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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
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Amol
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Ashgabat
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Bahrain
Bahrain, officially Kingdom of Bahrain (, , literally: "Kingdom of the Two Seas"), is a small island country in the Persian Gulf ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. While Bahrain is an archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest (Bahrain Island) is long by wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Causeway, which was officially opened on 25 November 1986. Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain.
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Bajestan
Bajestan or Bejestan () is a city in the province of Razavi Khorasan, Iran.
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Bam, Iran
Bam is a city in Kerman Province of Iran. The city is the center of Bam County. The modern Iranian city of Bam surrounds the Bam citadel. Before the 2003 earthquake the official population count of the city was roughly 43,000. There are various opinions about the date and reasons for the foundation of the citadel. Some people believe that Bam city was founded during the Parthian Empire. Economically and commercially, Bam occupied a very important place in the region and was famed for its textiles and clothes. Ibn Hawqal (943–977), the Arab traveller and geographer, wrote of Bam in his book Surat-ul-`ard (The Earth-figure):
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Bardaskan
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Bardaskan County
Bardaskan County () is a county in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Bardaskan.
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Bukhara
http://wn.com/Bukhara -
Chenaran
Chenaran is a touristic city in Khorassan province, Iran.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Ctesiphon
Ctesiphon, the imperial capital of the Parthian Arsacids and of the Persian Sassanids, was one of the great cities of ancient Mesopotamia. In the 6th century, Ctesiphon was the largest city in the world.
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Derbent
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Emirate of Bukhara
The Emirate of Bukhara ( Amorati Buxoro; ) was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the land along the lower Zarafshan River, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarkand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarezm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. It is now within the boundaries of Uzbekistan.
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Fresno
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Gur-e Amir
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Hasan al-Askari
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Herat
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Herati
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Imam Reza shrine
http://wn.com/Imam_Reza_shrine -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Isfahan
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Italy
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Joghatai County
Joghatai County () is a county in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Joghatai.
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Kadhimayn
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Kalat, Khorasan
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Karachi
Karachi (: , {{lang-ur|) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. With an estimated population of about 18 million, Karachi is one of the world's largest cities in terms of population, the 13th largest urban agglomeration, the 4th largest metropolitan area in the world, and the 2nd largest city within the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Islamic world.
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Karbala
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Kashan
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Kashmar
Kashmar (Persian:Kāŝmar) is a city located near the river Sish Taraz in the western part of the Khorasan province, and 217 kilometers south of the province's capital Mashhad, in Iran. Until two centuries ago, this city was named Torshiz (Persian:Torŝiz). The population is reported by the government to be 180,000 though is perceived as a much smaller city.
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Kazakhstan
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Khanate of Khiva
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Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur (translated as: "muddy confluence," "muddy estuary," and "muddy city"; in English; Malay , locally or even , and often abbreviated as K.L.) is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of , has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of population as well as economy.
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Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Mashhad
http://wn.com/Mashhad -
Mecca
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
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Medina
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Milan
Milan (, ; Western Lombard: Milan, ) is a city in Italy and the capital of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1,310,000, while the urban area is the first in Italy and the fifth largest in the European Union with a population of 4,345,000 over an area of . The Milan metropolitan area, by far the largest in Italy, is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 7,400,000.
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Najaf
Najaf (; BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. Its estimated population in 2008 is 560,000 people. It is the capital of Najaf Governorate. It is one of the holiest cities of Shi'a Islam and the center of Shia political power in Iraq.
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Nishapur
http://wn.com/Nishapur -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Persepolis
Persepolis (Old Persian
http://wn.com/Persepolis -
Qazvin (city)
http://wn.com/Qazvin_(city) -
Robat
Robat is a village in Badghis Province in north western Afghanistan.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Samarkand
Samarkand (; ; ; ; from Sogdian: "Stone Fort" or "Rock Town") is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century, it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane), and is the site of his mausoleum (the Gur-e Amir). The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. The Registan was the ancient centre of the city.
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Samarra
http://wn.com/Samarra -
Sarakhs
http://wn.com/Sarakhs -
Saudi Arabia
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
Shiraz
Shiraz ( ) is the sixth most populous city in Iran and is the capital of Fars Province. Shiraz is located in the southwest of Iran on the Rudkhaneye Khoshk seasonal river. Shiraz has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for more than one thousand years.
http://wn.com/Shiraz -
Shiraz, Iran
http://wn.com/Shiraz_Iran -
Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Susa
http://wn.com/Susa -
Tabriz
http://wn.com/Tabriz -
Tajikistan
Tajikistan ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhurii Tojikiston; , Respublika Tadzhikistan; Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan and the Gilgit-Baltistan region, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.
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Takht-i-Suleiman
http://wn.com/Takht-i-Suleiman -
Tehran
http://wn.com/Tehran -
Torbat-e Heydarieh
Torbat-e Heydarieh is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province of Iran.
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Torbat-e Jam
http://wn.com/Torbat-e_Jam -
Torghabeh
Torghabeh is a town near the city of Mashhad in the Razavi Khorasan province, northeastern Iran. Its population is about 15,000.
http://wn.com/Torghabeh -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Turkmenistan
The Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
http://wn.com/Turkmenistan -
Tus, Iran
http://wn.com/Tus_Iran -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Uzbekistan
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan -
Yazd
http://wn.com/Yazd -
Zagros Mountains
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Ziarat
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Ürümqi
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Abolfazl Beyhaqi
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Abu Muslim Khorasani
Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khorasani (, , c. 700 - 755) was an Abbasid general of Persian origin, who led the first major and organized liberal movement against the Umayyad dynasty.
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Abu-Mansur Daqiqi
Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Balkhi (Tusi) (935/942-976/980), (in ) sometimes referred to as Daqiqi (also Dakiki, Daghighi, ), was an early Persian poet from Tus in Iran or in Balkh, currently one of the cities of Afghanistan.
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Abusa'id Abolkhayr
http://wn.com/Abusa'id_Abolkhayr -
Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī
http://wn.com/Abū_al-Wafā'_Būzjānī -
Adil Shah
http://wn.com/Adil_Shah -
Al-Hurr al-Aamili
Shaikh Muhammad bin al-Hassan al-Hurr al-Aamili, known as al-Hurr al-Aamili, was a Shia scholar and muhaddith. His book Wasael ush-Shia (also: Wasa'il ash-Shi'a), a comprehensive compilation of authentic Shia Hadith, is used in education of ijtihad. He lived in Mashad, Iran, and was appointed as Shaikh al-Islam (Master of Islam) by the government.
http://wn.com/Al-Hurr_al-Aamili -
Al-Ma'mun
http://wn.com/Al-Ma'mun -
Ali al-Naqi
http://wn.com/Ali_al-Naqi -
Ali al-Rida
http://wn.com/Ali_al-Rida -
Ali al-Sistani
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali al-Husayni al-Sistani ( , born August 4, 1930) is the current highest-ranking Twelver Shi'a marja in Iraq, who leads the Hawza of Najaf. He is a Grand Ayatollah and Twelver Shia marja' born in Iran and residing in Iraq since 1951. He is currently the preeminent Shia cleric for Shia in Iraq and around the world as well as an important political figure in post-invasion Iraq.
http://wn.com/Ali_al-Sistani -
Ali ar-Ridha
http://wn.com/Ali_ar-Ridha -
Ali ibn Abi Talib
http://wn.com/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib -
Amir Reza Khadem
Amir Reza Khadem Azghadi (, born February 10, 1970 in Mashhad) is an Iranian wrestler who won Olympic bronze medals in 1992 and 1996. He finished fourth at the 2000 Summer Olympics, and he won the 1991 World Championships, And one bronze medal from 1990 World Championships and the 1992 and 1993 Asian Championships and one silver medal from 1991 Asian Championships and the 1994 Asian Games.
http://wn.com/Amir_Reza_Khadem -
Amir Tavakkolian
Amir Tavakkolian ( , born 7 September 1971 in Mashhad) is an Iranian wrestler.
http://wn.com/Amir_Tavakkolian -
Anousheh Ansari
Anousheh Ansari (, born September 12, 1966 in Mashhad, Iran) is an engineer and the Iranian-American co-founder and chairman of Prodea Systems, Inc and a spaceflight participant with the Russian space program. Her previous business accomplishments include serving as co-founder and CEO of Telecom Technologies, Inc. (TTI). The Ansari family is also the title sponsor of the Ansari X Prize. On September 18, 2006, a few days after her 40th birthday, she became the first Iranian in space. Ansari is the fourth overall self-funded space tourist, and the first self-funded woman to fly to the International Space Station. Her memoir, My Dream of Stars, co-written with Homer Hickam, was published by Palgrave-McMillan in 2010.
