to the table while the violence is intensifying, escalating, and the government is lying about it. So those three outcomes are as follows: The first and best outcome would be for the government of Syria to finally and immediately implement its commitments under the Annan plan as it's obliged to do under UN Security Council resolutions. That is what Kofi Annan is pressing for, and that is the surest and ...
http://wn.com/UN_Ambassador_Susan_Rice_Slams_Assad_for_Houla_Massacre_Syria_Regime_at_Tipping_Point_5-30-12
Rep. Trey Gowdy blasts Jay Carney and Ambassador Susan Rice: I want to know why we were lied to!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
www.therightscoop.com
http://wn.com/Rep_Trey_Gowdy_blasts_Jay_Carney_and_Ambassador_Susan_Rice_I_want_to_know_why_we_were_lied_to!
LIBYA Susan Rice: Embassy Attack By Extremists Is Spontaneous, Heavy Weapons Accessible
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
How To Go To Heaven: www.jesus-is-savior.com www.nytimes.com September 15, 2012 Attack by Fringe Group Highlights the Problem of Libya's Militias By DAVID D. KIRKPATRICK, SULIMAN ALI ZWAY and KAREEM FAHIM CAIRO — Ansar al-Sharia, the brigade of rebel fighters that witnesses say led the attack on the United States diplomatic mission in Benghazi, holds that democracy is incompatible with Islam. It has paraded the streets with weapons calling for an Islamic state, and a few months ago its leader boasted publicly that its fighters could flatten a foreign consulate. But if the group's ideology may put it on the fringe of Libyan society, its day-to-day presence in society does not. It is just one of many autonomous battalions of heavily armed men formed during and after the uprising against Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi who have filled the void in public security left by his fall, resisting calls to disarm by saying that the weak transitional government is not up to the job. Ansar al-Sharia's fighters have given conflicting stories about their role in the attack. Said to number fewer than 200, they can usually be found at Al Jala Hospital in Benghazi, where they act as its guards and protectors. And when instead they turned their guns on the United States mission, American security officers and the Libyan authorities did not call for help from any formal military or police force — there is none to speak of — but turned to the leader of another autonomous militia with its own Islamist ...
http://wn.com/LIBYA_Susan_Rice_Embassy_Attack_By_Extremists_Is_Spontaneous,_Heavy_Weapons_Accessible
Susan Rice speech at Meles Zenawi funeral
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:57
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Susan Rice brings shame and dishonor to the United States
http://wn.com/Susan_Rice_speech_at_Meles_Zenawi_funeral
10 Questions for Susan Rice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:07
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
US Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice talks about international conflicts, America's role in the world, and her experience of being a woman and a mother while representing the country
http://wn.com/10_Questions_for_Susan_Rice
UN Ambassador Susan Rice Slams Russia, China for UN Syria Veto - 4-Feb-12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
Thank You Susan Rice from 20 million Suffering Syrians and Death to our Dictator Bashar Assad. This UN Meeting is about Freedom and Democracy for Syria and Russia and China are now isolated dictatorships who have both killed millions of their own Civilians . I get a lot of comments from Dirtbags who try to divert the conversation from Syria to Palestine and use the US support for Zionist Israel as a reason to attack Susan Rices' support for our Syrian Democratic Movement. Anyone who tries to divert the conversation here from Syria to Palestine is a Hypocrite and a Phony who is not to be trusted by our Palestinian brothers because If you support Freedom for Palestine you must support freedom everywhere, including in Syria. . Thank you USA and thank you Susan Rice. Death to Russia and China
http://wn.com/UN_Ambassador_Susan_Rice_Slams_Russia,_China_for_UN_Syria_Veto_4-Feb-12
Susan Rice on 'This Week': US Not 'Impotent' in Muslim World - September 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
US Ambassador to UN on anti-American protests and violence.
http://wn.com/Susan_Rice_on_'This_Week'_US_Not_'Impotent'_in_Muslim_World_September_2012
Labrador: Susan Rice Response to Benghazi Attack "Shameful"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:19
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Learn more at oversight.house.gov
http://wn.com/Labrador_Susan_Rice_Response_to_Benghazi_Attack_Shameful
Susan Rice Speech During Meles Zenawi Funeral
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:02
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Susan_Rice_Speech_During_Meles_Zenawi_Funeral
Obama UN Ambassador Tries To Claim Protests Had Nothing To Do With Obama Policies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Pres Obama's UN Ambassador Susan Rice on "Fox News Sunday" claims that the protests across the middle east had nothing to do with Obama's foreign policies 9/16/12.
http://wn.com/Obama_UN_Ambassador_Tries_To_Claim_Protests_Had_Nothing_To_Do_With_Obama_Policies
Susan Rice, Dedicated Liar and Hillary Clinton's Meddling in Russia's Parliamentary Elections
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:16
- Updated: 04 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/Susan_Rice,_Dedicated_Liar_and_Hillary_Clinton's_Meddling_in_Russia's_Parliamentary_Elections
Dr. Susan E. Rice on Barack's Foreign Policy Plans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:20
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
You should be with us in 2012, join now: my.barackobama.com Dr. Susan E. Rice is a senior national security adviser to the Obama-Biden campaign. She is on leave from the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC, where she is a Senior Fellow in the Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development Programs. Dr. Rice discusses Barack Obama's Foreign Policy Plan. Learn more here: www.barackobama.com
http://wn.com/Dr_Susan_E_Rice_on_Barack's_Foreign_Policy_Plans
"That Violence Is Absolutely Unacceptable Response When It Comes To Such A Video" Susan Rice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
September 16, 2012 CNN MOXNews.com
http://wn.com/That_Violence_Is_Absolutely_Unacceptable_Response_When_It_Comes_To_Such_A_Video_Susan_Rice
US Ambassador To The UN Susan Rice Responds To Russia & China Veto Of Resolution On Syria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
July 19, 2012 MSNBC News MOXNews.com
http://wn.com/US_Ambassador_To_The_UN_Susan_Rice_Responds_To_Russia_China_Veto_Of_Resolution_On_Syria
Charlie Rose - Susan Rice (02/09/12)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:28
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Susan Rice, US Permanent Representative to the UN www.CharlieRose.com
http://wn.com/Charlie_Rose_Susan_Rice_02_09_12
Susan E. Rice: 2012 Global Leadership Dinner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:24
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
www.unausa.org Susan Rice, US Ambassador to the United Nations, speaks at the 2012 UN Foundation-UNA Global Leadership Dinner. Recognizing the United Nations' vital role advancing peace, justice and prosperity, the United Nations Foundation and the United Nations Association of the USA (UNA-USA) honored recipients of the 2012 Global Leadership Awards at the annual Global Leadership Dinner in New York City. The event marked the 15th anniversary of UN Foundation Founder and Chairman Ted Turner's $1 billion gift to support the UN, which led to the creation of the UN Foundation. The event also celebrated the 70th year of UNA-USA. The honorees recognized during the dinner were Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Peace Prize winner, recipient of the Champion for Global Change Award for his strong leadership as an advocate for human rights and global health, as well as for his campaigning against poverty, racism and sexism. John C. Whitehead, Former Chairman of UNA-USA, recognized for his dedicated service to UN and UNA-USA causes. Kandeh K. Yumkella, Director-General for the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), recognized for his work on advancing sustainable energy for all, poverty reduction, the Millennium Development Goals and efforts to reduce the impact of climate change. Variety, the entertainment industry's preeminent news organization, recognized for its leadership in answering the UN Secretary-General's call to activate the creative community in solving global ...
http://wn.com/Susan_E_Rice_2012_Global_Leadership_Dinner
Susan Rice speech at Ethiopian dictator Meles Zenawi's funeral (excerpts)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Praising a genocidal dictator. Excerpts from Susan Rice speech at Ethiopian dictator Meles Zenawi's funeral, September 2, 2012.
http://wn.com/Susan_Rice_speech_at_Ethiopian_dictator_Meles_Zenawi's_funeral_excerpts
2012 Chicago Luncheon: Susan Rice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:45
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
On September 12, 2012, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum hosted a special program with US Permanent Representative to the United Nations Susan Rice. Michael Abramowitz, Director of the Museum's genocide prevention program, interviewed Ambassador Rice about the work the UN and the US government are doing to better prevent genocide and mass atrocities, and what they are doing in places most at risk today.
http://wn.com/2012_Chicago_Luncheon_Susan_Rice
Rep. Trey Gowdy blasts Jay Carney and Ambassador Susan Rice on Benghazi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Subscribe to rightscoop www.youtube.com Subscribe? bit.ly [Wanna Re-Upload? See Below] Subscribe to My 2nd Channel : - bit.ly Subscribe Via Facebook by Liking My Facebook Page: on.fb.me Follow Me on Twitter: bit.ly 【 Tweet Anything to over 75000+ Real Twitter Followers www.pay4tweet.com Market Your Business, Drive Traffic and Increase Sales 】 ✔ How To DOWNLOAD & RE-UPLOAD This Video! 1) Get this FREE Firefox addon bit.ly (Download Helper) 2) Install addon, restart firefox 3) go to this video, you should now see a new icon (Download Helper Logo) should now be visible in the top right by the back button and the url bar 4) Click small arrow right to the right of the Icon and choose best resolution available! Download / Re-upload! -SUBSCRIBE To My Channels- (below) Subscribe to www.youtube.com Subscribe to www.youtube.com Subscribe to www.youtube.com "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use." § 107.Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as ...
http://wn.com/Rep_Trey_Gowdy_blasts_Jay_Carney_and_Ambassador_Susan_Rice_on_Benghazi
Blackburn Says UN Ambassador Susan Rice Should Resign
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Congressman Blackburn discusses the Obama Administration's response to the terrorist attack on the US Consulate in Libya.
http://wn.com/Blackburn_Says_UN_Ambassador_Susan_Rice_Should_Resign
Susan Rice on Foreign Policy "Middle East / Iran-Israel" !
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:12
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Susan Rice on Foreign Policy "Middle East / Iran-Israel" Fox News Channel Wallace Educational Interview USAmbassador to United Nation / shirzadegan Condemn Terror Actsشیرزادگان خشونت و وحشیگری را محکوم میکند .
http://wn.com/Susan_Rice_on_Foreign_Policy_Middle_East_Iran-Israel_!
Susan Rice remembers Ambassador Chris Stevens
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Susan_Rice_remembers_Ambassador_Chris_Stevens
Photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
09 Nov 2012
Our children and grandchildren will live in a vastly different global economy China and India have ramped up investment in public education, increasing high school attendance and graduation rates....
Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win
09 Nov 2012
In recent months, communal violence in Burma's Rakhine state has left about 140 people dead and forced more than 100,000 from their homes. With Buddhist and Muslim communities effectively...
Photo: AP / Osama Faisal
10 Nov 2012
DOHA, Qatar -- Syriaâs biggest political opposition bloc Friday elected a Christian, George Sabra, as president, a move Sabra said showed that the Muslim-majority nation will not allow its national...
Photo: AP / Mohammad Hussain
11 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Acts of terror that strikes fear in the hearts and minds of people, such as unexpected and secretive deadly drone strikes, are always wars against hope....
Photo: AP / Natacha Pisarenko
09 Nov 2012
Tens of thousands of Argentinians vented their anger towards President Cristina Kirchner and her government on Thursday, taking to the streets to protest in city's across the country. Protesters...
Major hurdles remain to end veteran homelessness
11 Nov 2012
Kypost
CHULA VISTA, Calif. (AP) - Arthur Lute's arduous journey from his days as a U.S. Marine to his nights sleeping on the streets illustrates the challenge for the Obama administration to fulfill its promise to end homelessness among veterans by 2015. Lute has post-traumatic stress disorder from the...(size: 5.0Kb)
Diwali sweet recipes: Kheer, Sandesh
11 Nov 2012
The Times of India
Celebrate the festival of lights without the calorie pile up. Diwali and sweets are inseparable and every dessert dish is laden with sugar. However, using jaggery or honey in place of sugar can give the necessary sweetness without the extra calories that come with sugar. Here are...(size: 1.8Kb)
Huffington Post
File photo....(size: 13.8Kb)
North Carolina QB sets prep mark in 104-80 win
11 Nov 2012
Houston Chronicle
STEVE REED, AP Sports Writer | November 11, 2012 | Updated: November 11, 2012 12:16pm Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 15.7Kb)
Donald Trump: No regrets over Twitter rant
11 Nov 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Top NewsDonald Trump no regrets Advertisement Donald Trump has no regrets when it comes to his so-called Election Day Twitter rant in which he claimed the United States was not a democracy and called the election "a sham and a travesty." He later went on to say "More votes equals a...(size: 7.1Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics AT&TVerizonSamsungAndroidIphone Advertisement Samsung Galaxy Express, a new smartphone with a great low price, will be available in AT&T stores beginning this Friday, November 16. This smartphone has an unusually low price: Only $100 when purchased with a new 2-year service...(size: 7.8Kb)
CNBC
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Despite an adultery scandal that ended David Petraeus' tenure as CIA chief, the general may be called to testify in a Senate inquiry into the killing of four Americans at the U.S. consulate in Benghazi, Libya, Senator Dianne Feinstein said Sunday. Feinstein, the chairwoman of...(size: 17.3Kb)
MSNBC
At 94, Sol Schwartz doesn't look tough. He says his hands are "clumsy" so he can no longer garden or fish. Little things, he confesses, have gone wrong. But looks deceive: If Schwartz weren't tough, he wouldn't have reached this state at all. He was born at the end of World War I, but the next war...(size: 7.8Kb)
Reuters
* Resignation hit "like a lightning bolt," senator says * No connection between Petraeus departure and Benghazi * Questions about why FBI didn't tell Congress sooner By Deborah Zabarenko WASHINGTON, Nov 11 (Reuters) - Despite an adultery scandal that ended David Petraeus' tenure as CIA chief, the...(size: 3.5Kb)
Latest Posts
11 Nov 2012
New Yorker
Adrian Tomine, who created last weekâs cover âUndeterred,â just released âNew York Drawings,â a compilation of his work from The New Yorker and other places. In this intimate gallery of illustrations, sketches, comics, and covers, Tomine explores New Yorkâs culture and its passing...(size: 13.5Kb)
Complete football state semifinals schedule
11 Nov 2012
Detroit news
Comments Division 1 Rockford (10-2) vs. Detroit Catholic Central (8-4), Saturday, 1 p.m., at Battle Creek Central High School Detroit Cass Tech (10-2) vs. Lake Orion (11-1), Saturday, 1 p.m., at Troy Athens High School Division 2 Muskegon (11-1) vs. Caledonia (9-3), Saturday, 1 p.m., Hudsonville...(size: 8.9Kb)
PhysOrg
Flowers don't just catch our eyes, they catch those of pollinators like bees as well. They have to, in order to reproduce. Because plants need to maximize the opportunity for pollinators to gain access to their seeds, variations in the timing of flowering can have profound effects on flower, fruit,...(size: 5.8Kb)
Two killed in Indianapolis explosion and fire
11 Nov 2012
Reuters
INDIANAPOLIS (Reuters) - The cause of an explosion and fire that killed two people Saturday night when it tore through a residential...(size: 0.9Kb)
This article is about the diplomat. For the designer, see Suzy Rice.
| Susan Rice | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 27th United States Ambassador to the United Nations | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 22, 2009 |
|
| President | Barack Obama |
| Secretary-General | Ban Ki-Moon |
| Preceded by | Zalmay Khalilzad |
| 12th Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs of the United States | |
| In office October 9, 1997 – January 20, 2001 |
|
| President | Bill Clinton |
| Secretary | Madeleine Albright |
| Preceded by | George Moose |
| Succeeded by | Walter Kansteiner |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Susan Elizabeth Rice (1964-11-17) November 17, 1964 (age 47) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
| Spouse(s) | Ian Cameron (1992–present) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Stanford University New College, Oxford |
File:SusanRice.jpg
Susan E. Rice (middle) at the USCIRF hearings (November 27, 2001).
Susan Elizabeth Rice (born November 17, 1964) is an American diplomat, former think tank fellow, and civil servant. She is an American foreign policy advisor and United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Rice served on the staff of the National Security Council and as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs during President Bill Clinton's second term. Rice was confirmed as UN Ambassador by the U.S. Senate by unanimous consent on January 22, 2009.[1]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Rice was born in Washington, D.C. [2] Her father, Emmett J. Rice (1919–2011), was a Cornell University economics professor and governor of the Federal Reserve System.[2] Her mother is education policy scholar Lois Dickson Fitt, currently at the Brookings Institution. Her brother, John Rice, received an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School and is the founder of Management Leadership for Tomorrow (an organization committed to developing top minority talent for leadership roles in the business and non-profit sector). She is not related to Condoleezza Rice.[3][4]
Rice was a three-sport athlete, student council president, and valedictorian at National Cathedral School in Washington, D.C., a private day girls' school.[5] She played point guard in basketball and directed the offense, acquiring the nickname "Spo," short for "Sportin'."[5]
Her parents always told her to "never use race as an excuse or advantage." As a young girl she says she "dreamed of becoming the first U.S. Senator from the District of Columbia."[2] She also held "lingering fears" that her accomplishments would be diminished by people who attributed them to affirmative action.[2]
Rice attended Stanford University, where she received a Truman Scholarship, and graduated with a B.A. in history in 1986. She was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.[6][7]
Awarded a Rhodes Scholarship, Rice attended New College, Oxford, where she earned a M.Phil. in 1988 and D.Phil. in 1990. The Chatham House-British International Studies Association honored her dissertation titled "Commonwealth Initiative in Zimbabwe, 1979-1980: Implication for International Peacekeeping" as the UK's most distinguished in international relations.[2][8]
Rice's classmates and professors at Oxford included advocates of the role of the United Nations and international law (Sir Adam Roberts, Benedict Kingsbury),[9] of global economic governance and international economic cooperation (Ngaire Woods, Donald Markwell),[10] and of a firm stance against Russian authoritarianism (Michael McFaul).[11]
Marriage, family and early career[link]
Rice married ABC News producer Ian Officer Cameron (born in Victoria, British Columbia)[12] in 1992 in Washington, DC at a chapel in The National Cathedral. They met as students at Stanford.[13] They have two children.[5][6][14][15]
Rice was a foreign policy aide to Michael Dukakis during the 1988 presidential election. She was a management consultant at McKinsey & Company, the global management consulting firm, in the early 1990s.[16] While at McKinsey, Rice was affiliated with the firm's Toronto office where she and her husband lived for a time.[17]
Susan Rice was viewed by many officials and diplomats as very bright, but also as inexperienced and inflexible.[18] Rice was considered[by whom?] "young, brilliant, and ambitious" and she worked to "integrate Africa in the global economy while at the same time aiming to increase U.S. national security";[2] even as she was criticized by detractors who considered her "authoritarian, brash, and unwilling to consider opinions that differ[ed] from her own". Reportedly, the young Rice engaged in various disputes involving career diplomats within the State Department's African bureau.[2][5]
Clinton administration roles[link]
Rice served in the Clinton administration in various capacities: at the National Security Council from 1993 to 1997; as Director for International Organizations and Peacekeeping from 1993 to 1995; and as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs from 1995 to 1997.
At the time of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, Rice reportedly said, "If we use the word 'genocide' and are seen as doing nothing, what will be the effect on the November [congressional] election?" Rice subsequently acknowledged the mistakes made at the time and felt that a debt needed repaying.[19] The inability or failure of the Clinton administration to do anything about the genocide would inform her later views on possible military interventions.[20] She would later say of the experience: "I swore to myself that if I ever faced such a crisis again, I would come down on the side of dramatic action, going down in flames if that was required."[21]
Rice supported the multinational force that invaded Zaire from Rwanda in 1996 and overthrew dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, saying privately that "Anything's better than Mobutu." Others criticized the U.S. complicity in the violation of the Congo's borders as destabilizing and dangerous.[18]
In a 2002 op-ed piece in the Washington Post, former Ambassador to Sudan Timothy M. Carney and news contributor Mansoor Ijaz implicated Rice and counter-terrorism czar Richard Clarke in missing an opportunity to neutralize Osama bin Laden while he was still in Sudan in 1996. They write that Sudan and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright were ready to cooperate on intelligence potentially leading to Bin Laden, but that Rice and Clarke persuaded National Security Advisor Sandy Berger to overrule Albright.[22] Similar allegations have been made by Vanity Fair contributing editor David Rose[23] and Richard Miniter, author of Losing Bin Laden, in a November 2003 interview with World.[24]
While the writings of Carney, Ijaz, Rose and Miniter each claim that Sudan offered to turn Bin Laden over to the US and that Rice was central in the decision not to accept the offer, The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States (the 9-11 Commission) concluded in part "Sudan's minister of defense, Fatih Erwa, has claimed that Sudan offered to hand Bin Laden over to the United States. The Commission has found no credible evidence that this was so. Ambassador Carney had instructions only to push the Sudanese to expel Bin Laden. Ambassador Carney had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment outstanding."[25]
Secretary of State Madeleine Albright has been a longtime mentor and family friend to Rice. Albright urged Clinton to appoint Rice as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs in 1997.[2] Rice was not the first choice of Congressional Black Caucus leaders, who considered Rice a member of "Washington's assimilationist black elite".[2] At a confirmation hearing chaired by Senator Jesse Helms, Rice, who attended the hearing along with her infant son, whom she was then nursing, made a great impression on Senators from both parties and "sailed through the confirmation process".[2] Rice was Assistant Secretary for African Affairs until Clinton left office in 2001.
On July 7, 1998, while serving as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, Rice was a member of an American delegation to visit detained Nigerian President-Elect Basorun M.K.O. Abiola. During this meeting, Abiola had a heart attack[26] which caused his death.
Business and think tank activities[link]
Rice was managing director and principal at Intellibridge from 2001 to 2002.[27][28] In 2002, she joined the Brookings Institution as senior fellow in the Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development program. At Brookings, she focused on U.S. foreign policy, weak and failing states, the implications of global poverty, and transnational threats to security. During the 2004 presidential campaign, Rice served as a foreign policy adviser to John Kerry.
Rice went on leave from the Brookings Institution to serve as a senior foreign policy advisor to Senator Barack Obama in his 2008 presidential campaign. On November 5, 2008, Rice was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project.[29]
U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations[link]
On December 1, 2008, Rice was nominated by President-elect Obama to be the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations,[30][31] a position which he also upgraded to cabinet level.[32] Rice is the second youngest[32] and first African American woman US Representative to the UN.[33] Dr. Rice has announced she will have both a transition team in place in New York and in Washington, DC at the State Department to be headed by US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton.
