published: 22 Jan 2012
views: 29391
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 14th Dalai Lama
- 1988 Polish strikes
- 1st millennium
- Abbà Pater
- Abdominal aorta
- Abraham
- Abrahamic religions
- Active measures
- Activism
- Ad Tuendam Fidem
- Adam Malik
- Adam Stefan Sapieha
- Adolfo Suárez
- African slave trade
- Agostinho Neto
- Ahmad Shah Massoud
- Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
- Al-Qaeda
- Alain Poher
- Alcide De Gasperi
- Alcove
- Aldo Moro
- Alec Douglas-Home
- Alexander Dubček
- Alexander the Great
- Alexei Kosygin
- All Saints
- Aloysius Stepinac
- Anatoly Dobrynin
- Andrea Riccardi
- Andrei Gromyko
- Andrew Card
- Andrew Grove
- Angela Merkel
- Angelo Sodano
- Anglican Communion
- Anglican Use
- Anglicisation
- Ankara
- Anthony Eden
- Anti-clericalism
- Anti-communism
- Antichrist
- Antonio Segni
- António de Spínola
- Anwar Sadat
- Aníbal Cavaco Silva
- Apostle (Christian)
- Apostolic Fathers
- Apostolic Palace
- April 9 tragedy
- Archbishop
- Archbishop of Kraków
- Archbishop of Vienna
- Arianism
- Armenia
- Assassination
- Assisi
- Associated Press
- Association football
- Assumption of Mary
- Athens
- Attila the Hun
- Augustinian
- Augusto Pinochet
- Authoritarianism
- Authority control
- Auxiliary bishop
- Avignon Papacy
- B'nai B'rith
- Babrak Karmal
- Ballistic trauma
- Ballot
- Baltic Way
- Banca d'Italia
- Banco Ambrosiano
- Bari Airport
- Baroque
- Barry Dov Schwartz
- Bayonet
- Beatification
- Beatified
- Benedict of Nursia
- Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Benjamin Blech
- Bernard Francis Law
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- Bestiality
- Bettino Craxi
- Biblical canon
- Bill Clinton
- Birth control
- Black January
- Blackfriars Bridge
- Blood pressure
- Bob Geldof
- Bojinka plot
- Boleslaw Kominek
- Bolesław Bierut
- Bono
- Book Popes
- Boris Yeltsin
- Brian Mulroney
- Bronisław Geremek
- Browning Hi-Power
- Bulgaria
- Burma
- Byelorussian SSR
- Byzantine
- Byzantine Empire
- Byzantine Iconoclasm
- Cabinet of Israel
- CAFOD
- Camillo Ruini
- Canonisation
- Canonization
- Canterbury Cathedral
- Cardinal Vicar
- Cardinal-Priest
- Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
- Caspar Weinberger
- Cassock
- Catechesi Tradendae
- Category Cold War
- Category Popes
- Catherine of Siena
- Catholic Church
- Catholic Herald
- Catholic Mass
- Centesimus Annus
- Centralisation
- Chai Ling
- Chapel of the Pieta
- Charismatic Movement
- Charlemagne
- Charlemagne Prize
- Charles de Gaulle
- Charter 77
- Che Guevara
- Chechnya
- Chiang Ching-kuo
- Chiang Kai-shek
- Christian Church
- Christian feminism
- Christifideles Laici
- Church of England
- Circulatory collapse
- Civic Forum
- Civil resistance
- Clement Attlee
- Clementine Hall
- Cleric
- Cold War
- College of Cardinals
- Colon (anatomy)
- Colonialism
- Colostomy
- Colour revolution
- Communism
- Concussion
- Condoleezza Rice
- Conscription
- Contraception
- Corazon Aquino
- Corriere della Sera
- Council of Chalcedon
- Council of Jerusalem
- Council of Trent
- Council of Vienne
- Counter-Reformation
- Creator deity
- Credo John Paul II
- Creole language
- Cristina Odone
- Crusades
- Cultural Revolution
- Culture of life
- Częstochowa
- Dalai Lama
- Damascus
- Damascus, Syria
- Daniel Ortega
- Daulia
- David Ho (scientist)
- Day of Prayer
- Death by burning
- Death squad
- Debt relief
- Decentralization
- Decommunization
- Democratic Russia
- Democratization
- Deng Xiaoping
- Denis Sassou Nguesso
- Die Wende
- Dignitatis Humanae
- Dignity
- Diosdado Macapagal
- Divine Mercy Sunday
- Doctrine
- Doi Moi
- Dominicae Cenae
- Donald Tusk
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- Eamon Duffy
- Early Middle Ages
- Earth
- Eastern Bloc
- East–West Schism
- Ecclesia in America
- Ecclesia in Asia
- Ecumenism
- Edict of Nantes
- Edith Zierer
- Eduard Shevardnadze
- Edward Gierek
- Edward Heath
- Edward Renehan
- Egon Krenz
- Eisaku Satō
- El Puente del Papa
- El Salvador
- Elio Toaff
- Emil Constantinescu
- Emilio Colombo
- Encyclical
- Enrico Berlinguer
- Enver Hoxha
- Era of Stagnation
- Erich Honecker
- Ernest Bevin
- Ernesto Cardenal
- Ethiopian Civil War
- Eugeniusz Baziak
- Euro
- European Commission
- European Parliament
- Euthanasia
- Evangelium Vitae
- Ex Corde Ecclesiae
- Excommunication
- F. W. de Klerk
- Familiaris Consortio
- Felipe González
- Feng Congde
- Ferdinand Marcos
- Fidei depositum
- Fidel Castro
- Fidel V. Ramos
- Fides et Ratio
- Forza Italia
- Francesco Cossiga
- Francis of Assisi
- Francis Xavier
- Francisco Franco
- Franciszek Jop
- Franciszek Macharski
- Franz König
- Franz Vranitzky
- François Mitterrand
- Freedom of religion
- French Revolution
- Frère Roger
- Fátima, Portugal
- Galileo Galilei
- Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Gaudium et Spes
- Gdańsk
- Gender role
- General epistles
- Gennady Yanayev
- George H. W. Bush
- George Marshall
- George P. Shultz
- George W. Bush
- George Weigel
- Georges Pompidou
- Georgian SSR
- Gerald Ford
- German reunification
- Gestapo
- Getúlio Vargas
- Gilbert Levine
- Ginka Beer
- Giovanni Benelli
- Giovanni Franzoni
- Giulio Andreotti
- Giuseppe Siri
- Glasnost
- Goalkeeper
- Gregorian chant
- Gregorio Honasan
- Grey Wolves
- Grotto
- GRU
- Gyula Horn
- György Konrád
- Hafez al-Assad
- Hafizullah Amin
- Harold Macmillan
- Harold Wilson
- Harper Collins
- Harry S. Truman
- Head of state
- Hearing (sense)
- Helmut Kohl
- Helmut Schmidt
- Hendrik Brugmans
- Heng Samrin
- Henry Kissinger
- High Middle Ages
- Hirohito
- History of Moldova
- History of the world
- History of Ukraine
- Ho Chi Minh
- Holy Land
- Holy Orders
- Holy See
- Homily
- Homosexuality
- Hua Guofeng
- Human chain
- Human rights
- Human sexuality
- Humanae Vitae
- Hypotension
- Iain Hollingshead
- Ian Paisley
- Ichirō Hatoyama
- Idi Amin
- Ignatius of Antioch
- Imelda Marcos
- Imre Nagy
- Indian sub continent
- Indifferentism
- Indira Gandhi
- Inquisition
- Investiture
- Irenaeus
- Irish Independent
- Iron Curtain
- Israel
- Italian language
- Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán
- Jacques Delors
- James Callaghan
- Jason Berry
- Javier Solana
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Jean Monnet
- Jean-Claude Juncker
- Jean-Claude Trichet
- Jeff Bezos
- Jens Otto Krag
- Jerome
- Jerusalem
- Jesus
- Jewish Telegraph
- Jimmy Carter
- Joachim Gauck
- Joe Clark
- John Diefenbaker
- John F. Kennedy
- John Foster Dulles
- John Koehler
- John the Apostle
- John the Baptist
- John Turner
- John Vianney
- Jonas Savimbi
- Jorge Rafael Videla
- Jose Maria Castillo
- Jose Maria Sison
- Josemaría Escrivá
- Joseph Bech
- Joseph Luns
- Joseph McCarthy
- Joseph Nye
- Joseph Stalin
- Josip Broz Tito
- João Goulart
- Juan Domingo Perón
- Juan Pablo II Bridge
- Juan Ponce Enrile
- Jubilee 2000
- Julius Nyerere
- János Kádár
- Kakuei Tanaka
- Kayak
- Kazakhstan
- Ken Starr
- KGB
- Kiev
- Kim Campbell
- Kim Il-sung
- Kim Philby
- Knights Templar
- Konrad Adenauer
- Konstantin Chernenko
- Konstanty Michalski
- Kraków
- Kwame Nkrumah
- Károly Grósz
- Laborem Exercens
- Labour camp
- Large intestine
- Late Middle Ages
- Latin Empire
- Latin language
- Latin Rite
- Laura Bush
- Le Duan
- Lech Wałęsa
- Legion of Christ
- Leo Tindemans
- Leonel Brizola
- Leonid Brezhnev
- Leopoldo Galtieri
- Lester B. Pearson
- Letter to Women
- LGBT community
- Liberalism
- Liberation theology
- Life imprisonment
- List of popes
- Literature
- Loggia
- Lord's Prayer
- Louis de Montfort
- Louis St. Laurent
- Lustration
- Lutheran
- Luxembourg
- Luís Carlos Prestes
- Lviv
- Lying in state
- Lyndon B. Johnson
- Magisterium
- Magnitizdat
- Mainz
- Makati City
- Malta Summit
- Managua
- Manila
- Manuel Noriega
- Mao Zedong
- Marcel Lefebvre
- Marcelo Caetano
- Marcial Maciel
- Marcos Pérez Jiménez
- Margaret Thatcher
- Martin Luther
- Masayoshi Ōhira
- Masonic Lodge
- Mass (liturgy)
- Mathieu Kérékou
- Max Scheler
- Medical monitor
- Mehmet Ali Ağca
- Memory and Identity
- Menachem Begin
- Mental illness
- Michael Ledeen
- Michael Melchior
- Michel Aflaq
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Milan
- Milouš Jakeš
- Miracle
- Misericordia Dei
- Mitrokhin Commission
- Mobutu Sese Seko
- Mohammad Hatta
- Mohammad Mosaddegh
- Mohammad Najibullah
- Motorcade
- Muammar Gaddafi
- Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
- Mário Soares
- Mátyás Rákosi
- Name Authority File
- Nazi Germany
- Ne Win
- Nelson Mandela
- Neo-Stalinism
- Neocatechumenal Way
- New Forum
- Newt Gingrich
- Ngo Dinh Diem
- Nicaragua
- Nicolae Ceauşescu
- Nidaros Cathedral
- Niegowić
- Nikita Khrushchev
- Nikolai Ryzhkov
- Nobel Peace Prize
- Noboru Takeshita
- Nobusuke Kishi
- Nomenklatura
- Norman Davies
- North Korean famine
- Nur Misuari
- Nur Muhammad Taraki
- Obstetrics
- Omar Torrijos
- Ombi
- Opus Dei
- Ordination
- Ordination of women
- Orphan
- Orthodox Church
- Osteoarthrosis
- Otto von Habsburg
- Our Lady of Fátima
- Our Lady of Kazan
- Our Lady of Lourdes
- Pacifism
- Palmiro Togliatti
- Pan-European Picnic
- Paolo Guzzanti
- Papabile
- Papal coat of arms
- Papal Coronation
- Papal Inauguration
- Papal infallibility
- Papal States
- Park Chung-hee
- Parkinson's disease
- Pastor Bonus
- Pastoral
- Pastoral Provision
- Pastores Dabo Vobis
- Pat Cox
- Patrice Lumumba
- Patrick Flores
- Paul Marcinkus
- Paul of Tarsus
- Paul the Apostle
- Paul-Henri Spaak
- Peggy Noonan
- Perestroika
- Personal computer
- Personalism
- Peter Hebblethwaite
- Peter Ueberroth
- Philology
- Pierre Trudeau
- Pilgrimage
- Plenary session
- Pol Pot
- Poles
- Polish Land Forces
- Polish language
- Polish Radio
- Pope
- Pope Adeodatus I
- Pope Adeodatus II
- Pope Adrian I
- Pope Adrian II
- Pope Adrian III
- Pope Adrian IV
- Pope Adrian V
- Pope Adrian VI
- Pope Agapetus I
- Pope Agapetus II
- Pope Agatho
- Pope Alexander I
- Pope Alexander II
- Pope Alexander III
- Pope Alexander IV
- Pope Alexander VI
- Pope Alexander VII
- Pope Alexander VIII
- Pope Anacletus
- Pope Anastasius I
- Pope Anastasius II
- Pope Anastasius III
- Pope Anastasius IV
- Pope Anicetus
- Pope Anterus
- Pope Benedict I
- Pope Benedict II
- Pope Benedict III
- Pope Benedict IV
- Pope Benedict IX
- Pope Benedict V
- Pope Benedict VI
- Pope Benedict VII
- Pope Benedict VIII
- Pope Benedict XI
- Pope Benedict XII
- Pope Benedict XIII
- Pope Benedict XIV
- Pope Benedict XV
- Pope Benedict XVI
- Pope Boniface I
- Pope Boniface II
- Pope Boniface III
- Pope Boniface IV
- Pope Boniface IX
- Pope Boniface V
- Pope Boniface VI
- Pope Boniface VIII
- Pope Caius
- Pope Callixtus I
- Pope Callixtus II
- Pope Callixtus III
- Pope Celestine I
- Pope Celestine II
- Pope Celestine III
- Pope Celestine IV
- Pope Celestine V
- Pope Clement I
- Pope Clement II
- Pope Clement III
- Pope Clement IV
- Pope Clement IX
- Pope Clement V
- Pope Clement VI
- Pope Clement VII
- Pope Clement VIII
- Pope Clement X
- Pope Clement XI
- Pope Clement XII
- Pope Clement XIII
- Pope Clement XIV
- Pope Conon
- Pope Constantine
- Pope Cornelius
- Pope Damasus I
- Pope Damasus II
- Pope Dionysius
- Pope Donus
- Pope Eleuterus
- Pope Eugene I
- Pope Eugene II
- Pope Eugene III
- Pope Eugene IV
- Pope Eusebius
- Pope Eutychian
- Pope Evaristus
- Pope Fabian
- Pope Felix I
- Pope Felix III
- Pope Felix IV
- Pope Formosus
- Pope Gelasius I
- Pope Gelasius II
- Pope Gregory I
- Pope Gregory II
- Pope Gregory III
- Pope Gregory IV
- Pope Gregory IX
- Pope Gregory V
- Pope Gregory VI
- Pope Gregory VII
- Pope Gregory VIII
- Pope Gregory X
- Pope Gregory XI
- Pope Gregory XII
- Pope Gregory XIII
- Pope Gregory XIV
- Pope Gregory XV
- Pope Gregory XVI
- Pope Hilarius
- Pope Honorius I
- Pope Honorius II
- Pope Honorius III
- Pope Honorius IV
- Pope Hormisdas
- Pope Hyginus
- Pope Innocent I
- Pope Innocent II
- Pope Innocent III
- Pope Innocent IV
- Pope Innocent IX
- Pope Innocent V
- Pope Innocent VI
- Pope Innocent VII
- Pope Innocent VIII
- Pope Innocent X
- Pope Innocent XI
- Pope Innocent XII
- Pope Innocent XIII
- Pope John I
- Pope John II
- Pope John III
- Pope John IV
- Pope John IX
- Pope John Paul I
- Pope John Paul II
- Pope John V
- Pope John VI
- Pope John VII
- Pope John VIII
- Pope John X
- Pope John XI
- Pope John XII
- Pope John XIII
- Pope John XIV
- Pope John XIX
- Pope John XV
- Pope John XVII
- Pope John XVIII
- Pope John XXI
- Pope John XXII
- Pope John XXIII
- Pope Julius I
- Pope Julius II
- Pope Julius III
- Pope Lando
- Pope Leo I
- Pope Leo II
- Pope Leo III
- Pope Leo IV
- Pope Leo IX
- Pope Leo V
- Pope Leo VI
- Pope Leo VII
- Pope Leo VIII
- Pope Leo X
- Pope Leo XI
- Pope Leo XII
- Pope Leo XIII
- Pope Liberius
- Pope Linus
- Pope Lucius I
- Pope Lucius II
- Pope Lucius III
- Pope Marcellinus
- Pope Marcellus I
- Pope Marcellus II
- Pope Marinus I
- Pope Marinus II
- Pope Mark
- Pope Martin I
- Pope Martin IV
- Pope Martin V
- Pope Miltiades
- Pope Nicholas I
- Pope Nicholas II
- Pope Nicholas III
- Pope Nicholas IV
- Pope Nicholas V
- Pope Paschal I
- Pope Paschal II
- Pope Paul I
- Pope Paul II
- Pope Paul III
- Pope Paul IV
- Pope Paul V
- Pope Paul VI
- Pope Pelagius I
- Pope Pelagius II
- Pope Pius I