http://wn.com/Anousheh_Ansari -
Anvari
http://wn.com/Anvari -
Armenian people
http://wn.com/Armenian_people -
Asadi Tusi
Abu Mansur Ali ibn Ahmad Asadi Tusi (born: Tus, Iranian province of Khorasan - died: 1072 Tabriz, Iran) is arguably the second most important Persian poet of the Iranian national epics, after Ferdowsi who also happens to come from the same town of Tus. He was a poet, a linguist and copyist of ancient manuscripts.
http://wn.com/Asadi_Tusi -
Azerbaijani people
http://wn.com/Azerbaijani_people -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Colonel Pesian
Colonel Mohammad Taqi-Khan Pessian (1892 - 3 October 1921) (also Colonel Pessian or Pesyan "Pesseyan"), born in Tabriz, was a popular military leader of Iran.
http://wn.com/Colonel_Pesian -
Emirate of Bukhara
The Emirate of Bukhara ( Amorati Buxoro; ) was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the land along the lower Zarafshan River, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarkand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarezm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. It is now within the boundaries of Uzbekistan.
http://wn.com/Emirate_of_Bukhara -
Fatimah
http://wn.com/Fatimah -
Ferdowsi
http://wn.com/Ferdowsi -
Hadi Khamenei
Hojatoleslam Hadi Khamenei (born 1947) is an influential Iranian reformist politician, mojtahed and linguist. He is a key member of the reformist Association of Combatant Clerics, and a former deputy of the Majlis of Iran representing a district in Tehran.
http://wn.com/Hadi_Khamenei -
Hamed Behdad
Hamed Behdad (, born 17 November 1973 in Mashhad, Iran) is an Iranian actor. His first appearance in a movie was in The End of the Game (Akhar-e Baazi).
http://wn.com/Hamed_Behdad -
Hamid Motebassem
Hamid Motebassem (b. 1958 Mashhad) is a renowned Iranian musician and tar and setar player.
http://wn.com/Hamid_Motebassem -
Harun al-Rashid
http://wn.com/Harun_al-Rashid -
Hasan al-Askari
http://wn.com/Hasan_al-Askari -
Hassan ibn Ali
http://wn.com/Hassan_ibn_Ali -
Hazara people
http://wn.com/Hazara_people -
Heshmat Mohajerani
Heshmat Mohajerani (, born 11 December 1938 in Mashhad) is an Iranian football coach, manager, and former player. He is perhaps the most successful Iranian coach of the Iranian national team. Mohajerani and his brothers formed F.C. Aboomoslem in Mashhad.
http://wn.com/Heshmat_Mohajerani -
Homayoun Shajarian
http://wn.com/Homayoun_Shajarian -
Hossein Badamaki
Gholam Hossein Badamaki (, born September 13, 1981 in Mashhad) is an Iranian footballer who currently plays for Persepolis in the IPL.
http://wn.com/Hossein_Badamaki -
Hossein Sabet
Hossein Sabet Baktash (, Born in Mashhad) is an Iranian businessman and Persian carpet dealer who owns Sabet International Trading Co.. Sabet has a BSc in engineering and resides in Berlin, Germany.
http://wn.com/Hossein_Sabet -
Husayn ibn Ali
http://wn.com/Husayn_ibn_Ali -
Imam Reza
http://wn.com/Imam_Reza -
Iran Darroudi
Iran Darroudi (born September 2, 1936 in Neyshabour) is an Iranian artist.
http://wn.com/Iran_Darroudi -
Iraqi people
http://wn.com/Iraqi_people -
Ismail I
http://wn.com/Ismail_I -
Ja'far al-Sadiq
http://wn.com/Ja'far_al-Sadiq -
Jābir ibn Hayyān
http://wn.com/Jābir_ibn_Hayyān -
Kashmiri people
The Kashmiri people () are an Aryan not Dardic ethnic group living in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistani territory of Azad Kashmir who speak the Kashmiri language. Kashmiri is "a Northwestern Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European language family." which is also known as Koshur and hence are classified as a Dardic people.
http://wn.com/Kashmiri_people -
Kurdish people
http://wn.com/Kurdish_people -
Mahdi Bemani Naeini
Mahdi Bemani Naeini (also spelt Mehdi Bemani, Mehdi Bemani Naeini, , born November 3, 1968) is an Iranian film director, cinematographer, TV cameraman and photographer.
http://wn.com/Mahdi_Bemani_Naeini -
Mahmoud Khayami
Mahmoud Khayami, KSS (born 1930 in Mashhad, Iran) () is an Iranian born industrialist, of French nationality.
http://wn.com/Mahmoud_Khayami -
Manouchehr Eghbal
http://wn.com/Manouchehr_Eghbal -
Marshall Manesh
Marshall Manesh (born August 16, 1950) is an Iranian/American actor.
http://wn.com/Marshall_Manesh -
Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
http://wn.com/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales -
Mitra Hajjar
http://wn.com/Mitra_Hajjar -
Mohammad Khadem
Mohammad Khadem Azghadi (, born September 7, 1935 in Mashhad) is an Iranian Freestyle wrestler. He is the father of world and olympic champion Rasoul Khadem and Amir Reza Khadem who is also an olympic champion.
http://wn.com/Mohammad_Khadem -
Mohammad Mansouri
Mohammad Mansouri Fahim (, born 26 October 1983) is an Iranian football Midfielder who currently plays for Persepolis in the Iran Pro League.
http://wn.com/Mohammad_Mansouri -
Mohammad-Ali Abtahi
Hojjat ol-Eslam Seyyed Mohammad Ali Abtahi (; born January 27, 1958) is an Iranian theologian, scholar, pro-democracy activist and chairman of the Institute for Interreligious Dialogue. He is a former Vice President of Iran and a close associate of former President Mohammad Khatami. Abtahi is a member of the central council of Association of Combatant Clerics (''Majma'e Rowhaniyoon-e Mobarez''), the political grouping to which both Khatami and the 2009 presidential candidate Mehdi Karroubi (the previous Speaker of Majlis of Iran) belong.
http://wn.com/Mohammad-Ali_Abtahi -
Mohammad-Taghi Bahar
http://wn.com/Mohammad-Taghi_Bahar -
Muhammad
http://wn.com/Muhammad -
Muhammad al-Baqir
http://wn.com/Muhammad_al-Baqir -
Muhammad al-Mahdi
http://wn.com/Muhammad_al-Mahdi -
Musa al-Kadhim
http://wn.com/Musa_al-Kadhim -
Nader Shah
http://wn.com/Nader_Shah -
Nadir Shah
http://wn.com/Nadir_Shah -
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
http://wn.com/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi -
Nasir Khusraw
http://wn.com/Nasir_Khusraw -
Nizam al-Mulk
:For info about rulers of Hyderabad state, see the page Nizam state of Hyderabad.
http://wn.com/Nizam_al-Mulk -
Noureddin Zarrinkelk
Noureddin Zarrinkelk (also spelled Zarrin-Kelk, also known as Noori or Nouri, born 1937 in Mashhad) is a renowned Iranian animator, concept artist, editor, graphic designer, illustrator, layout artist, photographer, script writer and sculptor.
http://wn.com/Noureddin_Zarrinkelk -
Ovanes Ohanian
Ovanes Ohanian ( - 1961 Tehran) was an Armenian-Iranian father of Helen Ohaniance, Orod Ohanians and Paul Ohanians. Grandfather of Jasmine Facchetti. Was a filmmaker, inventor, founder, doctor, scientist with PHD in medicine, film, science and languages. He established the first film school in the history of Iran. His first film, Abi and Rabi (1930) was Iran's first feature length movie. He founded first acting school in Iran and first acting school in India together with first police school in Iran. Creator and inventor for the first medicine made for Boldness. Member of the world scientists. He was fluent in 7 languages. Was assassinated in his office in Tehran 1969. The museum in tehran contains relevant information of his life.
http://wn.com/Ovanes_Ohanian -
Persian people
Ethnic group|group = Persian Speakers
http://wn.com/Persian_people -
Rafi Pitts
Rafi Pitts (born 1967 in Mashad, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian film director.
http://wn.com/Rafi_Pitts -
Ramzi Yousef
http://wn.com/Ramzi_Yousef -
Rasoul Khadem
Rasul Khadem Azghadi (, born February 17, 1972 in Mashhad) is an Iranian wrestler who has won a Bronze medal in the 1992 Summer Olympics and a gold medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics. He is also the 1994 and 1995 world champion and the 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996 Asian champion. He was trained by his father Mohammad Khadem, and he is the brother of Amir Reza Khadem.
http://wn.com/Rasoul_Khadem -
Reza Attaran
Reza Attaran (born 31 March 1968 in Mashhad) is an Iranian actor and director. He has played in both films and television shows. Attaran won the Best Actor award at the 2008 Gol Aga Comedy Film Festival.