The 2010 National Security Strategy was referred to by Rice as a "dramatic departure" from its predecessor.[34]
In light of the 2011 Libyan civil war Ambassador Rice gave a statement following a White House meeting with President Obama and U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon as the United States increased pressure on the Libyan leader to give up power. Rice made clear that the United States and the international community saw only one choice for Gaddafi and his aides: step down from power or face significant consequences. Rice offered some of the toughest rhetoric toward Gaddafi, blasting his denials of atrocities against his own citizens as “frankly, delusional.” “It only underscores how unfit he is to lead, and how disconnected he is from reality,” Rice said. Rice praised the U.N. Security Council for the unanimous resolution it passed that called for the freezing of Libyan government assets and military aid to the country. It also referred all claims of abuse of the Libyan people directly to the International Criminal Court.[35]
Together with National Security Council figure Samantha Power, who already supported military intervention, and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who came to support it, the three overcame internal opposition from Defense Secretary Robert Gates, security advisor Thomas Donilon, and counterterrorism advisor John Brennan, and the administration backed U.N. action to impose the no-fly zone and authorize other military actions as necessary.[20][36] On 17 March 2011 Rice voted for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 which sanctioned a Libyan no-fly zone. The UK, France and Lebanon voted for the resolution while Brazil, Germany and India, and permanent members China and Russia both abstained. Rice and Clinton played major roles in getting the Security Council to approve this resolution,[20][37] Clinton said that same day that establishing a no-fly zone over Libya would require the bombing of air defenses, as the U.S. seeks broad action to protect civilians fighting Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's regime. Rice said that "We are interested in a broad range of actions that will effectively protect civilians and increase the pressure on the Gaddafi regime to halt the killing and to allow the Libyan people to express themselves in their aspirations for the future freely and peacefully,"[38]
On March 29, 2011, Rice said that the Obama administration had not ruled out arming the rebels fighting to oust Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. In an interview on ABC's Good Morning America program, Rice said there was no indication that Gaddafi was prepared to leave power without continued pressure from the International community. Referring to reports that members of Gaddafi's inner circle were reaching out to the West, she said: "We will be more persuaded by actions rather than prospects or feelers. ... The message for Gaddafi and those closest to him is that history is not on their side. Time is not on their side. The pressure is mounting.[39] In January 2012 after the Russian and Chinese veto of a UNSC resolution, Rice strongly condemned both countries for vetoing a resolution calling on Bashar al-Assad to step down. "They put a stake in the heart of efforts to resolve this conflict peacefully," Rice said on CNN. "The tragedy is for the people of Syria. We the United States are standing with the people of Syria. Russia and China are obviously with Assad." She added that "Russia and China will, I think, come to regret this action". "They have ... by their veto dramatically increased the risk of greater violence, and you've seen manifestations of that."[40] In her words, "the United States is disgusted that a couple of members of this Council continue to prevent us from fulfilling our sole purpose."[41]
Affiliations[link]
Susan Rice serves on the boards of several organizations, including the National Democratic Institute, the U.S. Fund for UNICEF,[27] board of directors of the Atlantic Council,[42] advisory board of Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University,[43] the board of directors of Bureau of National Affairs,[44] board of directors of Partnership for Public Service,[14] the Beauvoir National Cathedral Elementary School, and past member of the Internews Network's board of directors.[45][46]
She is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Aspen Strategy Group.[16][47]
Awards and honors[link]
- Rice was inducted into Stanford's Black Alumni Hall of Fame in 2002.[8]
- Served as Baccalaureate Speaker, at Spelman College (Atlanta, GA), in May 2010.
- Served as the Commencement Speaker, at Stanford University (Palo Alto, CA), in June 2010.
- Served as the Commencement Speaker, at the University of Miami (Coral Gables, FL), in May 2012.
Susan Rice delivered the commencement speech at Spelman College and received an honorary doctorate in
References[link]
- ^ Phillips, Kate (January 22, 2009). "More Obama Cabinet Nominees Confirmed". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/more-obama-cabinet-nominees-confirmed/. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The Meteoric Rise of the State Department's Susan Rice." The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education: 20 (Summer 1998), p. 40-41.
- ^ Susan E. Rice, New York Times, April 17, 2009
- ^ Profile: Susan Rice, BBC News, 1 December 2008
- ^ a b c d Brant, Martha (January–February 2000). "Feature Story - Into Africa". Stanford Magazine. Stanford Alumni Association. http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2000/janfeb/articles/rice.html. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
- ^ a b "Susan Elizabeth Rice". Who's Who (Marquis Who's Who): pp. K2014871257. 2007. http://www.marquiswhoswho.com/. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
- ^ MacFarquhar, Neil. "Susan E. Rice" (Reference). Times Topics: People (The New York Times). http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/r/susan_e_rice/index.html?inline=nyt-per. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
- ^ a b "Black Community Services Center Hall of Fame." Stanford Alumni Association.
- ^ Roberts, Adam; Kingsbury, Benedict, ed. (December 1993) (Book). United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827926-6. http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/InternationalStudies/InternationalOrganizations/?view=usa&ci=9780198279266. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
- ^ Markwell, Donald John (December 2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829236-4. http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/InternationalStudies/InternationalSecurityStrategicSt/?view=usa&ci=9780198292364. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
- ^ McFaul, Michael; Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn (January/February 2008). "The Myth of the Authoritarian Model: How Putin's Crackdown Holds Russia Back" (Journal). Foreign Affairs (Council on Foreign Relations). http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20080101faessay87105/michael-mcfaul-kathryn-stoner-weiss/the-myth-of-the-authoritarian-model.html. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
- ^ "The Calgary Sun - Susan Rice on tap to become the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations". Calgary Sun. 2008-11-25. http://calsun.canoe.ca/News/World/2008/11/25/7529061.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
- ^ Pickert, Kate (December 2, 2008). "U.N. Ambassador: Susan E. Rice - Obama's White House - TIME". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1863062_1863058_1863641,00.html. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
- ^ a b "Board of Directors - Susan E. Rice, Ph.D". The Partnership for Public Service. http://www.ourpublicservice.org/OPS/about/bod/rice_susan.shtml. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
- ^ "Person Profile for Ian Cameron". Leadership Directories, Inc.. http://www.leadershipprofiles.com/preview.asp?docid=23906&t=0. Retrieved 2008-05-13. "Senior Producer, World News with Charles Gibson, ABC News"
- ^ a b "Susan Rice, Former White House and State Department Senior Official, Joins Brookings Institution". Brookings Institution. 2002-09-13. http://www.brookings.edu/media/NewsReleases/2002/20020913rice.aspx. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
- ^ "WEDDINGS; Susan E. Rice, Ian Cameron". The New York Times (New York City). 13 September 1992. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/13/style/weddings-susan-e-rice-ian-cameron.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13. "Susan Elizabeth Rice, the daughter of Dr. Emmett J. Rice and Lois Dickson Fitt, both of Washington, was married there yesterday to Ian Officer Cameron..."
- ^ a b "Losing Africa, Yet Again" (Article). Policy (Newsweek). 5 October 2008. http://www.newsweek.com/id/93350?tid=relatedcl. Retrieved December 4, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Power, Samantha (September 2001). "Bystanders to Genocide" (Article). The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200109/power-genocide. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
- ^ a b c Cooper, Helene; Myers, Steven Lee (2011-03-18). "Obama Takes Hard Line With Libya After Shift by Clinton". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/world/africa/19policy.html. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
- ^ Carney, Timothy (2011-03-28) Obama aides find moral clarity in Libya's foggy war, Washington Examiner
- ^ Carney, Timothy; Mansoor Ijaz (June 30, 2002). "Intelligence Failure? Let's Go Back to Sudan". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A64828-2002Jun29. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
- ^ Rose, David (January, 2002). "The Osama Files". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2002/01/osama200201?currentPage=1. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
- ^ Belz, Mindy (November 1, 2003). "'Clinton did not have the will to respond'". World. http://www.worldmag.com/articles/8206. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
- ^ "Responses to Al Qaeda's Initial Assaults". The 9/11 Commission Report (official government ed.). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 22 July 2004. pp. 110. ISBN 0-16-072304-3. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch4.htm. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
- ^ "Abiola's death - an eyewitness account". BBC News. July 7, 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/128491.stm.
- ^ a b "Susan Rice". U.S. Fund for UNICEF. Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20080422031323/http://www.unicefusa.org/about/leadership/board/susan-rice.html. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
- ^ "Black Alumni Hall of Fame Inductees". Stanford Alumni - Reunion Homecoming 2008. Stanford University. February 2008. http://www.stanfordalumni.org/erc/reunions/black_alumni_hall.html. Retrieved 2008-05-13. "[inducted] 2002"
- ^ Sweet, Lynn (5 November 2008). "Jarrett, Podesta, Rouse to lead Obama transition; Bill Daley co-chair" (Blog). The scoop from Washington (The Chicago Sun-Times). http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2008/11/jarrett_podesta_rouse_to_lead.html. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
- ^ change.gov (1 December 2008). "Key members of Obama-Biden National Security Team announced" (Press release). Newsroom. Office of the President-elect. http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
- ^ Rhee, Foon (1 December 2008). "Obama names national security team" (Article). News (Boston Globe). http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/12/obama_names_nat.html. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
- ^ a b "Ambassador to the United Nations - Susan Rice (Announced)" (Blog). Obama's Cabinet (Real Clear Politics). 1 December 2008. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/lists/cabinet/rice.html. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
- ^ Lederer, Edith M. (December 1, 2008). "Trusted Obama adviser Susan Rice is first African-American woman named to be US envoy to UN". Associated Press (Star Tribune). http://www.startribune.com/nation/35326694.html?elr=KArks:DCiUMEaPc:UiD3aPc:_Yyc:aUU.
- ^ Sanger, David E.; Baker, Peter (27 May 2010). "New U.S. Security Strategy Focuses on Managing Threats". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/28/world/28strategy.html?ref=world. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/146541-un-ambassador-gadhafi-delusional
- ^ Thrush, Glenn (2011-03-17). "Day after saying no second term, a big win for Hillary Clinton". The Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0311/51515.html. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
- ^ Thrush, Glenn; Negrin, Matt (2011-03-19). "Behind Barack Obama’s turnaround on Libya". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0311/51583.html. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
- ^ U.S. Supports Libya No-Fly Zone, Seeks Broader Action
- ^ Rice: US has not ruled out arming Libyan rebels
- ^ [1]
- ^ "U.N. rights council condemns Syrian abuses". CNN. December 2, 2011. http://articles.cnn.com/2012-02-04/middleeast/world_meast_syria-un-remarks_1_syrian-arab-republic-syrian-authorities-syria-government?_s=PM:MIDDLEEAST.
- ^ "The Atlantic Council of the United States - Board Members". The Atlantic Council of the United States. Archived from the original on 2008-04-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20080415045006/http://www.acus.org/about-people-board.asp. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
- ^ "Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Annual Report 2007" (PDF). Stanford University. 2007. pp. 47. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/21999/FSI_AR07_FINAL.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
- ^ Bolbach, Cynthia J. (2008-03-28). "Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14 (a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934". The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.. pp. 3. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/15393/000001539308000018/formproxy2007.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-13. "[Rice a director since 2004]"
- ^ "2003 Annual Report" (PDF). Internews International. 2003. pp. 10. http://www.internews.org/about/ar2003/annual_report_2003.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
- ^ "Internews - Directors and Officers". Internews International. http://www.internews.org/dirs/default.shtm. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
- ^ "Aspen Strategy Group". Aspen Institute. Archived from the original on 2008-04-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20080421032200/http://www.aspeninstitute.org/site/c.huLWJeMRKpH/b.612047/. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
External links[link]
- United States Mission to the United Nations
- Susan Rice on Facebook
- Susan Rice on Twitter
- Article archive at the Brookings Institution
- Susan Rice at WhoRunsGov at The Washington Post
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Susan Rice on Charlie Rose
- Susan Rice at the Internet Movie Database
- Susan Rice collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Susan Rice in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Susan Rice at the Notable Names Database
- Articles
- The Ethiopian-Eritrean War: U.S. Policy Options Before the House Committee on International Relations, Africa Subcommittee, May 25, 1999. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
- Martha Brant, Into Africa, Stanford Magazine, Jan-Feb 2000
- Fox News Interview with Laura Ingraham (video)
- Interview with Dave Ross on MyNorthwest.com (audio)
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by George Moose |
Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs 1997–2001 |
Succeeded by Walter Kansteiner |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by Zalmay Khalilzad |
United States Ambassador to the United Nations 2009–present |
Incumbent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by James Clapper as Director of National Intelligence |
Order of Precedence of the United States as Ambassador to the United Nations |
Succeeded by Daniel Inouye as President pro tempore of the Senate |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rice, Susan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American diplomat |
| Date of birth | November 17, 1964 |
| Place of birth | Washington, D.C., United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Susan_Rice
Related pages:
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http://fr.wn.com/Susan Rice
http://nl.wn.com/Susan Rice
http://de.wn.com/Susan E. Rice
http://it.wn.com/Susan Rice
http://cs.wn.com/Susan Riceová
http://es.wn.com/Susan Rice
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jay Carney | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 29th White House Press Secretary | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office February 11, 2011 |
|
| President | Barack Obama |
| Deputy | Jennifer Psaki |
| Preceded by | Robert Gibbs |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Carney (1965-05-22) May 22, 1965 (age 47) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
| Spouse(s) | Claire Shipman |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Yale University |
| Profession | Journalist |
| Website | White House Briefing Room |
James "Jay" Carney (born May 22, 1965) is President Barack Obama's second White House Press Secretary.[1] Prior to his appointment as Press Secretary, replacing Robert Gibbs, he was director of communications to Vice President Joe Biden.[2] Carney previously served as Washington Bureau Chief for Time magazine, a post he held from September 2005 until December 2008, and as a regular contributor in the "roundtable" segment of ABC News' This Week with George Stephanopoulos.
Contents |
Personal life and education[link]
Carney was raised in Northern Virginia, attended high school at The Lawrenceville School in New Jersey,[3] and earned a B.A. in Russian and Eastern European Studies from Yale University, graduating cum laude, in 1987.[4] He and his wife, Claire Shipman (a senior correspondent for ABC News)[4], live in Washington, D.C., with their son and daughter.
Journalism career[link]
After being hired as a reporter for The Miami Herald in 1987, Carney joined Time magazine as its Miami Bureau Chief in 1989. Carney worked as a correspondent in Time's Moscow Bureau for three years, covering the collapse of the U.S.S.R.. He came to Washington in 1993 to report on the Bill Clinton White House.[4]
He has written and reported about the presidency of George W. Bush, and was one of a handful of reporters who were aboard Air Force One with President Bush on September 11, 2001.[4] Carney later won the 2003 Gerald R. Ford Prize for Distinguished Reporting on the Presidency.
Carney was Time's Washington Bureau Deputy Chief from 2003 to 2005, and Chief from September 2005 until December 2008. He was assigned to the magazine’s Washington Bureau in that tenure while also being able to write about politics and national affairs. Carney has also worked for CNN (another TIME Warner division) as a special correspondent.
Carney was one of the early mainstream journalists to take up the medium of blogging.
Work in Obama administration[link]
On December 15, 2008, Carney went from the private sector to public service as Director of Communications to Vice President Joe Biden.[2][5]
In January 2011, Carney was selected to become the Obama administration's second White House Press Secretary.[1] He was named the successor to previous White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs by White House Chief of Staff, William Daley.[6][7] Carney was one of fourteen White House appointees announced by Daley on January 27.[7]
He meets with the president daily, and can have four or five meetings a day to work on how to present ideas.
During a March 13, 2012, press briefing he revealed that his favorite band is Guided by Voices.[8][9]
References[link]
- ^ a b Henry, Ed (January 27, 2011). "Jay Carney named White House press secretary". CNN. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/27/henry-in-the-house-obama-expected-to-name-carney-next-press-secretary/. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
- ^ a b "Biden TIME". Time. December 15, 2008. http://thepage.time.com/2008/12/15/biden-time/. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
- ^ "Jay Carney ’83 Named White House Personal Minister works to rid Obama of his sins.". The Lawrenceville School. January 28, 2011. http://www2.lawrenceville.org/podium/default.aspx?t=204&nid=565063. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Connolly, Katie (January 28, 2011). "James Carney: Profile of White House press secretary". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12304141. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ^ Calderone, Michael (December 15, 2008). "Stengel defends Carney's decision". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1208/16612.html. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
- ^ Mason, Jeff; Holland, Steve (January 27, 2011). "Former reporter Carney next White House spokesman". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/28/us-obama-spokesman-idUSTRE70Q8HR20110128. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ^ a b Knoller, Mark (January 27, 2011). "Daley, Not Obama, Announces new Press Secretary, Aides". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20029854-503544.html. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=58Pzc0pamd8#t=32s
- ^ Zaleski, Luke. "Guided By Nation: Jay Carney Knows His Rock 'N' Roll". Death Race 2012: GQ on Politics. GQ. http://www.gq.com/news-politics/blogs/death-race/2012/03/guided-by-nation-jay-carney-knows-his-rock-n-roll.html.
External links[link]
- Jay Carney at WhoRunsGov at The Washington Post
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Jay Carney on Charlie Rose
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Robert Gibbs |
White House Press Secretary 2011–present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Carney, Jay |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 22, 1965 |
| Place of birth | Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jay_Carney
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Jay Carney
http://it.wn.com/Jay Carney
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Carney
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Meles Zenawi መለስ ዜናዊ |
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|---|---|
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| Meles Zenawi at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012 | |
| Prime Minister of Ethiopia | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 23 August 1995 |
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| President | Negasso Gidada Girma Wolde-Giorgis |
| Preceded by | Tamirat Layne |
| President of Ethiopia | |
| In office 28 May 1991 – 22 August 1995 |
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| Prime Minister | Tesfaye Dinka Tamirat Layne |
| Preceded by | Tesfaye Gebre Kidan (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Negasso Gidada |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1955-05-08) 8 May 1955 (age 57) Adwa, Ethiopia |
| Political party | Tigrayan People's Liberation Front Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front |
| Spouse(s) | Azeb Mesfin |
| Alma mater | Open University Erasmus University Rotterdam |
| Religion | Ethiopian Orthodoxy |
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This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters. |
Meles Zenawi Asres (Ge'ez: መለስ ዜናዊ አስረስ Mäläs Zenawi Äsräs; born 8 May 1955) has been the Prime Minister of Ethiopia since 1995. He was President of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995. Since 1985, he has been chairman of the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF), and he is head of the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).
Contents
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Background[link]
Meles was born in Adwa, Tigray in Northern Ethiopia, to an Ethiopian father from Adwa, Ethiopia, and a mother from Adi Quala, Eritrea.[1] He graduated from the General Wingate high school in Addis Ababa, then studied medicine at Addis Ababa University (at the time known as Haile Selassie University) for two years before interrupting his studies in 1975 to join the TPLF.[2] While a member of the TPLF, he founded the Marxist-Leninist League of Tigray. His first name at birth was "Legesse" (thus Legesse Zenawi, Ge'ez: ለገሰ ዜናዊ legesse zēnāwī) but he is better known by his nom de guerre Meles. He later changed his first name to "Meles" in honor of a University student and a revolutionary radical who was executed by the previous government in 1975.[3]
The TPLF was one of many armed groups struggling against Lieutenant Colonel Mengistu Hailemariam. Zenawi was elected Leader of the Leadership Committee in 1979 and Leader of the Executive Committee in 1983. He has been the chairperson of both the TPLF and the EPRDF since the EPRDF assumed power at the end of the Ethiopian Civil War in 1991. He was president of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), during which Eritrea seceded from the country and the experiment of ethnic federalism started.
Education and personal life[link]
Meles Zenawi acquired an MBA (Master of Business Administration) from the Open University of the United Kingdom in 1995 and an MSc. (Masters of Science) in Economics from the Erasmus University of the Netherlands in 2004.[4] In July 2002 Meles received an honorary doctoral degree in political science from the Hannam University in South Korea.[5]
Meles Zenawi is married to Azeb Mesfin and is the father of three children. Azeb Mesfin is now the chair of the Social Affairs Standing Committee of Parliament, and in January 2007, she was given the "Legacy of a Dream" award for her leadership against HIV/AIDS during a ceremony held in memory of America's civil rights activist Dr. Martin Luther King.[6] In addition, Azeb Mesfin and various government agencies have addressed child mortality issues in Ethiopia. According to UNICEF, the child mortality rate in Ethiopia has declined by 40% since the current ruling party took office.[7]
Prime Minister of Ethiopia[link]
Meles Zenawi thinks EPRDF's victory is[weasel words] a triumph for the thousands of TPLF-fighters who were killed, for the millions of Ethiopians who were victims of the country's biggest famine during the Derg regime when some estimates put up to 1.5 million deaths of Ethiopians from famine and the Red Terror. Accordingly, the big support it received from peasants and rural areas helped EPRDF maintain peace and stability. Foreign support was diverse; the Arab League, as well as Western nations, supported the EPRDF rebels against the communist Moscow-supported government (although the TPLF was at the time Marxist) at the height of the Cold War.
"What the implications of this will be in terms of relations between Ethiopia and the European Union, we will have to wait and see but I don't think you will be surprised if Ethiopia were to insist that it should not be patronised.”[8]
The United States helped the EPRDF rebels to get power in Ethiopia and many angry demonstrators in Addis Ababa protested against Herman Cohen, the U.S. State Department's chief of African affairs who attended a conference that demonstrators viewed as legitimizing the EPRDF. A New York Times editorial commented in 1991,
- Demonstrators cursing the Americans ignore two realities. The cold war is over in Africa, and Ethiopia is no longer a focus of superpower rivalry. Otherwise it would have been unthinkable for four contending Marxist groups to turn to Washington for help. The other reality is that Mr. Cohen cannot undo at the conference table what has happened on the battlefield[9]
Even though EPRDF's success was welcomed as a relief from DERG strong anti-EPRDF sentiments were present in many areas and strongly visible in Addis Ababa. These were just the beginning of the opposition to Meles Zenawi's EPRDF party after it gained power and more strong opposition followed. Addis Ababa has since been the center of peaceful opposition to the EPRDF, while the eastern Somali Region has been the most active region for armed opposition.
Following the defeat and exile of Mengistu Haile Mariam in 1991, the July Convention of Nationalities was held. It was the first Ethiopian multinational convention where delegates of various nations and organizations were given fair and equal representation and observed by various international organizations including the United Nations, Organization for African Unity, European Economic Community, and the United States and the United Kingdom.
Of the 24 groups, the ones with the largest delegations at the Convention were the EPRDF (32), the Oromo Liberation Front (12), Afar Liberation Front (3), the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia (3), and the Western Somali Liberation Front (3). Near the end of the year, Meles Zenawi became the President of the TGE, and following the first elections in 1995 1995 Meles was elected as Prime Minister and Dr. Negasso Gidada as President. International Election Observers concluded that had opposition parties contested, they could have won seats.