- Pope Pius II
- Pope Pius III
- Pope Pius IV
- Pope Pius IX
- Pope Pius V
- Pope Pius VI
- Pope Pius VII
- Pope Pius VIII
- Pope Pius X
- Pope Pius XI
- Pope Pius XII
- Pope Pontian
- Pope Romanus
- Pope Sabinian
- Pope Sergius I
- Pope Sergius II
- Pope Sergius III
- Pope Sergius IV
- Pope Severinus
- Pope Silverius
- Pope Simplicius
- Pope Siricius
- Pope Sisinnius
- Pope Sixtus I
- Pope Sixtus II
- Pope Sixtus III
- Pope Sixtus IV
- Pope Sixtus V
- Pope Soter
- Pope Stephen I
- Pope Stephen II
- Pope Stephen III
- Pope Stephen IV
- Pope Stephen IX
- Pope Stephen V
- Pope Stephen VI
- Pope Stephen VII
- Pope Stephen VIII
- Pope Sylvester I
- Pope Sylvester II
- Pope Sylvester III
- Pope Symmachus
- Pope Telesphorus
- Pope Theodore I
- Pope Urban I
- Pope Urban II
- Pope Urban III
- Pope Urban IV
- Pope Urban V
- Pope Urban VI
- Pope Urban VII
- Pope Urban VIII
- Pope Valentine
- Pope Victor I
- Pope Victor II
- Pope Victor III
- Pope Vigilius
- Pope Vitalian
- Pope Zachary
- Pope Zephyrinus
- Pope Zosimus
- Popemobile
- Portal Catholicism
- Portal Cold War
- Portal Pope
- Post-communism
- Poynter Institute
- President of Italy
- President of Romania
- President of Ukraine
- Priestly Blessing
- Primate (religion)
- Propaganda Due
- Protests
- Public domain
- Qur'an
- Ramiz Alia
- Reagan Doctrine
- Red Rabbit
- Redemptor Hominis
- Redemptoris Custos
- Redemptoris Mater
- Redemptoris Missio
- Reduction strategy
- Reformation
- Reformation Day
- Relativism
- Religion and AIDS
- Religious order
- Religious toleration
- Religious war
- Republic of Poland
- Rerum Novarum
- Reuters
- Revolutions of 1989
- Richard Nixon
- Rizal Park
- Robert Bellarmine
- Robert F. Kennedy
- Robert McNamara
- Robert Schuman
- Roberto Calvi
- Roman Herzog
- Roman numerals
- Roman Rite
- Roman Triptych
- Romania
- Ronald Reagan
- Roskilde Cathedral
- Roy Jenkins
- Ruhollah Khomeini
- Russian SFSR
- Rómulo Betancourt
- Sacrament
- Sacred Heart
- Saddam Hussein
- Saint
- Saint Boniface
- Saint Florian
- Saint Peter
- Saint Peter's Square
- Saint Stephen
- Salah Jadid
- Salgueiro Maia
- Sali Berisha
- Salvador Allende
- Same-sex marriage
- Samizdat
- San Antonio
- Saparmurat Niyazov
- Scarlet fever
- Schoenstatt Movement
- Seminary
- Septic shock
- Serbs
- Sexual reproduction
- Shigeru Yoshida
- Shimabara Rebellion
- Shortage economy
- Siad Barre
- Sic
- Silvio Berlusconi
- Simone Veil
- Sinatra Doctrine
- Singing Revolution
- Skepticism
- Skiing
- Slavorum Apostoli
- Small intestine
- Social justice
- Social mortgage
- Society of Jesus
- Soft power
- Solvay (company)
- Somoza
- Sophene
- Soul (spirit)
- South Yemen
- Soviet Empire
- Soviet Union
- Special Period
- St. Peter's Basilica
- St. Peter's Square
- St. Sebastian
- Stanisław Dziwisz
- Status of Međugorje
- Stefan Wyszyński
- Stolen Generations
- Street children
- Strike action
- Suharto
- Suicide attack
- Sukarno
- Syllabus of Errors
- Syncretism
- Syngman Rhee
- Synod
- Sąjūdis
- Sōsuke Uno
- Tad Szulc
- Tajik SSR
- Takeo Fukuda
- Takeo Miki
- Tank Man
- Tarcisio Bertone
- Ted Turner
- Template Popes
- Template talk Popes
- Teoctist Arăpaşu
- Tertullian
- The Bojinka Plot
- The Holocaust
- The Independent
- The Jeweler's Shop
- The Miami Herald
- The Papal Chase
- The Pope's Children
- The Pope's Toilet
- The Times
- Theology
- Theology of the Body
- Third World
- Thomas Aquinas
- Thomas More
- Thomism
- Time (magazine)
- Titular church
- Todor Zhivkov
- Tony Blair
- Toshiki Kaifu
- Totalitarianism
- Totus Tuus
- Tridentine Mass
- Turkey
- Turkmen SSR
- Turku Cathedral
- Tygodnik Powszechny
- Tôn Đức Thắng
- U Nu
- U2
- Ukraine
- Ukrainians
- Umayyad Mosque
- Uppsala Cathedral
- Urho Kekkonen
- Uri Geller
- Ustaše
- Ut Unum Sint
- Uzbek SSR
- Vasco Gonçalves
- Vatican Bank
- Vatican City
- Vatican Press Office
- Velvet Revolution
- Venerable
- Veritatis Splendor
- Viacheslav Chornovil
- Violeta Chamorro
- Vladimir Bukovsky
- Vladimir Putin
- Vulgate
- Vyacheslav Molotov
- Vytautas Landsbergis
- Václav Havel
- Vågå
- Wadowice
- Walter Hallstein
- Walter Scheel
- Walter Ulbricht
- Wang Dan
- Warsaw
- Warsaw Uprising
- Wehrmacht
- Western Wall
- White House
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Willy Brandt
- Winston Churchill
- Wojciech Jaruzelski
- Wolfgang Schäuble
- Women's rights
- World Youth Day
- World Youth Day 1995
- World Youth Day 2005
- World Youth Day 2008
- WorldCat
- WP IPA for Polish
- Wu'erkaixi
- Władysław Gomułka
- Yad Vashem
- Yasser Arafat
- Yasuhiro Nakasone
- Yemeni unification
- Yitzhak Rabin
- Yugoslav Wars
- Yuri Andropov
- Zenko Suzuki
- Zhao Ziyang
- Zhelyu Zhelev
- Zhou Enlai
- Zianon Pazniak
- Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
- Złoty
- Álvaro Cunhal
- Óscar Romero
- Þingvellir
-
Ankara
Ankara (Traditional English: Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2008 the city had a population of 4,500,000. Ankara also serves as the capital of Ankara Province.
http://wn.com/Ankara -
Apostolic Palace
:Not to be confused with the nearby Lateran Palace.
http://wn.com/Apostolic_Palace -
Armenia
http://wn.com/Armenia -
Assisi
Assisi (, from the ) is a town and comune of Italy in province of Perugia, in the Umbria region and on the western flank of Monte Subasio.
http://wn.com/Assisi -
Blackfriars Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge over the River Thames in London, between Waterloo Bridge and Blackfriars Railway Bridge, carrying the A201 road. The north end is near the Inns of Court and Temple Church, along with Blackfriars station. The south end is near the Tate Modern art gallery and the Oxo Tower.
http://wn.com/Blackfriars_Bridge -
Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
http://wn.com/Bulgaria -
Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
http://wn.com/Burma -
Chechnya
http://wn.com/Chechnya -
Counter-Reformation
http://wn.com/Counter-Reformation -
Częstochowa
http://wn.com/Częstochowa -
Damascus
http://wn.com/Damascus -
El Puente del Papa
http://wn.com/El_Puente_del_Papa -
El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
http://wn.com/El_Salvador -
European Commission
The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union.
http://wn.com/European_Commission -
European Parliament
The European Parliament (abbreviated as Europarl or the EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU). Together with the Council of the European Union (the Council), it forms the bicameral legislative branch of the EU and has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. The Parliament and Council form the highest legislative body within the EU. The Parliament is composed of 736 MEPs (Member of the European Parliament), who serve the second largest democratic electorate in the world (after India) and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world (375 million eligible voters in 2009).
http://wn.com/European_Parliament -
Fátima, Portugal
http://wn.com/Fátima_Portugal -
Gdańsk
http://wn.com/Gdańsk -
Gestapo
The Gestapo (; abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, Secret State Police) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning in April 1934, it was under the administration of the SS leader Heinrich Himmler in his position as Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei). From September 1939 forward it was administered by the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) ("Reich Main Security Office") and was considered a sister organization of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) ("Security Service") and also a suboffice of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) ("security police").
http://wn.com/Gestapo -
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
http://wn.com/Jerusalem -
Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/Kazakhstan -
Kraków
http://wn.com/Kraków -
Luxembourg
Luxembourg ( ), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (, , ), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (999 sq mi).
http://wn.com/Luxembourg -
Lviv
http://wn.com/Lviv -
Makati City
Makati City (pronounced ; ) is one of the 16 cities that make up Metro Manila, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. Makati is the financial center of the Philippines and one of the major financial, commercial and economic hubs in Asia. As the host of various embassies, it is also an important center for international affairs.
http://wn.com/Makati_City -
Managua
http://wn.com/Managua -
Milan
Milan (, ; Western Lombard: Milan, ) is a city in Italy and the capital of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1,310,000, while the urban area is the first in Italy and the fifth largest in the European Union with a population of 4,345,000 over an area of . The Milan metropolitan area, by far the largest in Italy, is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 7,400,000.
http://wn.com/Milan -
Nazi Germany
http://wn.com/Nazi_Germany -
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
http://wn.com/Nicaragua -
Nidaros Cathedral
Nidaros Cathedral (Nidarosdomen) is a church in located in Trondheim, Norway. It was the cathedral of the Norwegian archdiocese, from its establishment in 1152 until its abolition in 1537. Since the Reformation, it has been the cathedral of the Lutheran bishops of Trondheim or Nidaros in the Diocese of Nidaros. The architectural style of the cathedral is romanesque and gothic. Historically it was an important destination for pilgrims coming from all of Northern Europe.
http://wn.com/Nidaros_Cathedral -
Niegowić
http://wn.com/Niegowić -
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
http://wn.com/Nobel_Peace_Prize -
Pan-European Picnic
The Pan-European Picnic (; ) was a peace demonstration held on the Austrian-Hungarian border near the town of Sopron on 19 August 1989, an important event in political developments which led to the fall of the Iron Curtain and the reunification of Germany.
http://wn.com/Pan-European_Picnic -
Papal States
The Papal State(s), State(s) of the Church, or Pontifical States (, also Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa, Stati Pontifici, and Stato Ecclesiastico; , also Dicio Pontificia) were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (after which the Papal States, in less territorially extensive form, continued to exist until 1870).
http://wn.com/Papal_States -
Republic of Poland
http://wn.com/Republic_of_Poland -
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
http://wn.com/Romania -
Saint Peter's Square
'''Saint Peter's Square''' () is located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave within Rome (the Piazza borders to the East the rione of Borgo).
http://wn.com/Saint_Peter's_Square -
San Antonio
The City of San Antonio () is the second-largest city in the American state of Texas and the seventh-largest city in the United States with a population of 1.4 million. The city is the seat of Bexar County. Located in the and the northern part of , San Antonio is the center of Tejano culture and Texas tourism. The city is characteristic of other Southwest urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city. It was the fourth-fastest growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006 and the fifth-fastest-growing from 2007 to 2008. The metropolitan area has a population of nearly 2.1 million based on the 2009 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 28th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S and third in Texas.
http://wn.com/San_Antonio -
South Yemen
http://wn.com/South_Yemen -
Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Tajik SSR
http://wn.com/Tajik_SSR -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
Turkmen SSR
http://wn.com/Turkmen_SSR -
Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
http://wn.com/Ukraine -
Uppsala Cathedral
Uppsala Cathedral () is a cathedral located centrally in the city of Uppsala, Sweden. It dates back to the late 13th century and at a height of 118.7 m is the largest church building in Scandinavia. Originally built under Roman Catholicism and used for coronations of the Swedish monarch, since the Protestant Reformation, it has been controlled by the Lutheran Church of Sweden. It is now the seat of the Archbishop of the Church of Sweden.
http://wn.com/Uppsala_Cathedral -
Vatican Bank
http://wn.com/Vatican_Bank -
Vatican City
http://wn.com/Vatican_City -
Wadowice
http://wn.com/Wadowice -
Warsaw
Warsaw ( ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of June 2009 was estimated at 1,711,466, and the Warsaw metropolitan area at approximately 2,785,000. The city area is , with an agglomeration of (Warsaw Metro Area Obszar Metropolitalny Warszawy). Warsaw is the 9th largest city in the European Union by population.
http://wn.com/Warsaw -
White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
http://wn.com/White_House -
World Youth Day 1995
World Youth Day 1995 was a Catholic youth festival that took place from January 10–15, 1995 in Manila, Philippines. It was the first time for an Asian country to host the event. Pope John Paul II presided over the event, marking his second trip to the country.