http://wn.com/Reza_Attaran -
Reza Enayati
Gholamreza Enayati (, born September 23, 1976 in Mashhad, Iran) is an Iranian football player who currently plays for Iran Pro League giants Esteghlal F.C. and former member of Iran national football team. He usually plays the striker position.
http://wn.com/Reza_Enayati -
Reza Ghoochannejhad
Reza Ghoochannejhad () (born 20 September 1987 in Mashhad) is an Iranian-Dutch footballer for SC Cambuur.
http://wn.com/Reza_Ghoochannejhad -
Reza Kianian
Reza Kianian (, born June 19, 1951 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian actor. In an early age he and his famliy moved to Mashhad; however, he moved back to Tehran to study fine arts in University of Tehran.
http://wn.com/Reza_Kianian -
Reza Shah
http://wn.com/Reza_Shah -
Saeed Jalili
Saeed Jalili, (, born 1965 in Mashhad ) is an Iranian politician and the present secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council. On October 20, 2007, he replaced Ali Larijani as the secretary of the council and hence chief nuclear negotiator of Iran. He was previously Deputy Foreign Minister for European and American Affairs.
http://wn.com/Saeed_Jalili -
Seyyed Ali Khamenei
http://wn.com/Seyyed_Ali_Khamenei -
Shadmehr
http://wn.com/Shadmehr -
Shah Abbas I
http://wn.com/Shah_Abbas_I -
Shaykh Tusi
http://wn.com/Shaykh_Tusi -
Soleyman III
http://wn.com/Soleyman_III -
Tajik people
Ethnic group
http://wn.com/Tajik_people -
Taleshi
http://wn.com/Taleshi -
Timur Shah Durrani
http://wn.com/Timur_Shah_Durrani -
Turkmen people
http://wn.com/Turkmen_people -
Uzbeks
http://wn.com/Uzbeks -
Zayn al-Abidin
http://wn.com/Zayn_al-Abidin
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
good memories of Mashhad...
http://wn.com/Mashhad
HAve Fun in Mashhad IRAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
A good place to meet local people and have fun with them, in Mashhad and around ; Kang, Turgadeh, Shandiz for lunch. Enjoy travelling for people !
http://wn.com/HAve_Fun_in_Mashhad_IRAN
A Love named Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 20 May 2012
http://wn.com/A_Love_named_Mashhad
Mashhad (Iran) Documentary - Imam Reza (as)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:27
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
A Documentary about the city Mashhad in Iran and Imam Reza (as) which shrine is in this city.
http://wn.com/Mashhad_Iran_Documentary_Imam_Reza_as
Mashhad, Iran, Khayyam Bolvd. Sadjad Shahr
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
boolvar sajjad, sajjad shahr, mashhad, iran
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran,_Khayyam_Bolvd_Sadjad_Shahr
MASHAD MASHHAD IRAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:38
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Mashhad (Persian: مشهد, literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia world. It is located 850 kilometers (500 miles) east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its population was 2427316 at the 2006 population census.[1] Now Mashhad is notably known as the resting place of the Imam Reza (Ali ibn Musa al-Rida). A shrine was later built there to commemorate the Imam, which in turn gave rise to increasing demographic development. Mashad is also known as the city of Ferdowsi t overland trip 1975 Don Pugh Producer
http://wn.com/MASHAD_MASHHAD_IRAN
Amazing Azan Mashhad Imam Ali-Rida ( أذان مشهد عند الامام علي الرضا (ع
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Gebetsruf im Schrein des Imam Ali Ar-Rida (as.) in Mashhad - Iran PLEASE like and share the following page: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Amazing_Azan_Mashhad_Imam_Ali-Rida_أذان_مشهد_عند_الامام_علي_الرضا_ع
MASHHAD, IRAN, MALEKABAD BLVD. PARK MELLAT
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
Malekabad Blvd, Park Blvd., Kosar Zirgozar
http://wn.com/MASHHAD,_IRAN,_MALEKABAD_BLVD_PARK_MELLAT
Mashhad, Iran, Ahmadabad and Rahnamaie Streets Views From Inside a Taxicab + Radio Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 09 Apr 2012
Mashhad, Iran, Ahmadabad and Rahnamaie Streets Views From Inside a Taxicab + Radio Mashhad.
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran,_Ahmadabad_and_Rahnamaie_Streets_Views_From_Inside_a_Taxicab_+_Radio_Mashhad
Mashhad (Iran) urban Railway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
All credits for this video go to M.Mobin. Video obtained from: vimeo.com Again, this is NOT my video. If you're the owner of this video and wish to have it removed, plz contact me.
http://wn.com/Mashhad_Iran_urban_Railway
Namaz e Maghrib at Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (as), Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Spiritually rich moments of performing Namaz e Maghrib at Haram e Imam Reza (as) / Shrine of Imam Reza (as) in Courtyard Jamia Razavi
http://wn.com/Namaz_e_Maghrib_at_Holy_Shrine_of_Imam_Reza_as,_Mashhad
Best persian dancer. Mashhad, Iran 07/05/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
This guy is from Zahedan,he danced just for me and tried to teach me persian dance two days before my wedding party.
http://wn.com/Best_persian_dancer_Mashhad,_Iran_07_05_2012
Tazahorat Mashhad, 24 khordad - 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 21 May 2012
Tazahorat Mashhad, 24 khordad - 2
http://wn.com/Tazahorat_Mashhad,_24_khordad_2
Mashhad, Iran, Koohsangi strteet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Koohsangi Street, Mashhad, Iran
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran,_Koohsangi_strteet
Iranian Plane Accident in Mashhad Iran , over 46 Injured
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:37
- Updated: 30 May 2011
Taban Air From Abadan, Stopped in Esfahan, continued Flight and got fire in Mashhad Iranian Airplane got Fire.. Iran 4 Bahman 88 Jan. 24, 2010 یکشنبه ۴ بهمن ۱۳۸۸ هواپیمای توپولوف در فرودگاه مشهد آتش گرفت 46 injured after plane crash lands in Iran TEHRAN, Iran—A Russian-made Iranian passenger plane carrying 157 passengers and 13 crew crash landed in northeastern Iran on Sunday injuring at least 46 people, state television reported. The broadcast quoted Iran's civil aviation spokesman, Reza Jafarzadeh, as saying that no one was killed in the accident. He gave no indication of what might have caused the accident. The Taban Air plane caught fire upon landing at Mashhad airport at 7:20 am local time (0350 GMT). The injured have been taken to hospitals in Mashhad, the report added. Jafarzadeh said the Tupolev plane initially took off from Abadan airport in southwestern Iran Saturday evening but landed in Isfahan, central Iran, because of bad weather in Mashhad, its destination. "The plane took off from Isfahan airport at 5:35 am local time Sunday ... Despite bad weather and minimum visibility, the pilot made an emergency landing because a passenger was ill. But the incident then happened during landing," he said. Jafarzadeh said the plane was seriously damaged. State television added that part of the aircraft had burned and the left wing and undercarriage were torn off. Iran has about a dozen Soviet-built Tupolev airliners. Iran has seen numerous crashes in recent years and its ...
http://wn.com/Iranian_Plane_Accident_in_Mashhad_Iran_,_over_46_Injured
MASHHAD, IRAN, MALEKABAD BLVD. PARK MELLAT 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 17 Jul 2012
Malekabad Blvd, Park Blvd., Kosar Zirgozar
http://wn.com/MASHHAD,_IRAN,_MALEKABAD_BLVD_PARK_MELLAT_2
Mashhad, Iran یاد مشهد بخیر یره
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
آهنگ از سی دی قطره ، فریبا هدایتی و بهنام معصو می
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran_یاد_مشهد_بخیر_یره
Taxifahrt in Mashhad - Taxi driving in Mashhad Razavi Khorasan مشهد خراسان رضوی
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Taxi drive in Mashhad. This videos was captured at 0h in the night.
http://wn.com/Taxifahrt_in_Mashhad_Taxi_driving_in_Mashhad_Razavi_Khorasan_مشهد_خراسان_رضوی
Tabriz ismaiel heydari( mashhad-1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:37
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
isamiel heydari be mashhad miravad!