In the 2000 general elections, Meles was again elected Prime Minister, and his ruling EPRDF party shared parliament seats with the opposition party United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (UEDF). According to observers organized by Ethiopian Human Rights Council, local U.N. staff, diplomatic missions, political parties, and domestic non-governmental organizations, both the general and the regional elections that year were generally free and fair in most areas; however, serious election irregularities occurred in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region (SNNPR), particularly in the Hadiya Zone.[10]
Meles encountered his first real challenge in the 2005 elections. His party was declared winner and kept his prime minister seat for another term, although the major opposition groups (the Coalition for Unity and Democracy (CUD), UEDF, and the Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement) gained a number of seats in the national parliament. More than 30 other political parties participated in the election.[11] These elections have been the most contested and the most controversial in Ethiopia's short democratic history, with some opposition parties arguing that the election was stolen by the ruling party. Allegations of fraud were especially strong in the rural areas, as the opposition parties won in most urban areas, whereas the EPRDF won mostly in rural districts.
The aftermath of the election led to riots and demonstrations against the results, particularly in the capital, which had to be stopped by peace officers. Some opposition parties blamed the government for the violence, even though they were tried and convicted in the court of the countries law. At the end of the demonstration, along with seven police officers 193 citizens were killed and 763 civilians wounded.[12][13] Tens of thousands of Ethiopians were also jailed. Many protesters and around 75 police officers were injured.[14] This led to many rounds of accusations between the government and the protesters where the Information Minister Berhan Hailu said the government was "sorry and sad", but blamed the violence on the CUD.[15] The opposition parties have continuously accused the government of a massacre. EU election observers concluded the election failed to meet international standards for free and fair elections while the Carter Center concluded the election was fair but with many irregularities and a lot of intimidation by both sides especially the government.[16][17] The Carter Center didn't publish its final report at the time. Meanwhile CUD opposition members continued to accuse the ruling party of fraud. However some accusations of fraud coming from opposition parties were very strange. For instance, a day before the final count of votes in Addis Ababa, the CUD opposition party accused the ruling party of fraud and decided not to accept the result in Addis Ababa. But it ended up that the CUD party was actually refusing its own victory, since the vote count showed that the CUD won 100% of the votes in Addis Ababa.[18] According to critics, this strange event led to speculations that the main opposition party, CUD, had already planned not to accept the result no matter what, in order to paint a bad image of Meles's ruling party and the elections and gain the support of the international community following the predestined failure of the election.[19]
In an interview, the United States AID director repeated that the Carter Center understood that the ruling party (EPRDF) won the election and most of his peers confirmed that as well. The USAID director also criticized some EU observers, accusing them of bias and favoring the opposition. He said some European observers practiced outside of their jobs and went "overboard in encouraging the opposition and making them think that somehow they had won the election."[20] He concluded that the American government never believed the opposition won the election.[21]
An inquiry into the violence found the property damage caused by the rioters and protesters in Addis Ababa and other cities totaled to 4.45 million Ethiopian Birr, including 190 damaged buses and 44 cars as police officers tried to restrain the rioters. The SBS journalist, Olivia Rousset, indicated that the government used too much force to subdue the rioters. She also said that "stone-throwing rioters" tried to take the guns from the security forces.[22] Some EU observers have also shown their discontent at the post-election violence, suggesting that the police response was disproportionate, and blamed the government. In a rare response, Meles Zenawi said that he was disappointed that "some people have misunderstood the nature of the problem and misinterpreted it." In its final report, the independent commission concluded that the aggressive steps taken by the police force were to "avoid large scale violence and to protect the constitution" and that the reason behind the riotings might have been the protestors' unfamiliarity with the "process of democratization" e.g., respecting election results. However, the commission also acknowledged that there were serious errors that needed to be addressed regarding the capabilities of the Ethiopian Security forces to control riots.[23] However, three members of the Inquiry Commission have defected and given their testimonies to members of the U.S. Congress and the International Media. The former Supreme Court Judge of the Southern Ethiopian nations and nationalities, Judge Frehiwot Samuel, who was also Chairman of the Inquiry Commission, and his Deputy, Judge Wolde-Michael Meshesha, have fled Ethiopia with a video and final report of the Commission’s findings that shows the commission deciding, through an eight to two vote, that the government had used excessive force and that there were grave human rights violations.[24] Some leaders, including the UK's Tony Blair, condemned the violence but repeated that Meles's ruling party "won the election."[25] Other European organizations also praised the election saying it was a "free and fair multi-party election."[26] So far, most of the US representatives have not changed their outlook and the US government supports the Ethiopian government in both military and aid assistance. Other analysts also described progress in Ethiopia's first multi-party parliament in history.[27]
Meanwhile many international media outlets continued to display the post-election bloodshed, followed by criticism of Meles's ruling party. At the same time, some people implied that opposition members were planning to use violence or provoke it as a means to gain power.[28] In fact, various events were said to show that many opposition supporters, even in universities, try to provoke the police hoping that the security forces will overreact and create chaos.[29] About the violence U.S. state department reports said some opposition supporters were engaged in a peaceful movement to "create greater democratic space" but some opposition supporters were "demonstrating to overthrow the government" and were engaged in "violent protests."[30][31] Other reaction to the election issue was condemnation of the EU election observers. An Irish committee said "the situation in Ethiopia had not been helped by inaccurate leaks from the EU election monitoring body which led the opposition to wrongly believe they had been cheated of victory."[32]
In early 2004 Meles Zenawi received medical treatment in the UK for an unspecified condition. Flanked by numerous UK police officers and diplomatic protection officers he was observed at the Parkside Hospital in southwest London, a private hospital staffed by numerous specialist consultants.
Domestic policy[link]
Structural reforms[link]
Economic structure[link]
The Ethiopian economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for about 45% of GDP and 85% of employment. Agricultural commodities also dominate the export sector, mainly coffee, qat, and hides and skins.
After the Meles Zenawi government gained power, major new players in the Ethiopian economy have been "endowment companies," as the ruling party calls them, commonly known as party companies. EFFORT, the biggest of all, is a conglomerate which is owned by Meles Zenawi's party, the TPLF. Some criticize this as the previous "government parastatals" during DERG regime being replaced by "party parastatals". In recent developments, Bloomberg reported that Guna Trading, owned by EFFORT,[33] plans to become one of the biggest coffee exporters.[34]
Land and agriculture[link]
Ethiopian agriculture is predominantly rain-fed subsistence agriculture, troubled by recurrent droughts. After Meles came to power in 1991, there were three major droughts in 1999/2000,[35] 2002/2003[36] and 2009/2010.[37]
The most significant reform regarding land use after Meles took power was the dissolution of the collective farms and redistribution of land at local levels. The demand for land ownership, expressed in the slogan "Land to the tiller," was central in toppling the feudal monarchy. The demand, however, was not fully answered. The new constitution, in Article 40, section 3, states that, "The right to own rural and urban land as well as natural resources belongs only to the state and the people".[38] The farmers have land use rights, but uncertain transfer rights. Starting in 2008, this land policy was set back after the government announced that it would begin leasing large areas of "empty" farm lands to foreign investors. Derided internationally as "land grabs,"[citation needed] these operations threaten some smallholders with the loss of their plots. Reporting on this issue, the New York Times, quoting an expert, wrote, "One thing that is very clear, that seems to have escaped the attention of most investors, is that this is not simply empty land"[39]
The government defends its land policy, given the common occurrences of natural disasters such as drought or bad weather. The argument is that had farmers been allowed to own land, they might have been forced to sell it during drought. To prevent this, the EPRDF government believes land ownership should not be privatized. Accordingly, the government states that it should focus on its agriculture sector while it is developing its industrial sector simultaneously, so that it can balance everything once the other sectors are developed and increase productivity. Government transformation of the construction sector, for example, led to a rare construction boom from the early 2000s until cement and other shortages caused it to slow down. The government believes privatization should be employed in the future but not presently. Knowing that constitutional change is required to privatize lands, the government assumed that it would hold a long-term super majority in parliament, to enable it to make the transition.
Since this approach to land ownership is unconventional (especially to western nations), and very controversial, opposition political parties have used this to their advantage during elections, arguing that land ownership has to be privatized. Yet the government seems unfaltering and states that flexibility is needed to address the lack of industrial development in the country despite accusations from the opposition.[40]
Multi-party system[link]
Meles Zenawi is the first leader in Ethiopia to develop a multi-party system (including an opposition) in parliament.[41] Though the country had its first national elections in 1995, a multi-party representative government was established in 2005, after the election of some candidates of the UEDF opposition party. Outspoken critics of the CUD included not only the top UEDF leaders, Dr. Merera Gudina and Dr. Beyene Petros, but also Bulcha Demeksa, Lidetu Ayalew, Hailu Shawel, Birtukan Mideksa, Temesgen Zewdie and Hailu Araya. Birtukan Mideksa was imprisoned at the start of 2009. Most opposition politicians are known for openly displaying deep anger for the ruling party's semblance of democracy, with some labeling Meles a "dictator" and others calling for his resignation.[42] After the disputed 2005 national elections, opposition party members, led by the CUD, UEDP-Medhin, UEDF and Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM), filled almost one third of the Ethiopian parliament seats.[43] Despite the fact that the Ethiopian constitution dictates a multi-party system, Meles Zenawi's full control of the military forces has promoted the reality of a single-party state.
Ethnic federalism[link]
The Meles Zenawi government created an ethnic-based federalism, which came under attack by some Ethiopians. Meles Zenawi's TPLF party believed that there was no choice—this was the only solution to the centuries-old oppression by centralist governments, and to domination of culture, language, politics and economy by one ethnic group, namely the Amhara. On the other hand, some parties like the OLF (Oromo Liberation Front), which was a partner in drafting the constitution, see Amhara and Tigrayan domination of the country. The aim of the government policy was to empower all ethnicities and develop their cultures and languages. Also it was widely seen as a solution to the demand of governance preferred by the ethnic-based liberation fronts and parties participating in the July Convention of Nationalities in 1991. In response to critics who say ethnic federalism can bring divisions, Meles Zenawi said this policy serves many interests, including equitable distribution of wealth and empowerment of ethnicities. He also said that since this was how the nationalities were before colonization, ethnicity was the language they understood best. He said the "ethnic basis of Ethiopia's democracy stemmed from the government's fight against poverty and the need for an equitable distribution of the nation's wealth: peasants must be enabled to make their own decisions in terms of their own culture. Power must be devolved to them in ways that they understand, and they understand ethnicity.... Other approaches to development had been hegemonic and exploitative and had led to internecine strife and civil war."
Meles Zenawi has claimed that there are two basic views about ethnic federalism: "if you think it is a threat, it will be; if you think it a benefit, then it will be." Making this statement, he concluded that "ethnicity will become less an issue as the economy grows and Ethiopia's process of assimilation does its job."[44]
Opposition to ethnic federalism[link]
Meles Zenawi's policy of ethnic federalism has been attacked by two groups of opposition parties. Pan-Ethiopian opposition parties like AEUP, UEDP-medhin and Andenet accuse Meles Zenawi of harming the stability and unity of Ethiopia by dividing the country on language lines. They express their fear for the future unity of the country, pointing out a rise in ethnic conflicts after the ethnic federalism policy introduced, whereas in the past Ethiopia's economic marginalization of groups or ethnicities was a cause of warfare in the country, as experts indicated.[45]
On the other hand, ethnic-based opposition parties like the OFDM, Oromo National Congress (renamed OPC) as well as armed groups like the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) accuse Meles Zenawi's government that the powers given to the regions by the constitution are only on paper. Recently Dr Merara Gudina (from ONC) said, "The only thing EPRDF’s federalism has achieved is that it helped the party hold a tight grip on the people through a divide-and-rule system"[46]
Most of the opposition on both sides want to change the existing ethnic-federal system if they gain power. Those who reject ethnic federalism propose that administrative regions should be carved out on consideration of more factors than language alone. On the other hand, armed groups who favor ethnic federalism want to apply Article 39 and declare full independence for their own ethnic regions like Eritrea did in 1993.
It is important to underline opposition from both sides which are legally registered, and participated in the disputed 2005 election, won considerable seats.
Equity and growth[link]
Throughout its operation, the government and the Prime Minister have advocated "pro-poor" domestic policies. According to World Bank's East African leadership, the Ethiopian government ranks number one in Africa on spending as a share of GDP going to pro-poor sectors.[47]
The administration has also created self-governing regional development organizations like Amhara Development Association,[48] Tigray Development Association,[49] Oromia Development Association and many others.[50]
Even though Meles Zenawi's administration inherited one of the worst, if not the lowest, economies in the world, the country's economy has been growing steadily since he took office. During the last three years, Ethiopia's GDP has shown a rate of growth of about 9 percent a year. The country was also in the top category for “policies of social inclusion and equity,” in the domain of “economic management,” and Ethiopia did exceptionally well in the domain of “structural policies” and “public sector management and institutions." Gross primary enrollment rates, a standard indicator of investment in the poor, went up to 93 percent in 2004 from 72 percent in 1990, contributing to a rise in literacy rates from 50 percent in 1997 to 65 percent in 2002.[51] Still some opposition parties in the Ethiopian parliament doubted the economic growth. During the House's 31st regular session where the parliament reserved its monthly "Opposition Day," some opposition MPs condemned the ruling party, pointing to double-digit inflation as a sign of the government's economic failures.[52] The African Development Bank and the Paris-based OECD Development Center stated that Ethiopia has become one of the fastest growing countries in Africa.[53]
Water[link]
One of the most important resources of the country, water (the Nile), has also been a focus of Meles's administration. Due to the potential conflict that can occur between Egypt and Ethiopia, Meles's EPRDF-led government has chosen to initiate and support programs that would benefit all sides in the use of the Nile. So far many small scale dams have been constructed in Ethiopia but large dams have been rare because of limited financial capabilities. Two of the big projects include the Tekeze hydro-electric power project in Tigray and the largest hydroelectric plant in Ethiopia located in Achefer Woreda of the Amhara State[54][55] Yet the building of the Tekeze power project has dominated the media since it was built in the Tigray region, the home state of Meles. The country is planning to export electricity to Sudan and Djibouti by 2010, and has currently began the newest project in western Ethiopia to construct Africa's biggest hydroelectric dam which is located on the Ethiopia-Sudan border.[56]
Freedom of religion[link]
Even though Muslims and Orthodox Christians lived together for many centuries, complete religious freedom was only formalized in 1991. Many of the pre-existing issues—dominance of the state religion to 1974, seizure of the church properties by the Mengistu regime, 1974–91, state-sponsored persecution of non-Orthodox Christians, second-class citizenship accorded to Ethiopian Muslims, landownership problems and similar issues for non-Orthodox believers—have subsided for the most part. Currently, there are between 12 and 15 million Protestant Christians, as well as other new non-Orthodox Christians. Even though there was one big religious war in Ethiopia many centuries ago, since then clashes have been very rare with the domination of the Orthodox. Most analysts say that since such equality and full religious freedom didn't exist before, the infrequent clashes might occur until the culture of tolerance grows between all old and new religions and denominations.
Private property of means of communication[link]
Meles Zenawi's administration was the first to introduce private press in Ethiopia.[57][58][59][60][61][62] However, he has been under fire often for imprisonment of journalists and lately[when?] for some website censorship.[63] The Meles government defends its action on the ground that the banned media outlets advocated "a certain population should be quarantined" and incited "violence among different ethnic groups in the country," including using hate-filled text messages on mobile phones asking people to attack ethnic groups.[64][65] Some sources blame certain websites and papers who have been caught inciting violence and asking for bombings on companies.[66] A couple of them have even been sued for provoking uprising.[67] Others claim that the supporters of the previous dictatorship government are trying to use the new opportunity to freely express themselves by defaming the current government officials.[68] But the government critics say that the ruling party is not willing to be criticised. Many reports of international organizations support their claim. Strong criticism came from the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). In its 2007 press freedom summary it wrote, "Ethiopia [is] the world's worst backslider on press freedom over the previous five years".[69][70] At the start of 2010, the Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that an Ethiopian journalist has been jailed for a year for criticising the prime minister Meles Zenawi.[71]
Because of pressure from the government, the number of private media outlets is significantly lower than before 2005. In addition, its composition is also changing. While previously most of the media were politically oriented, following the government crackdowns on media after 2005 election the number of political media is going down while entertainment and business media are on the rise. On the other hand, for what is believed to be the first time in Ethiopia's history, the government granted private commercial FM radio licenses, to two domestic pro-government operators.[72][73] As of 2009, there are over 56 radio stations in the country that are owned and operated by regional governments, community organisations, and private companies. The government has issued licenses for seven regional states' television transmissions agencies, but there are still no private broadcasters in the country.[74]
Language policy[link]
Meles Zenawi's government introduced a diverse but controversial policy of decentralization of the language system in Ethiopia. Most Ethiopians are taught using their mother tongue in primary schools and they are encouraged to develop their own language. Some critics have said that this policy harms the unity and national identity of the country, while others have supported and praised the policy. Currently, many regional states have their own official state language. For instance, Afaan Oromo is the official language of the Oromia regional state but Amharic is still the official language in the State of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples.[citation needed]
Other[link]
To bring order and transparency to the agricultural sector, the country started its first market exchange program and company, called the The Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX).[75] In April 2008, the country finalized the ECX, to, according to Meles Zenawi, "revolutionalize the country's backward and inefficient marketing system." [76]
Other than the dominant coffee industry, the government has made the floriculture industry another sector where Ethiopia can have comparative advantage. Various Kenyan investors have already moved to Ethiopia and the industry seems to be growing rapidly.[77][78] Flower growers from other countries were also said to be relocating to Ethiopia.[79] Ethiopia recently became Africa’s second largest flower exporter after Kenya, with its export earnings growing by 500 per cent over the past year.[80] According to the Oromia Investment Commission, foreign investors are taking advantage of the new favorable investment opportunity in the sugar sector, where recently $7.5 billion has been invested.[81] Ethiopia also depends on livestock exports as well. Issues relating to wildlife conservation have been tackled aggressively under Meles Zenawi. The World Wildlife Fund praised the Ethiopian government's progress, saying, "Ethiopia has set a fine example for other countries to emulate."[82]
Another issue promoted by Meles Zenawi has been economic development in "green fashion." Discussing during an annual meeting under the Clinton Global Initiative in September 2007, Meles debated with Tony Blair and other world leaders about global warming and trade.[83][84] According to Reuters,Meles stated the need for a cap and trade mechanism and for different strategies towards Africa, since it did not contribute as much towards global warming.[85]
A recent issue has been the shortage of cement to sustain the construction boom in the country. However, foreign and native investment, including the recent investment in a US$5 billion cement factory in Misraq Gojjam Zone of the Amhara Region, are an attempt to stabilize the situation.[86] Still the brief severe shortage that occurred in 2005 was blamed on Meles Zenawi's policies that were alleged to ignore urban development. Other recent development in the country included a first car factory in Ethiopia that assembles cars to sell for local- and export-markets, as well as cars that use liquefied petroleum gas, bus manufacturing in Mek'ele and taxi manufacturing in Modjo city, Oromia state.[87][88][89][90] The dramatic development of most sectors in Ethiopia–including textiles, leather, garments, agriculture, beverages, construction, and others–has caused Ethiopia to be labeled the "East African land of opportunity" by the World Investment News.[91]
Some economists state that Ethiopia's economic growth has come at the expense of inflation.[92] The World Bank, in Ethiopia's country profile in 2010, mentioned the underlying inflation threat that started in 2008 might continue.[93] Despite the inflation and differences in the rate of economic growth in reports among several international organizations, they continued to praise the economic growth. The African Development Bank claimed that Ethiopia "is registering a remarkable economic growth in recent years."[94] On top of that various social concerns exist and the Ethiopian section of VOA news on its Amharic language program has reported about problems facing farmers and growers who often get less profit due to the market exploitation of middlemen.
Education policies[link]
School expansion[link]
Since the 1990s Ethiopia has experienced more increase of schools and colleges despite still not covering all regions.[95][96] Millions of Ethiopian birr (ETB) continue to be spent on building educational institutions and many new schools have been constructed since Meles Zenawi took office. However, the government's focus on the agricultural sector has slowed the growth of jobs in the urban areas of Ethiopia, which is reflected in the anger of the urban population and its students as well as the landslide victory of opposition parties in these areas during the recent national election.[97] Statistics showed that in 1991 only 27 percent of Ethiopian children attended school, but in 2004 gross enrollment rate was up to 77 percent and it reached 85 percent in November 2006.[98]
As of 2005[update], there were 13,500 elementary schools and 550 secondary schools. A majority of them are newly constructed and the secondary schools are connected by satellite in a new programme called School-Net.[99]
More colleges and Universities have been constructed and/or expanded during the last few years than in whole history of Ethiopia. These colleges and Universities include Adama University (Oromia), an expansion of Nazreth technical college, Jimma University (started earlier), Mekelle University newly built under Meles, Debub University, an expansion of Awassa college, Bahir Dar (Amhara state) University, an expansion of a polytechnic college and teacher's college, and others.[99][100] Also most of the older colleges have added various new departments, including faculties of law, business, etc. Other new growing colleges include Jijiga (Somali state) University, institutions in Debre Markos, Semera (Afar), Aksum, Tepi, Nekemte (Oromia), Kombolcha (Amhara State), Dire Dawa and in Debre Birhan. Wollega University in the Oromia state is the most recently finished university in Ethiopia with various modern facilities, with 20 new fields of study[101] and the new Wolaita Soddo University started taking in students in February 2007.[102][103] Including the new Axum University, 12 new universities are starting operation in 2007[104] Other fairly new universities like Dilla University in the Gedeo Zone SNNP region launched new facilities, expanded laboratories for research, and initiated new post-graduate studies.[105][106]
In the last decade, more than 30 new private colleges & universities have been created, including Unity College. The University Capacity Building Program (UCBP) is a leading project in this sector.[107]
Women's rights[link]
The TPLF has associated itself with gender equality since the days of armed conflict, when, in the northern states, Tigrean and some Amhara women soldiers fought together with men against the Derg dictatorship. Meles Zenawi's administration, along with First Lady Azeb Mesfin, have strongly advocated for more equal rights and opportunities for women in Ethiopia. Despite the country having a rich history of respected queens and empresses, Meles inherited a national situation in which Ethiopian women did not have equality or basic rights. Since his administration began, there has been a steady growth of women's organizations, women activists and employment opportunities and a forum where women discuss backward cultural issues on national television.[108] In their long fight against destructive traditional practices, HIV transmission, early marriage, lack of legal rights for women, unfair public policies, job opportunity and other issues, various organizations continue to work with the government including the Ethiopian Women’s Lawyers Association (EWLA), Network of Ethiopian Women's Associations, the Ethiopia Media Women’s Association (MWA), the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), Women in Self Employment (WISE), the Ethiopian Medical Women's Association (EMWA), the Women’s Association of Tigray (WAT), the Kembatti Mentti Gezzima-tope (KMG), the Ethiopian Nurse Midwives Association (ENA) and others.[109] The Ethiopian leadership has made significant advances to protect women's rights in recent years. It has its first Minister of Women's Affairs and has overhauled legislation on rape, female genital mutilation, and other offences.[110]
Foreign policies[link]
Egypt[link]
Meles Zenawi, just like previous Ethiopian governments, wants Ethiopia to have a larger share of the Nile River. In order to end its decade-long dependency on foreign aid Ethiopia needs to develop its irrigation system. The country has already lost millions of people to poverty due to its inability to use the Nile water, 85% of which runs through Ethiopia.