http://wn.com/World_Youth_Day_1995 -
World Youth Day 2005
The 20th World Youth Day 2005 () was a Catholic youth festival that started on August 16 and continued until August 21, 2005 in Cologne, Germany. It was the first World Youth Day and foreign trip of Pope Benedict XVI, who joined the festival on August 18. This meeting was decided by the previous pope, John Paul II, during the Toronto World Youth Day of 2002. The theme was "We have come to worship Him" (from ).
http://wn.com/World_Youth_Day_2005 -
Þingvellir
http://wn.com/Þingvellir
-
14th Dalai Lama
The 14th Dalai Lama (Religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, born Lhamo Dondrub, 6 July 1935) is the 14th and current Dalai Lama. Dalai Lamas are the most influential figure in the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism, although the 14th has controversially consolidated control over the other sects in recent years. He is also well known for his political activities relating to the Tibetan independence movement, although he has recently moderated his stance. Tibetans traditionally believe him to be the reincarnation of his predecessors.
http://wn.com/14th_Dalai_Lama -
Abraham
Abraham(originally known as Abram) (, , ', ', ) is the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Edomites, and the Midianites and kindred peoples, according to the book of Genesis.
http://wn.com/Abraham -
Adam Malik
http://wn.com/Adam_Malik -
Adam Stefan Sapieha
| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=250 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
http://wn.com/Adam_Stefan_Sapieha -
Adolfo Suárez
http://wn.com/Adolfo_Suárez -
Agostinho Neto
http://wn.com/Agostinho_Neto -
Ahmad Shah Massoud
http://wn.com/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud -
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
http://wn.com/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr -
Alain Poher
http://wn.com/Alain_Poher -
Alcide De Gasperi
Alcide De Gasperi (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician and founder of the Christian Democratic Party. From 1945 to 1953 he was the prime minister of eight successive coalition governments. His eight-year rule remains a landmark of political longevity for a leader in modern Italian politics. A conservative Catholic, he was one of the Founding fathers of the European Union, along with the Frenchman Robert Schuman and the German Konrad Adenauer.
http://wn.com/Alcide_De_Gasperi -
Aldo Moro
http://wn.com/Aldo_Moro -
Alexander Dubček
http://wn.com/Alexander_Dubček -
Alexander the Great
http://wn.com/Alexander_the_Great -
All Saints
'''All Saints' Day (in the Roman Catholic Church officially the Solemnity of All Saints and also called All Hallows or Hallowmas), often shortened to All Saints''', is a solemnity celebrated on 1 November in Western Christianity, and on the first Sunday after Pentecost in Eastern Christianity, in honour of all the saints, known and unknown.
http://wn.com/All_Saints -
Aloysius Stepinac
http://wn.com/Aloysius_Stepinac -
Andrea Riccardi
http://wn.com/Andrea_Riccardi -
Andrei Gromyko
http://wn.com/Andrei_Gromyko -
Andrew Card
Andrew Hill "Andy" Card Jr. (born May 10, 1947) is a Republican American politician, former United States Cabinet member, and head of President George W. Bush's White House Iraq Group. Card served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation under President George H. W. Bush and the White House Chief of Staff under George W. Bush. He announced his resignation as Chief of Staff March 28, 2006, effective April 14, 2006.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Card -
Angela Merkel
http://wn.com/Angela_Merkel -
Angelo Sodano
Angelo Sodano (born 23 November 1927) is an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the current Dean of the College of Cardinals and former Vatican Secretary of State, having held that post from 1990 to 2006, under both popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI. On 27 April 2005, he was elected to succeed Benedict XVI as Dean of the College of Cardinals by his fellow Cardinal Bishops. Sodano was the first person since 1828 to serve simultaneously as Dean and Secretary of State.
http://wn.com/Angelo_Sodano -
Anthony Eden
http://wn.com/Anthony_Eden -
Antonio Segni
http://wn.com/Antonio_Segni -
António de Spínola
http://wn.com/António_de_Spínola -
Anwar Sadat
http://wn.com/Anwar_Sadat -
Aníbal Cavaco Silva
http://wn.com/Aníbal_Cavaco_Silva -
Attila the Hun
http://wn.com/Attila_the_Hun -
Augusto Pinochet
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet -
Babrak Karmal
http://wn.com/Babrak_Karmal -
Beatification
http://wn.com/Beatification -
Beatified
http://wn.com/Beatified -
Benedict of Nursia
:"Saint Benedict" redirects here. This article is about the founder of Western monasticism; for other saints named Benedict, see Benedict.
http://wn.com/Benedict_of_Nursia -
Benigno Aquino, Jr.
http://wn.com/Benigno_Aquino_Jr -
Benjamin Blech
Benjamin Blech, born in Zurich in 1933, is an Orthodox rabbi who now lives in New York City.
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Blech -
Bernard of Clairvaux
http://wn.com/Bernard_of_Clairvaux -
Bettino Craxi
http://wn.com/Bettino_Craxi -
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
http://wn.com/Bill_Clinton -
Boleslaw Kominek
http://wn.com/Boleslaw_Kominek -
Bolesław Bierut
http://wn.com/Bolesław_Bierut -
Bono
Paul David Hewson (born 10 May 1960), most commonly known by his stage name Bono ( ), is an Irish singer and musician, best known for being the main vocalist of the Dublin-based rock band U2. Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Ali Hewson, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, often using political, social, and religious themes. During their early years, Bono's lyrics contributed to U2's rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with members of U2.
http://wn.com/Bono -
Boris Yeltsin
http://wn.com/Boris_Yeltsin -
Brian Mulroney
Martin Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, GOQ (; born March 20, 1939) was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of highly contentious economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the failure of equally contentious constitutional reforms through the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal.
http://wn.com/Brian_Mulroney -
Bronisław Geremek
http://wn.com/Bronisław_Geremek -
Camillo Ruini
Camillo Ruini (born 19 February 1931) is an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome from 1991 to 2008 [http://212.77.1.245/news_services/bulletin/news/22350.php?index=22350&po;_date=27.06.2008⟨=en]. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1991.
http://wn.com/Camillo_Ruini -
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (; born 9 December 1920) is an Italian politician and banker. He was the 73rd Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and was the tenth President of the Italian Republic from 1999 to 2006. He is currently a Senator for life in the Italian Senate.
http://wn.com/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi -
Caspar Weinberger
Caspar Willard "Cap" Weinberger (August 18, 1917 – March 28, 2006), was an American politician, vice president and general counsel of Bechtel Corporation, and Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from January 21, 1981, until November 23, 1987, making him the third longest-serving defense secretary to date, after Robert McNamara and Donald Rumsfeld. He is also known for his role in the Strategic Defense Initiative and the Iran-Contra Affair.
http://wn.com/Caspar_Weinberger -
Catherine of Siena
http://wn.com/Catherine_of_Siena -
Chai Ling
http://wn.com/Chai_Ling -
Charlemagne
http://wn.com/Charlemagne -
Charles de Gaulle
http://wn.com/Charles_de_Gaulle -
Che Guevara
http://wn.com/Che_Guevara -
Chechnya
http://wn.com/Chechnya -
Chiang Ching-kuo
http://wn.com/Chiang_Ching-kuo -
Chiang Kai-shek
http://wn.com/Chiang_Kai-shek -
Clement Attlee
http://wn.com/Clement_Attlee -
Corazon Aquino
http://wn.com/Corazon_Aquino -
Cristina Odone
Cristina Patricia Odone (born 11 November 1960 in Nairobi, Kenya) is an Italian journalist, editor, and writer living in the United Kingdom. She has written for several newspapers, and was formerly the editor of The Catholic Herald, and deputy editor of the New Statesman.
http://wn.com/Cristina_Odone -
Cultural Revolution
http://wn.com/Cultural_Revolution -
Dalai Lama
http://wn.com/Dalai_Lama -
Daniel Ortega
http://wn.com/Daniel_Ortega -
David Ho (scientist)
David Da-i Ho (; born November 3, 1952) is a Taiwanese American AIDS researcher famous for pioneering the use of protease inhibitors in treating HIV-infected patients with his team.
http://wn.com/David_Ho_(scientist) -
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (; 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a Chinese politician, statesman, theorist, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (historically the highest position in Communist China), he nonetheless served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to the early 1990s.
http://wn.com/Deng_Xiaoping -
Dwight D. Eisenhower
http://wn.com/Dwight_D_Eisenhower -
Eduard Shevardnadze
Eduard Shevardnadze (, ; , Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze; born 25 January 1927 / 28 is written in papers) served as the second President of Georgia from 1995 until he resigned on 23 November 2003 as a consequence of the bloodless Rose Revolution. Prior to his presidency, he served under Mikhail Gorbachev as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Shevardnadze's political skills earned him the nickname of tetri melia (white fox).
http://wn.com/Eduard_Shevardnadze -
Edward Gierek
Edward Gierek (; January 6, 1913 - July 29, 2001) was a Polish communist politician.
http://wn.com/Edward_Gierek -
Edward Heath
http://wn.com/Edward_Heath -
Egon Krenz
Egon Krenz (born 19 March 1937) is a former politician from East Germany (the German Democratic Republic), and that country's last Communist leader. He succeeded Erich Honecker as leader of the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and head of state in October 1989, but was ousted just under three months later amid the collapse of the communist regime.
http://wn.com/Egon_Krenz -
Elio Toaff
Elio Toaff (born 30 April 1915 in Livorno) is the former Chief Rabbi of Rome. On 13 April 1986, he greeted and prayed with Pope John Paul II during an unannounced visit to the Synagogue of Rome.
http://wn.com/Elio_Toaff -
Emil Constantinescu
Emil Constantinescu (; born November 19, 1939) was President of Romania from 1996 to 2000.
http://wn.com/Emil_Constantinescu -
Emilio Colombo
Emilio Colombo (born 11 April 1920) is an Italian diplomat and politician. In addition to having held top positions in Italian governments, he was also active in European politics.
http://wn.com/Emilio_Colombo -
Enrico Berlinguer
http://wn.com/Enrico_Berlinguer -
Enver Hoxha
(pronounced , 16 October 1908 11 April 1985) was the leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania. He also served as Prime Minister of Albania from 1944 to 1954, Minister of Defense from 1944 to 1953, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1946 to 1953, Chairman of the Democratic Front from 1945 to his death, and as Commander-in-Chief of the Albanian armed forces from 1944 to his death.
http://wn.com/Enver_Hoxha -
Erich Honecker
http://wn.com/Erich_Honecker -
Ernest Bevin
http://wn.com/Ernest_Bevin -
Ernesto Cardenal
http://wn.com/Ernesto_Cardenal -
Ethiopian Civil War
http://wn.com/Ethiopian_Civil_War -
F. W. de Klerk
http://wn.com/F_W_de_Klerk -
Felipe González
http://wn.com/Felipe_González -
Feng Congde
http://wn.com/Feng_Congde -
Ferdinand Marcos
http://wn.com/Ferdinand_Marcos -
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban politician. One of the primary leaders of the Cuban Revolution, Castro served as the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then as the President of the Council of State of Cuba and the President of Council of Ministers of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He currently serves as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, a position he has held since 1965.
http://wn.com/Fidel_Castro -
Fidel V. Ramos
Fidel "Eddie" Valdez Ramos (born March 18, 1928), popularly known as FVR, was the 12th President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. During his six years in office, Ramos was widely credited and admired by many for revitalizing and renewing international confidence in the Philippine economy.
http://wn.com/Fidel_V_Ramos -
Francesco Cossiga
http://wn.com/Francesco_Cossiga -
Francis of Assisi
Saint Francis of Assisi (Giovanni Francesco di Bernardone; 1181/1182October 3, 1226) was a Catholic deacon and preacher. He also was the founder of the Order of Friars Minor, more commonly known as the Franciscans.
http://wn.com/Francis_of_Assisi -
Francis Xavier
http://wn.com/Francis_Xavier -
Francisco Franco
http://wn.com/Francisco_Franco -
Franciszek Macharski
http://wn.com/Franciszek_Macharski -
Franz König
http://wn.com/Franz_König -
Franz Vranitzky
http://wn.com/Franz_Vranitzky -
François Mitterrand
http://wn.com/François_Mitterrand -
Frère Roger
http://wn.com/Frère_Roger -
Galileo Galilei
http://wn.com/Galileo_Galilei -
Gamal Abdel Nasser
:''This is an Arabic patronymic name; the family name is Abdel Nasser, taken from his father's given name.''
http://wn.com/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser -
Gennady Yanayev
Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (; 26 August 1937 – 24 September 2010) was a Soviet Russian politician and statesman whose career spanned the rules of Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko, and culminated during the Gorbachev years. Yanayev was born in Perevoz, Gorky Oblast. After years in local politics, he rose to prominence as Chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, but he also held other lesser posts such as deputy of the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries.
http://wn.com/Gennady_Yanayev -
George H. W. Bush
http://wn.com/George_H_W_Bush -
George Marshall
George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II, Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. As Secretary of State, his name was given to the Marshall Plan, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
http://wn.com/George_Marshall -
George P. Shultz
George Pratt Shultz (born December 13, 1920) is an American economist, statesman, and businessman. He served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970, as the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1972 to 1974, and as the U.S. Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989. Before entering politics, he was professor of economics at MIT and the University of Chicago, serving as Dean of the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business from 1962 to 1969. Between 1974 and 1982, Shultz was an executive at Bechtel, eventually becoming the firm's president. He is currently a distinguished fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution.
http://wn.com/George_P_Shultz -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
http://wn.com/George_W_Bush -
George Weigel
George Weigel (Baltimore, 1951 - ) is an American author, and political and social activist. He currently serves as a Distinguished Senior Fellow of the Ethics and Public Policy Center. Weigel was the Founding President of the James Madison Foundation. He is the author of the best-selling biography of Pope John Paul II, Witness to Hope.
http://wn.com/George_Weigel -
Georges Pompidou
Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (; 5 July 1911 2 April 1974) was a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968, holding the longest tenure in this position, and later President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974.
http://wn.com/Georges_Pompidou -
Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he also became the only President of the United States who was elected neither President nor Vice-President.
http://wn.com/Gerald_Ford -
Getúlio Vargas
http://wn.com/Getúlio_Vargas -
Gilbert Levine
Sir Gilbert Levine (born January 22, 1948, Brooklyn, New York) is an American conductor. He is considered an "outstanding personality in the world of international music television." Levine is a Knight Commander with Star of the Order of St. Gregory the Great.
http://wn.com/Gilbert_Levine -
Giovanni Franzoni
Giovanni Battista Franzoni (born 8 November 1928, Varna) is a Christian communist and dissident Catholic theologian. A popular abbot at St. Paul's Outside the Walls, one of the most popular churches in Rome, he was defrocked by Pope Paul VI, with whom he had feuded over theology, during the Cold War, after he had announced his intention to vote for the relatively mainstream Italian Communist Party in 1976, which Franzoni had joined in June of that year.
http://wn.com/Giovanni_Franzoni -
Giulio Andreotti
http://wn.com/Giulio_Andreotti -
Giuseppe Siri
Giuseppe Siri (May 20, 1906—May 2, 1989) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Genoa from 1946 to 1987, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.