http://wn.com/Tabriz_ismaiel_heydari_mashhad-1
Iran: From Mashhad to Tehran - An iranian train trip
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
Impressionen einer iranischen Zugfahrt. Von Mashhad nach Teheran. 1000km Zugfahrt quer durch den Iran. Die Fahrt dauert etwa 10-12 Std., auch deshalb, weil immer wieder pausiert wird an Haltestellen. Die Fahrt ist eher ein Erlebnis statt eilige Fahrt. Tickets sind ab 3€ zu haben:-) Auch ein Expresszug verkehrt zwischen beiden Städten, dass allerdings in 7 Std. Ein Flug kostet zwischen beiden Städten ab 50-60€. Impressions of an Iranian train journey. From Mashhad to Tehran. 1000km train journey across Iran. The trip takes about 10-12 hours, also because the train makes some breaks. Tickets can be get from 3 € :-) An express train is also traveling between two cities. A flight costs 40-60€ and takes only 1 hour. Impressions d'un voyage en train iranienne. De Mashhad à Téhéran. Voyage en train mille kilomètres à travers l'Iran. Le trajet dure environ 10-12 heures, aussi parce que le train fait quelques pauses. Les billets peuvent être obtenir à partir de 3 € :-) Captured with Canon Ixus 225 HS.
http://wn.com/Iran_From_Mashhad_to_Tehran_An_iranian_train_trip
ARSAMES, IRANIAN DEATH METAL band from Mashhad city
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Song: Homo sapiens Band: Arsames CIty: Mashhad north east of iran PERSIAN Death Metal Band, ARSAMES: Hammering down your head wishing you were be dead suffering infection and violence keeping your mind in silence... See More Hatred strelity conceited delict carnality defiant sacrilege covetous Trait trait trait Trait of homo sapiens trait trait Trait of homo sapiens The cosmos never ends nobody defends the hell must be you tent welcome to your pent open your blinded eyes all your hopes die you cant breath darkness surrounds you by reality Death comes to claim you your brain rotted with pain Internerate velocity immersed in pure insanity come onnnnnnnn noooooooooo Hammering down ur head wishing you were be dead suffering infection and violence keeping your mind in silence Hatred strelity conceited delict carnality defiant sacrilege.................
http://wn.com/ARSAMES,_IRANIAN_DEATH_METAL_band_from_Mashhad_city
Iran - Mashhad - Shahre Khoda - Emam Reza (a.)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:26
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Iran - City Of Mashhad Inja Share Mashhad, Shahre Khoda Marghade Moghadase Emame Hashtom Shiayan Emam Reza (a.) ast omidvar14-omidvarnews.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Iran_Mashhad_Shahre_Khoda_Emam_Reza_a
Iran - From Mashhad to Tehran by train wonderful railroad view - August 2012 (Full HD 1080p)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
I capture this video at the end waggon of the train. So in the morning, it was after the sun rised, I had this wonderful amazing view while the rest of the passenger went to their cabines for sleeping after a break for muslim prayers. Please watch it in Full HD. This Video is captured with Toshiba Camileo P20.
http://wn.com/Iran_From_Mashhad_to_Tehran_by_train_wonderful_railroad_view_August_2012_Full_HD_1080p
Photo: AP / Andres Kudacki
07 Nov 2012
Barack Obama claimed a second presidential term last night as a progressive coalition of women, minorities and young people came together to return America’s first black president to the White...
Photo: US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Todd A. Schaffer
06 Nov 2012
- At an unknown location somewhere deep beneath the world's oceans, a British submarine sits primed to launch up to 40 nuclear warheads with a collective destructive power almost 300 times greater...
Photo: AP
06 Nov 2012
The inquiry into the miners' deaths is showing how police doctored evidence and revealing a force that believes itself to be above South African law...
Photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
07 Nov 2012
CHICAGO (Reuters) - The crowd was smaller than it was four years ago, and the venue was indoors, but President Barack Obama's victory party early on Wednesday shared a theme with his 2008 election...
Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
05 Nov 2012
RAMALLAH, West Bank - A Western diplomat says the exhumation of late Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat's remains will take place Nov. 26....
Video de puta
07 Nov 2012
IMC
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07 Nov 2012
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06 Nov 2012
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Hookah smoking as bad as cigarettes
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For other uses, see Mashhad (disambiguation).
| Mashhad مشهد |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Nickname(s): Mashhad | |||
| Motto: City of paradise (Shahre behesht) | |||
 Mashhad
|
|||
| Coordinates: 36°18′N 59°36′E / 36.3°N 59.6°E / 36.3; 59.6Coordinates: 36°18′N 59°36′E / 36.3°N 59.6°E / 36.3; 59.6 | |||
| Country |  Iran |
||
| Province | Razavi Khorasan | ||
| County | Mashhad | ||
| Bakhsh | Central | ||
| Mashhad-Sanabad-Toos | 818 AD (Martyrdom Of Imam Reza) | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor (Ŝahrdār) | Mohammad Pejman | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 458 km2 (177 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 3,946 km2 (1,524 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 985 m (3,232 ft) | ||
| Population (2010) | |||
| • City | 4,250,350 | ||
| • Population Rank in Iran | 2nd | ||
| Over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year[1] | |||
| Time zone | IRST (UTC+3:30) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | IRDT (UTC+4:30) | ||
| Website | www.mashhad.ir | ||
Mashhad (Persian: مشهد)[2][3] is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located 850 kilometres (530 mi) east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its population was 2,427,316 at the 2006 population census.[4] It was a major oasis along the ancient Silk Road connecting with Merv in the East.
Now Mashhad is notably known as the resting place of the Imam Reza. A shrine was later built there to commemorate the Imam, which in turn gave rise to increasing demographic development.
Mashhad is also known as the city of Ferdowsi, the Iranian poet of Shahnameh, which is considered to be the national epic of Iran.
Geography and demographics[link]
The city is located at 36.20º North latitude and 59.35º East longitude, in the valley of the Kashaf River near Turkmenistan, between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. The city benefits from the proximity of the mountains, having cool winters, pleasant springs, mild summers, and beautiful autumns. It is only about 250 km (160 mi) from Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
The city is the administrative centre of Mashhad County (or the shahrestan of Mashhad) as well as the somewhat smaller district (bakhsh) of Mashhad. The city itself, excluding parts of the surrounding bakhsh and shahrestan, is divided into 13 smaller administrative units, with a total population of almost 2,5 million.[4]
Mashhad consists mainly of people of Iranian descent (primarily Persian, Tajik, Hazara, Kurdish and Turkmen ethnic groups). Among the non-Iranians, there are sizable population of Afghanistani, Iraqi, Pakistani,as well as small population of Kuwaiti, Bahraini and (Chechen and Dagestani from Russia). In the 19th century and early 20th century, Mashhad was home to a sizable population of Azerbaijani, Armenian, Dagestani, Taleshi, Russian, Bokharan, Khivan, Afghan, Herati, Mervi, Kashmiri, and Indian.
There are also over 20 million pilgrims who visit the city every year.[1]
History[link]
At the beginning of the 9th century (3rd century AH) Mashhad was a small village called Sanabad situated 24 km away from Tus. There was a summer palace of "Hamid ibn Qahtabi", the governor of Khorasan. In 808 when Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid caliph, was passing through there to settle down the insurrection of "Rafi ibn Leith" in Transoxania, he became ill and died. He was buried under the palace of Hamid ibn Qahtabi. Several years later in 818 Imam Ali al-Reza was martyred by Al-Ma'mun and was buried beside the grave of Harun.[5]
After this event this place was called as Mashhad al-Rida (the place of martyrdom of Ali al-Rida). Shias started visiting there for pilgrimage of his grave. By the end of the 9th century a dome was built on the grave and many buildings and Bazaars sprang up around it. During more than a millennium it has been devastated and reconstructed several times.[6]
It was not considered a great city until Mongol raids in 1220 which caused the destruction of many large cities in the Greater Khorasan territories, leaving Mashhad relatively intact. Thus the survivors of the massacres migrated to Mashhad.[7] When the famous world traveller Ibn Battuta visited the town in 1333, he reported that it was a large town with abundant fruit trees, streams and mills. A great dome of elegant construction surmounts the noble mausoleum, the walls being decorated with colored tiles.[1]
Later on, during the Shahrokh era, it became one of the main cities of the Timurid dynasty. In 1418 his wife Goharshad funded the construction of an outstanding mosque beside the shrine, which is known as Goharshad Mosque.[7] The mosque remains relatively intact to this date, its great size an indicator to the status the city held in the 15th century.
Shah Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty, conquered Mashhad after the death of Husayn Bayqarah and the decline of the Timurid dynasty. Mashhad was later captured by the Uzbeks during the reign of Shah Abbas I, only to be retaken by the Shah Abbas in the year of 1597 after a long and severe struggle, defeating the Uzbeks in a great battle near Herat as well as managing to drive them beyond the Oxus River.
Shah Abbas I wanted to encourage Iranians to go to Mashhad for pilgrimage, he himself is known to have walked from Isfahan to Mashhad. During the Safavid era Mashhad gained even more religious recognition, becoming the most important city of the Greater Khorasan as several Madrasah and other structures were built beside the shrine of the Imam Reza.