Eritrea[link]
Although Meles Zenawi and his administration claim they preferred a united but federal nation that included the Eritrean state, since Zenawi's TPLF fought together with EPLF, Zenawi originally left the decision of independence to the Eritrean citizens. According to Time magazine's 1991 analyses, Zenawi and the TPLF endorsed the right of the Eritreans to their referendum but wanted a unified Ethiopia and so hoped that the vote, if held, would go against secession.[111]
However, after the EPLF secured their borders when Mengistu's regime fell, and after the majority of Eritreans voted for independence on 24 May 1993, Isaias Afewerki Isaias became the leader of Eritrea after it seceded from Ethiopia. Many people in Meles Zenawi's Ethiopian government and the opposition parties were angry over the decision to grant Eritrea its independence in 1993.[112]
Despite working together against the Derg regime, Meles and Issaias' positive relationship turned sour after Meles succumbed to US pressure to deliver elections within a year and Issaias abandoned his original promise to create a transitional government in the early 1990s.[113] The Eritrean-Ethiopian War began in May 1998.[114] After the Ethiopian breach of the western front and subsequent capture of parts of western Eritrea, the Ethiopian President Negaso Gidada gave a victory speech and a peace treaty was signed a few weeks later. According to the peace treaty Ethiopia then pulled out.[115] The stance of the EPRDF-led Ethiopian government to pull out its troops and let go of Barentu and eastern Eritrea led to one of the many reasons for EPRDF's unpopularity in Ethiopian cities. Although the Ethiopian government accepted the border ruling "in principle" with 5-point conditions, tensions between these two nations still exist.
Somalia[link]
Meles Zenawi and his government have a strong relationship with the internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia. Two of the main points of agreement are state borders and secular values.
Both the TFG and Ethiopia respect the current Ethiopia-Somalia border while the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) in Somalia rejects it and considers the Ogaden region part of “Greater Somalia.” Both the TFG and Ethiopia share secular values in which religion and state are separate. The United States accused the leadership of the ICU of harboring the suspects of the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States. Ethiopia labels the ICU “Jihadists” due to the assistance ICU receives from terrorist groups (for example, Al-Itihaad) and others, mainly crossing the border to Africa from Arab nations of the Middle East.[116]
According to RAND corporation, several Al-Qaeda fugitives had "found sanctuary in Somalia" and exploited the lack of government.[117] There were also several Al-Qaeda operatives identified in southern Somalia.[118] Despite Western interest in solving the problems in Somalia, RAND claims that world powers have failed to exert their will, particularly in financing peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance. Other analysts have identified documents and Al-Qaeda letters discussing an increase in their involvement in Somalia.[119]
Even though the ICU and its Al-Qaeda militant foreign allies received support from various sources, the war was a short-lived one with Ethiopia and the Somalia government defeating the ICU and its allies[120] The battle between the allied Ethiopian/Somali forces and ICU forces ended abruptly and placed the Somali Transitional Federal Government back in control of the capital Mogadishu, but an insurgency developed since then. According to Al Jazeera, Ethiopian troops got "a very welcoming reception" from the people of Somalia and the Somalis were "very glad that the Ethiopians came in."[121] But other sources said the people opposed them. It is reported that the ICU lost hundreds of its fighters but the most important factor might have been the self-destruction of ICU's allies and united militia.
The transitional government still faced many security issues and the hundreds of Somali refugees that left Somalia because of the insurgency are not willing to return to Mogadishu.[122] According to the Somali media Garowe Online, clan-based Mogadishu media outlets like radios were used as propaganda against the TFG and its Ethiopian allies.[123] According to Wikileaks, Meles Zenawi told US officials in a confidential 2006 meeting that the ICU needed to be divided into two groups to alienate the jihadists. Ethiopia's "limited military action might precipitate this divorce," Meles predicted.[124]
Some political parties in Ethiopia opposed Meles Zenawi's policies and demanded the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops from Somalia. Merera Gudina, leader of the opposition party United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (UEDF) said "the military victory against the Islamic Courts forces was not followed by political victory or national reconciliation."[125] He also said staying in Somalia harms the Ethiopian economy and some of the leaders in the transitional Somali government were not reaching out to civil society members in Somalia. With the exception of the SPDP, UEDP-Medhin (EDUP) and ONC opposition parties, not many opposition parties in Ethiopia supported the choice of intervention in Somalia by Meles Zenawi's ruling party.[126] Some members of the Somali parliament expressed their appreciation of Ethiopia's help publicly, but opposition remained against the intervention, which was portrayed as an invasion instead.[127] Ethiopia withdrew from Somalia in 2009 according to a UN peace agreement between the Sheikh Sharif-led opposition and President Abdullahi-led TFG. The ICU was divided into two, as Meles predicted, after Ethiopian intervention, and the new Sheikh Sharif-led TFG continues to receive AU and UN assistance.
Climate change[link]
Meles Zenawi has played an important role in shaping the African Union position on climate change and was a 'friend of the Chair' at the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The following details his role in international climate change policy.
On 31 August 2009 Meles Zenawi was appointed Chair of the African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change (CAHOSCC). The group had been established following the 4 February 2009 decision at the 12th AU Assembly of Heads of States to build a common Africa position on climate change in preparations for COP15.
Prior to Meles Zenawi's appointment but in light of the AU decision and the ‘Algiers Declaration on the African Common Platform to Copenhagen’, on 19 May 2009 the Africa Group made a submission to the UNFCCC that included demands for $67 billion per year in finance for adaptation funding and $200 billion per year for mitigation and set targets in terms of reductions of emissions by developed countries not by reference to temperature.[128]
On 3 September 2009 Meles Zenawi made a speech to the Africa Partnership Forum where he said:
"We will never accept any global deal that does not limit global warming to the minimum unavoidable level, no matter what levels of compensation and assistance are promised to us… While we will reason with everyone to achieve our objective, we will not rubber stamp an agreement by the powers that be as the best we could get for the moment. We will use our numbers to delegitimize any agreement that is not consistent with our minimal position. If needs be we are prepared to walk out of any negotiations that threaten to be another rape of our continent.”[129]
On 12 December 2009 at COP15 the Africa Group made a further submission to the UNFCCC that called for 45% emission reductions by developed countries by 2020, finance for adaptation of $150 billion immediately as special drawing rights from the IMF, $400 billion in fast-track financing, and 5% of developed countries' GNP in longer-term financing.[130]
On 15 December 2009 Meles Zenawi made a joint press release with the President of France, Nicolas Sarkozy, which declared that the African Union position at Copenhagen was a 2 °C temperature target, 10 billion Euros in 'fast-track financing,' and 100 billion euros in 'long-term financing.'[131]
This new position from Meles Zenawi was observed to be the same as the European Union's position[132] and received widespread condemnation by other African leaders including Namibian Prime Minister Nahas Angula, Lesotho’s Bruno Sekoli, Ugandan chief negotiator and minister of water and environment, Maria Mutagamba, and Sudan’s Ambassador and Chair of G77, Lumumba Di-Aping. African civil society condemned the position as a betrayal of Africa. Archbishop Desmond Tutu said the 2 degree target ‘condemns Africa to incineration and no modern development.'[133]
The Copenhagen Accord went on to reflect the EU's position as adopted by Meles Zenawi.
Criticism and scandals[link]
Widespread repression in Oromia[link]
According to Freedom House, under the government of Meles Zenawi discrimination against and repression of Oromo people has been widespread.[134] Human Rights Watch (HRW) notes that local government in the Oromia Region has "routinely commit[ted] various human rights violations against people they believe to be critical or unsupportive of the government."[135] After relations between the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and the ruling government broke down in 1992, the government banned the OLF, and has since regularly accused political detainees of being OLF operatives.[135] HRW further notes that "according to former Ethiopian President Negasso Gidada, when he left office in 2001 roughly 25,000 people were in prison on OLF-related charges throughout Oromia and in Addis Ababa and no public moves have since been made to substantially reduce the number of detainees."[136] Oromia is the largest and most populous of Ethiopia's nine regional states, but remains so far under heavy repression.[137][not in citation given]
Ethio-Eritrea War[link]
When Eritrea invaded Ethiopia in 1998, a costly war led to the death of tens of thousands of people on both sides.[138] By the end of the devastating war, the Ethiopian army had recovered the town of Badme and driven back Eritrean forces until they controlled around one-third of Eritrean territory, including the Barentu region.
However, Meles Zenawi signed a controversial UN peace treaty that was seen to favor Eritrea. This decision angered many Ethiopians and caused an internal division inside the Ethiopian ruling party. The faction critical of Meles, led by Defense Minister Siye Abraha, disagreed with those aligned with Meles over "key issues of ideology" and accused his supporters of corruption and Meles of failing to act quickly or decisively enough over the crisis with Eritrea. "Meles was certainly seen as a reluctant warrior," according to a source quoted by the UN's Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN).[139] This led to a showdown at a meeting of the Politburo of the EPRDF, where Meles won a 15–13 vote on his proposed statement that "the greatest threat that Ethiopia was facing was corruption and undemocratic tendencies." Meles said afterwards that the dissenting members had at that point insisted that the meeting be aborted and called for a general meeting of the TPLF, a move Meles described as "a violation of democratic principles and the statute of the front." A number of the dissenting members of the TPLF, including Siye, were quickly arrested and imprisoned. Siye was later released after 6 years in prison, and joined opposition parties.[140] This rift is thought to have led to the murder of Kinfe Gebremedhin, a former TPLF commander, Chief of Security and Immigration, and a right-hand man of Zenawi.
In addition to accusations about his handling of the post-war events, Meles Zenawi was criticized for his pre-war decisions that ignored Eritrean incursions and delayed Ethiopian response to the invasion. Ethiopia did not mobilize its defense forces for a full-scale border war after Eritrea attacked the country until a week had passed. By June 1998, the Eritrean air force had attacked northern Ethiopia, including a massacre of dozens of school children and teachers in Ayder Elementary school of Mekele. The Ayder Memorial Library Project was established by Diaspora Ethiopians to remember the victims and facilitate the school.[141]
Meles Zenawi, whose mother is Eritrean, has been accused of being too soft on the Eritrean government by many Ethiopians, including members of his own TPLF party.[citation needed] Some believe Meles wants Eritrean President Isaias to remain in power, despite their deep disagreements.[142] According to a BBC Monitoring report, Meles reportedly blocked four million dollars of support from being transferred from Yemen and Sudan to the Eritrean National Alliance opposition group which was trying to overthrow the Eritrean regime.[142]
Anuak conflict[link]
On 13 December 2003 an ethnic conflict in the Gambela Region led to the death of 61 Anuaks in one day and hundreds more over the coming months. It is alleged that highlanders were being helped by the Ethiopian Defense forces. According to Amnesty International, federal soldiers participated in the killings and regional authorities did not take necessary preventative measures against the violence.[143]
The highlanders are mostly from the northern regions of Amhara and Tigray (but also Oromia). They populated the Gambela region after they were forced to move southwest from the north in the mid-1980s. When Mengistu Haile Mariam ruled in the 1980s, more than 1.5 million Ethiopians were forced to relocate, which led to more than 200,000 Ethiopian dead and many more sick in what is described as one of the worst humanitarian crises of that decade. Since then some northern highlanders have been living in Gambela, adding fuel to an already existing conflict between the Nuar and the Anuaks.
In December 2003, some of the highlanders who worked for the Ethiopian refugee agency were looking for new camps to shelter the thousands of Sudanese fleeing from their country's internal battles. Early that month, a group of armed Anuak killed many highlanders.[144] Anuak rebels had also killed eight people in an attack on a United Nations vehicle.[145] Ethiopian Defense Forces set up their headquarters at the refugee camp and took the bodies of the dead highlanders to Gambella town for burial, triggering an attack against Anuak civilians on 13 December 2003, which continued for several days.[144] The massacres were labeled a "genocide" by Genocide Watch, which has since charged that genocidal massacres have also been committed against ethnic Ogadenis, and other groups, and has called for investigation of the human rights record of the Meles regime in an open letter to the UN Commissioner for Human Rights.[146]
The Anuak people maintain they have been gradually displaced from their traditional lands.[147] Despite 5,000 Ethiopian troops being deployed to keep peace in the area, tensions are still high. Anuak tribesmen interviewed by BBC correspondents said they appreciated the government's effort to keep peace against Anuak rebels, yet ordinary Anuaks still fear for their lives.[148] In October 2005, Anuak rebels attacked a Catholic church and a police station.[149]
The Ethiopian government, including Meles Zenawi, stated that both the Anuak insurgents and the highlander militias were responsible for the conflict and "without the intervention of the army, the killings would have continued indefinitely." Regional security forces made an effort to restrain the tension between the ethnic groups, which are historically enemies. After an independent investigation, four town soldiers were put in prison for favoring one ethnicity over another during the ethnic conflicts. Many regional government officials claim the number of dead was not 400, but that around 200 armed Anuaks and highlanders were killed after the ethnic violence.[150]
The government and other critical analysts often disregard pro-Anuak sources of information and testimonies, seeing them as biased against other local ethnicities. However some Anuak sources gave diverse accounts. For instance, Anuak refugees and witnesses who claimed they saw the conflict and massacre said that the bloodshed was started by anti-government civilians as well as anti-government soldiers and anti-government officials in order to create problems for the government. One witness said,
I think that among the mob and the soldiers there was a group of people who were against the government and wanted to use this opportunity to put the government in a problem. I think that there were anti-government and anti-Anywaa elements within the army who orchestrated this type of killing.[151]
Despite progress to curb the historical ethnic divisions and political tensions, there still remains a relatively tense political situation in the Gambella region. Recently[when?] the Gambella Peace Olympics, a sport festival promoting peace and development amongst the Gambella region's ethnic groups, including Anuaks and Nuars, was held in a bid to bring about constructive dialogue and long-term peace among the region's often feuding ethnic groups.[152]
Post-election violence[link]
On 18 October 2006 an independent report said Ethiopian police massacred 193 protesters, mostly in the capital Addis Ababa, in the violence of June and November following the May 2005 elections. The information was leaked before the official independent report was handed to the parliament. The leak made by Ethiopian judge Wolde-Michael Meshesha found that the government had concealed the true extent of deaths at the hands of the police.[153]
This leak also brought more accusations that the opposition party which provoked the riots was trying to damage the reputation of the government by leaking the inquiry unlawfully. Gemechu Megerssa, a member of the independent Inquiry commission, which Mr. Meshesha once worked with, said Mr. Meshesha taking the report "out of context and presenting it to the public to sensationalise the situation for his political end is highly unethical."[154]
The judge in Europe described the deaths as a massacre and said the toll could well have been higher. The judge was filing for asylum and is currently living in Europe, bringing speculation that he was biased to begin with in support of the opposition party, but he claimed that he had to leave the country because he thought he would be "harassed" by the government. He speculated that Zenawi ordered troops to shoot at protesters. But according to the New York Times, Meles said "he did not authorize the police to use live bullets."[155]
The official report described by the parliament and the government gave exactly the same details as the leaked inquiry. It said that 193 people had been killed, including 40 teenagers. Six policemen were also killed and some 763 people injured. Police records showed 20,000 people were initially arrested during the anti-government protests.[153] The government said various witnesses from the Kinijit (CUD) opposition party have testified that CUD leaders assured them of a demise of Zenawi's party and government in order to start an armed rebellion. The witnesses stated that CUD leaders encouraged them to start military training and planning to overthrow the government.[156] The commission members living in Addis Ababa criticised the government saying;
We are not saying the government was totally clean. The government has a lot to be accountable for. The mentality of the police needs to be changed, and then we will be able to minimize those kinds of casualties in the future. Building of [democratic] institutions is required, but that is going to take time. The government was not prepared to tackle violence like that which took place last year. They could have brought an alternative way of dispersing rioting crowds.[157][158]
The independent Inquiry commission members added Mr. Meshesha going to Europe and reporting information out of context was "dishonest" and ugly politics, as well as insensitive to the process of developing Ethiopia's young democracy. The commission said Ethiopians need to solve their problems themselves so that this kind of violence will not occur again, that respecting authority and each other and working together is important, and that changing the mentality of the police is what the "government has to think about seriously."[159]
Despite all these post-election issues and complications, in addition to the Carter Center and the US government British MPs continued to praise the democratic process in Ethiopia. After meeting with some opposition parties, British MPs stated that the Ethiopian government should always stand firmly against those who try to use "undemocratic and unconstitutional means" to change government.[160]
Presently, all except 20 of the elected opposition members have joined the Ethiopian parliament along with the EPRDF party members. Top opposition parties, UEDF and UEPD-Medhin, are peacefully working with the government for negotiations on the democratic process.[161] Many opposition parties are represented in the Ethiopia Parliament, where representatives from Oromia state hold the most seats and representatives from the Amhara State hold the second-most seats, in correlation with the population order of the corresponding states.[162] Various opposition parties including UEDF, UEPD-Medhin, Somali People's Democratic Party (SPDP), EDL, Gambella People's Democratic Movement (GPDM), All Ethiopian Unity Organization (AEUO), Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM) and Benishangul-Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front (BGPDUF) hold seats in the parliament.[162] Despite pressure to release the CUD leaders who were rounded up after the post election violence, an Ethiopian court convicted 38 of the top CUD leaders.[163] After various negotiations to solve the deadlock via a political agreement, the convicted CUD leaders signed a document, which many believe was coerced out of them, accepting their "mistakes" and an accountability ranging from partial to full responsibility for the post-election violence.[164][165]
Prisoners[link]
Currently, all of the leaders of the main opposition party (CUD) are out of jail after an alleged attempt to initiate the post-election violence and overthrow the government. All of these charges are denied by the CUD leadership both in and outside Ethiopia, and the European Union continues to plea for the political prisoners to be released after a speedy trial. Some of these elected CUD officials endure very harsh conditions inside Ethiopia's poorly maintained prisons and they are at risk of various medical complications. As a result of the violence after the elections, many thousands were arrested and imprisoned. Even though most have been freed a few still remain in prison. Up to the end of 2005, around 8,000 Ethiopian rioters had been freed.[166]
After long and slow judicial proceedings an Ethiopian judge dropped the controversial charges of attempted genocide and treason against 111 people arrested after election protests. Twenty-five accused, mostly journalists and publishers, have also been acquitted of all charges. However several opposition leaders remain in custody, accused of trying to violently overthrow the government.[167] After the original arrests the Prime Minister told the parliament that releasing "these hardliners" would embolden them to think "whatever their action, they will not be held accountable." Thus, he stated, "the government has made it abundantly clear that interfering with the judicial process for the release of hardliners is out of the question. The government has taken this unwavering position not because of stubbornness or for a lack of willingness to resolve issues through dialogue and negotiation."[168] The ruling party has accused the group of trying to utilize street uprising techniques as a way to change regimes. Various supporters of the government and supporters of peaceful opposition parties who function in the parliament continue to accuse the imprisoned opposition group of "extremism" and accuse them of following the textbook directions given by Dr. Negede. An exiled and educated Ethiopian, Dr. Negede is known for the famous book he wrote on how to overthrow the government through street uprising.[169][170] However Amnesty International and the supporters of the group in jail claim that the detainees are "prisoners of conscience" who are innocent and should be freed immediately and unconditionally. In June 2007, the Ethiopian court found the CUD opposition party's 38 senior figures guilty of the charges.[171] After CUD's top leaders signed a paper accepting responsibility for the violence, some sources claimed the leaders would be freed in a short time.[172] All of the leadership of the CUD party were released after the pardon board accepted their apology letter. According to VOA news, a CUD spokesman Hailu Araya said, "We signed it voluntarily. We apologized to the people, to the government. Yes, we did. That’s what the paper said, and that’s what we signed."[173]
Somalia intervention[link]
Following a declaration of jihad by al-Qaeda-linked Islamists in Mogadishu, the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia invited Ethiopia to send troops into southern Somalia at the end of December 2006. With the help of Puntland and together with TFG forces, Ethiopian troops captured Mogadishu and installed the transitional government.
Since the Ethiopian intervention, the fighting has led to the deaths of over 10,000 civilians in southern Somalia. Charges of war crimes were made and denied on both sides of the fighting.
Ogaden conflict[link]
Main article: 2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden
Meles Zenawi's government has allegedly carried out brutal counter-insurgency techniques against the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), particularly after the ONLF killed more than 70 Ethiopic and Ethiopian Oil facility workers in the region in April, 2007. Both sides accuse each other of human rights abuses. In June 2008, HRW criticized the lack of Western condemnation of Meles Zenawi's counter-insurgency policy and the military activities by Ethiopian Defence forces in reaction to ONLF's attacks.
Both fighting forces accuse each other of killing civilians and burning villages, with HRW claiming that accounts by refugees fleeing out of the country support ONLF's accusations. Both Ethiopia and its allies claim refugees fleeing out of Ethiopia, instead of taking shelter from the conflict inside Ethiopia, were supporters of the ONLF who cannot be used as an independent source of evidence.
Western governments continued to state that they will check into the various allegations from all sides.
Inflation and drought management[link]
Ethiopia has seen a rise in the general level of prices since around 2004, which has worsened the drought problems caused by the lack of rain, as reported by UN humanitarian organizations. The inflation rate was reportedly in the low teens in 2005–2006, high teens during 2007 and in the 20s in 2008. This inflation crisis has deeply affected the urban population in Ethiopia.