http://wn.com/Giuseppe_Siri -
Gregorio Honasan
Gregorio Ballesteros Honasan II (born March 14, 1948), better known as Gringo Honasan, is a Filipino political figure. He played a key role in the 1986 EDSA Revolution that toppled the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos. He led a series of deadly coup attempts against the administration of Corazon Aquino, none of which were successful. President Fidel Ramos granted him amnesty in 1992. He entered politics and became a senator from 1995 to 2004 and again since 2007.
http://wn.com/Gregorio_Honasan -
Gyula Horn
http://wn.com/Gyula_Horn -
György Konrád
http://wn.com/György_Konrád -
Hafez al-Assad
Hafez al-Assad ( ) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was the president of Syria for three decades. Assad's rule stabilized and consolidated the power of the country's central government after decades of coups and counter-coups. He was succeeded by his son and current president Bashar al-Assad in 2000.
http://wn.com/Hafez_al-Assad -
Hafizullah Amin
http://wn.com/Hafizullah_Amin -
Harold Macmillan
http://wn.com/Harold_Macmillan -
Harold Wilson
http://wn.com/Harold_Wilson -
Harry S. Truman
http://wn.com/Harry_S_Truman -
Helmut Kohl
http://wn.com/Helmut_Kohl -
Helmut Schmidt
Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (; born 23 December 1918) is a German Social Democratic politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982. Prior to becoming chancellor, he had served as Minister of Defence and Minister of Finance. He had also served briefly as Minister of Economics and as acting Foreign Minister. He is the oldest surviving German Chancellor and the last surviving person to have been solely Chancellor of West Germany (Helmut Kohl was Chancellor of both West Germany and reunified Germany). He also is the oldest Federal German Minister surviving after the death of his Interior Minister Werner Maihofer.
http://wn.com/Helmut_Schmidt -
Hendrik Brugmans
Hendrik Brugmans (Amsterdam 13 December 1906 - Bruges 12 March 1997) was the son of historian Hajo Brugmans and Maria Keizer. He studied history of French literature at the Universiteit van Amsterdam and the Sorbonne University in Paris.
http://wn.com/Hendrik_Brugmans -
Heng Samrin
http://wn.com/Heng_Samrin -
Henry Kissinger
Henry Alfred Kissinger (; born May 27, 1923) is a German-born American political scientist, diplomat, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. After his term, his opinion was still sought out by many following presidents.
http://wn.com/Henry_Kissinger -
Hirohito
http://wn.com/Hirohito -
Ho Chi Minh
http://wn.com/Ho_Chi_Minh -
Hua Guofeng
http://wn.com/Hua_Guofeng -
Ian Paisley
http://wn.com/Ian_Paisley -
Idi Amin
http://wn.com/Idi_Amin -
Ignatius of Antioch
http://wn.com/Ignatius_of_Antioch -
Imelda Marcos
Imelda R. Marcos (born Imelda Remedios Visitacion Romualdez on July 2, 1929) is a Filipino politician and wife of 10th Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos. Upon the ascension of her husband to political power, she held various positions to the government until 1986. She is the first politician elected as member of the Philippine legislature in three geographical locations (Manila, Leyte, Ilocos Norte). In 2010, she was elected to become a member of the House of Representatives to represent Ilocos Norte's second district. She is sometimes referred to as the Steel Butterfly or the Iron Butterfly. She is often remembered for symbols of the extravagance of her husband's political reign such as her collection of 2700 pairs of shoes.
http://wn.com/Imelda_Marcos -
Imre Nagy
http://wn.com/Imre_Nagy -
Indira Gandhi
http://wn.com/Indira_Gandhi -
Irenaeus
http://wn.com/Irenaeus -
James Callaghan
http://wn.com/James_Callaghan -
Jason Berry
Jason Berry is an investigative reporter in New Orleans, an American author and film director. He is renowned for pioneering investigative reporting on sexual abuse in the priesthood of the Catholic Church.
http://wn.com/Jason_Berry -
Javier Solana
http://wn.com/Javier_Solana -
Jawaharlal Nehru
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru -
Jean Monnet
Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet (; 9 November 1888 – 16 March 1979) is regarded by many as a chief architect of European Unity. Never elected to public office, Monnet worked behind the scenes of American and European governments as a well-connected pragmatic internationalist.
http://wn.com/Jean_Monnet -
Jean-Claude Juncker
Jean-Claude Juncker (born 9 December 1954) is a Luxembourgish politician, the leader of the Christian Social People's Party. He is the Prime Minister of Luxembourg, having succeeded Jacques Santer on 20 January 1995.
http://wn.com/Jean-Claude_Juncker -
Jean-Claude Trichet
Jean-Claude Trichet (born 20 December 1942) is a French civil servant who is the current president of the European Central Bank, a position he has held since 2003. He is also a member of the Board of Directors of the Bank for International Settlements. Trichet ranks 5th on Newsweek's list of the world's most powerful along with economic triumvirs Ben Bernanke (4th) and Masaaki Shirakawa (6th).
http://wn.com/Jean-Claude_Trichet -
Jeff Bezos
Jeffrey Preston "Jeff" Bezos (born January 12, 1964) is the founder, president, chief executive officer and chairman of the board of Amazon.com. Bezos, a Tau Beta Pi graduate of Princeton University, worked as a financial analyst for D. E. Shaw & Co. before founding Amazon in 1994.
http://wn.com/Jeff_Bezos -
Jens Otto Krag
http://wn.com/Jens_Otto_Krag -
Jerome
http://wn.com/Jerome -
Jesus
http://wn.com/Jesus -
Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975, and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.
http://wn.com/Jimmy_Carter -
Joachim Gauck
http://wn.com/Joachim_Gauck -
Joe Clark
Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark, PC, CC, AOE (born June 5, 1939) is a Canadian journalist, politician, statesman, businessman, and university professor. He served as the 16th Prime Minister of Canada, from June 4, 1979, to March 3, 1980.
http://wn.com/Joe_Clark -
John Diefenbaker
http://wn.com/John_Diefenbaker -
John F. Kennedy
http://wn.com/John_F_Kennedy -
John Foster Dulles
John Foster Dulles (February 25, 1888 – May 24, 1959) served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. He advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina and it is widely believed that he refused to shake the hand of Zhou Enlai at the Geneva Conference in 1954. He also played a major role in the Central Intelligence Agency operation to overthrow the democratic Mossadegh government of Iran in 1953 (Operation Ajax) and the democratic Arbenz government of Guatemala in 1954 (Operation PBSUCCESS).
http://wn.com/John_Foster_Dulles -
John the Apostle
http://wn.com/John_the_Apostle -
John the Baptist
http://wn.com/John_the_Baptist -
John Turner
John Napier Wyndham Turner, PC, CC, QC (born June 7, 1929) is a retired Canadian lawyer and politician, who served as the 17th Prime Minister of Canada from June 30 to September 17, 1984.
http://wn.com/John_Turner -
John Vianney
http://wn.com/John_Vianney -
Jonas Savimbi
Jonas Malheiro Savimbi (August 3, 1934 – February 22, 2002) was an Angolan rebel leader. Savimbi led UNITA, a rebel group that fought against the initially pro-Soviet MPLA in the Angolan Civil War until his death in a clash with Government troops in 2002.
http://wn.com/Jonas_Savimbi -
Jorge Rafael Videla
http://wn.com/Jorge_Rafael_Videla -
Jose Maria Sison
Jose Maria Sison (born February 8, 1939, Cabugao, Ilocos Sur, Philippines) is a writer and activist who reorganized the Communist Party of the Philippines and added elements of Maoism to its philosophy.
http://wn.com/Jose_Maria_Sison -
Josemaría Escrivá
http://wn.com/Josemaría_Escrivá -
Joseph Bech
http://wn.com/Joseph_Bech -
Joseph Luns
Joseph Marie Antoine Hubert Luns (August 28, 1911 - July 17, 2002) was a Dutch politician and diplomat of the defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He was the longest-serving Minister of Foreign Affairs from September 2, 1952 until July 6, 1971. He served as the 5th Secretary General of NATO from October 1, 1971 until June 25, 1984, the longest-serving Secretary General of NATO for 13-years.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Luns -
Joseph McCarthy
Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread Communist subversion.
http://wn.com/Joseph_McCarthy -
Joseph Stalin
http://wn.com/Joseph_Stalin -
Josip Broz Tito
http://wn.com/Josip_Broz_Tito -
João Goulart
http://wn.com/João_Goulart -
Juan Domingo Perón
http://wn.com/Juan_Domingo_Perón -
Juan Ponce Enrile
Juan "Manong/Manong Johnny/Johnny" Ponce Enrile (born February 14, 1924) is a political figure in the Philippines. Originally a protege of late dictator Ferdinand Marcos he later became one of the leaders (along with then General Fidel V. Ramos) in the 1986 People Power Movement that drove President Ferdinand Marcos from power. Enrile has been the President of the Senate of the Philippines since November 2008.
http://wn.com/Juan_Ponce_Enrile -
Julius Nyerere
Julius Kambarage Nyerere (13 April 1922 - 14 October 1999) was a Tanzanian politician who served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika, from the country's founding in 1961 until his retirement in 1985.
http://wn.com/Julius_Nyerere -
János Kádár
http://wn.com/János_Kádár -
Ken Starr
Kenneth Winston Starr (born July 21, 1946) is an American lawyer, a former federal Court of Appeals judge and Solicitor General who is most notable for his tenure as Independent Counsel while Bill Clinton was U. S. President. Starr was initially appointed to investigate the suicide death of deputy White House counsel Vince Foster and the Whitewater real estate investments of Bill Clinton. The three-judge panel charged with administering the Independent Counsel Act later expanded the inquiry into numerous areas including an extramarital affair that Bill Clinton had with Monica Lewinsky. After several years of investigation Starr filed the Starr Report which alleged that Bill Clinton had lied about existence of the affair during a sworn deposition. The allegation opened the door for the impeachment of Bill Clinton and the five-year suspension of Clinton's law license.
http://wn.com/Ken_Starr -
Kim Campbell
Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC, CC, QC (born March 10, 1947) is a Canadian politician who was the 19th Prime Minister of Canada, serving from June 25, 1993, to November 4, 1993 (132 days). Campbell was the first and to date the only female Prime Minister of Canada, the first baby boomer to hold that office and the first to have been born in British Columbia.
http://wn.com/Kim_Campbell -
Kim Il-sung
http://wn.com/Kim_Il-sung -
Kim Philby
http://wn.com/Kim_Philby -
Konrad Adenauer
http://wn.com/Konrad_Adenauer -
Konstantin Chernenko
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (; 24 September 1911 – 10 March 1985) was a Soviet politician and the fifth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union from 13 February 1984 until his death thirteen months later, on 10 March 1985. Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 11 April 1984 until his death.
http://wn.com/Konstantin_Chernenko -
Konstanty Michalski
http://wn.com/Konstanty_Michalski -
Kwame Nkrumah
Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 - 27 April 1972) was an influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism. He was the first President of Ghana, the first Prime Minister of Ghana and a founding member of the Organization of African Unity. Kwame Nkrumah was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1952 to 1966, and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963.
http://wn.com/Kwame_Nkrumah -
Károly Grósz
http://wn.com/Károly_Grósz -
Laura Bush
Laura Lane Welch Bush (born November 4, 1946) is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush, and thus the First Lady of the United States from January 20, 2001 to January 20, 2009.
http://wn.com/Laura_Bush -
Le Duan
http://wn.com/Le_Duan -
Lech Wałęsa
http://wn.com/Lech_Wałęsa -
Leo Tindemans
http://wn.com/Leo_Tindemans -
Leonel Brizola
Leonel de Moura Brizola (Carazinho, Rio Grande do Sul, January 22, 1922 — Rio de Janeiro, June 21, 2004) was a Brazilian politician. He was governor of the state of Rio Grande do Sul from 1959 to 1962 and served two terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro state (1983–1987 and 1991–1994). He was also vice-president of the Socialist International, as well as Honorary President of that organization for a few months, from October 2003 until his death. Brizola and his party (Democratic Labour Party) preached and practiced a kind of social democratic left-wing policy.
http://wn.com/Leonel_Brizola -
Leonid Brezhnev
http://wn.com/Leonid_Brezhnev -
Leopoldo Galtieri
Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (July 15, 1926January 12, 2003) was an Argentine general and President of Argentina from December 22, 1981 to June 18, 1982, during the last military dictatorship (known officially as the National Reorganization Process). The death squad Intelligence Battalion 601 directly reported to him. He was removed from power soon after the British retook the Falklands Islands, whose invasion he had ordered.
http://wn.com/Leopoldo_Galtieri -
Lester B. Pearson
http://wn.com/Lester_B_Pearson -
Louis de Montfort
http://wn.com/Louis_de_Montfort -
Louis St. Laurent
http://wn.com/Louis_St_Laurent -
Luís Carlos Prestes
http://wn.com/Luís_Carlos_Prestes -
Lyndon B. Johnson
http://wn.com/Lyndon_B_Johnson -
Manuel Noriega
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (; born February 11, 1934) is a Panamanian politician and soldier. He was military dictator of Panama from 1983 to 1989.
http://wn.com/Manuel_Noriega -
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong (; December 26, 1893 September 9, 1976) was a Han Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader. He led the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, military strategies, and his brand of Communist policies are now collectively known as Maoism.
http://wn.com/Mao_Zedong -
Marcel Lefebvre
http://wn.com/Marcel_Lefebvre -
Marcelo Caetano
http://wn.com/Marcelo_Caetano -
Marcial Maciel
http://wn.com/Marcial_Maciel -
Marcos Pérez Jiménez
http://wn.com/Marcos_Pérez_Jiménez -
Margaret Thatcher
http://wn.com/Margaret_Thatcher -
Martin Luther
http://wn.com/Martin_Luther -
Mathieu Kérékou
http://wn.com/Mathieu_Kérékou -
Max Scheler
http://wn.com/Max_Scheler -
Mehmet Ali Ağca
http://wn.com/Mehmet_Ali_Ağca -
Menachem Begin
http://wn.com/Menachem_Begin -
Michael Melchior
Rabbi Michael Melchior (, born 31 January 1954) is a Danish-Norwegian rabbi, an Israeli politician and leader of the left-wing religious party Meimad, which he represented in the Knesset.
http://wn.com/Michael_Melchior -
Michel Aflaq
http://wn.com/Michel_Aflaq -
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov ; born 2 March 1931) was the sixth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Gorbachev -
Milouš Jakeš
http://wn.com/Milouš_Jakeš -
Mobutu Sese Seko
http://wn.com/Mobutu_Sese_Seko -
Mohammad Hatta
(12 August 1902 - 14 March 1980) was born in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He was Indonesia's first vice president, later also serving as the country's Prime Minister. Known as "The Proclamator", he and a number of Indonesians, including the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, fought for the independence of Indonesia from the Dutch. Despite his efforts to gain Indonesian independence, he studied in the Netherlands from 1921 until 1932. Moreover, since his early education, he studied in Dutch schools in Indonesia.