Besides its religious significance, Mashhad has played an important political role as well. It saw its greatest glory under Nadir Shah, ruler of Iran from 1736 to 1747 and also a great benefactor of the shrine of the Imam Reza, making the city his capital. It remained the capital of the Afsharid dynasty until Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar conquered the then larger region of Khorasan in 1796. In 1749 Ahmad Shah Durrani (The Duranni Pashtun Empire) took possession of Herat, which was ruled by Nadir Shah's grandson, Shah Rukh. Herat fell to Ahmad after almost a year of siege and bloody conflict, Afterwards Mashhad(in present-day Iran) was taken by the The Durrani Empire as well.
In 1912, the sanctuary of the Imam Reza was bombed by the Russian forces, causing widespread and persisting resentment in the Shiite Muslim world.
1935 Imam Reza shrine rebellion[link]
Main article: Imam Reza shrine rebellion
In 1935 a backlash against the modernizing, anti-religious policies of Reza Shah erupted in the Mashed shrine. Responding to a cleric who denounced the Shah's heretical innovations, corruption and heavy consumer taxes, many bazaaris and villagers took refuge in the shrine, chanted slogans such as "The Shah is a new Yezid." For four full days local police and army refused to violate the shrine and the standoff was ended when troops from Azerbaijan arrived and broke into the shrine,[8] killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a final rupture between Shi'ite clergy and the Shah.[9]
1994 Imam Reza shrine bombing[link]
On June 20, 1994, an explosion from a bomb occurred in a prayer hall of the shrine of the Imam Reza[10] The bomb that killed at least 25 people on June 20 in Mashhad exploded at Ashura.[11] Ramzi Yousef, one of the main perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, was found to be behind the plot.[12] However, official state media blamed Mehdi Nahvi, a supposed member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MKO) in order to prevent sectarian violence.
Climate[link]
Mashhad features a steppe climate (Köppen BSk) with hot summers and cool winters. The city only sees about 250 mm of precipitation per year, some of which occasionally falls in the form of snow. Mashhad also has wetter and drier periods with the bulk of the annual precipitation falling between the months of December and May. Summers are typically hot and dry, with high temperatures sometimes exceeding 35 °C (95 °F). Winters are typically cool to cold and somewhat damper, with overnight lows routinely dropping below freezing. Mashhad enjoys on average just under 2900 hours of sunshine per year.
| Climate data for Mashhad | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24 (75) |
26 (79) |
32 (90) |
35.4 (95.7) |
39.2 (102.6) |
41.6 (106.9) |
43.8 (110.8) |
42.4 (108.3) |
42 (108) |
35.8 (96.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
43.8 (110.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
33 (91) |
28.9 (84.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.5 (52.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27 (−17) |
−28 (−18) |
−13 (9) |
−7 (19) |
−1 (30) |
4 (39) |
10 (50) |
5 (41) |
−1 (30) |
−8 (18) |
−16 (3) |
−25 (−13) |
−28 (−18) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 33 (1.3) |
35.2 (1.386) |
55.6 (2.189) |
46.3 (1.823) |
27.6 (1.087) |
4.2 (0.165) |
1.1 (0.043) |
0.8 (0.031) |
1.7 (0.067) |
8.6 (0.339) |
15.4 (0.606) |
24.7 (0.972) |
254.2 (10.008) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 149.1 | 147.3 | 161.2 | 198.6 | 279.2 | 341.7 | 366.1 | 358.7 | 304.5 | 247.4 | 187.5 | 151.1 | 2,892.4 |
| Source: [13] | |||||||||||||
Religion[link]
See also: Imam Reza shrine
Today the holy shrine and its museum holds one of the most extensive cultural and artistic treasuries of Iran, in particular manuscript books and paintings. Several important theological schools are associated with the shrine of the Eighth Imam.
The second largest holy city in the world, Mashhad attracts more than 20 million tourists and pilgrims every year, many of whom come to pay homage to the Imam Reza shrine (the eighth Shi'ite Imam). It has been a magnet for travellers since medieval times.[1] Thus, even as those who complete the pilgrimage to Mecca receive the title of Haji, those who make the pilgrimage to Mashhad—and especially to the Imam Reza shrine – are known as Mashtee, a term employed also of its inhabitants. It is thought that over 20 million Muslims a year make the pilgrimage to Mashhad.
Culture[link]
Long a center of secular and religious learning, Mashhad has been a center for the arts and for the sciences. The Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, named after the great Iranian poet, is located here. The Madrassa of Ayatollah Al-Khoei, originally built in the seventeenth century and recently replaced with modern facilities, is the city's foremost traditional centre for religious learning. The Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, founded in 1984, stands at the centre of town, within the shrine complex. The prestige of traditional religious education at Mashhad attracts students, known as talaban, or "Molah" internationally.
Mashhad is also home to one of the oldest libraries of the Middle-East called the Central Library of Astan-e Quds Razavi with a history of over six centuries. The Astan-e Quds Razavi Museum, which is part of the Astan-e Quds Razavi Complex, is home to over 70,000 rare manuscripts from various historical eras. There are some six million historical documents in the foundation's central library.
In 1569 (977 H), 'Imad al-Din Mas'ud Shirazi, a physician at the Mashhad hospital, wrote the earliest Islamic treatise on syphilis, one influenced by European medical thought. Kashmar rug is a type of Persian rug indigenous to this region.
Main sites[link]
File:TousMuseum.JPG
Tous Museum
Apart from Imam Reza shrine there is a number of large parks, the tombs of historical celebrities in nearby Tus and Nishapur, the tomb of Nadir Shah and Kooh Sangi park and Mellat Park that have modern attractions for children such as the tallest Ferris wheel or fanfar (چرخ و فلک) in Iran[citation needed] and Koohestan Park-e-Shadi Complex that includes a zoo, where many wild animals are kept and which attracts many visitors to Mashhad. It is also home to the Mashhad Airbase (formerly Imam Reza airbase), jointly a military installation housing Mirage aircraft, and a civilian international airport.
Some points of interest lie outside the city: the tomb of Khajeh Morad, along the road to Tehran; the tomb of Khajeh Rabi' located 6 kilometers north of the city where there are some inscriptions by the renowned Safavid calligrapher Reza Abbasi; and the tomb of Khajeh Abasalt, a distance of 20 kilometers from Mashhad along the road to Neishabur. (The three were all disciples of Imam Reza).
Among the other sights are the tomb of the poet Ferdowsi in Tus, 24 kilometers distance, and the summer resorts at Torghabeh, Torogh, Akhlamad, Zoshk, and Shandiz.
The Shah Public Bath, built during the Safavid era in 1648, is an outstanding example of the architecture of that period. It was recently restored, and is to be turned into a museum.
Gallery[link]
Pictures[link]
-
Imam Reza Shrine
-
Proma Hypermarket
-
Kian Center
-
Mashhad is the major trade center of saffron in Iran.
-
Many beautiful handicraft products are sold in Shandiz and Torghabeh.
-
IranianHandicrafts.JPG
Some Iranian Handicrafts (metalwork) in Torghabeh
-
Haruniyeh Dome in Tous
-
Malek's House in Mashhad
-
St. Mesrop Church in Mashhad
-
NadirShahAfshar.JPG
Nader Shah Museum in Mashhad
-
Tous Museum near Mashhad
-
Shandiz a tourist town near Mashhad
-
ImamRezaHospital.JPG
Imam Reza Hospital (formerly Shah Reza Hospital)
-
Homa Hotel
-
Mashhad's countryside
Transportation[link]
Airport[link]
Mashhad is served by the Mashhad International Airport which handles domestic flights to Iranian cities and international flights, mostly to neighboring, Arab countries.
Metro[link]
Main article: Mashhad Light Rail
The Mashhad Urban Railway Corporation (MURCO) is constructing a metro system for the city of Mashhad which includes four lines with 77 km length . The first phase (line) of the metro has been exploited in 21 Feb 2011 with 19 km length and 22 stations[14] and will be connected to Mashhad International Airport. The second line with 14 km length and 12 stations is under construction and is projected to be finished by 2014.[15]
Rail[link]
Mashhad is connected to three major rail lines: Tehran-Mashhad, Mashhad-Bafgh (running south), and Mashhad-Sarakhs at the border with Turkmenistan. Some freight trains continue from Sarakhs towards Uzbekistan and to Kazakhstan, but have to change bogies because of the difference in Rail gauge. A rail line is being constructed off the Mashhad-Bafgh line to connect Mashhad to Herat in Afghanistan, but has not yet been completed and one is planned to connect to the Gorgan railhead and the port of Bandar Torkaman on the Caspian Sea to the west. Passenger rail services are provided by Raja Passenger Trains Company and all trains are operated by R.A.I., Rah-Ahan (Railway) of Iran, the national railway company.