According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Food Program, the inflation problem is occurring because more income for farmers is causing higher prices in shops. Ethiopian farmers are the driving force of the rural based economy where only 15% of the population is urban. The UN report says "as markets get less centralized, and farmers become more sophisticated and better informed traders are starting to complain about the market power of the farmers." The "farmers are now better off, and able to wait and spread their grain sales through the year, rather than having to rush everything to market immediately after harvest when prices are at their lowest." The UN report says that "grain prices in Ethiopia, however much they may have risen, however unaffordable they may be to the urban poor, are still below world prices and below prices in most neighboring countries."[174]
International accolades[link]
Awards[link]
Prime Minister Meles Zenawi has received various international awards for setting up a good foundation for the development of Ethiopia. Even though Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in the world, the near double-digit annual economic growth rate recently is seen as the beginning of Ethiopia's long marathon struggle to eliminate poverty. Acknowledging the rapid GDP growth of the country, the UK newspaper The Economist said in December 2007 that "Ethiopia's economy has been growing at record speed in recent years."[175] In 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) described the speed of Ethiopia's economic growth in recent years as the "fastest for a non-oil exporting country in Sub-Saharan Africa",[176] with Ethiopia ranked as the second-most attractive African country for investors.[177]
Although many opposition parties and parliamentarian critics disagree, some Ethiopians also portray the arrival date of Meles Zenawi's government, 28 May 1991 (Ginbot 20), as the "birth of democracy" in Ethiopia, while diplomats and analysts say the country is slowly moving towards democracy.[178][179][180]
- Before he joined the Medical Faculty of Addis Ababa University, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi was awarded the Haile Selassie I Prize Trust, a highly selective award given only to the most outstanding graduating students.[181][182]
- The Rwanda government awarded Meles Zenawi Rwanda’s National Liberation Medal, the "Uruti," in July 2009 for helping to liberate Rwanda and end the genocide in the country. Alongside two other African leaders, Meles was also given Rwanda's highest accolade, the "Umurinzi" medal, Rwanda’s Campaign Against Genocide Medal.[183][184]
- PM Meles Zenawi was awarded the World Peace Prize for his contributions to global peace and his effort to stabilize the Horn of Africa through cooperation with Inter-Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD).[185]
- Tabor 100, an African American entrepreneur’s organization, honored PM Meles Zenawi for his contribution toward economic and social transformation in Africa with its prestigious Crystal Eagle International Leadership Award in April 2005.[186] Tabor 100, a U.S.-based nongovernmental organization, calling Meles Zenawi “international leader of the year 2005”, also honored the efforts of the Ethiopian government in general for its war on poverty and backwardness.[187]
- PM Meles Zenawi was awarded the Good Governance Award of the Global Coalition for Africa for leading Ethiopia along a democratic path during the challenging period of transition.[188][189] He was selected for the good governance award by the US-based Corporate Council on Africa.[190]
- PM Meles Zenawi received the Norway-based 2005 Yara Prize for Green Revolution (Yara) for initiating a good foundation for economic progress in Ethiopia, particularly in the agricultural sector, where the poor country has doubled its food production. During the award ceremony held in the Norwegian capital of Oslo on 3 September, the director of the UN project for Africa said, "With our support, Ethiopia can lift itself from poverty and hunger. Under Prime Minister Meles the country has created the grass roots structure to enable this to happen."[191]
- Meles Zenawi was given the Africa Political Leadership Award of 2008 by the US-based newspaper, Africa Times. Previous winners of the award include Desmond Tutu, Nelson Mandela and others.[192]
- Ethiopia’s military honored Prime Minister Meles Zenawi for his leadership during the 1998–2000 war with its northern neighbour when Eritrea invaded Ethiopia in 1998.[138][193]
- Residents of the historic and ancient UNESCO town of Axum in Ethiopia honored Prime Minister Meles Zenawi for his political and diplomatic leadership role in the return and re-erection of the Obelisk of Axum after a 68-year stay in Rome, Italy.[194]
- Meles Zenawi received a Gold Order of Merit award from the Confederation of African Football (CAF) in February 2007. PM Zenawi was given the CAF organisation's highest award for his services in advancing the progress of African football. Ethiopia was one of the founding countries of the CAF (1957) and the organization, with the dedication of AU leaders like Mr. Zenawi, was celebrating the International Year of African Football in 2007.[195]
Positions[link]
- Prime Minister Meles Zenawi is also a Co-Chairperson of the Global Coalition for Africa (GCA.)[196] The Global Coailition for Africa brings together senior African policy makers and their partners to deepen dialogue and build consensus on Africa's priority development issues.
- The Prime Minister was the co-chairperson of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (Nov.2006) Ethiopia is the Forum's co-chair country.[197] It led to the adoption of the Beijing Action Plan (2007–2009) for partnership for economic progress and cultural exchanges. It also stated to support Africa's "development [of] international political, economic, trade and financial systems."
- In 2004, Prime Minister Tony Blair of the United Kingdom appointed Prime Minister Meles Zenawi as one of the Commissioners taking part in the Commission for Africa.[198]
Prime Minister Zenawi served as the Chairman of the Organization for African Unity (OAU, now the African Union – AU) from June 1995 to June 1996.
- In 2007, the African Union elected Prime Minister Meles Zenawi to chair the executive committee of the NEPAD (the New Partnership for Africa's Development)
- Prime Minister Meles Zenawi was chosen to represent Africa at the G8 Summit and the G20 summit in London.[199][200][201]
- The African Union selected Meles Zenawi to lead an African Delegation to the Global Conference on Climate Change at Copenhagen in 2009.
- In February 2010, the UN named Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi as co-chair of the Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing, a new high-level U.N. advisory group on climate change financing.[202]
Milestones[link]
Several social, economic, religious and political developments and systems were established for the first time in Ethiopia under Meles Zenawi's rule.[203]
- First regional referendum for peaceful Secession (Eritrea 1991–)
- First Multi-party National election for opposition (2000,2005,2010)
- First institutionalized linguistic freedom at local level (1994–)
- First ethnic based federalism (since 1994)
- First private media outlets in Ethiopian history (since 1994)
- First consecutive double-digit GDP growth – International Monetary Fund (since 2006)
- First multi-party parliament with opposition MPs (since 2000)
- First unrestricted freedom of religion for evangelicals/Pentecostals (since 1994)
Foundation[link]
Meles Zenawi was given the Green Revolution award and a financial prize of 200,000 dollars by the Norwegian Yara Foundation in September 2005 "in recognition of past accomplishments and encouragement to achieve economic development for the people of Ethiopia."
Meles donated his $200,000 financial award to a foundation called "Fre—Addis Ethiopia Women Fund" (Fre-Addis Ethiopia Yesetoch Merja Mahiber).[204] The Fre-Addis Ethiopia Women Fund has an objective "to empower girls through providing educational opportunities" and it currently supports 514 needy and orphan rural girls to pursue their education throughout the country.
Books/thesis by Meles[link]
- The Eritrean Struggle: From Where to Where? (1980)
- African Development: Dead Ends and New Beginnings (2006)
- Agricultural Development-Led Industrialisation (ADLI) strategy
Media appearances[link]
See also[link]
- Ethiopian Orthodox
- Azeb Mesfin
- Girma Wolde-Giorgis
- Haile Selassie
- Yohannes III
- Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD-IV), 2008.
- Blanco Chivite, Manuel. Diario de Etiopía, Madrid, Vosa Ediciones, 1991
References[link]
- ^ Amimo, Uduak (10 August 2005). "Profile: Ethiopian leader Meles Zenawi". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 31 December 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051231052602/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4545711.stm. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ Aregawi Berhe, a former member of the TPLF, notes that in their histories of the TPLF both John young and Jenny Hammond "vaguely indicate" that Meles was one of the founders of the TPLF. Aregawi insists that both he and Sibhat Nega joined the Front "months" after it was founded. A Political history of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (1975–1991) (Los Angeles: Tsehai, 2009), p. 62
- ^ Ivo Romein. "Nom de guerre Meles". Home.planet.nl. http://home.planet.nl/~romei017/ethiopianet-peoples-section-tigrayans.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ More information on Meles Zenawi
- ^ "Honorary doctoral degree". Ethioembassy.org.uk. 19 July 2002. http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/news/press%20releases/July%20-%2002/19-July-02.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Azeb Mesfin given Legacy of Dream award
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Quotations[link]
 |
This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process. |
- “I regret the deaths but these were not normal demonstrations. You don't see hand grenades thrown at normal demonstrations”--on post election issue
- "Africa's downfall has always been the cult of the personality. And their names always seem to begin with M. We've had Mobutu and Mengistu and I'm not going to add Meles to the list.”--Dimbleby questioning Meles on his exposure to the people.
- "We have taken measures and beefed up our defense capabilities around the border since December to prevent any miscalculation by the other side,” post-Eritrean-Ethiopian war complications
- "..countries pretend their foreign policy is based on democratisation when this is clearly not the case. For all the challenges in Zimbabwe, for example, it is a bit of a stretch to say it is less democratic than some of the sheikhdoms of the Gulf. But none of the sheikdoms has a problem visiting Europe."- Meles Zenawi's response about European sanctions and travel ban on Zimbabwe's Mugabe
- "If it is presumed that the Kenyans will democratise in order to eat the peanuts of development assistance from the European Union... it would be a big mistake"- Meles Zenawi's reaction to European threat of sanctions on Kenya.
- "Democracy is the expression of a sovereign people. To impose it from outside is inherently undemocratic."- Meles interviewed by The Guardian
- "It's true we have our disagreements on border issues, we have disagreements on trade and related issues, but you don't go invading a country whenever you have a dispute on trade issues, ... We have more civilized mechanisms on resolving such problems.” – after Eritrea's attack on Mekele, Ethiopia
- "America didn’t give us any money because of Somalia intervention. This doesn’t mean America hasn’t given us food aid or money for HIV prevention before. It certainly has. But we aren’t going to fight Somalia using Condoms." – Meles’s reply to MP Bulcha Demeksa’s teasing question on whether America gave financial support to Ethiopia for the Somalia intervention.
- "This is not your run-of-the-mill demonstration. This is an Orange Revolution gone wrong" – PM Zenawi accusing opposition parties for the violence.
- "I have never heard of any convincing reason as to why we should privatize land at this stage." Part of PM Zenawi's controversial reply to Dr. Abdul Mejid Hussien.
- "The violence has marred the image of Ethiopia,... The worst is clearly behind us and we do not expect any such violence in the near future.” --on post-election events
- "Even when we obey international laws after exhausting all peaceful means, some countries might not support our move to defend Ethiopia because of their own national interests or diplomatic rationale. So what do we do? Two choices: either we seat & welcome our enemies to invade our homes or we stand up for ourselves. I hope parliament chooses the second option...we don’t need the blessing of other nations to defend our country." --Meles speaking to parliament about Somali Islamic courts. (from amharic translation)
- "I am proud to be an Ethiopian. I am proud to be a part of that history."--Meles speaking to American intellectuals about Ethiopia and its history.
- "When they (Somali Jihadists) control the whole of Somalia it would be very naive to assume that they will mend their ways, cease to be terrorists and become very civilized and very tame pussycats." --Interview with AP on Somali extremists.
- "As we respond to the assault of our enemy and defend our country, we must never break international laws. Crime can not be solved by more crime." – Meles Zenawi speaking to Parliament 23 November 2006. (from Amharic translation)
- "We believe the problem between ourselves and Eritrea will have to be resolved through dialogue, but it takes two to tango"--on border dispute with Eritrea
- "The rest of the contextual factors have no relevance whatsoever to the investigative process. Indeed, they remind me of the famous Tina Turner song. 'What’s love got to do with it?'" --Meles Zenawi's response to EU-EOM implying Mrs. Ana Gomez's alleged contradicting accusations.
- "So why don't you give them additional concessions?' We said, 'What concessions? Concessions from our sovereignty? That has never been done by any government in Ethiopia in 3,000 years.' That is the only thing of great value what we have inherited from our past, our unflinching determination to keep our...country independent even if we are dying of hunger."--Response to EU's demands for Eritrea
- "While they are entitled to their own opinion, this government and this country are incapable, unwilling and unable to be run like some banana republic from Capitol Hill. It is very worrisome that some of these individuals appear to have entertained such views."-- In response Rep. Donald Payne's pressure for Hailu Shawel & Co.
External links[link]
Media related to Meles Zenawi at Wikimedia Commons
- Biography with child photos
- Biography
- Column archive at The Guardian
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Meles Zenawi at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Meles Zenawi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Meles Zenawi collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Meles Zenawi at the Notable Names Database
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Tesfaye Gebre Kidan Acting |
President of Ethiopia 1991–1995 |
Succeeded by Negasso Gidada |
| Preceded by Tamirat Layne |
Prime Minister of Ethiopia 1995–present |
Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Meles Zenawi |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 8 May 1955 |
| Place of birth | Adwa, Tigray, Ethiopia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Meles_Zenawi
Related pages:
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http://es.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
http://ru.wn.com/Мелес Зенауи
http://pt.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
http://pl.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
http://fr.wn.com/Meles Zenawi
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meles_Zenawi
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Hillary Rodham Clinton | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 67th United States Secretary of State | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 21, 2009 |
|
| President | Barack Obama |
| Deputy | William Burns (2011-present) James Steinberg (2009-2011) |
| Preceded by | Condoleezza Rice |
| United States Senator from New York |
|
| In office January 3, 2001 – January 21, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Daniel Patrick Moynihan |
| Succeeded by | Kirsten Gillibrand |
| First Lady of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Barbara Bush |
| Succeeded by | Laura Bush |
| First Lady of Arkansas | |
| In office January 11, 1983 – December 12, 1992 |
|
| Preceded by | Gay Daniels White |
| Succeeded by | Betty Tucker |
| In office January 9, 1979 – January 19, 1981 |
|
| Preceded by | Barbara Pryor |
| Succeeded by | Gay Daniels White |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Hillary Diane Rodham (1947-10-26) October 26, 1947 (age 64) Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic Party (1968–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Republican Party (before 1968) |
| Spouse(s) | Bill Clinton |
| Children | Chelsea Clinton |
| Residence | Chappaqua, New York |
| Alma mater | Wellesley College Yale Law School |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Methodist |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Official website |
|
Tenure as Secretary of State, 2009– |
|
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (
/ˈhɪləri daɪˈæn ˈrɒdəm ˈklɪntən/; born October 26, 1947) is the 67th United States Secretary of State, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama. She was a United States Senator for New York from 2001 to 2009. As the wife of the 42nd President of the United States, Bill Clinton, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001. In the 2008 election, Clinton was a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination.
A native of Illinois, Hillary Rodham first attracted national attention in 1969 for her remarks as the first student commencement speaker at Wellesley College. She embarked on a career in law after graduating from Yale Law School in 1973. Following a stint as a Congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas in 1974 and married Bill Clinton in 1975. Rodham cofounded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families in 1977 and became the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978. Named the first female partner at Rose Law Firm in 1979, she was twice listed as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America. First Lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992 with husband Bill as Governor, she successfully led a task force to reform Arkansas's education system. She sat on the board of directors of Wal-Mart Stores and several other corporations.
In 1994, as First Lady of the United States, her major initiative, the Clinton health care plan, failed to gain approval from the U.S. Congress. However, in 1997 and 1999, Clinton played a role in advocating the creation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program, the Adoption and Safe Families Act, and the Foster Care Independence Act. Her years as First Lady drew a polarized response from the American public. The only First Lady to have been subpoenaed, she testified before a federal grand jury in 1996 due to the Whitewater controversy, but was never charged with wrongdoing in this or several other investigations during her husband's administration. The state of her marriage was the subject of considerable speculation following the Lewinsky scandal in 1998.
After moving to the state of New York, Clinton was elected as a U.S. Senator in 2000. That election marked the first time an American First Lady had run for public office; Clinton was also the first female senator to represent the state. In the Senate, she initially supported the Bush administration on some foreign policy issues, including a vote for the Iraq War Resolution. She subsequently opposed the administration on its conduct of the war in Iraq and on most domestic issues. Senator Clinton was reelected by a wide margin in 2006. In the 2008 presidential nomination race, Hillary Clinton won more primaries and delegates than any other female candidate in American history, but narrowly lost to Illinois Senator Barack Obama.
Obama went on to win the election and appoint Clinton as Secretary of State; Clinton became the first former First Lady to serve in a president's cabinet. She has put into place institutional changes seeking to maximize departmental effectiveness and promote the empowerment of women worldwide, and has set records for most-traveled secretary for time in office. She has been at the forefront of the U.S. response to the Arab Spring, including advocating for the military intervention in Libya. She has used "smart power" as the strategy for asserting U.S. leadership and values in the world and has championed the use of social media in getting the U.S. message out.
Contents
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Early life and education[link]
Early life[link]
Hillary Diane Rodham[nb 1] was born at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.[1][2] She was raised in a United Methodist family, first in Chicago and then, from the age of three, in suburban Park Ridge, Illinois.[3] Her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham (1911–1993), was the son of Welsh and English immigrants;[4] he managed a successful small business in the textile industry.[5] Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell (1919–2011), was a homemaker of English, Scottish, French, French Canadian, and Welsh descent.[4][6] Hillary grew up with two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony.
File:HRCEarlyYearsExhibitClintonPresidentialCenter.jpg
Mementos of Hillary Rodham's early life are shown at the William J. Clinton Presidential Center.
As a child, Hillary Rodham was a teacher's favorite at her public schools in Park Ridge.[7][8] She participated in swimming, baseball, and other sports.[7][8] She also earned numerous awards as a Brownie and Girl Scout.[8] She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for National Honor Society.[1][9] For her senior year, she was redistricted to Maine South High School, where she was a National Merit Finalist and graduated in the top five percent of her class of 1965.[9][10] Her mother wanted her to have an independent, professional career,[6] and her father, otherwise a traditionalist, was of the opinion that his daughter's abilities and opportunities should not be limited by gender.[11]
Raised in a politically conservative household,[6] at age thirteen Rodham helped canvass South Side Chicago following the very close 1960 U.S. presidential election, where she found evidence of electoral fraud against Republican candidate Richard Nixon.[12] She then volunteered to campaign for Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the U.S. presidential election of 1964.[13] Rodham's early political development was shaped most by her high school history teacher (like her father, a fervent anticommunist), who introduced her to Goldwater's classic The Conscience of a Conservative,[14] and by her Methodist youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of social justice), with whom she saw and met civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., in Chicago in 1962.[15]
Wellesley College years[link]
In 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College, where she majored in political science.[16] During her freshman year, she served as president of the Wellesley Young Republicans;[17][18] with this Rockefeller Republican-oriented group,[19] she supported the elections of John Lindsay and Edward Brooke.[20] She later stepped down from this position, as her views changed regarding the American Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War.[17] In a letter to her youth minister at this time, she described herself as "a mind conservative and a heart liberal."[21] In contrast to the 1960s current that advocated radical actions against the political system, she sought to work for change within it.[22] In her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the antiwar presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy.[23] Following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty.[23] In early 1968, she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association and served through early 1969;[22][24] she was instrumental in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the student disruptions common to other colleges.[22] A number of her fellow students thought she might some day become the first woman President of the United States.[22] So she could better understand her changing political views, Professor Alan Schechter assigned Rodham to intern at the House Republican Conference, and she attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program.[23] Rodham was invited by moderate New York Republican Representative Charles Goodell to help Governor Nelson Rockefeller's late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination.[23] Rodham attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami. However, she was upset by how Richard Nixon's campaign portrayed Rockefeller and by what she perceived as the convention's "veiled" racist messages, and left the Republican Party for good.[23]
Main article: Hillary Rodham senior thesis
Rodham wrote her senior thesis, a critique of the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky, under Professor Schechter.[25] (Years later, while she was First Lady, access to the thesis was restricted at the request of the White House and it became the subject of some speculation.)[25]
In 1969, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts,[26] with departmental honors in political science.[25] Following pressure from some fellow students,[27] she became the first student in Wellesley College history to deliver its commencement address.[24] Her speech received a standing ovation lasting seven minutes.[22][28][29] She was featured in an article published in Life magazine,[30] due to the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Edward Brooke, who had spoken before her at the commencement.[27] She also appeared on Irv Kupcinet's nationally syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers.[31] That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions).[32]
Yale Law School and postgraduate studies[link]
Rodham then entered Yale Law School, where she served on the editorial board of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action.[33] During her second year, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center,[34] learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973).[35][36] She also took on cases of child abuse at Yale-New Haven Hospital[35] and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free legal advice for the poor.[34] In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright Edelman's Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator Walter Mondale's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor. There she researched migrant workers' problems in housing, sanitation, health and education.[37] Edelman later became a significant mentor.[38] Rodham was recruited by political advisor Anne Wexler to work on the 1970 campaign of Connecticut U.S. Senate candidate Joseph Duffey, with Rodham later crediting Wexler with providing her first job in politics.[39]
In the late spring of 1971, she began dating Bill Clinton, also a law student at Yale. That summer, she interned at the Oakland, California, law firm of Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein.[40] The firm was well known for its support of constitutional rights, civil liberties, and radical causes (two of its four partners were current or former Communist Party members);[40] Rodham worked on child custody and other cases.[nb 2] Clinton canceled his original summer plans, in order to live with her in California;[41] the couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school.[42] The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern.[43] She received a Juris Doctor degree from Yale in 1973,[26] having stayed on an extra year to be with Clinton.[44] Clinton first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined.[44]
Rodham began a year of postgraduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.[45] Her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the Harvard Educational Review in late 1973.[46] Discussing the new children's rights movement, it stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals"[47] and argued that children should not be considered equally incompetent from birth to attaining legal age, but that instead courts should presume competence except when there is evidence otherwise, on a case-by-case basis.[48] The article became frequently cited in the field.[49]
Marriage and family, law career and First Lady of Arkansas[link]
From the East Coast to Arkansas[link]
During her postgraduate study, Rodham served as staff attorney for Edelman's newly founded Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts,[50] and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children.[51] In 1974 she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Washington, D.C., advising the House Committee on the Judiciary during the Watergate scandal.[52] Under the guidance of Chief Counsel John Doar and senior member Bernard Nussbaum,[35] Rodham helped research procedures of impeachment and the historical grounds and standards for impeachment.[52] The committee's work culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974.[52]
By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future; Democratic political organizer and consultant Betsey Wright had moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide her career;[53] Wright thought Rodham had the potential to become a future senator or president.[54] Meanwhile, Clinton had repeatedly asked her to marry him, and she continued to demur.[55] However, after failing the District of Columbia bar exam[56] and passing the Arkansas exam, Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head".[57] She thus followed Bill Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington where career prospects were brighter. He was then teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, Rodham moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas, and became one of only two female faculty members in the School of Law at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.[58][59] She gave classes in criminal law, where she was considered a rigorous teacher and tough grader, and was the first director of the school's legal aid clinic.[60] She still harbored doubts about marriage, concerned that her separate identity would be lost and that her accomplishments would be viewed in the light of someone else's.[61]
Early Arkansas years[link]
File:HillaryRodhamBillClintonLittleRockHouse1adjusted.jpg
Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton lived in this 980 square feet (91 m2) house in the Hillcrest neighborhood of Little Rock from 1977 to 1979 while he was Arkansas Attorney General.[62]
Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton bought a house in Fayetteville in the summer of 1975, and Hillary finally agreed to marry.[63] Their wedding took place on October 11, 1975, in a Methodist ceremony in their living room.[64] She announced she was keeping the name Hillary Rodham,[64] to keep their professional lives separate and avoid apparent conflicts of interest and because "it showed that I was still me,"[65] although her decision upset their mothers.[66] Bill Clinton had lost the congressional race in 1974, but in November 1976 was elected Arkansas Attorney General, and so the couple moved to the state capital of Little Rock.[67] There, in February 1977, Rodham joined the venerable Rose Law Firm, a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence.[68] She specialized in patent infringement and intellectual property law[33] while also working pro bono in child advocacy;[69] she rarely performed litigation work in court.[70]
Rodham maintained her interest in children's law and family policy, publishing the scholarly articles "Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect" in 1977[71] and "Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective" in 1979.[72] The latter continued her argument that children's legal competence depended upon their age and other circumstances and that in serious medical rights cases, judicial intervention was sometimes warranted.[48] An American Bar Association chair later said, "Her articles were important, not because they were radically new but because they helped formulate something that had been inchoate."[48] Historian Garry Wills would later describe her as "one of the more important scholar-activists of the last two decades",[73] while conservatives said her theories would usurp traditional parental authority,[74] allow children to file frivolous lawsuits against their parents,[48] and argued that her work was legal "crit" theory run amok.[75]
In 1977, Rodham cofounded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, a state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund.[33][76] Later that year, President Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had been the 1976 campaign director of field operations in Indiana)[77] appointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Services Corporation,[78] and she served in that capacity from 1978 until the end of 1981.[79] From mid-1978 to mid-1980,[nb 3] she served as the chair of that board, the first woman to do so.[80] During her time as chair, funding for the Corporation was expanded from $90 million to $300 million; subsequently she successfully fought President Ronald Reagan's attempts to reduce the funding and change the nature of the organization.[69]
Following her husband's November 1978 election as Governor of Arkansas, Rodham became First Lady of Arkansas in January 1979, her title for twelve years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed her chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year,[81] where she secured federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas's poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees.[82]
In 1979, Rodham became the first woman to be made a full partner of Rose Law Firm.[83] From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than that of her husband.[84] During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham made a spectacular profit from trading cattle futures contracts;[85] an initial $1,000 investment generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months.[86] The couple also began their ill-fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal at this time.[85]
On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to a daughter, Chelsea, her only child. In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for reelection.