http://wn.com/Mohammad_Hatta -
Mohammad Mosaddegh
Prime Minister
http://wn.com/Mohammad_Mosaddegh -
Mohammad Najibullah
Mohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai (), originally just Najib, (August 6, 1947September 28, 1996) was the fourth and last President of the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. He is also considered the second President of the Republic of Afghanistan.
http://wn.com/Mohammad_Najibullah -
Muammar Gaddafi
http://wn.com/Muammar_Gaddafi -
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
http://wn.com/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq -
Mário Soares
http://wn.com/Mário_Soares -
Mátyás Rákosi
http://wn.com/Mátyás_Rákosi -
Ne Win
Ne Win ( ; 24 May or 14 May 1911 or 10 July 1910 – 5 December 2002) was a Burmese politician and military commander. He was Prime Minister of Burma from 1958 to 1960 and 1962 to 1974 and also head of state from 1962 to 1981. He also was the founder and from 1963 to 1988 the chairman of the Burma Socialist Programme Party, which from 1964 until 1988 was the sole political party in the Burmese nation state.
http://wn.com/Ne_Win -
Ngo Dinh Diem
http://wn.com/Ngo_Dinh_Diem -
Nicolae Ceauşescu
http://wn.com/Nicolae_Ceauşescu -
Nikita Khrushchev
http://wn.com/Nikita_Khrushchev -
Norman Davies
Professor Ivor Norman Richard Davies FBA (born 8 June 1939 to Richard and Elizabeth Davies in Bolton, Lancashire) is a leading English historian of Welsh descent, noted for his publications on the history of Europe, Poland, and the United Kingdom.
http://wn.com/Norman_Davies -
Nur Misuari
Nur Misuari (born in 1942 in Jolo, Sulu, Philippines) is a Filipino politician and former leader of the Moro National Liberation Front. He completed his education through academic scholarships in the University of the Philippines and became a student activist. Misuari was a lecturer at the University of the Philippines in political science and in the 1960s, he established the Mindanao Independence Movement which aimed to organized an independent Islamic state in the southern Philippines. The Mindanao Independence Movement formed the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). which sought political reforms from the Government of the Philippines. Unable to gained reforms, the MNLF engaged in military conflict against the Philippine government and its supporters between 1972 to 1976 under the leadership of Misuari. The military resistance to the government of former Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos did not produce autonomy for the Moro people. He departed to Saudi Arabia in exile but returned to the Philippines after Marcos was removed from office during the People Power Revolution in 1986.
http://wn.com/Nur_Misuari -
Nur Muhammad Taraki
http://wn.com/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki -
Omar Torrijos
http://wn.com/Omar_Torrijos -
Otto von Habsburg
Otto von Habsburg (born 20 November 1912), also known as Otto Habsburg-Lothringen in Austria, was the head of the House of Habsburg and heir to the thrones of the former Austria-Hungary, now Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. He has been the Habsburg pretender to the Austrian throne since 1922.
http://wn.com/Otto_von_Habsburg -
Palmiro Togliatti
Palmiro Togliatti (26 March 1893 - 21 August 1964) was an Italian politician and leader of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 until his death.
http://wn.com/Palmiro_Togliatti -
Paolo Guzzanti
Paolo Guzzanti (born 1 August 1940) is an Italian journalist and politician. He was previously a member of the Italian Socialist Party.
http://wn.com/Paolo_Guzzanti -
Pat Cox
http://wn.com/Pat_Cox -
Patrice Lumumba
http://wn.com/Patrice_Lumumba -
Patrick Flores
http://wn.com/Patrick_Flores -
Paul of Tarsus
http://wn.com/Paul_of_Tarsus -
Paul the Apostle
http://wn.com/Paul_the_Apostle -
Peggy Noonan
Peggy Noonan (born Margaret Ellen Noonan on September 7, 1950, in Brooklyn, New York) is an American author of seven books on politics, religion, and culture and a weekly columnist for The Wall Street Journal. She was a primary speech writer and Special Assistant to President Ronald Reagan and in her political writings is considered a Republican.
http://wn.com/Peggy_Noonan -
Peter Hebblethwaite
Peter Hebblethwaite (30 September 1930, Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire - 18 December 1994, Oxford), was a British journalist and biographer.
http://wn.com/Peter_Hebblethwaite -
Peter Ueberroth
Peter Victor Ueberroth (; born September 2, 1937) is an American executive. He served as the sixth commissioner of Major League Baseball from 1984 to 1989. He was recently the chairman of the United States Olympic Committee; he was replaced by Larry Probst in October 2008.
http://wn.com/Peter_Ueberroth -
Pierre Trudeau
http://wn.com/Pierre_Trudeau -
Pol Pot
http://wn.com/Pol_Pot -
Poles
The Polish people, or Poles ( , singular Polak) are the inhabitants of Poland and Polish emigrants irrespective of their ancestry. Their religion is predominantly Roman Catholic. As a nation, they are bounded by the Polish language, which belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of west slavic languages of Central Europe. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Western and Eastern Europe, the Americas and Australia. Polish citizens live predominantly in Poland.
http://wn.com/Poles -
Pope Adeodatus I
Pope Saint Adeodatus I or Deodatus I (which is Given by God in Latin, also called Deusdedit, which is God Has Given; both are now considered variants of the same name) (died November 8, 618) was pope from 615 to 618.
http://wn.com/Pope_Adeodatus_I -
Pope Adeodatus II
Adeodatus II or Deodatus II reigned as pope from April 11, 672 to June 17, 676. Little is known about him. Most records which remain indicate that Adeodatus was known for his generosity, especially when it came to the poor and to pilgrims.
http://wn.com/Pope_Adeodatus_II -
Pope Adrian I
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_I -
Pope Adrian II
Pope|
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_II -
Pope Adrian III
Pope Saint Adrian III (also known as Hadrian III) was Pope from May 17, 884 to September 885. He was born at Rome. He died in September 885, at San Cesario sul Panaro (Modena), on a journey to Worms, in modern Germany.
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_III -
Pope Adrian IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_IV -
Pope Adrian V
Pope Adrian V (c. 1210/20 – August 18, 1276), born '''Ottobuono de' Fieschi''', was pope in 1276.
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_V -
Pope Adrian VI
Pope Adrian VI (2 March 1459 – 14 September 1523), born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, served as Bishop of Rome from 9 January 1522 until his death some 18 months later. He was the last non-Italian Pope until John Paul II, 456 years later. He is, together with Marcellus II, one of two 'modern' popes to retain his baptismal name after election. He is buried in the Santa Maria dell'Anima church in Rome.
http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_VI -
Pope Agapetus I
Pope Saint Agapetus I (died April 22, 536) reigned as pope from 535 to 536.
http://wn.com/Pope_Agapetus_I -
Pope Agapetus II
http://wn.com/Pope_Agapetus_II -
Pope Agatho
http://wn.com/Pope_Agatho -
Pope Alexander I
Pope Saint Alexander I was Bishop of Rome from about 106 to 115. The Holy See's Annuario Pontificio (2008) identifies him as a Roman who reigned from 108 or 109 to 116 or 119. Some believe he suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Trajan or Hadrian, but this is improbable.
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_I -
Pope Alexander II
Alexander II (died April 21, 1073), born Anselmo da Baggio, was Pope from 1061 to 1073.
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_II -
Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – August 30, 1181), born Rolando (or Orlando) of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_III -
Pope Alexander IV
Pope Alexander IV (1199 or ca. 1185 – May 25, 1261) was Pope from 1254 until his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_IV -
Pope Alexander VI
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_VI -
Pope Alexander VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_VII -
Pope Alexander VIII
Pope Alexander VIII (22 April 1610 – 1 February 1691), born Pietro Vito Ottoboni, was Pope from 1689 to 1691.
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_VIII -
Pope Anacletus
Pope Saint Anacletus (very rarely written as Anencletus), also called Pope Cletus, was the third Roman Pope (after St. Peter and St. Linus).
http://wn.com/Pope_Anacletus -
Pope Anastasius I
Pope Saint Anastasius I, born in Rome the son of Maximus, was pope from November 27, 399 to 401.
http://wn.com/Pope_Anastasius_I -
Pope Anastasius II
Pope Anastasius II was pope from November 24, 496 to November 19, 498.
http://wn.com/Pope_Anastasius_II -
Pope Anastasius III
Anastasius III (died June 915) was Pope from April 911 to June 913, was a Roman by birth. A Roman nobleman, Lucian, is sometimes recognized as his father, although other sources assert that he was the illegitimate son of his predecessor Pope Sergius III (904–911).
http://wn.com/Pope_Anastasius_III -
Pope Anastasius IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Anastasius_IV -
Pope Anicetus
http://wn.com/Pope_Anicetus -
Pope Anterus
Pope Saint Anterus was pope from November 21, 235 to January 3, 236, and succeeded Pope Pontian, who had been deported from Rome along with the antipope Hippolytus to Sardinia.
http://wn.com/Pope_Anterus -
Pope Benedict I
Pope Benedict I was pope from June 2, 575 to July 30, 579.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_I -
Pope Benedict II
Pope Saint Benedict II was pope from 684 to 685.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_II -
Pope Benedict III
Benedict III was Pope from September 29, 855 to April 17, 858.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_III -
Pope Benedict IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_IV -
Pope Benedict IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_IX -
Pope Benedict V
Benedict V (born in Rome; died July 4 966), Pope in 964, was elected by the Romans on the death of Pope John XII (955–964). However the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (936–973) did not approve of the choice and had him deposed after only a month (according to contemporary sources, he validly consented and resigned), and the ex-Pope was carried off to Hamburg and was placed under the care of Adaldag, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. There he became a deacon, dying in 966. He was first buried in the cathedral in Hamburg. At a later date his remains were transferred to Rome.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_V -
Pope Benedict VI
Benedict VI (died June 974) was pope from January 19, 973 to June 974.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_VI -
Pope Benedict VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_VII -
Pope Benedict VIII
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_VIII -
Pope Benedict XI
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XI -
Pope Benedict XII
Pope Benedict XII (died April 24, 1342), born Jacques Fournier, was Pope from 1334 to 1342.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XII -
Pope Benedict XIII
Pope Benedict XIII (2 February 1649 – 21 February 1730), born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Vincenzo Maria Orsini, was pope from 1724 until his death. He succeeded Pope Innocent XIII (1721–1724).
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XIII -
Pope Benedict XIV
Pope Benedict XIV (31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was Pope from 17 August 1740 to 3 May 1758.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XIV -
Pope Benedict XV
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XV -
Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI (; ; ; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) is the 265th and current Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the head of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of the Vatican City State. He was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Basilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005. A native of Bavaria, Pope Benedict XVI has both German and Vatican citizenship. He succeeded John Paul II.
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XVI -
Pope Boniface I
Pope Saint Boniface I was pope from December 28, 418 to September 4, 422. He was a contemporary of Saint Augustine of Hippo, who dedicated to him some of his works.
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_I -
Pope Boniface II
Pope Boniface II was pope from 530 to 532.
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_II -
Pope Boniface III
:For the Boniface III count of Montferrat see Boniface of Montferrat
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_III -
Pope Boniface IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_IV -
Pope Boniface IX
Pope Boniface IX (1356 – October 1, 1404), born Piero Tomacelli, was the second Roman Pope of the Western Schism from November 2, 1389 until October 1, 1404. During his time the antipope Clement VII (1378–94) continued to hold court as pope in Avignon under the protection of the French monarchy.
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_IX -
Pope Boniface V
Boniface V (died October 25, 625) was pope from 619 to 625.
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_V -
Pope Boniface VI
Boniface VI, pope, a native of Rome, was elected in April 896 as a result of riots soon after the death of Pope Formosus. Prior to his reign, he had twice incurred a sentence of deprivation of orders, as a subdeacon and as a priest. After a pontificate of fifteen days, he is said by some to have died of the gout, by others to have been forcibly ejected to make way for Stephen VI, the candidate of the Spoletan party.
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_VI -
Pope Boniface VIII
http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_VIII -
Pope Caius
Pope Saint Caius or Gaius was Pope from December 17, 283 to April 22, 296. Christian tradition makes him a native of the Dalmatian city of Salona, today Solin near Split, the son of a man also named Caius, and a member of a noble family related to the Emperor Diocletian.
http://wn.com/Pope_Caius -
Pope Callixtus I
Pope Saint Callixtus I or Callistus I was pope from about 217 to about 222, during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. He was martyred for his Christian faith and is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.
http://wn.com/Pope_Callixtus_I -
Pope Callixtus II
Blessed Pope Calixtus II (or Calistus II) (died December 13, 1124), born Guy de Vienne, the fourth son of William I, Count of Burgundy (1057–87), was elected Pope on February 1, 1119, after the death of Pope Gelasius II (1118–19). His pontificate was shaped by the Investiture Controversy, which he was able to settle through the Concordat of Worms (in 1122). Although his birth date is not known, his eldest brother was born in 1061, therefore we can assume that Guy himself was born between 1065 and 1068.
http://wn.com/Pope_Callixtus_II -
Pope Callixtus III
http://wn.com/Pope_Callixtus_III -
Pope Celestine I
Pope Saint Celestine I was pope from 422 until April 6, 432.
http://wn.com/Pope_Celestine_I -
Pope Celestine II
Pope Celestine II (died March 8, 1144), born Guido di Castello, was pope from 1143 to 1144.
http://wn.com/Pope_Celestine_II -
Pope Celestine III
http://wn.com/Pope_Celestine_III -
Pope Celestine IV
Pope Celestine IV (died November 10, 1241 in Rome), born Goffredo da Castiglione, was pope from October 25, 1241 to November 10, 1241.
http://wn.com/Pope_Celestine_IV -
Pope Celestine V
http://wn.com/Pope_Celestine_V -
Pope Clement I
Pope Saint Clement I (fl. 96), also known as Saint Clement of Rome (in Latin, Clemens Romanus), is listed from an early date as a Bishop of Rome. He was the first Apostolic Father of the Church.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_I -
Pope Clement II
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_II -
Pope Clement III
:See also, 11th century antipope Clement III.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_III -
Pope Clement IV
Pope Clement IV (Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, November 23, ca. 1195 – November 29, 1268 in Viterbo), born Gui Faucoi called in later life le Gros (; ), was elected Pope February 5, 1265, in a conclave held at Perugia that took four months, while cardinals argued over whether to call in Charles of Anjou, the youngest brother of Louis IX of France (1226–70), to carry on the papal war against the last of the house of Hohenstaufen.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_IV -
Pope Clement IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_IX -
Pope Clement V
Pope Clement V, born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled de Gouth and de Goth) (c. 1264 – April 20, 1314) was Pope from 1305 to his death. He is memorable in history for suppressing the order of the Knights Templar and executing some of its members, and as the Pope who moved the Roman Curia to Avignon—although, as a matter of fact, he moved the Roman Curia to Carpentras—in 1309, after staying four years in Poitiers.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_V -
Pope Clement VI
Pope Clement VI (1291 – December 6, 1352), born
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_VI -
Pope Clement VII
:For the antipope (1378–1394) see antipope Clement VII.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_VII -
Pope Clement VIII
:Not to be confused with Antipope Clement VIII.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_VIII -
Pope Clement X
Pope Clement X (13 July 1590 – 22 July 1676), born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, was Pope from 29 April 1670 to 22 July 1676.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_X -
Pope Clement XI
Pope Clement XI (23 July 1649 – 19 March 1721), born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was Pope from 1700 until his death in 1721.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_XI -
Pope Clement XII
::See Corsini for other uses of that name
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_XII -
Pope Clement XIII
Pope Clement XIII (Venice, 7 March 1693 – 2 February 1769 in Rome), born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, was Pope from 16 July 1758 to 2 February 1769.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_XIII -
Pope Clement XIV
Pope Clement XIV (31 October 1705 – 22 September 1774), born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, was Pope from 1769 to 1774. At the time of his election, he was the only Franciscan friar in the College of Cardinals.