Colleges and universities[link]
Universities
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM)
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
- Khavaran Institute of Higher Education
- Islamic Azad University of Mashhad
- Mashhad Institute Of Technology(MIT)
- Payame Noor University of Mashhad
- Sadjad Institute of Higher Education
- Khayyam University of Mashhad
- Imam Reza University
- Razavi University of Islamic Sciences
Colleges
- Salman Institute of Higher Education
- Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Mashhad Branch (Jahad Daneshgahi of Mashhad)
- Toos Institute of Higher Education
- Shahid Beheshti Teacher Training College
- Shahid Khorshidi Teacher training College
- Asrar Institute of Higher Education
- Samen Institute of Higher Education
- Khayyam Institute of Higher Education
- Alzahra Girls Technical College of Mashhad
- Bahar Institute of Higher Education
- Binalood Institute of Higher Education
- Eqbal Lahoori Institute of Higher Education
- Institute of Applied and Practical Sciences, Khorasan Razavi
Major sport teams[link]
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FC Aboomoslem |
|
Soccer | Samen Stadium and Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) |
|
|
| Payam Mashhad F.C. |
|
Soccer | Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) |
|
|
| Siah Jamegan Khorasan F.C. |
|
Soccer | Samen Stadium and Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) |
|
|
| Elmo Adab Mashhad FSC |
|
Futsal | |||
| Rahahan Khorasan W.C. |
|
Freestyle wrestling | Mohammad Ali Sahraei Hall[16] | ||
| Ferdowsi Club | Beach soccer | ||||
| Mojhaye Abi | Swimming | Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) | |||
| Persepolis Khorasan[17] |
|
Volleyball | Shahid Beheshti Sport Complex | ||
| Basketball Khorasan Razavi |
|
Basketball | Mehran Hall |
Mashhad as capital of Persia and Independent Khorasan[link]
The following Shahanshahs had Mashhad as their capital:
Kianid Dynasty
- Malek Mahmoud Sistani 1722–1726
Autonomous Government of Khorasan
Famous people from Mashhad and Tus[link]
- Religious and political figures
- Shaykh Tusi, 385–460 A.H.; prominent Persian scholar of the Shi'a Twelver Islamic belief
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, born February 1201 in Tūs, Khorasan – 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah near Baghdad; Persian of the Ismaili and subsequently Twelver Shī‘ah Islamic belief
- Seyyed Ali Khamenei, born 17 July 1939; former president and current supreme leader of Iran
- Sheikh Ali Tehrani, brother-in-law of Seyyed Ali Khamenei, currently living in Iran Iraq. He is one of the oppositions of current Iranian government.
- Nizam al-Mulk, 1018 – 14 October 1092; celebrated Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire
- Al-Hurr al-Aamili, Shia scholar and muhaddith
- Al-Ghazali, 1058–1111; Islamic theologian, jurist, philosopher, cosmologist, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin
- Timur Shah Durrani, Emir of Afghanistan 1772-1793
- Ali al-Sistani, born approximately August 4, 1930; Twelver Shi'a marja residing in Iraq since 1951
- Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani, 1839–1911; Twelver Shi'a Marja, Persian (Iranian) politician, philosopher, reformer
- Hossein Vahid Khorasani, born in 1924; Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja
- Mohammad-Ali Abtahi, born January 27, 1958; former Vice President of Iran and a close associate of former reformist President Mohammad Khatami
- Abu Muslim Khorasani, c. 700–755; Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khorasani, Abbasid general of Persian origin
- Manouchehr Eghbal, October 14, 1909 – November 25, 1977, a Prime Minister of Iran
- Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty), August 20, 1377 – March 12, 1447; ruler of the eastern portion of the empire established by the Central Asian warlord Timur (Tamerlane)
- Goharshad, Persian noble and wife of Shāh Rukh, the emperor of the Timurid Dynasty of Herāt
- Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, born August 23, 1961 in Torghabeh, near Mashhad; the current Mayor of Tehran, Iran
- Hassan Rahimpour Azghadi, Conservative political strategist and popular television personality in the Islamic Republic of Iran
- Hadi Khamenei, b. 1947; mid-ranking cleric who is a member of the reformist Association of Combatant Clerics
- Seyed Hassan Firuzabadi, current major general, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Saeed Jalili, born 1965 in Mashhad; Iranian politician and the present secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council
- Writers and scientists
- Ferdowsi, 935–1020 in Tus; a Persian poet
- Abu-Mansur Daqiqi, 935/942–976/980
- Abolfazl Beyhaqi, 995–1077; a Persian historian and author
- Nasir Khusraw, 1004–1088; Persian poet, philosopher, Isma'ili scholar and traveler
- Abusa'id Abolkhayr, December 7, 967 – January 12, 1049 / Muharram ul Haram 1, 357 – Sha'aban 4, 440 AH; famous Persian Sufi who contributed extensively to the evolution of Sufi tradition
- Anvari, 1126–1189, one of the greatest Persian poets
- Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, 1928, Mashhad, Iran – 1990, Tehran, Iran; a Persian poet
- Mohammad-Taghi Bahar, November 6, 1884, Mashhad, Iran – April 22, 1951; Tehran, Iran
- Asadi Tusi, born in Tus, Iranian province of Khorasan, died 1072 Tabriz, Iran; Persian poet of Iranian national epics
- Emad Khorasani
- Gholam Hosein Yousefi
- Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin, 900–971; Persian astronomer and mathematician from Khorasan
- Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī, 10 June 940 – 1 July 998; Persian mathematician and astronomer
- Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, 1135–1213; Persian mathematician and astronomer of the Islamic Golden Age (during the Middle Ages)
- Jābir ibn Hayyān, c. 721 in Tus–c. 815 in Kufa; prominent polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geologist, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician
- Artists
- Mohammad-Reza Shajarian, born September 23, 1940 in Mashhad, Iran; internationally and critically acclaimed Persian traditional singer, composer and Master (Ostad) of Persian music
- Homayoun Shajarian, Mohammad-Reza Shajarian's son, born May 21, 1975; renowned Persian classical music vocalist, as well as a Tombak and Kamancheh player
- Kayvan Saket, born in 1960 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian composer, Radif-preserver, researcher, teacher, and excellent Tar and Setar instrumentalist and improvisor
- Noureddin Zarrinkelk, born 1937 in Mashhad, Iran; renowned Iranian animator, concept artist, editor, graphic designer, illustrator, layout artist, photographer, script writer and sculptor
- Reza Kianian, born July 17, 1951 in Mashhad, Iran, Iranian actor
- Hamid Motebassem, born 1958 in Mashhad, Iranian musician and tar and setar player
- Reza Attaran, born 31 March 1968 in Mashhad; Iranian actor and director
- Hamed Behdad, born 17 November 1973 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian actor
- Marshall Manesh, born 16 August 1950 in Mashad; Iranian-American actor
- Mahdi Bemani Naeini, born November 3, 1968; Iranian film director, cinematographer, TV cameraman and photographer
- Rafi Pitts, born 1967 in Mashhad, Iran; internationally acclaimed Iranian film director
- Javad Jalali, born 30 May 1977 in Mashhah, Iranian Photographer and Cinematographer
- Iran Darroudi, born September 2, 1936 in Mashhad; Iranian artist
- Mohsen Namjoo, born 1976 in Torbat-e-Jaam; Iranian singer-songwriter, author, musician, and setar player
- Mitra Hajjar, born February 4, 1977; Iranian actress
- Ovanes Ohanian, ?–1961 Tehran; Armenian-Iranian filmmaker who established the first film school in Iran
- Valy,[18] Afghan Singer
- Scientists
- Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī, 10 June 940 – 1 July 998; Persian mathematician and astronomer
- Anousheh Ansari, born 12 September 1966; the Iranian-American co-founder and chairman of Prodea Systems, Inc and a spaceflight participant with the Russian space program
- Sports figures
- Heshmat Mohajerani, born January, 1936 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian football coach, manager, and former player
- Khodadad Azizi, born June 22, 1971 in Mashhad, Iran; retired professional football striker
- Alireza Vahedi Nikbakht, born June 30, 1980 in Mashhad; Iranian professional football player
- Hossein Badamaki, Iranian professional football player
- Mohammad Mansouri, Iranian professional football player
- Reza Enayati, Iranian professional football player
- Reza Ghoochannejhad, Iranian-Dutch professional football player
- Mohsen Ghahramani, Iranain football refree
- Mohsen Torki, Iranian football refree
- Seyed Ali Akbarian, known as "father of Iran's mountaineering". Notorious for having ate human flesh while stranded on a hike in Zagros Mountains. Currently owns a Kabob restaurant in Westwood
- Amir Reza Khadem, born February 10, 1970 in Mashhad
- Rasoul Khadem, born February 17, 1972 in Mashhad
- Mohammad Khadem
- Amir Tavakkolian
- Abbas Golmakani, World's wrestling champion during the 1950s
- Others
- Ali Akbar Fayyaz, a renowned historian of early Islam and literary critic, founder of the School of Letters and Humanities at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mahmoud Khayami, born 1930 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian born industrialist and philanthropist, of French nationality
- Hossein Sabet, Iranian businessman and Persian carpet dealer who owns Sabet International Trading Co.