Later Arkansas years[link]
Bill Clinton returned to the governor's office two years later by winning the election of 1982. During her husband's campaign, Rodham began to use the name Hillary Clinton, or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters;[nb 4] she also took a leave of absence from Rose Law to campaign for him full-time.[87] As First Lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton was named chair of the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee in 1983, where she sought to reform the state's court-sanctioned public education system.[88][89] In one of the Clinton governorship's most important initiatives, she fought a prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the Arkansas Education Association, to establish mandatory teacher testing and state standards for curriculum and classroom size.[81][88] In 1985, she also introduced Arkansas's Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy.[90] She was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984.[91][92]
Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was First Lady of Arkansas. She earned less than the other partners, as she billed fewer hours,[93] but still made more than $200,000 in her final year there.[94] She seldom did trial work,[94] but the firm considered her a "rainmaker" because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent the firm and to her corporate board connections.[94] She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges.[94] Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial reelection campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest, because Rose Law did state business; the Clintons deflected the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated.[95]
From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on the board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the New World Foundation,[96] which funded a variety of New Left interest groups.[97] From 1987 to 1991, she chaired the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession,[98] which addressed gender bias in the law profession and induced the association to adopt measures to combat it.[98] She was twice named by the National Law Journal as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America: in 1988 and in 1991.[99] When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary considered running, but private polls were unfavorable and, in the end, he ran and was reelected for the final time.[100]
Clinton served on the boards of the Arkansas Children's Hospital Legal Services (1988–1992)[101] and the Children's Defense Fund (as chair, 1986–1992).[1][102] In addition to her positions with nonprofit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of TCBY (1985–1992),[103] Wal-Mart Stores (1986–1992)[104] and Lafarge (1990–1992).[105] TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law.[94][106] Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman Sam Walton to name a woman to the board.[106] Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices, was largely unsuccessful in a campaign for more women to be added to the company's management, and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices.[104][106][107]
Bill Clinton presidential campaign of 1992[link]
Hillary Clinton received sustained national attention for the first time when her husband became a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination of 1992. Before the New Hampshire primary, tabloid publications printed claims that Bill Clinton had had an extramarital affair with Arkansas lounge singer Gennifer Flowers.[108] In response, the Clintons appeared together on 60 Minutes, where Bill Clinton denied the affair but acknowledged "causing pain in my marriage."[109] This joint appearance was credited with rescuing his campaign.[110] During the campaign, Hillary Clinton made culturally disparaging remarks about Tammy Wynette and her outlook on marriage,[nb 5] and about women staying home and baking cookies and having teas,[nb 6] that were ill-considered by her own admission. Bill Clinton said that in electing him, the nation would "get two for the price of one", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume.[111] Beginning with Daniel Wattenberg's August 1992 The American Spectator article "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock", Hillary Clinton's own past ideological and ethical record came under conservative attack.[74] At least twenty other articles in major publications also drew comparisons between her and Lady Macbeth.[112]
First Lady of the United States[link]
Role as First Lady[link]
When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States, and announced that she would be using that form of her name.[113] She was the first First Lady to hold a postgraduate degree[114] and to have her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House.[114] She was also the first to have an office in the West Wing of the White House in addition to the usual First Lady offices in the East Wing.[45][115] She was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments to the new administration, and her choices filled at least eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level ones.[116] She is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history, save for Eleanor Roosevelt.[117][118]
Some critics called it inappropriate for the First Lady to play a central role in matters of public policy. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors and that voters were well aware that she would play an active role in her husband's presidency.[119] Bill Clinton's campaign promise of "two for the price of one" led opponents to refer derisively to the Clintons as "co-presidents",[120] or sometimes the Arkansas label "Billary".[81][121] The pressures of conflicting ideas about the role of a First Lady were enough to send Clinton into "imaginary discussions" with the also-politically-active Eleanor Roosevelt.[nb 7] From the time she came to Washington, she also found refuge in a prayer group of The Fellowship that featured many wives of conservative Washington figures.[122][123] Triggered in part by the death of her father in April 1993, she publicly sought to find a synthesis of Methodist teachings, liberal religious political philosophy, and Tikkun editor Michael Lerner's "politics of meaning" to overcome what she saw as America's "sleeping sickness of the soul" and that would lead to a willingness "to remold society by redefining what it means to be a human being in the twentieth century, moving into a new millennium."[124][125] Other segments of the public focused on her appearance, which had evolved over time from inattention to fashion during her days in Arkansas,[126] to a popular site in the early days of the World Wide Web devoted to showing her many different, and frequently analyzed, hairstyles as First Lady,[127][128] to an appearance on the cover of Vogue magazine in 1998.[129]
Health care and other policy initiatives[link]
See also: Clinton health care plan of 1993
favorable
unfavorable
no opinion
In January 1993, Bill Clinton appointed Hillary Clinton to head the Task Force on National Health Care Reform, hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform.[131] She privately urged that passage of health care reform be given higher priority than the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which she was also unenthusiastic about the merits of).[132][133] The recommendation of the task force became known as the Clinton health care plan, a comprehensive proposal that would require employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. Its opponents quickly derided the plan as "Hillarycare"; some protesters against it became vitriolic, and during a July 1994 bus tour to rally support for the plan, she was forced to wear a bulletproof vest at times.[134][135]
The plan did not receive enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate, although Democrats controlled both chambers, and the proposal was abandoned in September 1994.[134] Clinton later acknowledged in her book, Living History, that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat, but mentioned that many other factors were also responsible. The First Lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50s percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994.[136] Republicans made the Clinton health care plan a major campaign issue of the 1994 midterm elections,[137] which saw a net Republican gain of fifty-three seats in the House election and seven in the Senate election, winning control of both; many analysts and pollsters found the plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among independent voters.[138] The White House subsequently sought to downplay Hillary Clinton's role in shaping policy.[139] Opponents of universal health care would continue to use "Hillarycare" as a pejorative label for similar plans by others.[140]
Along with Senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch, she was a force behind the passage of the State Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, a federal effort that provided state support for children whose parents could not provide them with health coverage, and conducted outreach efforts on behalf of enrolling children in the program once it became law.[141] She promoted nationwide immunization against childhood illnesses and encouraged older women to seek a mammogram to detect breast cancer, with coverage provided by Medicare.[142] She successfully sought to increase research funding for prostate cancer and childhood asthma at the National Institutes of Health.[45] The First Lady worked to investigate reports of an illness that affected veterans of the Gulf War, which became known as the Gulf War syndrome.[45] Together with Attorney General Janet Reno, Clinton helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice.[45] In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act, which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as First Lady.[45][143] In 1999, she was instrumental in the passage of the Foster Care Independence Act, which doubled federal monies for teenagers aging out of foster care.[143] As First Lady, Clinton hosted numerous White House conferences, including ones on Child Care (1997),[144] on Early Childhood Development and Learning (1997),[145] and on Children and Adolescents (2000).[146] She also hosted the first-ever White House Conference on Teenagers (2000)[147] and the first-ever White House Conference on Philanthropy (1999).[148]
Clinton traveled to 79 countries during this time,[149] breaking the mark for most-traveled First Lady held by Pat Nixon.[150] She did not hold a security clearance or attend National Security Council meetings, but played a soft power role in U.S. diplomacy.[151] A March 1995 five-nation trip to South Asia, on behest of the U.S. State Department and without her husband, sought to improve relations with India and Pakistan.[152] Clinton was troubled by the plight of women she encountered, but found a warm response from the people of the countries she visited and a gained better relationship with the American press corps.[152][153] The trip was a transformative experience for her and presaged her eventual career in diplomacy.[154] In a September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Clinton argued very forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in the People's Republic of China itself,[155] declaring "that it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights".[155] Delegates from over 180 countries heard her say: "If there is one message that echoes forth from this conference, let it be that human rights are women's rights and women's rights are human rights, once and for all."[156] In doing so, she resisted both internal administration and Chinese pressure to soften her remarks.[149][156] She was one of the most prominent international figures during the late 1990s to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Islamist fundamentalist Taliban.[157][158] She helped create Vital Voices, an international initiative sponsored by the United States to promote the participation of women in the political processes of their countries.[159] It and Clinton's own visits encouraged women to make themselves heard in the Northern Ireland peace process.[160]
Whitewater and other investigations[link]
For more details on these investigations, see Whitewater controversy, Travelgate, Filegate, and Hillary Rodham cattle futures controversy.
First Lady Clinton was a subject of several investigations by the United States Office of the Independent Counsel, the independent prosecutor of the United States Congress, and others. Some believed the Independent Counsels were politically motivated.[161][162]
The Whitewater controversy was the focus of media attention from the publication of a New York Times report during the 1992 presidential campaign,[163] and throughout her time as First Lady. The Clintons had lost their late-1970s investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation;[164] at the same time, their partners in that investment, Jim and Susan McDougal, operated Madison Guaranty, a savings and loan institution that retained the legal services of Rose Law Firm[164] and may have been improperly subsidizing Whitewater losses.[163] Madison Guaranty later failed, and Clinton's work at Rose was scrutinized for a possible conflict of interest in representing the bank before state regulators that her husband had appointed;[163] she claimed she had done minimal work for the bank.[165] Independent counsels Robert Fiske and Kenneth Starr subpoenaed Clinton's legal billing records; she said she did not know where they were.[166][167] The records were found in the First Lady's White House book room after a two-year search, and delivered to investigators in early 1996.[167] The delayed appearance of the records sparked intense interest and another investigation about how they surfaced and where they had been;[167] Clinton's staff attributed the problem to continual changes in White House storage areas since the move from the Arkansas Governor's Mansion.[168] After the discovery of the records, on January 26, 1996, Clinton became the first First Lady to be subpoenaed to testify before a Federal grand jury.[166] After several Independent Counsels had investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 that stated there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing.[169]
Scrutiny of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an affair that became known as "Travelgate", began with charges that the White House had used audited financial irregularities in the Travel Office operation as an excuse to replace the staff with friends from Arkansas.[170] The 1996 discovery of a two-year-old White House memo caused the investigation to focus more on whether Hillary Clinton had orchestrated the firings and whether the statements she made to investigators about her role in the firings were true.[171][172] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report concluded she was involved in the firings and that she had made "factually false" statements, but that there was insufficient evidence that she knew the statements were false, or knew that her actions would lead to firings, to prosecute her.[173]
Following deputy White House counsel Vince Foster's July 1993 suicide, allegations were made that Hillary Clinton had ordered the removal of potentially damaging files (related to Whitewater or other matters) from Foster's office on the night of his death.[174] Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated this, and by 1999, Starr was reported to be holding the investigation open, despite his staff having told him there was no case to be made.[175] When Starr's successor Robert Ray issued his final Whitewater reports in 2000, no claims were made against Hillary Clinton regarding this.[169]
An outgrowth of the Travelgate investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called "Filegate".[176] Accusations were made that Hillary Clinton had requested these files and that she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the White House Security Office.[177] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Hillary Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter.[176]
In March 1994, newspaper reports revealed her spectacular profits from cattle futures trading in 1978–1979;[178] allegations were made in the press of conflict of interest and disguised bribery,[179] and several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no formal investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing.[179]
Lewinsky scandal[link]
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In 1998, the Clintons' relationship became the subject of much speculation when investigations revealed that the President had had extramarital relations with White House intern Monica Lewinsky.[180] Events surrounding the Lewinsky scandal eventually led to the impeachment of Bill Clinton by the House of Representatives. When the allegations against her husband were first made public, Hillary Clinton stated that they were the result of a "vast right-wing conspiracy",[181] characterizing the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Bill Clinton's political enemies[nb 8] rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. She later said that she had been misled by her husband's initial claims that no affair had taken place.[182] After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible, she issued a public statement reaffirming her commitment to their marriage,[183] but privately was reported to be furious at him[184] and was unsure if she wanted to stay in the marriage.[185]
There was a variety of public reactions to Hillary Clinton after this: some women admired her strength and poise in private matters made public, some sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior, others criticized her as being an enabler to her husband's indiscretions, while still others accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political influence.[186] Her public approval ratings in the wake of the revelations shot upward to around 70 percent, the highest they had ever been.[186] In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute her decision to stay married to "a love that has persisted for decades" and add: "No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met."[187]
Traditional duties[link]
Clinton initiated and was Founding Chair of the Save America's Treasures program, a national effort that matched federal funds to private donations to preserve and restore historic items and sites,[188] including the flag that inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner" and the First Ladies Historic Site in Canton, Ohio.[45] She was head of the White House Millennium Council,[189] and hosted Millennium Evenings,[190] a series of lectures that discussed futures studies, one of which became the first live simultaneous webcast from the White House.[45] Clinton also created the first White House Sculpture Garden, located in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned from museums.[191]
In the White House, Clinton placed donated handicrafts of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the state rooms.[45] She oversaw the restoration of the Blue Room to be historically authentic to the period of James Monroe,[192] the redecoration of the Treaty Room into the presidential study along 19th century lines,[193] and the redecoration of the Map Room to how it looked during World War II.[193] Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the White House, such as a Saint Patrick's Day reception, a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in public schools, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the 21st century, and a state dinner honoring the bicentennial of the White House in November 2000.[45]
Senate election of 2000[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 2000
When the long-serving United States Senator from New York, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, announced his retirement in November 1998, several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative Charles B. Rangel of New York, urged Clinton to run for Moynihan's open seat in the United States Senate election of 2000.[194] Once she decided to run, the Clintons purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York, north of New York City, in September 1999.[195] She became the first First Lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office.[196] Initially, Clinton expected to face Rudy Giuliani, the Mayor of New York City, as her Republican opponent in the election. However, Giuliani withdrew from the race in May 2000 after being diagnosed with prostate cancer and having developments in his personal life become very public, and Clinton instead faced Rick Lazio, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing New York's 2nd congressional district. Throughout the campaign, opponents accused Clinton of carpetbagging, as she had never resided in New York nor participated in the state's politics before this race. Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings.[197] During the campaign, she devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican Upstate New York regions.[198] Clinton vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.[198]
The contest drew national attention. Lazio blundered during a September debate by seeming to invade Clinton's personal space trying to get her to sign a fundraising agreement.[199] The campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, along with Giuliani's initial effort, spent a record combined $90 million.[200] Clinton won the election on November 7, 2000, with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent.[199] She was sworn in as United States Senator on January 3, 2001.
United States Senator[link]
Main article: Senate career of Hillary Rodham Clinton
First term[link]
Upon entering the Senate, Clinton maintained a low public profile and built relationships with senators from both parties.[201] She forged alliances with religiously inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in the Senate Prayer Breakfast.[122][202]
Clinton served on five Senate committees: Committee on Budget (2001–2002),[203] Committee on Armed Services (since 2003),[204] Committee on Environment and Public Works (since 2001),[203] Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (since 2001)[203] and Special Committee on Aging.[205] She was also a Commissioner of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe[206] (since 2001).[207]
Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator, Charles Schumer, she was instrumental in quickly securing $21 billion in funding for the World Trade Center site's redevelopment.[202][208] She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the health issues faced by 9/11 first responders.[209] Clinton voted for the USA Patriot Act in October 2001. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she worked to address some of the civil liberties concerns with it,[210] before voting in favor of a compromise renewed act in March 2006 that gained large majority support.[211]
Clinton strongly supported the 2001 U.S. military action in Afghanistan, saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the Taliban government.[212] Clinton voted in favor of the October 2002 Iraq War Resolution, which authorized United States President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq, should such action be required to enforce a United Nations Security Council Resolution after pursuing with diplomatic efforts.
After the Iraq War began, Clinton made trips to Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier, and that parts of the country were functioning well.[213] Noting that war deployments were draining regular and reserve forces, she cointroduced legislation to increase the size of the regular United States Army by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain.[214] In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" was also misguided, as it gave Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves."[215] Her stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic Party who favored immediate withdrawal.[216] Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for veterans, and lobbied against the closure of several military bases.[217]
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Senator Clinton voted against President Bush's two major tax cut packages, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003.[218] Clinton voted against the 2005 confirmation of John G. Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States and the 2006 confirmation of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court.[219]
In 2005, Clinton called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.[220] Along with Senators Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh, she introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act, intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In 2004 and 2006, Clinton voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage.[218][221]
Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that of American conservatism, Clinton played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former Clinton administration chief of staff John Podesta's Center for American Progress, shared aides with Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, founded in 2003, and advised the Clintons' former antagonist David Brock's Media Matters for America, created in 2004.[222] Following the 2004 Senate elections, she successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader Harry Reid to create a Senate war room to handle daily political messaging.[223]
Reelection campaign of 2006[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 2006
In November 2004, Clinton announced that she would seek a second Senate term. The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro, withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance.[224] Clinton easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from antiwar activist Jonathan Tasini.[225] Clinton's eventual opponents in the general election were Republican candidate John Spencer, a former mayor of Yonkers, along with several third-party candidates. She won the election on November 7, 2006, with 67 percent of the vote to Spencer's 31 percent,[226] carrying all but four of New York's sixty-two counties.[227] Clinton spent $36 million for her reelection, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections did. Some Democrats criticized her for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008.[228] In the following months, she transferred $10 million of her Senate funds toward her presidential campaign.[229]
Second term[link]
Clinton opposed the Iraq War troop surge of 2007.[230] In March 2007, she voted in favor of a war-spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq by a deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines[231] but was subsequently vetoed by President Bush. In May 2007, a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80–14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those who voted against it.[232] Clinton responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."[233]
In March 2007, in response to the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy, Clinton called on Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to resign.[234] In May and June 2007, regarding the high-profile, hotly debated comprehensive immigration reform bill known as the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Clinton cast several votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain cloture.[235]
As the financial crisis of 2007–2008 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008, Clinton supported the proposed bailout of United States financial system, voting in favor of the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, saying that it represented the interests of the American people.[236] It passed the Senate 74–25.