http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_XIV -
Pope Conon
http://wn.com/Pope_Conon -
Pope Constantine
http://wn.com/Pope_Constantine -
Pope Cornelius
Pope Saint Cornelius was pope from his election on 6 or 13 March 251 to his martyrdom in June 253.
http://wn.com/Pope_Cornelius -
Pope Damasus I
Pope Saint Damasus I ( ) was pope from 366 to 384.
http://wn.com/Pope_Damasus_I -
Pope Damasus II
Damasus II (died August 9, 1048), born Poppo, Pope from July 17, 1048 to August 9, 1048, was the second of the German pontiffs nominated by Emperor Henry III (1039–56). A native of Bavaria, he was the third German to become Pope and had one of the shortest papal reigns. His original name was Poppo, and he was bishop of Brixen when the Emperor raised him to the papacy.
http://wn.com/Pope_Damasus_II -
Pope Dionysius
Pope Saint Dionysius was pope from July 22, 259 to December 26, 268.
http://wn.com/Pope_Dionysius -
Pope Donus
Pope Donus was pope from November 2, 676 to April 11, 678.
http://wn.com/Pope_Donus -
Pope Eleuterus
:For other saints with this name, see Saint Eleutherius.
http://wn.com/Pope_Eleuterus -
Pope Eugene I
Pope Saint Eugene I or Eugenius I, was pope from 10 August 654, to 1 June 657.
http://wn.com/Pope_Eugene_I -
Pope Eugene II
http://wn.com/Pope_Eugene_II -
Pope Eugene III
Pope Blessed Eugene III (died July 8, 1153), born Bernardo da Pisa, was Pope from 1145 to 1153. He was the first Cistercian to become Pope.
http://wn.com/Pope_Eugene_III -
Pope Eugene IV
Pope Eugene IV (1383 – February 23, 1447), born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Eugene_IV -
Pope Eusebius
http://wn.com/Pope_Eusebius -
Pope Eutychian
Pope Saint Eutychian or Eutychianus was pope from January 4, 275 to December 7, 283 (according to the Annuario Pontificio of 2003).
http://wn.com/Pope_Eutychian -
Pope Evaristus
Pope Saint Evaristus is accounted the fifth pope, holding office from c. 99 to 107 AD or from 99 to 108. He was also known as Aristus.
http://wn.com/Pope_Evaristus -
Pope Fabian
Pope Saint Fabian was Pope, or Bishop of Rome, from January 10, 236 to January 20, 250, succeeding Pope Anterus.
http://wn.com/Pope_Fabian -
Pope Felix I
Pope Saint Felix I was Pope from 5 January 269 to 30 December 274.
http://wn.com/Pope_Felix_I -
Pope Felix III
Pope Saint Felix III was pope from March 13, 483 to 492.
http://wn.com/Pope_Felix_III -
Pope Felix IV
Pope Saint Felix IV was pope from 526 to 530.
http://wn.com/Pope_Felix_IV -
Pope Formosus
http://wn.com/Pope_Formosus -
Pope Gelasius I
Pope Saint Gelasius I (died November 21, 496) was pope from 492 until his death in 496. He was the third and last bishop of Rome of African origin in the Catholic Church. Gelasius was a prolific writer whose style placed him on the cusp between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Gelasius had been closely employed by his predecessor, Felix III, especially in drafting papal documents. His reign was characterized by his call for strict orthodoxy, a more assertive push for papal authority, and increasing tension between the churches in the West and the East.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gelasius_I -
Pope Gelasius II
Gelasius II (died January 29, 1119), born Giovanni Coniulo (John of Gaeta), was pope from January 24, 1118 to January 29, 1119.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gelasius_II -
Pope Gregory I
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_I -
Pope Gregory II
Pope Saint Gregory II was pope from May 19, 715 to his death on February 11, 731, succeeding Pope Constantine. Having, it is said, bought off the Lombards for thirty pounds of gold, he used the tranquillity thus obtained for vigorous missionary efforts among the Germanic tribes, and for strengthening the papal authority in the churches of Britain and Ireland. By excommunicating the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian, he prepared the way for a long series of revolts and civil wars, which tended greatly to the establishment of the temporal power of the popes. He died in 731, and subsequently attained the honour of canonization. The day that Gregory is remembered in the "Martyrology" seems to be any one of February 11, February 13, and February 28.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_II -
Pope Gregory III
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_III -
Pope Gregory IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_IV -
Pope Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti, was pope from March 19, 1227 to August 22, 1241.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_IX -
Pope Gregory V
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_V -
Pope Gregory VI
Pope Gregory VI (died 1048), born John Gratian (Latin Johannes Gratianus), was Pope from 1 May 1045 until his abdication at the Council of Sutri on 20 December 1046.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_VI -
Pope Gregory VII
Pope St. Gregory VII (c. 1015/1028 – May 25, 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (), was Pope from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the college of cardinals. He was at the forefront of both evolutionary developments in the relationship between the Emperor and the papacy during the years before becoming pope. He was beatified by Gregory XIII in 1584, and canonized in 1728 by Benedict XIII as Pope St. Gregory VII. He twice excommunicated Henry IV, who in the end appointed the Antipope Clement III to oppose him in the political power struggles between church and Empire. Hailed as one of the greatest of the Roman pontiffs after his reforms proved successful, Gregory was during his own reign despised by many for his expansive use of papal powers. Joseph McCabe describes Gregory VII as a "rough and violent peasant, enlisting his brute strength in the service of the monastic ideal which he embraced."
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_VII -
Pope Gregory VIII
:Not to be confused with the earlier Antipope Gregory VIII
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_VIII -
Pope Gregory X
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_X -
Pope Gregory XI
:See also Vicedomino de Vicedominis, a pope-elect who took the name Gregory XI.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XI -
Pope Gregory XII
Pope Gregory XII (c. 1326 – 18 October 1417), born Angelo Correr or Corraro, Pope from 1406 to 1415, succeeded Pope Innocent VII (1404–06) on 30 November 1406.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XII -
Pope Gregory XIII
Pope Gregory XIII (7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was Pope from 1572 to 1585.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XIII -
Pope Gregory XIV
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XIV -
Pope Gregory XV
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XV -
Pope Gregory XVI
Pope Gregory XVI (18 September 1765 – 1 June 1846), born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of the religious order of the Camaldolese, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 1831 to 1846. Strongly conservative and traditionalist, he opposed democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States and throughout Europe, seeing them as fronts for revolutionary leftism, and sought to strengthen the religious and political authority of the papacy (see Ultramontanism).
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XVI -
Pope Hilarius
Pope Saint Hilarius (also Hilarus, Hilary) was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 461 to February 28, 468. He was canonized as a saint after his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Hilarius -
Pope Honorius I
Pope Honorius I (died October 12, 638) was pope from 625 to 638.
http://wn.com/Pope_Honorius_I -
Pope Honorius II
:See also, Antipope Honorius II, otherwise known as Peter Cadalus.
http://wn.com/Pope_Honorius_II -
Pope Honorius III
Pope Honorius III (1148 – March 18, 1227), born with the name Cencio Savelli, was Pope from 1216 to 1227.
http://wn.com/Pope_Honorius_III -
Pope Honorius IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Honorius_IV -
Pope Hormisdas
Pope Saint Hormisdas (c. 450 – August 6, 523) was pope from July 20, 514 to 523.
http://wn.com/Pope_Hormisdas -
Pope Hyginus
Pope Saint Hyginus was bishop of Rome from about 136 or 138 to about 140 or 142. Tradition holds that during his papacy he determined the various prerogatives of the clergy and defined the grades of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. However, modern scholars tend to doubt this claim and view the governance of the church of Rome during this period as still more or less collective.
http://wn.com/Pope_Hyginus -
Pope Innocent I
Pope Saint Innocent I was pope from 401 to March 12, 417.
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_I -
Pope Innocent II
Pope Innocent II (died September 24, 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna).
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_II -
Pope Innocent III
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_III -
Pope Innocent IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_IV -
Pope Innocent IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_IX -
Pope Innocent V
Pope Blessed Innocent V (c. 1225 – June 22, 1276), born Pierre de Tarentaise, was Pope from January 21 to June 22, 1276.
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_V -
Pope Innocent VI
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_VI -
Pope Innocent VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_VII -
Pope Innocent VIII
Pope Innocent VIII (1432 – July 25, 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was Pope from 1484 until his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_VIII -
Pope Innocent X
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_X -
Pope Innocent XI
Blessed Pope Innocent XI (16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1676 to 1689.
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_XI -
Pope Innocent XII
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_XII -
Pope Innocent XIII
Pope Innocent XIII (13 May 1655 – 7 March 1724) was pope from 1721 until his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_XIII -
Pope John I
http://wn.com/Pope_John_I -
Pope John II
Pope John II (born Mercurius) was pope from 533 to 535.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_II -
Pope John III
Pope John III was pope from 561 to July 13, 574.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_III -
Pope John IV
Pope John IV (died October 12, 642) was elected Pope of the Catholic Church, after a four-month sede vacante, December 24, 640.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_IV -
Pope John IX
John IX was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 898 to 900.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_IX -
Pope John Paul I
Pope John Paul I (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I), born Albino Luciani, (17 October 1912 – 28 September 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as Sovereign of Vatican City from 26 August 1978 until his death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent Year of Three Popes. John Paul I was the first Pope born in the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_I -
Pope John Paul II
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II -
Pope John V
Pope John V was pope from July 685 to August 2, 686. John V was the first pope of the Byzantine Papacy allowed to be consecrated by the Byzantine emperor without prior consent, and the first in a line of ten consecutive popes of eastern origin. His papacy was marked by reconciliation between the city of Rome and the empire.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_V -
Pope John VI
Pope John VI was a Greek pope from Ephesus who reigned during the Byzantine Papacy from October 30, 701 to January 11, 705. His papacy was noted for military and political breakthroughs on the Italian peninsula. He succeeded to the papal chair two months after the death of Pope Sergius I, and his election occurred after a vacancy of less than seven weeks. He was succeeded by Pope John VII after a vacancy of less than two months. The body of the pope is buried in St. Peter's Basilica.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_VI -
Pope John VII
http://wn.com/Pope_John_VII -
Pope John VIII
John VIII was pope from December 13, 872 to December 16, 882. He is often considered one of the ablest pontiffs of the ninth century and the last bright spot on the papacy until Leo IX two centuries later.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_VIII -
Pope John X
John X, Pope from March 914 to May 928, was deacon at Bologna when he attracted the attention of Theodora, the wife of Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, the most powerful noble in Rome, through whose influence he was elevated first to the see of Bologna and then to the archbishopric of Ravenna.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_X -
Pope John XI
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XI -
Pope John XII
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XII -
Pope John XIII
John XIII of Crescenzi family (died September 6, 972) served as Pope from October 1, 965, until his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XIII -
Pope John XIV
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XIV -
Pope John XIX
John XIX (born in Rome, died October 1032), born Romanus, was Pope from 1024 to 1032.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XIX -
Pope John XV
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XV -
Pope John XVII
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XVII -
Pope John XVIII
John XVIII (died June or July 1009) was Pope or Antipope in Pisa from 1004 to 1009. He reigned simultaneously and in competition with two other Popes or Antipopes - Benedict XIII in Avignon and Gregory XII in Rome.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XVIII -
Pope John XXI
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XXI -
Pope John XXII
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XXII -
Pope John XXIII
Blessed Pope John XXIII (; ), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963), known as Blessed John XXIII since his beatification, was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City on 28 October 1958.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_XXIII -
Pope Julius I
Pope Saint Julius I, was pope from February 6, 337 to April 12, 352.
http://wn.com/Pope_Julius_I -
Pope Julius II
Julius II (c. 5 December 1443 – 21 February 1513), nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" (Il Papa Terribile) and "The Warrior Pope" (Il Papa Guerriero),, born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513. His papacy was marked by an active foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts.
http://wn.com/Pope_Julius_II -
Pope Julius III
Pope Julius III (10 September 1487 – 23 March 1555), born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, was Pope from 7 February 1550 to 1555.
http://wn.com/Pope_Julius_III -
Pope Lando
Lando (also known as Landus) was elected pope in either July or August 913. He died about six months later, in either February or March 914.
http://wn.com/Pope_Lando -
Pope Leo I
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_I -
Pope Leo II
Pope Saint Leo II was Pope from August 17, 682 to June 28, 683.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_II -
Pope Leo III
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_III -
Pope Leo IV
Pope Saint Leo IV was pope from 10 April 847 to 17 July 855.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_IV -
Pope Leo IX
Saint Leo IX (June 21, 1002 – April 19, 1054), born Bruno of Eguisheim-Dagsburg, was Pope from February 12, 1049 to his death. He was a German aristocrat and as well as being Pope was a powerful secular ruler of central Italy. He is regarded as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, with the feast day of April 19. Leo IX is widely considered the most historically significant German Pope of the Middle Ages.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_IX -
Pope Leo V
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_V -
Pope Leo VI
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_VI -
Pope Leo VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_VII -
Pope Leo VIII
Leo VIII (died March 1, 965), a Roman by birth, considered by the Church an Antipope from 963 to 964 and a true Pope from 964 to 965. He held the lay office of protoserinus when he was (allegedly invalidly) elected pope at the insistence of Emperor Otto I the Great (936–973), by the Roman synod which invalidly deposed Pope John XII (955–964), who was still alive, in December 963.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_VIII -
Pope Leo X
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_X -
Pope Leo XI
Pope Leo XI (2 June 1535 – 27 April 1605), born '''Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici''', was Pope from 1 April 1605 to 27 April of the same year.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_XI -
Pope Leo XII
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_XII -
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII (2 March 1810 - 20 July 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903 in succession to Pope Pius IX. Reigning until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, and had the third longest pontificate, behind his immediate predecessor Pius IX and John Paul II.