- Hesam Kolahan, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Sister cities[link]
Milan, Italy
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (October 2006)[19]
Karachi, Pakistan[20]- Lahore, Pakistan[21]
Fresno, United States
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Ürümqi, China
Consulates[link]
Active[link]
Former[link]
United Kingdom: British Consulate-General (1889–1947)[22]
Russia: Russian Consulate-General (1889–1917)
USSR: Soviet Consulate-General (1917–1979?)
See also[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b c d "Sacred Sites: Mashhad, Iran". sacredsites.com. http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/iran/mashad.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-13.
- ^ E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 P.127
- ^ The shiites: a short history, Heinz Halm, P.26
- ^ a b Statistical Centre of Iran, 2006 Population and Housing Census, Administrative units of Razavi Khorasan and their populations. (excel-file, in Persian). Retrieved 2008-07-05.[dead link]
- ^ Zabeth (1999) pp. 12–13.
- ^ Zabeth (1999) pp. 13–16.
- ^ a b Zabeth (1999) pp. 14–15.
- ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.94
- ^ Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c1984, p.22
- ^ "ABC Evening News for Monday, Jun 20, 1994". Tvnews.vanderbilt.edu. 1994-06-20. http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=154427. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
- ^ "Explosive circles: Iran. (Mashhad bombing)". Highbeam.com. 1994-06-25. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-16070232.html. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
- ^ "Context of 'Mid-1994: Ramzi Yousef Works Closely with Al-Qaeda Leaders". Historycommons.org. http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=amid94yousefradio. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
- ^ http://www.irimo.ir/farsi/drought/synopH/Mashhad.txt
- ^ . Fars News Agency. 21 February 2011. http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8912020113. Retrieved 29 July 2011 (in Persian).
- ^ . Fars News Agency. 5 July 2011. http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9004141078. Retrieved 29 July 2011 (in Persian).
- ^ "هیات کشتی استان خراسان رضوی". Razavisport.ir. http://www.razavisport.ir/news/show_detail.asp?id=668. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ http://www.afghanstarz.com/apps/photos/album?albumid=3578259
- ^ "Mashad-Kuala Lumpur Become Sister cities". FARS News Agency. 2006-10-14. http://kuala-lumpur-news.newslib.com/story/453-3234431/. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ "Karachi and Mashhad Declared Sister Cities". Daily Times. 2012-05-12. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012\05\12\story_12-5-2012_pg12_1.
- ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 2007-03-02. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ Onley, James. The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj: Merchants, Rulers, and the British in the Nineteenth-Century Gulf. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 15. ISBN 0-19-922810-8.
References[link]
- Zabeth, Hyder Reza (1999). Landmarks of Mashhad. Mashhad, Iran: Islamic Research Foundation. ISBN 964-444-221-0.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mashhad |
- Municipality of Mashhad Official website (in Persian)
- Astan Quds Razavi
- e-Mashhad Mashhad Portal Official website (in Persian)
- Imam Reza Network
- http://www.razavi.ir/
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 ʿAlī al-Riḍā Imam of Twelver Shi'a Islam |
|
|---|---|
A modern depiction by a Shi'a artist |
|
| Rank | 8th Twelver Imām |
| Name | Ali ibn Musa ibn Jafar |
| Kunya | Abū al-Hasan[1] |
| Birth | 11th Dhul Qi‘dah 153AH ≈ 29 December 765 C.E. |
| Death | 28th Safar 203 AH ≈ 23 August 818 C.E. |
| Birthplace | Madīnah[1] |
| Buried | Imām Rizā Mosque, Mashhad |
| Life Duration | Before Imamate: 35 years (148 – 183 AH) Imamate: 20 years (183 – 203 AH) - 17 years in Madīnah - 3 years in Khorasan |
| Titles | |
| Spouse(s) | Sabīkah a.k.a. Khayzurān[1] |
| Father | Mūsā al-Kādhim |
| Mother | Ummul Banīn Najmah[1] |
| Children | Muhammad at-Taqi (successor) |
|
al-Sajjad · al-Baqir · al-Sadiq |
|
‘Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā (Arabic: علي بن موسى الرضا) (commonly known as, ‘Alī al-Riḍā, Ali Rezā, or Ali Rizā) (ca. December 29, 765 – August 23, 818)[1] was the seventh descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams, according to Shia sect of Islam. His given name was ‘Alī ibn Mūsā ibn Ja‘far.
Quotations related to ‘Alī ar-Rizā at Wikiquote
Contents |
Birth and family life[link]
File:Imam Reza 3 1 1 1.jpg
Shrine of Imam Ali Ridha in Mashhad, Iran
On the eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH, a son was born in the house of Imam Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Imam of Islam) in Medina, who took over the position of the Imamate, after his father. He was named Ali and titled al-Ridha. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, Ja'far as-Sādiq. Like his father and grandfather, his education came at the hands of his father. The mother of Ali al-Ridha was Bibi Najmah, who was considered to be the most notable and distinguished lady in the realm of wisdom and faith. Najmah was originally a Berber (from the Maghreb i.e. Northwest Africa).[3] She was purchased and freed by Bibi Hamidah Khatun, wife of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, and like Bibi Hamidah was also a notable Islamic scholar.
Right from his childhood, Ali al-Ridha accompanied his father, Imam Musa al-Kazim, who repeatedly used to tell his friends, "Ali al-Ridha shall be the Imam after me." As such, Makhzumi says one day Musa al-Kadhim summoned and gathered us and said, "I invited you to be witnesses that this child (Ali al-Ridha) is my executor and successor."
Since an extreme choking atmosphere and pressure prevailed in the period of Musa al-Kazim, he added, "What I said must remain (restricted) up to you and do not reproduce it to anybody unless you know he is one of our friends and companions."
Ali al-Ridha's father was martyred in 799, when Ali al-Ridha was 35, and he was given the responsibility of the Imamate. However, his Imamate was rejected by the Waqifite Shia. Ali al-Ridha was not looked upon favorably by Hārūn Rashīd, and the people of Medina were disallowed from visiting Ali al-Ridha and learning from him. Harun attempted to kill him but was unsuccessful.
His prayers[link]
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Ali al-Ridha's morality narrated by Shaykh Saduq[link]
Ali al-Ridha is considered an infallible Imam according to Shia Islam. Below are some historical notes about him.
Shaykh Saduq narrates through the words of Ibrahim ibn Abbas[4] that, "I never saw Ali al-Ridha committing excess over anyone in talking and interrupting anybody's speech before its coming to the end. He did not stretch his legs in the presence of others. When the meal table was laid he invited the servants to it, and took his meals with them. After taking rest in the nights he got up and made himself busy with the prayers to Allah. Similar to his fore fathers he carried food to the houses of the afflicted ones at the mid of nights."
Muhammad ibn Abi Ibad says about Ali al-Ridha, "He used mats of palm date leaves, straws and marsh reed in the summer season, and woolen carpets in the winter."
He led a simple life in his home, but when he went out he used to decorate himself and put on new and clean dress. He respected and honored the guests to the extent that one night a lamp of the house went out of order, the guest got to his feet to put it right. Ali al-Ridha made him sit and he set the lamp right, and said, "We do not employ our guests (exploit) upon work."
Yasir, the servant of Ali al-Ridha says, Ali Ridha said to us, "Whenever you are busy taking your meal, if I call you, do not get up till you have finished up eating." Another friend of Ali al-Ridha says, "One day a stranger came Ali al-Ridha's house and said, I am one of your friends and I am also not a poor man but my money has finished up and I do not have the expenses to return. You give me an amount and when I return to my city I will give it out as alms on your behalf." Ali al-Rida got up and went to another room, brought an amount of two hundred dirhams and gave it to him from behind the door and said, "Take this and go and it is not necessary to give it away as alms on my behalf."
They asked Ali al-Ridha, "Why did you do it this way that he may not see you."
He said, "So that he does not catch my sight and get ashamed (embarrassed)."
Sulaiman, one of the friends of Ali al-Ridha says, "I went along with the Ali Ridha to the house. The labors were busy at work. There was a stranger among them whom Ali al-Ridha did not recognize." He said, "Who is this man?" They said we have brought him from outside, so that he may help us. He said, "Have you concluded an agreement with him and fixed his wages?" They said, "No, he is a good man, whatever we pay him he accepts it and does not utter a word."