Presidential campaign of 2008[link]
Main article: Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008
Clinton had been preparing for a potential candidacy for United States President since at least early 2003.[237] On January 20, 2007, Clinton announced via her web site the formation of a presidential exploratory committee for the United States presidential election of 2008; she stated, "I'm in, and I'm in to win."[238] No woman had ever been nominated by a major party for President of the United States. In April 2007, the Clintons liquidated a blind trust, that had been established when Bill Clinton became president in 1993, to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political embarrassments in the trust as Hillary Clinton undertook her presidential race.[239] Later disclosure statements revealed that the couple's worth was now upwards of $50 million,[239] and that they had earned over $100 million since 2000, with most of it coming from Bill Clinton's books, speaking engagements, and other activities.[240]
Clinton led candidates competing for the Democratic nomination in opinion polls for the election throughout the first half of 2007. Most polls placed Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and former Senator John Edwards of North Carolina as Clinton's closest competitors.[241] Clinton and Obama both set records for early fundraising, swapping the money lead each quarter.[242] By September 2007, polling in the first six states holding Democratic primaries or caucuses showed that Clinton was leading in all of them, with the races being closest in Iowa and South Carolina. By the following month, national polls showed Clinton far ahead of Democratic competitors.[243] At the end of October, Clinton suffered a rare poor debate performance against Obama, Edwards, and her other opponents.[244][245][246] Obama's message of "change" began to resonate with the Democratic electorate better than Clinton's message of "experience".[247] The race tightened considerably, especially in the early caucus and primary states of Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina, with Clinton losing her lead in some polls by December.[248]
In the first vote of 2008, she placed third in the January 3 Iowa Democratic caucus to Obama and Edwards.[249] Obama gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with all polls predicting a victory for him in the New Hampshire primary.[250][251] However, Clinton gained a surprise win there on January 8, defeating Obama narrowly.[252] Explanations for her New Hampshire comeback varied but often centered on her being seen more sympathetically, especially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her voice broke while responding to a voter's question the day before the election.[252][253]
The nature of the contest fractured in the next few days. Several remarks by Bill Clinton and other surrogates,[254] and a remark by Hillary Clinton concerning Martin Luther King, Jr., and Lyndon B. Johnson,[nb 9] were perceived by many as, accidentally or intentionally, limiting Obama as a racially oriented candidate or otherwise denying the post-racial significance and accomplishments of his campaign.[255] Despite attempts by both Hillary Clinton and Obama to downplay the issue, Democratic voting became more polarized as a result, with Clinton losing much of her support among African Americans.[254][256] She lost by a two-to-one margin to Obama in the January 26 South Carolina primary,[257] setting up, with Edwards soon dropping out, an intense two-person contest for the twenty-two February 5 Super Tuesday states. Bill Clinton had made more statements attracting criticism for their perceived racial implications late in the South Carolina campaign, and his role was seen as damaging enough to her that a wave of supporters within and outside of the campaign said the former President "needs to stop."[258]
On Super Tuesday, Clinton won the largest states, such as California, New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts, while Obama won more states; they almost evenly split the total popular vote.[259][260] But Obama was gaining more pledged delegates for his share of the popular vote due to better exploitation of the Democratic proportional allocation rules.[261]
The Clinton campaign had counted on winning the nomination by Super Tuesday, and was unprepared financially and logistically for a prolonged effort; lagging in Internet fundraising, Clinton began loaning her campaign money.[247][262] There was continuous turmoil within the campaign staff and she made several top-level personnel changes.[262][263] Obama won the next eleven February caucuses and primaries across the country, often by large margins, and took a significant pledged delegate lead over Clinton.[261][262] On March 4, Clinton broke the string of losses by winning in Ohio among other places,[262] where her criticism of NAFTA, a major legacy of her husband's presidency, had been a key issue.[264] Throughout the campaign, Obama dominated caucuses, which the Clinton campaign largely ignored organizing for.[247][261][265] Obama did well in primaries where African Americans or younger, college-educated, or more affluent voters were heavily represented; Clinton did well in primaries where Hispanics or older, non-college-educated, or working-class white voters predominated.[266][267] Some Democratic party leaders expressed concern that the drawn-out campaign between the two could damage the winner in the general election contest against Republican presumptive nominee John McCain, especially if an eventual triumph for Clinton was won via party-appointed superdelegates.[268]
Clinton's admission in late March, that her repeated campaign statements about having been under hostile fire from snipers during a 1996 visit to U.S. troops at Tuzla Air Base in Bosnia-Herzegovina were not true, attracted considerable media attention and risked undermining both her credibility and her claims of foreign policy expertise as First Lady.[269]
On April 22, she won the Pennsylvania primary, and kept her campaign alive.[270] However, on May 6, a narrower-than-expected win in the Indiana primary coupled with a large loss in the North Carolina primary ended any realistic chance she had of winning the nomination.[270] She vowed to stay on through the remaining primaries, but stopped attacks against Obama; as one advisor stated, "She could accept losing. She could not accept quitting."[270] She won some of the remaining contests, and indeed, over the last three months of the campaign she won more delegates, states, and votes than Obama, but she failed to overcome Obama's lead.[262]
Following the final primaries on June 3, 2008, Obama had gained enough delegates to become the presumptive nominee.[271] In a speech before her supporters on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama, declaring, "The way to continue our fight now to accomplish the goals for which we stand is to take our energy, our passion, our strength and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama."[272] By campaign's end, Clinton had won 1,640 pledged delegates to Obama's 1,763;[273] at the time of the clinching, Clinton had 286 superdelegates to Obama's 395,[274] with those numbers widening to 256 versus 438 once Obama was acknowledged the winner.[273] Clinton and Obama each received over 17 million votes during the nomination process,[nb 10] with both breaking the previous record.[275] Clinton also eclipsed, by a very large margin, Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm's 1972 mark for most primaries and delegates won by a woman.[276] Clinton gave a passionate speech supporting Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention and campaigned frequently for him in Fall 2008, which concluded with his victory over McCain in the general election on November 4.[277] Clinton's campaign ended up severely in debt; she owed millions of dollars to outside vendors and wrote off the $13 million that she lent it herself.[278]
Secretary of State[link]
Main article: Hillary Rodham Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State
Nomination and confirmation[link]
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Wikinews has related news: Hillary Clinton nominated as US Secretary of State |
In mid-November 2008, President-elect Obama and Clinton discussed the possibility of her serving as U.S. Secretary of State in his administration,[279] and on November 21, reports indicated that she had accepted the position.[280] On December 1, President-elect Obama formally announced that Clinton would be his nominee for Secretary of State.[281] Clinton said she was reluctant to leave the Senate, but that the new position represented a "difficult and exciting adventure".[281] As part of the nomination and in order to relieve concerns of conflict of interest, Bill Clinton agreed to accept several conditions and restrictions regarding his ongoing activities and fundraising efforts for the Clinton Presidential Center and Clinton Global Initiative.[282]
The appointment required a Saxbe fix, passed and signed into law in December 2008.[283] Confirmation hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee began on January 13, 2009, a week before the Obama inauguration; two days later, the Committee voted 16–1 to approve Clinton.[284] By this time, her public approval rating had reached 65 percent, the highest point since the Lewinsky scandal.[285] On January 21, 2009, Clinton was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 94–2.[286] Clinton took the oath of office of Secretary of State and resigned from the Senate that same day.[287] She became the first former First Lady to serve in the United States Cabinet.[288]
Tenure[link]
Clinton spent her initial days as Secretary of State telephoning dozens of world leaders and indicating that U.S. foreign policy would change direction: "We have a lot of damage to repair."[289] She advocated an expanded role in global economic issues for the State Department and cited the need for an increased U.S. diplomatic presence, especially in Iraq where the Defense Department had conducted diplomatic missions.[290] She pushed for a larger international affairs budget;[290] the Obama administration's proposed 2010 budget contained a 7 percent increase for the State Department and other international programs.[291] In March 2009, Clinton prevailed over Vice President Joe Biden on an internal debate to send an additional 20,000 troops to the war in Afghanistan.[292] An elbow fracture and subsequent painful recuperation caused Clinton to miss two foreign trips in June 2009.[292][293]
Clinton announced the most ambitious of her departmental reforms, the Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, which establishes specific objectives for the State Department's diplomatic missions abroad; it is modeled after a similar process in the Defense Department that she was familiar with from her time on the Senate Armed Services Committee.[294] (The first such review was issued in late 2010 and called for the U.S. leading through "civilian power" as a cost-effective way of responding to international challenges and defusing crises.[295] It also sought to institutionalize goals of empowering women throughout the world.[156]) In September, Clinton unveiled the Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative at the annual meeting of her husband's Clinton Global Initiative.[296] The new initiative seeks to battle hunger worldwide as a strategic part of U.S. foreign policy, rather than just react to food shortage emergencies as they occur, and emphasizes the role of women farmers.[296] In October, on a trip to Switzerland, Clinton's intervention overcame last-minute snags and saved the signing of an historic Turkish–Armenian accord that established diplomatic relations and opened the border between the two long-hostile nations.[297][298] In Pakistan, she engaged in several unusually blunt discussions with students, talk show hosts, and tribal elders, in an attempt to repair the Pakistani image of the U.S.[154]
In a major speech in January 2010, Clinton drew analogies between the Iron Curtain and the free and unfree Internet.[299] Chinese officials reacted negatively towards it, and it garnered attention as the first time a senior American official had clearly defined the Internet as a key element of American foreign policy.[300] By mid-2010, Clinton and Obama had forged a good working relationship; she was a team player within the administration and a defender of it to the outside, and was careful that neither she nor her husband would upstage him.[301] She met with him weekly, but did not have the close, daily relationship that some of her predecessors had had with their presidents.[301] In July 2010, Secretary Clinton visited Korea, Vietnam, Pakistan and Afghanistan, all the while preparing for the July 31 wedding of daughter Chelsea amid much media attention.[302] In late November 2010, Clinton led the U.S. damage control effort after WikiLeaks released confidential State Department cables containing blunt statements and assessments by U.S. and foreign diplomats.[303][304] A few of the cables released by WikiLeaks concerned Clinton directly: they revealed that directions to members of the foreign service, written by the CIA, had gone out in 2009 under her (systematically attached) name to gather biometric and other personal details on foreign diplomats, including officials of the United Nations and U.S. allies.[305][306][307]
The 2011 Egyptian protests posed the biggest foreign policy crisis for the administration yet.[308] Clinton was in the forefront of U.S. public response to it, quickly evolving from an early assessment that the government of Hosni Mubarak was "stable" to a stance that there needed to be an "orderly transition [to] a democratic participatory government" to a condemnation of violence against the protesters.[309][310] Obama also came to rely upon Clinton's advice, organization, and personal connections in the behind-the-scenes response to developments.[308] As protests spread throughout the region, Clinton was at the forefront of a U.S. response that she recognized was sometimes contradictory, backing some regimes while supporting protesters against others.[311] As the 2011 Libyan civil war took place, Clinton's shift in favor of military intervention was a key turning point in overcoming internal administration opposition and gaining the backing for, and Arab and U.N. approval of, the 2011 military intervention in Libya.[311][312][313] She later used U.S. allies and what she called "convening power" to help keep the Libyan rebels unified as they eventually overthrew the Gaddafi regime.[313] Following the successful May 2011 U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden, Clinton played a key role in the administration's decision not to release photographs of the dead al-Qaeda leader.[314] In a December 2011 speech before the United Nations Human Rights Council, she said that the U.S. would advocate for gay rights abroad and that "Gay rights are human rights" and that "It should never be a crime to be gay."[315] The same month saw her conclude the first visit to Burma by a U.S. secretary of state since 1955, as she met with Burmese leaders as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and sought to support the 2011 Burmese democratic reforms.[316]
Throughout her tenure, Clinton has looked towards "smart power" as the strategy for asserting U.S. leadership and values, combining military strength with U.S. capacities in global economics, development aid, and technology.[313] She has also greatly expanded the State Department's use of social media, including Facebook and Twitter, both to get its message out and to help empower people vis à via their rulers.[313] And in the Mideast turmoil, Clinton particularly saw an opportunity to advance one of the central themes of her tenure, the empowerment and welfare of women and girls worldwide.[156] By now Clinton had set the record for most-traveled Secretary of State for a comparable period of time, logging 465,000 miles (748,000 km) and visiting 79 countries.[156] (Time magazine wrote that "Clinton's endurance is legendary."[313]) Throughout her term, Clinton had indicated she had no interest in running for president again[317] or in holding any other office. In March 2011, she expanded upon that by saying she was not interested in serving a second term as Secretary of State should Obama be re-elected in 2012.[312][318]
Political positions[link]
Main article: Political positions of Hillary Rodham Clinton
In a Gallup poll conducted during May 2005, 54 percent of respondents considered Clinton a liberal, 30 percent considered her a moderate, and 9 percent considered her a conservative.[319]
Several organizations attempted to measure Clinton's place on the political spectrum scientifically using her Senate votes. National Journal's 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the political spectrum, relative to the then-current Senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.[320] National Journal's subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007.[321] A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton of Princeton University, Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of Stanford University found her to be likely the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal Senator.[322] The Almanac of American Politics, edited by Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social, and Foreign; averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative.[nb 11]
Interest groups also gave Clinton scores based on how well her Senate votes aligned with the positions of the group. Through 2008, she had an average lifetime 90 percent "Liberal Quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action[323] and a lifetime 8 percent rating from the American Conservative Union.[324]
Writings and recordings[link]
As First Lady of the United States, Clinton published a weekly syndicated newspaper column titled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000, distributed by Creators Syndicate.[325] It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she met during her travels around the world.[1]
In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for the children of America in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. The book made the New York Times Best Seller list and Clinton received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording.[326]
Other books released by Clinton when she was First Lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) and An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000). In 2001, she wrote an afterword to the children's book Beatrice's Goat.[327]
In 2003, Clinton released a 562-page autobiography, Living History. In anticipation of high sales, publisher Simon & Schuster paid Clinton a near-record advance of $8 million.[328] The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work,[329] went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,[330] and was translated into twelve foreign languages.[331] Clinton's audio recording of the book earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.[332]
Cultural and political image[link]
Hillary Clinton has frequently been featured in the media and popular culture from a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, New York Times writer Todd Purdum labeled Clinton "the First Lady as Rorschach test",[333] an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan, who said, "Coverage of Hillary Clinton is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society."[334]
Clinton has often been described in the popular media as a polarizing figure,[333][335][336][337][338][339] with some arguing otherwise.[339][340] James Madison University political science professor Valerie Sulfaro's 2007 study used the American National Election Studies' "feeling thermometer" polls, which measure the degree of opinion about a political figure, to find that such polls during Clinton's First Lady years confirm the "conventional wisdom that Hillary Clinton is a polarizing figure", with the added insight that "affect towards Mrs. Clinton as first lady tended to be very positive or very negative, with a fairly constant one fourth of respondents feeling ambivalent or neutral."[341] University of California, San Diego political science professor Gary Jacobson's 2006 study of partisan polarization found that in a state-by-state survey of job approval ratings of the state's senators, Clinton had the fourth-largest partisan difference of any senator, with a 50 percentage point difference in approval between New York's Democrats and Republicans.[342]
Northern Illinois University political science professor Barbara Burrell's 2000 study found that Clinton's Gallup poll favorability numbers broke sharply along partisan lines throughout her time as First Lady, with 70 to 90 percent of Democrats typically viewing her favorably while 20 to 40 percent of Republicans did not.[343] University of Wisconsin–Madison political science professor Charles Franklin analyzed her record of favorable versus unfavorable ratings in public opinion polls, and found that there was more variation in them during her First Lady years than her Senate years.[344] The Senate years showed favorable ratings around 50 percent and unfavorable ratings in the mid-40 percent range; Franklin noted that, "This sharp split is, of course, one of the more widely remarked aspects of Sen. Clinton's public image."[344] McGill University professor of history Gil Troy titled his 2006 biography of her Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady, and wrote that after the 1992 campaign, Clinton "was a polarizing figure, with 42 percent [of the public] saying she came closer to their values and lifestyle than previous first ladies and 41 percent disagreeing."[345] Troy further wrote that Hillary Clinton "has been uniquely controversial and contradictory since she first appeared on the national radar screen in 1992"[346] and that she "has alternately fascinated, bedeviled, bewitched, and appalled Americans."[346]
File:RoseLawFirmRear2008.jpg
Clinton worked at Rose Law Firm for fifteen years. Her professional career and political involvement set the stage for public reaction to her as First Lady.
Burrell's study found women consistently rating Clinton more favorably than men by about ten percentage points during her First Lady years.[343] Jacobson's study found a positive correlation across all senators between being women and receiving a partisan-polarized response.[342] Colorado State University communication studies professor Karrin Vasby Anderson describes the First Lady position as a "site" for American womanhood, one ready made for the symbolic negotiation of female identity.[347] In particular, Anderson states there has been a cultural bias towards traditional first ladies and a cultural prohibition against modern first ladies; by the time of Clinton, the First Lady position had become a site of heterogeneity and paradox.[347] Burrell, as well as biographers Jeff Gerth and Don Van Natta, Jr., note that Clinton achieved her highest approval ratings as First Lady late in 1998, not for professional or political achievements of her own, but for being seen as the victim of her husband's very public infidelity.[186][343] University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson saw Hillary Clinton as an exemplar of the double bind, who though able to live in a "both-and" world of both career and family, nevertheless "became a surrogate on whom we projected our attitudes about attributes once thought incompatible", leading to her being placed in a variety of no-win situations.[334] Quinnipiac University media studies professor Lisa Burns found press accounts frequently framing Clinton both as an exemplar of the modern professional working mother and as a political interloper interested in usurping power for herself.[348] University of Indianapolis English professor Charlotte Templin found political cartoonists using a variety of stereotypes – such as gender reversal, radical feminist as emasculator, and the wife the husband wants to get rid of – to portray Hillary Clinton as violating gender norms.[349]
Over fifty books and scholarly works have been written about Hillary Clinton, from many different perspectives. A 2006 survey by The New York Observer found "a virtual cottage industry" of "anti-Clinton literature",[350] put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative imprints,[350] with titles such as Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House, Hillary's Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House, and Can She Be Stopped? : Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless .... Books praising Clinton did not sell nearly as well[350] (other than the memoirs written by her and her husband). When she ran for Senate in 2000, a number of fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up to oppose her.[351] Van Natta, Jr., found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman" to mention in fundraising letters,[352] on a par with Ted Kennedy and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning Newt Gingrich.[352]
Going into the early stages of her presidential campaign for 2008, a Time magazine cover showed a large picture of her, with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her",[353] while Mother Jones titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary".[354] Democratic netroots activists consistently rated Clinton very low in polls of their desired candidates,[355] while some conservative figures such as Bruce Bartlett and Christopher Ruddy were declaring a Hillary Clinton presidency not so bad after all[356][357] and an October 2007 cover of The American Conservative magazine was titled "The Waning Power of Hillary Hate".[358] By December 2007, communications professor Jamieson observed that there was a large amount of misogyny present about Clinton on the Internet,[359] up to and including Facebook and other sites devoted to depictions reducing Clinton to sexual humiliation.[359] She noted that, in response to widespread comments on Clinton's laugh,[360] that "We know that there's language to condemn female speech that doesn't exist for male speech. We call women's speech shrill and strident. And Hillary Clinton's laugh was being described as a cackle."[359] Use of the "bitch" epithet, which taken place against Clinton going back to her First Lady days and was seen by Karrin Vasby Anderson as a tool of containment against women in American politics,[361] flourished during the campaign, especially on the Internet but via conventional media as well.[362] Following Clinton's "choked up moment" and related incidents before the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both The New York Times and Newsweek found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse.[363][364] Newsweek editor Jon Meacham summed the relationship between Clinton and the American public by saying that the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though Hillary Rodham Clinton has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics."[364]
Once she became Secretary of State, Clinton's image seemed to dramatically improve among the American public and become one of a respected world figure.[365] She gained consistently high approval ratings (by 2011, the highest of her career except for during the Lewinsky scandal),[366] and her favorable-unfavorable ratings during 2010 and 2011 were easily the highest of any active, nationally prominent American political figure.[365][367][368] She continued to do well in Gallup's most admired man and woman poll; in 2011 she was named the most admired woman by Americans for the tenth straight time and the sixteenth time overall.[369]
Awards and honors[link]
Main article: Hillary Rodham Clinton awards and honors
Clinton has received many awards and honors during her career from American and international organizations for her activities concerning health, women, and children.
Electoral history[link]
Main article: Electoral history of Hillary Rodham Clinton
| New York United States Senate election, 2000 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Hillary Rodham Clinton | 3,747,310 | 55.3 | ||
| Republican | Rick Lazio | 2,915,730 | 43.0 | ||
| New York United States Senate election, 2006 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Hillary Rodham Clinton | 3,008,428 | 67.0 | +11.7 | |
| Republican | John Spencer | 1,392,189 | 31.0 | -12.0 | |
Notes[link]
- ^ In 1995, Hillary Clinton said her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, who, with Sherpa Tenzing, was the first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, and that was the reason for the unusual "two L's" spelling of her name. However, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after she was born. In October 2006, a Clinton spokeswoman said she was not named after the mountain climber. Instead, this account of her name's origin "was a sweet family story her mother shared to inspire greatness in her daughter, to great results I might add." See Hakim, Danny (October 17, 2006). "Hillary, Not as in the Mount Everest Guy". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17hillary.html. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-radical-summer/66933/. Retrieved May 9, 2009. Gerstein finds it is unclear exactly which cases beyond child custody ones Rodham worked on at the Treuhaft firm. Anti-Clinton writers such as Barbara Olson would later charge Hillary Clinton with never repudiating Treuhaft's ideology, and for retaining social and political ties with his wife and fellow communist Jessica Mitford. (Olson 1999, pp. 56–57) Research by The New York Sun in 2007 revealed that Mitford and Hillary Clinton were not close, and had a falling out over a 1980 Arkansas prisoner case. See Gerstein, Josh (November 27, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Left Hook". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-left-hook/67002/. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ For the start date, see Brock 1996, p. 96. Secondary sources give inconsistent dates as to when her time as chair ended. Primary sources indicate that sometime between about April 1980 and September 1980, Rodham was replaced as chair by F. William McCalpin. See Subcommittee On The Departments Of State, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations; Justice,; Commerce,; Judiciary, the; Agencies, Related (1980). House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations. U.S. House of Representatives. http://books.google.com/?id=KWRBPOdZCdAC&q=%22legal+services+corporation%22+rodham+baby&dq=%22legal+services+corporation%22+rodham+baby. Rodham is still chair after having given birth "a few weeks ago"; Chelsea Clinton was born on February 27, 1980. And see "Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice, of the Committee of the Judiciary, House of Representatives". Background release, Legal Services Corporation, September 1980. U.S. House of Representatives. September 21, 27, 1979. http://lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/cgi-bin/lib/hearing.cgi?file=81601609%20page=0001. pp. 388–403, exact reference p. 398, which shows McCalpin as chair in September 1980.
- ^ Bill Clinton's advisers thought her use of her maiden name to be one of the reasons for his 1980 gubernatorial reelection loss. During the following winter, Vernon Jordan, Jr. suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using the name Clinton, and she began to do so publicly with her husband's February 1982 campaign announcement. She later wrote that "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name" (Clinton 2003, pp. 91–93; see also Morris 1996, p. 282).
- ^ During the political damage control over the Gennifer Flowers episode during the 1992 campaign, Hillary Clinton said in the joint 60 Minutes interview, "I'm not sitting here as some little woman 'standing by my man' like Tammy Wynette. I'm sitting here because I love him and I respect him, and I honor what he's been through and what we've been through together." The seemingly sneering reference to country music provoked immediate criticism that Clinton was culturally tone-deaf, and Tammy Wynette herself did not like the remark because her classic song "Stand by Your Man" is not written in the first person. See "2000: Hillary Clinton is first First Lady in Senate". BBC News Online. November 7, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/7/newsid_4385000/4385582.stm. Retrieved October 1, 2007. Wynette added that Clinton had "offended every true country music fan and every person who has 'made it on their own' with no one to take them to a White House." See Troy 2006, p. 42. A few days later, on Prime Time Live, Hillary Clinton apologized to Wynette. Clinton would later write that she had been careless in her choice of words and that "the fallout from my reference to Tammy Wynette was instant – as it deserved to be – and brutal." See Clinton 2003, p. 108. The two women later resolved their differences, with Wynette appearing at a Clinton fund raiser.