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_XIII -
Pope Liberius
Pope Liberius, pope from May 17, 352 to September 24, 366, was consecrated according to the Catalogus Liberianus on May 22, as the successor of Pope Julius I. He is not mentioned as a saint in the Roman Martyrology. His first recorded act was, after a synod had been held at Rome, to write to Emperor Constantius II, then in quarters at Arles (353-354), asking that a council might be called at Aquileia with reference to the affairs of Athanasius of Alexandria; but his messenger Vincentius of Capua was compelled by the emperor at a conciliabulum held in Arles, to subscribe against his will a condemnation of the orthodox patriarch of Alexandria.
http://wn.com/Pope_Liberius -
Pope Linus
Pope Linus (d. ca. 76) was, according to several early sources, Bishop of the diocese of Rome after Saint Peter. This makes Linus the second Pope (or the first, if Peter is not considered to have been Pope). According to other early sources Pope Clement I was the Pope after Peter.
http://wn.com/Pope_Linus -
Pope Lucius I
Pope Saint Lucius I was Pope from June 25, 253 to March 5, 254.
http://wn.com/Pope_Lucius_I -
Pope Lucius II
Pope Lucius II (died February 15, 1145), born Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso, was pope from March 9, 1144, until his death Feb 15, 1145.
http://wn.com/Pope_Lucius_II -
Pope Lucius III
http://wn.com/Pope_Lucius_III -
Pope Marcellinus
Pope Saint Marcellinus, according to the Liberian Catalogue, became bishop of Rome on June 30, 296; his predecessor was Pope St Caius
http://wn.com/Pope_Marcellinus -
Pope Marcellus I
Pope Saint Marcellus I, pope from May 308 to 309, succeeded Marcellinus, after a considerable interval, most probably in May or June 308.
http://wn.com/Pope_Marcellus_I -
Pope Marcellus II
http://wn.com/Pope_Marcellus_II -
Pope Marinus I
Marinus I (or Martin II), Pope between December 16, 882 and May 15, 884. He succeeded John VIII in about the end of December 882.
http://wn.com/Pope_Marinus_I -
Pope Marinus II
http://wn.com/Pope_Marinus_II -
Pope Mark
Pope Saint Mark or Marcus was Pope from January 18, 336 to October 7, 336.
http://wn.com/Pope_Mark -
Pope Martin I
Pope Saint Martin I, born near Todi, Umbria in the place now named after him (Pian di San Martino), was pope from 649 to 653, succeeding Theodore I in July 649. The only pope during the Byzantine Papacy whose election was not approved by an iussio from Constantinople, Martin I was abducted by Constans II and died in the Crimean peninsula.
http://wn.com/Pope_Martin_I -
Pope Martin IV
Pope Martin IV, born Simon de Brion (between 1210 and 1220, Andrezel – March 28, 1285) held the papacy from February 21, 1281 until his death.
http://wn.com/Pope_Martin_IV -
Pope Martin V
http://wn.com/Pope_Martin_V -
Pope Miltiades
http://wn.com/Pope_Miltiades -
Pope Nicholas I
http://wn.com/Pope_Nicholas_I -
Pope Nicholas II
http://wn.com/Pope_Nicholas_II -
Pope Nicholas III
Pope Nicholas III (Rome, 1210/1220 – August 22, 1280), born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, Pope from November 25, 1277 to his death in 1280, was a Roman nobleman who had served under eight Popes, been made cardinal-deacon of St. Nicola in carcere Tulliano by Pope Innocent IV (1243–54), protector of the Franciscans by Pope Alexander IV (1254–61), inquisitor-general by Pope Urban IV (1261–64), and succeeded Pope John XXI (1276–77), largely through family influence, after a six-month vacancy in the Holy See.
http://wn.com/Pope_Nicholas_III -
Pope Nicholas IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Nicholas_IV -
Pope Nicholas V
http://wn.com/Pope_Nicholas_V -
Pope Paschal I
Pope Saint Paschal I (baptismal name, Pascale Massimi) was pope from January 25, 817 to February 11, 824. A native of Rome and son of Bonosus, he was raised to the pontificate by the acclamation of the clergy, shortly after the death of Pope Stephen IV, and before the sanction of the emperor Louis the Pious had been obtained - a circumstance for which it was one of his first cares to apologize. His relations with the imperial house, however, never became cordial; and he was also unsuccessful in winning the sympathy of the Roman nobles.
http://wn.com/Pope_Paschal_I -
Pope Paschal II
Paschal II (died January 21, 1118), born Ranierius, was Pope from August 13, 1099, until his death. A monk of the Cluniac order, he was created cardinal priest of the Titulus S. Clementi by Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) about 1076, and was consecrated pope in succession to Pope Urban II (1088–99) on August 19, 1099.
http://wn.com/Pope_Paschal_II -
Pope Paul I
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_I -
Pope Paul II
Pope Paul II (February 23, 1417 – July 26, 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was Pope from 1464 until his death in 1471.
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_II -
Pope Paul III
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_III -
Pope Paul IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_IV -
Pope Paul V
:''For Napoleon's brother-in-law see Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese.''
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_V -
Pope Paul VI
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_VI -
Pope Pelagius I
Pope Pelagius I was pope from 556 to March 4, 561. He was the second pope of the Byzantine Papacy, like his predecessor a former apocrisiarius to Constantinople.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pelagius_I -
Pope Pelagius II
Pope Pelagius II was pope from 579 to 590.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pelagius_II -
Pope Pius I
Pope Saint Pius I was Bishop of Rome, according to the Annuario Pontificio, from 142 or 146 to 157 or 161, respectively. Others suggest that his pontificate was perhaps from 140 to 154.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_I -
Pope Pius II
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_II -
Pope Pius III
Pope Pius III (May 29, 1439 – October 18, 1503), born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was Pope from September 22 to October 18, 1503.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_III -
Pope Pius IV
Pope Pius IV (31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was Pope from 1559 to 1565. He is notable for presiding over the culmination of the Council of Trent.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_IV -
Pope Pius IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_IX -
Pope Pius V
Pope Pius V (17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P.), was Pope from 1566 to 1572 and is a saint of the Catholic Church. He is chiefly notable for his role in the Council of Trent, the Counter-Reformation, and the standardisation of the liturgy. Pius V declared Thomas Aquinas a Doctor of the Church and patronised prominent sacred music composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_V -
Pope Pius VI
Pope Pius VI (25 December, 1717 – 29 August, 1799), born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope from 1775 to 1799, was born at Cesena.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_VI -
Pope Pius VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_VII -
Pope Pius VIII
Pope Pius VIII (20 November 1761 – 30 November 1830), born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni was Pope in 1829 and 1830.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_VIII -
Pope Pius X
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_X -
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI (Latin: Pius PP. XI; ; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, was Pope from 6 February 1922, and sovereign of Vatican City from its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929 until his death on 10 February 1939. He issued numerous encyclicals including Quadragesimo Anno highlighting capitalistic greed of international finance, social justice issues and Quas Primas establishing the feast of Christ the King. He took as his papal motto "Christ's peace in Christ's kingdom".
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_XI -
Pope Pius XII
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_XII -
Pope Pontian
Pope Pontian or Pontianus was pope from 21 July 230 to 29 September 235.
http://wn.com/Pope_Pontian -
Pope Romanus
Romanus was Pope from August to November 897.
http://wn.com/Pope_Romanus -
Pope Sabinian
Pope Sabinian (died February 22, 606) was pope from 604 to 606. He was born at Blera (Bieda) near Viterbo. Pope during the Byzantine Papacy, he was fourth former apocrisiarius to Constantinople elected pope.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sabinian -
Pope Sergius I
http://wn.com/Pope_Sergius_I -
Pope Sergius II
http://wn.com/Pope_Sergius_II -
Pope Sergius III
Sergius III was a pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 29 January 0904 to 14 April 0911. Because Sergius III was possibly the only pope known to have ordered the murder of another pope and the only pope thought to have fathered an illegitimate son who later became pope (John XI), his pontificate has been described as "dismal and disgraceful."
http://wn.com/Pope_Sergius_III -
Pope Sergius IV
Sergius IV (born in Rome, died May 12, 1012), born Pietro Martino Buccaporci, was Pope from July 31, 1009, until his death. The date of his birth is unknown. His birth name is believed to have been Pietro Martino (Peter Martin) Buccaporci. This name essentially translated to "Peter Pig's Snout." Pietro adopted the name Sergius IV upon accession to the pontificate.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sergius_IV -
Pope Severinus
Pope Severinus was pope in the year 640 who became caught up in a power struggle with the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius over the ongoing Monothelite controversy.
http://wn.com/Pope_Severinus -
Pope Silverius
Pope Saint Silverius was Pope from June 8, 536 until March 537.
http://wn.com/Pope_Silverius -
Pope Simplicius
Pope Saint Simplicius was pope from 468 to March 10, 483.
http://wn.com/Pope_Simplicius -
Pope Siricius
http://wn.com/Pope_Siricius -
Pope Sisinnius
http://wn.com/Pope_Sisinnius -
Pope Sixtus I
Pope Saint Sixtus I was bishop of Rome from about 117 or 119 to 126 or 128 C.E., succeeding Pope Alexander I and succeeded by Pope Telesphorus. In the oldest documents, Xystus is the spelling used for the first three popes of that name.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sixtus_I -
Pope Sixtus II
Pope Sixtus II or Pope Saint Sixtus II (a corruption of Greek , Xystus, "polished") was Pope from August 30, 257 to August 6, 258. He died as a martyr during the persecution by Emperor Valerian.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sixtus_II -
Pope Sixtus III
Pope Saint Sixtus III was pope from July 31, 432 to August 18, 440.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sixtus_III -
Pope Sixtus IV
Pope Sixtus IV (July 21, 1414 – August 12, 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484. His main accomplishments as Pope included: Building the Sistine Chapel, where the team of artists he brought together and introduced the Early Renaissance to Rome with the first masterpiece of the city's new artistic age, establishing the Vatican archives and the Spanish Inquisition and annulling the decrees of the Council of Constance. He was famed for his nepotism and was personally involved in the infamous Pazzi Conspiracy.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sixtus_IV -
Pope Sixtus V
Pope Sixtus V (13 December 1520 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sixtus_V -
Pope Soter
http://wn.com/Pope_Soter -
Pope Stephen I
Pope Saint Stephen I served as Bishop of Rome from 12 May 254 to 2 August 257.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_I -
Pope Stephen II
:In sources prior to the 1960s, this Pope is sometimes called Stephen III and Pope-elect Stephen is sometimes called Stephen II. See Pope-elect Stephen for detailed explanations.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_II -
Pope Stephen III
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_III -
Pope Stephen IV
Pope Stephen IV was Pope from June 816 to January 817.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_IV -
Pope Stephen IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_IX -
Pope Stephen V
Pope Stephen V was pope from 885 to 891. He succeeded Pope Adrian III, and was in turn succeeded by Pope Formosus. In his dealings with Constantinople in the matter of Photius, as also in his relations with the young Slavonic church, he pursued the policy of Pope Nicholas I.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_V -
Pope Stephen VI
Pope Stephen VI (died August 897) was Pope from May 22, 896 to August 897.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_VI -
Pope Stephen VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_VII -
Pope Stephen VIII
Pope Stephen VIII, a native of Germany, was pope from about July 14, 939 until his death towards the end of October 942.
http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_VIII -
Pope Sylvester I
Sylvester was pope from 31 January 314 to 31 December 335, succeeding Pope Miltiades.
http://wn.com/Pope_Sylvester_I -
Pope Sylvester II
http://wn.com/Pope_Sylvester_II -
Pope Sylvester III
http://wn.com/Pope_Sylvester_III -
Pope Symmachus
Pope Saint Symmachus was pope from 498 to 514.
http://wn.com/Pope_Symmachus -
Pope Telesphorus
Pope Saint Telesphorus was pope from 126 or 127 to 137 or 138, during the reigns of Roman Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. He was Greek by birth.
http://wn.com/Pope_Telesphorus -
Pope Theodore I
Pope Theodore I (died May 14, 649), who was pope from November 24, 642 to May 14, 649, is considered a Greek, but was born in Palestine. He was made a cardinal deacon, (possibly around 640) and a full cardinal by Pope John IV.
http://wn.com/Pope_Theodore_I -
Pope Urban I
:"Saint Urban" redirects here. For other saints with this name, see Saint Urban (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_I -
Pope Urban II
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_II -
Pope Urban III
Pope Urban III (died October 20, 1187), born Uberto Crivelli, was Pope from 1185 to 1187. He was made cardinal and archbishop of Milan by Pope Lucius III, whom he succeeded on November 25, 1185. He vigorously took up his predecessor's quarrels with the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, including the standing dispute about the succession of territories of the countess Matilda of Tuscany. Even after his elevation to the Papacy, he continued to hold the archbishopric of Milan, and in this capacity refused to crown as King of Italy Frederick I's son Prince Henry, who had married Constantia, the heiress of the kingdom of Sicily. While Henry in the south cooperated with the rebel senate of Rome, Frederick I in the north blocked the passes of the Alps and cut off all communication between the Pope, then living in Verona, and his German adherents. Urban III now resolved on excommunicating Frederick I, but the Veronese protested against such a proceeding being resorted to within their walls. He accordingly withdrew to Ferrara, but died before he could give effect to his intentions. His successor was Gregory VIII.
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_III -
Pope Urban IV
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_IV -
Pope Urban V
Pope Urban V (1310 – December 19, 1370), born Guillaume Grimoard, was Pope from 1362 to 1370.
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_V -
Pope Urban VI
Pope Urban VI (c. 1318 – October 15, 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano, was Pope from 1378 to 1389.