Ali al-Ridha was angry and annoyed and said, "I have always told you that when you employ someone for a job first of all fix his wages. Because, when his wages are fixed and you give more than that to him, he will become happy. But if you do not fix his wages and give him three times the amount, he thinks you have not given him the correct wages."
Ali al-Ridha admonishes his brother[link]
File:Imam reza2 2 1 1.jpg
Imam Ali Riza's Shrine, Iran
Once Ali al-Ridha was summoned to Khurasan and he forcibly accepted the special conditions of the succession of al-Ma'mun, al-Ma'mun summoned his brother, Zayd, who had revolted and brought about a riot in Medina to his court in Khurasan. Al-Ma'mun kept him free as a regard and honor to Ali al-Ridha and overlooked his punishment.
One day, when Ali al-Ridha was delivering a speech in a grand assembly, he heard Zayd praising himself before the people, saying I am so and so. Ali al-Ridha asked him saying, "Oh Zayd, have you trusted upon the words of the grocers of Kufa and are conveying them to the people? What kind of things are you talking about? The sons of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatimah Zahra are worthy and outstanding only when they obey the command of Allah, and keep themselves away from sin and blunder. You think you are like Musa al-Kadhim, Ali ibn Husayn, and other Imams? Whereas, they took pains and bore hardships on the way to Allah and prayed to Allah day and night. Do you think you will gain without pain? Be aware, that if a person out of us the Ahl al-Bayt performs a good deed, he gets twice the reward. Because not only he performed good deeds like others but also that he has maintained the honor of Muhammad. If he practices something bad and does a sin, he has performed two sins. One is that he performed a bad act like the rest of the people and the other one is that he has negated the honor of Muhammad."
Oh brother! The one who obeys Allah is from us the Ahl al-Bayt and the one who is a sinner is not ours. Allah said about the son of Noah who cut the spiritual bondage with his father, "He is not out of your lineage; if he was out of your lineage, I would have (saved) and granted him salvation."
Connection to Sufism[link]
Maruf Karkhi who was converted to Islam through Ali ar-Ridha is one of the foremost figures in the golden chain of most Sufi orders. He was a devoted student of Ali ar-Ridha and is an important figure for Sufism and Shi'ism.
Death[link]
Ali al-Ridha did not outlive al-Ma'mun, and died on May 26, 818, in Persia while accompanying al-Ma'mun at Tus. He was poisoned by al-Ma'mun using grapes. Ali al-Ridha is buried within Imam Ridha Mosque, in Mashhad, Iran.
After the death of Hārūn Rashīd, Hārūn's two sons began fighting for control of the Abbāsid Empire. One son, Al-Amin, had an Arab mother and thus had the support of Arabs, while his half-brother Al-Ma'mun had a Persian mother and the support of Persia. Al-Ma'mun believed that Persia was sympathetic to the Hashemites and asked for Ali al-Ridha to meet him in Persia. Ali al-Ridha left his only son, Muħammad at-Taqī, and his wife and set out for Merv.
After defeating his brother, al-Ma'mun named Ali al-Ridha his successor. He hoped to win Shī'a support through this move, but the passage of caliphate would occur only if Ali al-Rida outlived al-Ma'mun (as with all promises of succession). Al-Ma'mun even changed the black Abbāsid flags to green, the traditional color of the house of Alī ibn Abī-Tālib, the first Shī'a imam.
On the night of his death Ali al-Ridha saw his grandfather Muhammad[which?] in the dream saying, "Come to us tomorrow, what we have for you is better than the condition you are in."
Harthama says, Ali al-Ridha got up in the mid of the night and called me so that I be present before him. I put on my dress and went to Ali al-Ridha. He said to me, "al-Ma'mun has decided to poison me through grapes tomorrow. Be aware, after my martyrdom he wishes to give me a bath. Tell him to refrain from it. If you do that Allah will not give you chance and respite (any-longer). At that time my son will arrive from Medina and give me a bath and coffin, without anyone seeing it or getting informed.
Then, they will carry me to the tomb of Hārūn al-Rashīd. Al-Ma'mun wants to bury me behind him. But howsoever they work on the earth the pickaxe; they will fail to dig the soil. At that time tell al-Ma'mun to dig the earth in front of the grave so that a ready-made grave will appear. At that instance a white water boils out of the head-side (grave) and rises up. Small fish appear in that. Then a big fish appears which eats up the small fish. Thereafter, the water will settle down. After that lay me in the grave. Do not put the soil on my grave since; it will be filled up by itself. Oh Harthama, do what I have said and do not allow things to happen against what I told you, otherwise, Allah will torment you (people)."
At last al-Ma'mun poisoned Ali al-Ridha through grapes in Tus, on the way back from Merv to Baghdad. Ali al-Ridha came to the house and said to his old friend Aba Salat, "Collect the carpets of the house and do not allow anyone to enter the house, as this is the time when my soul departs (dying) I want to die on the earth like my grandfather Husayn ibn Ali."
Before the death of Ali ar-Ridha, al-Ma’mun stood next to his pillow (head side). Ali Rida opened his eyes and said to him, "have a good conduct with my son Muhammad al-Taqi for his death and yours are close to each other and do not have much distance in between."
The body of Ali al-Ridha was buried in Mashhad. This occurred when Ali Ridha was 55 years of age.
Following the death of Ali al-Ridha a revolt took place in Khorasan. Al-Ma’mun wept and beat upon his head to show that he was a mourner. Despite this, A wave of despises and noise awn against al-Ma’mun. So that he did not allow the funeral to be carried out for a day and a night. Because, he was afraid that the disturbance may expand and the angry hostile and flared up masses may annihilate all the set ups and organizations. This is the reason why he sent a few men among the people to exhibit and shows the death of Ali al-Ridha as a natural one and tells them that al-Ma’mun did not have a hand in it. But for all he did, he could not get himself acquitted off and prove his innocence. At last, day-by-day he became more and more worthless and despicable in the eyes of the people, until he died in a very bad shape.[5]
Imam Ridha Mosque[link]
Main article: Imam Reza Shrine
See also: List of largest mosques
Today the Imam Riza Mosque in Mashhad occupies a total area of 598,657 m2 (6,443,890 sq ft) – the shrine area occupies 267,079m2 while the seven courtyards which surround it cover an area of 331,578m2.[6] Thus making it the largest mosque in the world, having an area larger than Masjid al-Haram and Masjid al-Nabawi (which have areas of 356,800 m2[7] and 400,500 m2[citation needed] respectively).
The courtyards also contain a total of 14 minarets, and 3 fountains. From the courtyards, external hallways named after scholars lead to the inner areas of the mosque. They are referred to as Bast (Sanctuary), since they were meant to be a safeguard for the shrine areas.
The Bast hallways lead towards a total of 21 internal halls (Riwaq) which surround the burial chamber of Ali al-Ridha. Adjacent to the burial chamber is also a mosque dating back to the 10th century known as, Bala-e-Sar mosque.
Timeline[link]
|
Clan of the Banu Quraish
Born: 11th Dhul Qi‘dah 148 AH ≈ 29th December 765 CE Died: 17th Safar 203 AH ≈ 23rd August 818 CE |
||
| Shī‘a Islam titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Musa al-Kazim |
8th Imam of Twelver Shi'a Islam 799–818 |
Succeeded by Muhammad at-Taqī |
See also[link]
- Ali al-Hadi
- Hajar Khatoon Mosque
- Hasan al-Askari
- Hasan ibn Ali
- Muhammad al-Baqir
- Muhammad al-Mahdi
- Musa al-Kazim
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. 2004. pp. 137.
- ^ al-Qummi, Shaykh Abbas (1998). "2". The Last Journey, Translation of Manazile Akherah. Aejazali Turabhusain Bhujwala. Qum: Imam Ali Foundation. pp. 62–64.
- ^ Slavery in the History of Islam: Slaves' Children – Imams and Caliphs
- ^ Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha
- ^ The Meadows of Gold
- ^ "The Glory of the Islamic World". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1073. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
- ^ Great Mosque of al-Haram at ArchNet
External links[link]
- Ali al-Riza an article by Encyclopædia Iranica
- [1] About Imam Reza
- 'Ali ar-Riza an article of Encyclopædia Britannica online
- The Eighth Imām
- The life of Imām ʻAlī ibn-Mūsā ar-Riđā by Bāqir Sharīf al-Qarashī.
- Imam Ali ar-Rida
- Imam Ali ar-Rida : Official Site of Astane Quds
- Imam Ali Reza on Baabeilm.com
- A Glance at the Biography of Emam Reza
- Ali ibn Musa Rida biography and Hadith
- Imam Ali Reza (p) Holy Shrine in Mashad – Live Broadcast
- Ali ar-Ridha at Find a Grave
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | al-Ridha, Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Imam |
| Date of birth | 765 |
| Place of birth | Madīnah |
| Date of death | 818 |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