- ^ Less than two months after the Tammy Wynette remarks, Hillary Clinton was facing questions about whether she could have avoided possible conflicts of interest between her governor husband and work given to the Rose Law Firm, when she remarked, "I've done the best I can to lead my life ... You know, I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband was in public life" (Clinton 2003, p. 109). The "cookies and teas" part of this statement prompted even more culture-based criticism of Clinton's apparent distaste for women who had chosen to be homemakers; the remark became a recurring campaign liability (Bernstein 2007, pp. 205–206). Clinton subsequently offered up some cookie recipes as a way of making amends, and would later write of her chagrin: "Besides, I've done quite a lot of cookie baking in my life, and tea-pouring too!" (Clinton 2003, p. 109).
- ^ The Eleanor Roosevelt "discussions" were first reported in 1996 by Washington Post writer Bob Woodward; they had begun from the start of Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. See Clines, Francis X. (June 25, 1996). "Mrs. Clinton Calls Sessions Intellectual, Not Spiritual". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/25/us/mrs-clinton-calls-sessions-intellectual-not-spiritual.html. Following the Democrats' loss of congressional control in the 1994 elections, Clinton had engaged the services of human potential expert Jean Houston. Houston encouraged Clinton to pursue the Roosevelt connection, and while no psychic techniques were used with Clinton, critics and comics immediately suggested that Clinton was holding séances with Eleanor Roosevelt. The White House stated that this was merely a brainstorming exercise, and a private poll later indicated that most of the public believed these were indeed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder believing that communication with the dead was actually possible. See Wheen, Francis (July 26, 2000). "Never mind the pollsters". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,347240,00.html. Retrieved October 2, 2007. In her 2003 autobiography, Clinton titled an entire chapter "Conversations with Eleanor", and stated that holding "imaginary conversations [is] actually a useful mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you choose the right person to visualize. Eleanor Roosevelt was ideal [as a trail-blazer and controversial First Lady]." (Clinton 2003, pp. 258–259)
- ^ Clinton was referring to the Arkansas Project and its funder Richard Mellon Scaife, Kenneth Starr's connections to Scaife, Regnery Publishing and its connections to Lucianne Goldberg and Linda Tripp, Jerry Falwell, and others. See Kirn, Walter (February 9, 1998). "Persecuted or Paranoid? A look at the motley characters behind Hillary Clinton's 'vast right-wing conspiracy'". Time. http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/02/02/time/kirn.html.
- ^ Hillary Clinton said to a news correspondent asking for reaction to an Obama remark earlier in the day about his possibly representing false hope: "I would point to the fact that Dr. King's dream began to be realized when President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, when he was able to get through Congress something that President Kennedy was hopeful to do, the President before had not even tried, but it took a president to get it done. That dream became a reality, the power of that dream became real in people's lives because we had a president who said we are going to do it, and actually got it accomplished." See for transcript: Hulse, Carl; Healy, Patrick (January 11, 2008). "Bill Clinton Tries to Tamp Down 'Fairy-Tale' Remark About Obama". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/bill-clinton-tries-to-tamp-down-fairy-tale-remark-about-obama/. Retrieved January 28, 2008. See for actual interview: Garrett, Major (January 7, 2008). "Clinton's Candid Assessment". Fox News. http://bourbonroom.blogs.foxnews.com/2008/01/07/clintons-candid-assessment/. Retrieved January 28, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "2008 Democratic Popular Vote". RealClearPolitics. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/democratic_vote_count.html. Retrieved July 8, 2008. The popular vote count for a nomination process is unofficial, and meaningless in determining the nominee. It is difficult to come up with precise totals due to some caucus states not reporting popular vote totals and thus having to be estimated. It is further difficult to compare Clinton and Obama's totals, due to only her name having been on the ballot in the Michigan primary.
- ^ See Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. National Journal. p. 1126. And 2006 edition of same, 1152. The scores for individual years are [highest rating 100, format: liberal, (conservative)]: 2003: Economic = 90 (7), Social = 85 (0), Foreign = 79 (14). Average = 85 (7). 2004: Economic = 63 (36), Social = 82 (0), Foreign = 58 (41). Average = 68 (26). 2005: Economic = 84 (15), Social = 83 (10), Foreign = 66 (29). Average = 78 (18). 2006: Economic = 63 (35), Social = 80 (14), Foreign = 62 (35). Average = 68 (28).
References[link]
- ^ a b c d "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/hc42.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ O'Laughlin, Dania (Summer 2003). "Edgewater Hospital 1929–2001". Edgewater Historical Society. http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/articles/index.html?v14-3-4.html. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 18, 34
- ^ a b Roberts, Gary Boyd. "Notes on the Ancestry of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton". New England Historic Genealogical Society. http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_ancestry_hillary_clinton.asp. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 17–18
- ^ a b c Brock 1996, p. 4. Her father was an outspoken Republican, while her mother kept quiet but was "basically a Democrat." See also Bernstein 2007, p. 16
- ^ a b Morris 1996, p. 113.
- ^ a b c Bernstein 2007, p. 29
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 30–31
- ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 255. She was also voted "most likely to succeed".
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 13
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 19.
- ^ Middendorf, J. William (2006). Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign And the Origins of the Conservative Movement. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04573-1. p. 266.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 15.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 18–21. The teacher, Paul Carlson, and the minister, Donald Jones, came into conflict in Park Ridge; Clinton would later see that "as an early indication of the cultural, political and religious fault lines that developed across America in the [next] forty years" (Clinton 2003, p. 23).
- ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (May 29, 1992). "Hillary Rodham Clinton Remarks to Wellesley College Class of 1992". Wellesley College. http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1992/speecheshrc.html. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
- ^ a b Clinton 2003, p. 31.
- ^ "Wellesley College Republicans: History and Purpose". Wellesley College. May 16, 2007. http://www.wellesley.edu/Activities/homepage/gop/history.html. Retrieved June 2, 2007. Gives organization's prior name.
- ^ Milton, Joyce (1999). The First Partner: Hillary Rodham Clinton. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-15501-4. pp. 27–28
- ^ Brock 1996, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 50. Bernstein states she believed this combination was possible and that no equation better describes the adult Hillary Clinton.
- ^ a b c d e Kenney, Charles (January 12, 1993). "Hillary: The Wellesley Years: The woman who will live in the White House was a sharp-witted activist in the class of '69" (fee required). The Boston Globe. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8210491.html. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Leibovich, Mark (September 7, 2007). "In Turmoil of '68, Clinton Found a New Voice". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/us/politics/05clinton.html. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
- ^ a b Rodham, Hillary (May 31, 1969). "Wellesley College 1969 Student Commencement Speech". Wellesley College. http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1969/053169hillary.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ a b c Dedman, Bill (updated May 9, 2007). "Reading Hillary Rodham's hidden thesis". msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17388372/. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
- ^ a b Cooper, Helene. "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The New York Times. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/hillary_rodham_clinton/index.html. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 34–36.
- ^ "Brooke Speech Challenged by Graduate". Fitchburg Sentinel. June 2, 1969.
- ^ "Brooke Speech Draws Reply". Nevada State Journal. June 2, 1969.
- ^ "The Class of '69". Life. June 20, 1969. The article features Rodham and two student commencement speakers from other schools, with photos and excerpts from their speeches.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 70
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 139; Bernstein 2007, p. 105. Clinton would later write, and repeat on the Late Show with David Letterman, that sliming fish was the best preparation she would ever have for living in Washington. Clinton 2003, pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b c "Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (1947–)". The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2744. Retrieved April 8, 2007.
- ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b c Bernstein 2007, p. 75
- ^ The authors of Beyond the Best Interests of the Child were Center director Al Solnit, Yale Law professor Joe Goldstein, and Anna Freud.
- ^ Morris 1996, pp. 142–143.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 71–74
- ^ Weil, Martin (August 8, 2009). "Anne Wexler, Political Adviser and Lobbyist, Dies at 79". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/08/AR2009080800058.html. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 82–83
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "The Clintons' Berkeley Summer of Love". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/clintons-berkeley-summer-of-love/66982/. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-radical-summer/66933/. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 48–49.
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, p. 89
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=43. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ Rodham, Hillary (1973). "Children Under the Law". Harvard Educational Review 43 (4): 487–514.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d Lewin, Tamar (August 24, 1992). "Legal Scholars See Distortion In Attacks on Hillary Clinton". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/24/us/1992-campaign-issues-women-families-legal-scholars-see-distortion-attacks.html.
- ^ This Google Scholar search result produces nearly one hundred hits showing citations of her paper in academic literature.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 91–92
- ^ "Adults Urge Children's Rights". The Arizona Sentinel. October 4, 1974.
- ^ a b c Bernstein 2007, pp. 94–96, 101–103
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 62
- ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 277.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 90, 120
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 92. Two-thirds (551 of 817) of the candidates had passed, and Rodham did not tell even close friends of the failure until revealing it thirty years later in her autobiography.
- ^ Clinton 2003, p. 69. Excerpted at Clinton, Hillary Rodham (June 8, 2003). "Hillary Unbound". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,457362-2,00.html. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 92
- ^ Clinton 2003, p. 70. Source for number of female faculty members.
- ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 328.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 62, 90, 117
- ^ Clinton, Bill (2004). My Life. Knopf Publishing Group. p. 244.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 120
- ^ a b Maraniss 1995, pp. 121–122.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 157
- ^ Clinton 2003, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 57.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 128, 103. The firm was called Rose, Nash, Williamson, Carroll, Clay & Giroir, but it simplified its name to Rose Law Firm in 1980.
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, p. 133
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 131–132
- ^ Rodham, Hillary; Steiner, Gilbert Y. (June 1977). "Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect". Yale Law Journal 68 (7): 1522–1531. DOI:10.2307/795794. JSTOR 795794.
- ^ Rodham, Hillary (1979). "Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective". In Patricia A. Vardin, Ilene N. Brody (eds.). Children's Rights: Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Teacher's College Press. pp. 21–36.
- ^ Wills, Garry (March 5, 1992). "H.R. Clinton's Case". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=2999.
- ^ a b Wattenberg, Daniel (August 1992). "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock". The American Spectator.
- ^ Olson 1999, p. 57.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 154
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 125
- ^ "Jimmy Carter: Nominations Submitted to the Senate, Week Ending Friday, December 16, 1977". American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7026. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan: Recess Appointment of Three Members of the Board of Directors of the Legal Services Corporation". American Presidency Project. January 22, 1982. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42598. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 225.
- ^ a b c Kelly, Michael (January 20, 1993). "The First Couple: A Union of Mind and Ambition". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/20/us/the-inauguration-the-first-couple-a-union-of-mind-and-ambition.html.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 147
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 60.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 130
- ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 73–76.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 166
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 170–175. Bernstein states that "the political battle for education reform ... would be her greatest accomplishment in public life until she was elected to the U.S. Senate."
- ^ "Hillary Clinton Guides Movement to Change Public Education in Arkansas". Old State House Museum. Spring 1993. Archived from the original on January 4, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060104114405/http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=528&issue_id=29&page=1. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
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- Gerth, Jeff; Van Natta, Jr., Don (2007). Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-01742-6.
- Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-173363-6.
- Kornblut, Anne E. (2009). Notes from the Cracked Ceiling: Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win. New York: Crown Books. ISBN 0-307-46425-3.
- Maraniss, David (1995). First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-87109-9.
- Morris, Roger (1996). Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-2804-8.
- Olson, Barbara (1999). Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-197-9.
- Troy, Gil (2006). Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1488-5.
Further reading[link]
Main article: List of books by or about Hillary Rodham Clinton
External links[link]
| Find more about Hillary Rodham Clinton on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
- "Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/secretary/.
- "Hillary Clinton.com – Friends of Hillary". http://www.hillaryclinton.com.
- "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/hillaryclinton. Official Biography of First Lady Clinton
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about Hillary Rodham Clinton in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton at the Open Directory Project
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Clinton, Hillary Rodham |
| Alternative names | Rodham, Hillary Diane |
| Short description | U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Senator, U.S. First Lady |
| Date of birth | 1947-10-26 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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http://ru.wn.com/Клинтон, Хиллари
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the American journalist. For the talk show, see Charlie Rose (talk show). For other people with the same name, see Charlie Rose (disambiguation).
| Charlie Rose | |
|---|---|
 Rose in May 2010 |
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| Born | Charles Peete Rose, Jr. (1942-01-05) January 5, 1942 (age 70) Henderson, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Education | Duke University B.A. (1964) Duke University J.D. (1968) |
| Occupation | Talk show host Journalist |
| Years active | 1972–present |
| Notable credit(s) | Charlie Rose, 60 Minutes II, 60 Minutes, CBS News Nightwatch, CBS This Morning |
| Website | |
| http://www.charlierose.com/ | |
Charles Peete "Charlie" Rose, Jr. (born January 5, 1942)[1] is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991 he has hosted Charlie Rose, an interview show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. He has also co-anchored CBS This Morning since January 2012. Rose, along with Lara Logan, has hosted the revived CBS classic Person to Person, a news program during which celebrities are interviewed in their homes, originally hosted from 1953 to 1961 by Edward R. Murrow.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Rose was born in Henderson, North Carolina, the only child[3] of Margaret Frazier and Charles Peete Rose, Sr., tobacco farmers who owned a country store.[4][5] As a child, Rose lived above his parents' store in Henderson and helped out with the family business from age seven.[6] Rose admitted in a Fresh Dialogues interview that as a child his insatiable curiosity was constantly getting him in trouble.[7] A high school basketball star, Rose entered Duke University intending to pursue a degree with a pre-med track, but an internship in the office of Democratic North Carolina Senator B. Everett Jordan got him interested in politics.[8] Rose graduated in 1964 with a bachelor's degree in history. At Duke, he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity. He earned a Juris Doctor from the Duke University School of Law in 1968.[6] He met his wife, Mary (née King), while attending Duke.[3][4]
Career[link]
After his wife was hired by the BBC (in New York), Rose handled some assignments for the BBC on a freelance basis. In 1972, while continuing to work at Bankers Trust, he landed a job as a weekend reporter for WPIX-TV. His break came in 1974, after Bill Moyers hired Rose as managing editor for the PBS series Bill Moyers' International Report. In 1975, Moyers named Rose executive producer of Bill Moyers Journal. Rose soon began appearing on camera. "A Conversation with Jimmy Carter," one installment of Moyers's series U.S.A.: People and Politics, won a 1976 Peabody Award. Rose worked at several networks honing his interview skills until KXAS-TV in Dallas-Fort Worth hired him as program manager and gave him the late-night time slot that would become the Charlie Rose show.
Rose worked for CBS News (1984–1990) as the anchor of CBS News Nightwatch, the network's first late-night news broadcast. The Nightwatch broadcast of Rose's interview with Charles Manson won an Emmy Award in 1987.[4] In 1990, Rose left CBS to serve as anchor of Personalities, a syndicated program produced by Fox Broadcasting Company, but he got out of his contract after six weeks because of the tabloid-style content of the show. Charlie Rose premiered on PBS station Thirteen/WNET on September 30, 1991, and has been nationally syndicated since January 1993. In 1994, Rose moved the show to a studio owned by Bloomberg Television, which allowed for improved satellite interviewing.[9]
Rose was a correspondent for 60 Minutes II[10] from its inception in January 1999 until its cancellation in September 2005, and was later named a correspondent on 60 Minutes.[11]
Rose was a member of the board of directors of Citadel Broadcasting Corporation from 2003 to 2009.[3] In May 2010, Charlie Rose delivered the commencement address at North Carolina State University.
On November 15, 2011, it was announced that Rose would return to CBS to help anchor CBS This Morning, replacing The Early Show, commencing January 9, 2012, along with co-anchors Erica Hill and Gayle King.
Cameo appearances[link]
Rose has appeared as himself in the 1998 film Primary Colors,[12] in a 2000 episode of The Simpsons[13] and in the 2008 movie Elegy.[14] He and his show were also used in the Wes Anderson film The Royal Tenenbaums. He also appears as himself in the 2011 George Clooney directed film, The Ides of March.
[edit] Accusations of conflict of interest
While hosting the 2002 Coca-Cola Company shareholders' meeting, Rose said "few companies are able to connect as completely with consumers in the way that Coca-Cola is. It is a privilege to be associated with [The Coca-Cola family] ... This is the business of Coca-Cola: being part of a family, being worldwide, doing well and doing good at the same time."[15] Afterward, Coca-Cola agreed to become what Rose called "a leading underwriter" of The Charlie Rose Show, paying "six or possibly seven figures."[16] Even the Charlie Rose mugs used on his PBS show feature a Coca-Cola logo on one side.[17][18] Although CBS News policy bars correspondents from doing commercials and product endorsements, the Washington Post reported CBS was "comfortable" with Rose's actions. Rose insists he "would never do a story on 60 Minutes II about anybody who underwrites my PBS show."[16]
[edit] Quiet influence
The New York Times reported that Rose encouraged a discussion between the leaders of NBC and Fox, that led eventually to a mutual reduction in ad hominem attacks between Keith Olbermann and Bill O'Reilly on their respective news programs.[19]
Rose has attended several Bilderberg Group conference meetings, including meetings held in the United States in 2008;[20] Spain in 2010;[21] and Switzerland in 2011.[22] These unofficial conferences hold guests from North America and Western Europe, most of whom are political leaders and businessmen. Details of meetings are closed off to the public and strictly invitation-only, and critics[who?] speculate the controversial nature of these meetings of highly influential people. Accusations from conspiracy theorists against The Charlie Rose show claim that it has become the US media outlet for Bilderberg.[23][unreliable source?]
Personal life[link]
Rose's twelve-year marriage to Mary Rose (née King) ended in divorce in 1980. Mary is the sister-in-law of Morgan Stanley Chairman John J. Mack. Since 1993, his companion has been socialite and chairman of the New York City Planning Commission and director of the city department of planning Amanda Burden, a stepdaughter of CBS founder William S. Paley.[24]
On March 29, 2006, after experiencing shortness of breath in Syria, Rose was flown to Paris and underwent surgery for mitral valve repair in the Georges-Pompidou European Hospital. His surgery was performed under the supervision of Alain F. Carpentier, a pioneer of the procedure.[25] Rose returned to the air on June 12, 2006, with Bill Moyers and Yvette Vega (the show's executive producer), to discuss his surgery and recuperation.
In a 2009 Fresh Dialogues interview, Rose described his life as "great and glorious."[7] He added, '"I get up every morning with a new adventure. The adventure is fueled by interesting people. I get a chance to control my own destiny. I do something that is immediately either appreciated or not. I get feedback."
Rose owns a 575-acre (2.33 km2) farm in Oxford, North Carolina, an apartment overlooking Central Park in New York City, a beach house in Bellport, New York, an apartment in Washington D.C.[3] and an apartment in Paris, France.
References[link]
- ^ Marks, Peter (January 5, 1993). "The Love Cult of Charlie Rose". Newsday: p. 42.
- ^ "Charlie Rose, Lara Logan on "Person to Person". Person to Person (CBS News). February 8, 2012. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505383_162-57373639/charlie-rose-lara-logan-on-person-to-person/. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Kaplan, David A. (September 28, 2009). "Why business loves Charlie Rose". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/2009/09/25/magazines/fortune/charlie_rose.fortune/index.htm?section=money_latest. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ a b c O'Shaughnessy, Elise (September 1993). "The Fame of the Rose". Vanity Fair 56 (9): pp. 172–181. ISSN 0733-8899.
- ^ "Charlie Rose Biography (1942–)". Filmreference.com. January 5, 1942. http://www.filmreference.com/film/1/Charlie-Rose.html. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ a b Charlie Rose biography from Bloomberg News
- ^ a b van Diggelen, Alison (February 26, 2009). "Transcript of Interview with Charlie Rose". Fresh Dialogues. http://www.freshdialogues.com/2009/02/26/transcript-of-fresh-dialogues-with-charlie-rose/. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
- ^ The North Carolina Awards: Charlie Rose (1942 -) Public Service 2007 from the website of the State Library of North Carolina
- ^ Charlie Rose, Bloomberg News
- ^ 60 Minutes II profile from CBS News
- ^ "Charlie Rose". CBS News. January 17, 2008. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/17/60minutes/bios/main3725276.shtml. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ Charlie Rose at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Nancy Basile. ""The Simpsons" Episode Guide – Season Eleven". About.com. http://animatedtv.about.com/od/thesimpsonsepisodes/a/epguidesimp11.htm. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ Leslie Felperin (February 10, 2008). "Review of Elegy". Variety. http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=review&id=2478&reviewid=VE1117936157&starting=1. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
- ^ audio, aired on Le Show
- ^ a b Lloyd Grove, "The Reliable Source," Washington Post, April 23, 2002, C03
- ^ Orange County Weekly, January 24, 2003
- ^ Fear & Favor 2003: How power shapes the news, Extra!, FAIR, March/April 2003
- ^ Stelter, Brian (August 1, 2009). "Voices From Above Silence a Cable TV Feud". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/01/business/media/01feud.html. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
- ^ Fobes, Stefan (June 23, 2008). "My analysis of Bilderberg 2008". A War of Illusions. WordPress.com. http://warofillusions.wordpress.com/2008/06/23/my-analysis-of-bilderberg-2008. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ "Bilderberg 2010 list of participants". BilderbergMeetings.org. http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2010.html. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ "Bilderberg 2011 list of participants". BilderbergMeetings.org. http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ Newman, Alex (June 12, 2011). "Awareness of Bilderberg Cabal Explodes in 2011". The New American. http://thenewamerican.com/world-mainmenu-26/europe-mainmenu-35/7841-awareness-of-bilderberg-cabal-explodes-in-2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ Gardner, Ralph (May 13, 2002). "Social Planner". Nymag.com. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/newyork/features/6005/. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ Kaplan, David A. (September 28, 2009). "Why business loves Charlie Rose". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2009/09/25/magazines/fortune/charlie_rose.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2009092811. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (March 2012) |
- Charlie Rose Official website of his eponymous show
- Charlie Rose official channel on YouTube
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Charlie Rose at the Internet Movie Database
- Charlie Rose collected news and commentary at the Los Angeles Times
- Charlie Rose collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Charlie Rose at the Notable Names Database
- Charlie Rose shows on Hulu
- celebritynetworth.com, Celebrity Net Worth, Charlie Rose
- Why Business Loves Charlie Rose David A. Kaplan, Fortune, September 28, 2009
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rose, Charlie |
| Alternative names | Rose, Charles Peete, Jr. |
| Short description | American TV interviewer and journalist |
| Date of birth | 1942-01-05 |
| Place of birth | Henderson, North Carolina |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Charlie_Rose
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Роуз, Чарли
http://fr.wn.com/Charlie Rose
http://de.wn.com/Charlie Rose
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Rose
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