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_VI -
Pope Urban VII
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_VII -
Pope Urban VIII
:'' Maffeo Barberini redirects here. For Pope Urban VIII's great-nephew, see Don Maffeo Barberini.''
http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_VIII -
Pope Valentine
http://wn.com/Pope_Valentine -
Pope Victor I
Pope Saint Victor I was Pope from 189 to 199 (the Vatican cites 186 or 189 to 197 or 201).
http://wn.com/Pope_Victor_I -
Pope Victor II
http://wn.com/Pope_Victor_II -
Pope Victor III
http://wn.com/Pope_Victor_III -
Pope Vigilius
:For the saint and bishop of Trent, see Vigilius of Trent.
http://wn.com/Pope_Vigilius -
Pope Vitalian
Pope Saint Vitalianus was Pope of the Catholic Church from July 30, 657, until January 27, 672.
http://wn.com/Pope_Vitalian -
Pope Zachary
Pope Saint Zachary (Greek Zacharias) was pope from 741 to 752. A Greek from Calabria, he was the last pope of the Byzantine Papacy. Most probably he was a deacon of the Roman Church and as such signed the decrees of the Roman council of 732 and was on intimate terms with Gregory III, whom he succeeded on December 10, 741.
http://wn.com/Pope_Zachary -
Pope Zephyrinus
Pope Saint Zephyrinus, born in Rome, was bishop of Rome from 199 to 217. His predecessor was bishop Victor I. Upon his death on December 20, 217, he was succeeded by his principal advisor, bishop Callixtus I.
http://wn.com/Pope_Zephyrinus -
Pope Zosimus
Pope Saint Zosimus was pope from March 18, 417 to December 26, 418 (or December 27).
http://wn.com/Pope_Zosimus -
Ramiz Alia
(born October 18, 1925) was the second and last communist leader of Albania from 1985 to 1991, and the President of People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1982 to 1991, and also the first President of the post communist Albania elected in 1991 until 1992. He had been designated as successor by Enver Hoxha and took power after Hoxha died.
http://wn.com/Ramiz_Alia -
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974, having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. A member of the Republican Party, he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.
http://wn.com/Richard_Nixon -
Robert Bellarmine
http://wn.com/Robert_Bellarmine -
Robert McNamara
Robert Strange McNamara (June 9, 1916 – July 6, 2009) was an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968. Following that he served as President of the World Bank from 1968 until 1981. McNamara was responsible for the institution of systems analysis in public policy, which developed into the discipline known today as policy analysis.
http://wn.com/Robert_McNamara -
Robert Schuman
Robert Schuman (; 29 June 1886 4 September 1963) was a noted Luxembourgish-born French statesman. Schuman was a Christian Democrat (M.R.P.) and an independent political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions and is regarded as one of the founders of the European Union, the Council of Europe and NATO.
http://wn.com/Robert_Schuman -
Roberto Calvi
http://wn.com/Roberto_Calvi -
Roman Herzog
Roman Herzog (born 5 April 1934) is a German politician (CDU) and was President of Germany from 1994 to 1999. He was the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany to be elected to office after the reunification of Germany that took place in 1990, and the second person to serve as all-German head of State since the end of World War II.
http://wn.com/Roman_Herzog -
Ronald Reagan
http://wn.com/Ronald_Reagan -
Roy Jenkins
http://wn.com/Roy_Jenkins -
Ruhollah Khomeini
http://wn.com/Ruhollah_Khomeini -
Rómulo Betancourt
http://wn.com/Rómulo_Betancourt -
Saddam Hussein
http://wn.com/Saddam_Hussein -
Saint Boniface
http://wn.com/Saint_Boniface -
Saint Florian
Saint Florian (; civil name: Florian von Lorch) (died ca. 304) is a Christian saint, and the patron saint of Poland; Linz, Austria; chimney sweeps; and firefighters. His feast day is May 4. St. Florian is also the patron of Upper Austria, jointly with Saint Leopold.
http://wn.com/Saint_Florian -
Saint Peter
http://wn.com/Saint_Peter -
Saint Stephen
http://wn.com/Saint_Stephen -
Salah Jadid
http://wn.com/Salah_Jadid -
Salgueiro Maia
http://wn.com/Salgueiro_Maia -
Sali Berisha
Sali Berisha (; born 15 October 1944) is an Albanian politician, currently the Prime Minister of Albania and the leader of Democratic Party of Albania (PD).
http://wn.com/Sali_Berisha -
Salvador Allende
http://wn.com/Salvador_Allende -
Saparmurat Niyazov
http://wn.com/Saparmurat_Niyazov -
Serbs
Serbs (, Romanization: Srbi ) are a native Balkan South Slavic ethnic group. Majority of Serbs live in their ancestral lands in Central Europe and the Balkans (Southeastern Europe), between the Balkan and Carpathian mountains, in the east, and the Adriatic sea, in the west. Significant percentage of Serb people live in diaspora. The total world Serbian population, however, is difficult to measure. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbs are also a significant minority in other republics of the Former Yugoslavia- primarily Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Serbs are an officially recognized minority in both Romania and Hungary, as well as Albania and Slovakia. There is a large Serbian diaspora in Western Europe especially in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria, as well as in France and Italy (which also contains a historical Serb community). More than a million people of Serbian origin live in German speaking countries: Luxembourg (1%), Austria (1,8%), Switzerland (1%), and Germany (~1%).
http://wn.com/Serbs -
Siad Barre
http://wn.com/Siad_Barre -
Silvio Berlusconi
(born 29 September 1936 in Milan) is an Italian politician, the current Prime Minister of Italy, as well as a successful entrepreneur. He is the second longest-serving Prime Minister of Italy, a position he has held on three separate occasions: from 1994 to 1995, from 2001 to 2006 and currently since 2008. Technically, Berlusconi has been sworn in four times because after a cabinet reshuffle, as happened with Berlusconi in 2005, the new ministry is sworn in and subjected to a vote of confidence. He is the leader of the People of Freedom political movement, a centre-right party he founded in 2009. As of November 2009, he is the longest-serving current leader of a G8 country. As of 2010, Forbes magazine has ranked him as the 74th richest man in the world with a net worth of USD 9 billion.
http://wn.com/Silvio_Berlusconi -
St. Sebastian
http://wn.com/St_Sebastian -
Stanisław Dziwisz
http://wn.com/Stanisław_Dziwisz -
Stefan Wyszyński
http://wn.com/Stefan_Wyszyński -
Suharto
http://wn.com/Suharto -
Sukarno
http://wn.com/Sukarno -
Syngman Rhee
http://wn.com/Syngman_Rhee -
Tank Man
http://wn.com/Tank_Man -
Tarcisio Bertone
Tarcisio Pietro Evasio Bertone, S.D.B. (born 2 December 1934) is an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He currently serves as Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo, having previously served as Archbishop of Vercelli from 1991 to 1995 and Archbishop of Genoa from 2002 to 2006. Bertone was elevated to the cardinalate in 2003.
http://wn.com/Tarcisio_Bertone -
Ted Turner
Robert Edward "Ted" Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the cable news network CNN, the first dedicated 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television. As a philanthropist, he is known for his $1 billion gift to support UN causes, which created the United Nations Foundation, a public charity to broaden support for the UN. Turner serves as Chairman of the United Nations Foundation board of directors.
http://wn.com/Ted_Turner -
Teoctist Arăpaşu
http://wn.com/Teoctist_Arăpaşu -
Tertullian
http://wn.com/Tertullian -
The Times
The Times is a daily national newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785, when it was known as The Daily Universal Register.
http://wn.com/The_Times -
Thomas More
Sir Thomas More (; February 7, 1478July 6, 1535), also Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important counsellor to Henry VIII of England and for three years toward the end of his life he was Lord Chancellor. He is also recognized as a saint within the Catholic Church and in the Anglican Communion. He was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation and of Martin Luther and William Tyndale.
http://wn.com/Thomas_More -
Todor Zhivkov
Todor Hristov Zhivkov (; ) (7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was a communist politician and leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989.
http://wn.com/Todor_Zhivkov -
Tony Blair
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a former British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007; he resigned from all these positions in June 2007.
http://wn.com/Tony_Blair -
Toshiki Kaifu
is a Japanese politician who was the 76th and 77th Prime Minister of Japan from 1989 to 1991.
http://wn.com/Toshiki_Kaifu -
Tôn Đức Thắng
http://wn.com/Tôn_Đức_Thắng -
U Nu
For other people with the Burmese name Nu, see Nu (Burmese name).
http://wn.com/U_Nu -
Ukrainians
http://wn.com/Ukrainians -
Urho Kekkonen
:Kekkonen redirects here. For other uses, see Kekkonen (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Urho_Kekkonen -
Uri Geller
Uri Geller (; born 20 December 1946) is an Israeli paranormalist living in England known for his trademark television performances of spoon bending and other supposed physical effects. Throughout the years, Geller has been accused of using simple conjuring tricks to achieve the effects of psychokinesis and telepathy. Geller's career as an entertainer has spanned almost four decades, with television shows and appearances in many countries. Geller used to call his abilities "psychic," but now prefers to refer to himself as a "mystifier" and entertainer.
http://wn.com/Uri_Geller -
Viacheslav Chornovil
Viacheslav Chornovil () (born December 24, 1937 in Yerky, Katerynopil Raion, Cherkasy Oblast - died March 25, 1999, near Boryspil, Kiev Oblast) was a Ukrainian politician. A prominent Ukrainian dissident to the Soviet policies, he was arrested multiple times in the 1960s and 1970s for his political views. A long-time advocate of Ukrainian independence, he was one of the most prominent political figures of the late 1980s and early 1990s who paved the path of the contemporary Ukraine to its independence.
http://wn.com/Viacheslav_Chornovil -
Violeta Chamorro
http://wn.com/Violeta_Chamorro -
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952) served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move, and then Putin won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Putin -
Vyacheslav Molotov
http://wn.com/Vyacheslav_Molotov -
Václav Havel
http://wn.com/Václav_Havel -
Walter Hallstein
Walter Hallstein (17 November 1901–29 March 1982) was a German politician and professor.
http://wn.com/Walter_Hallstein -
Walter Scheel
Walter Scheel (; born 8 July 1919) is a German politician (FDP). He served as Federal Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development from 1961 to 1966, Foreign Minister of Germany and Vice Chancellor from 1969 to 1974, acting Chancellor of Germany from 7 May to 16 May 1974 (following the resignation of Willy Brandt after the Guillaume Affair), and finally as President of Germany from 1974 to 1979.
http://wn.com/Walter_Scheel -
Walter Ulbricht
Walter Ulbricht (30 June 1893 – 1 August 1973) was a German communist politician. As General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party from 1950 to 1971, he played a leading role in the early development and establishment of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
http://wn.com/Walter_Ulbricht -
Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt, born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (; 18 December 1913 - 8 October 1992), was a German politician, Chancellor of West Germany 1969–1974, and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1964–1987.
http://wn.com/Willy_Brandt -
Winston Churchill
http://wn.com/Winston_Churchill -
Wojciech Jaruzelski
Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (pronounced ; born 6 July 1923) was the last commander-in-chief of the communist Polish People's Army (LWP) and the chairman of the Polish United Workers Party from 1981 to 1989, Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990. He was the country's last communist leader and dictator and resigned from power after the Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989 led to democratic elections in Poland.
http://wn.com/Wojciech_Jaruzelski -
Wolfgang Schäuble
http://wn.com/Wolfgang_Schäuble -
Wu'erkaixi
'''Wu'erkaixi (sometimes spelled Wu'er Kaixi'''; born 17 February 1968) was a Chinese student leader of Uyghur ethnicity in the Tiananmen protests of 1989. He was born in Beijing, but listed as a native of Yili, Xinjiang Autonomous Region. He achieved prominence while studying at Beijing Normal University as a hunger striker who rebuked Chinese Premier Li Peng on national television. He now resides in Taiwan.
http://wn.com/Wu'erkaixi -
Władysław Gomułka
http://wn.com/Władysław_Gomułka -
Yasser Arafat
http://wn.com/Yasser_Arafat -
Yitzhak Rabin
http://wn.com/Yitzhak_Rabin -
Yuri Andropov
http://wn.com/Yuri_Andropov -
Zhao Ziyang
Zhao Ziyang (17 October 1919 – 17 January 2005) was a high-ranking politician in the People's Republic of China (PRC). He was the third Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987, and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989.
http://wn.com/Zhao_Ziyang -
Zhou Enlai
http://wn.com/Zhou_Enlai -
Zianon Pazniak
Zianon Pazniak (, born April 24, 1944) is a Belarusian nationalist politician, one of the founders of the Belarusian Popular Front and leader of the Christian Conservative Party of the BPF. He has lived in emigration since 1996.
http://wn.com/Zianon_Pazniak -
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: lang|ur|, , ) (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the fourth President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan. His daughter Benazir Bhutto also served twice as prime minister. She was assassinated on December 27, 2007.
http://wn.com/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto -
Álvaro Cunhal
http://wn.com/Álvaro_Cunhal -
Óscar Romero
http://wn.com/Óscar_Romero
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Cercate ii Suo volto
- Cristo è liberazione
- Verbum caro factum est
- Abbà Pater
- Vieni, Santo Spirito
- Padre, ti chiediamo perdono
- Dove c'è amore, c'è dio
- Padre della luce
- Un comandamento nuovo
- Madre di tutte le genti
- La legge delle beatitudini
Born: ['1920-05-18']
Died: ['2005-04-02']
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
The last days of Pope John Paul II - The untold stories (Cnn)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:12
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Visit the official website of the Beatification of John Paul II - www.karol-wojtyla.org - ©riproduzione riservata
http://wn.com/The_last_days_of_Pope_John_Paul_II_The_untold_stories_Cnn
Pope John Paul II - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
His October 1979 visit to Washington, DC and the CUA Campus
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II_Part_1
In Loving Memory: Pope John Paul II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
A loving tribute to His Holiness Pope John Paul II.
http://wn.com/In_Loving_Memory_Pope_John_Paul_II
John Paul II, WE LOVE YOU
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:47
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Persone speciali.....
http://wn.com/John_Paul_II,_WE_LOVE_YOU
Pope John Paul II Dies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
On 2nd April 2005 Pope John Paul II died after a prolonged struggle with ill health. Thousands of pilgrims queued for the chance to see him lying for public viewing at Saint Peter's Basilica at the Vatican in Rome, Italy. www.itnsource.com
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II_Dies
John Paul The Great: A Pope Who Made History (Trailer 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:48
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
When he was elected Pope John Paul II in 1978, Karol Wotyla became the first Slav ever to take the seat of St. Peter. Over the next 26 years, he would change the image of the papacy forever. John Paul the Great takes you through the extraordinary life of one of the 21st century's greatest men.Karol Jozef Wojtyla, known as John Paul II since his October 1978 election to the papacy, was born in the Polish town of Wadowice, a small city 50 kilometers from Krakow, on May 18, 1920. Throughout his early twenties, and during World War II, he had to work in a Nazi-run rock quarry to earn a living and to avoid being deported to Germany. For more information please visit Janson Media: www.janson.com
http://wn.com/John_Paul_The_Great_A_Pope_Who_Made_History_Trailer_1
Pope John Paul II Funeral 2005
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Blessed Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. II, Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan Paweł II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (Polish: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920 -- 2 April 2005), served as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005, at 84 years and 319 days of age. His was the second-longest documented pontificate, which lasted 26 years and 168 days; only Pope Pius IX (1846--1878) who served 31 years, has reigned longer. Pope John Paul II is the only Slavic or Polish pope to date and was the first non-Italian Pope since Dutch Pope Adrian VI (1522--1523). John Paul II has been acclaimed as one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century. It is widely held that he was instrumental in ending communism in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe. Conversely, he denounced the excesses of capitalism. John Paul II is widely said to have significantly improved the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. Though criticised by progressives for upholding the Church's teachings against artificial contraception and the ordination of women and by traditionalists for his support of the Church's Second Vatican Council and its reform, he was also widely praised[1] for his firm, orthodox Catholic stances. He was one of the most-travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. He spoke Italian ...
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II_Funeral_2005
Venerable John Paul II: The record breaking pope
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
John Paul II is without a doubt the pope who has broken the most records in the Churchs history. First, his pontificate is on the longest on record. He was the head of the Catholic Church for 26 years: only Pius IX and Saint Peters pontificates lasted longer than John Paul II. Then he is also the most travelled pope. He left the Vatican more than 1500 times for official trips. He visited 129 countries and travelled more than 1 million kilometers. Thats like going around the globe 30 times. If you a sum up the time he was on trips, you could say he lived outside of Rome for more than 2 ½ years. He also held huge summits in both big cities and small islands with less than 100 inhabitants. The powerful, needy, the healthy and the sick, the young and, old all paid close attention to Pope John Paul II.
http://wn.com/Venerable_John_Paul_II_The_record_breaking_pope
Pope John Paul II - in Hell- Proved by God.......
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:20
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
The Kingdoms of Heaven and Hell and the Return of CHRIST. For a period of 23 hours, a young Ecuadorian girl named Angelica was shown the Kingdoms of Heaven and Hell, and the Return of Christ. She witnessed Jesus weeping as He overlooked multitudes of souls lost forever, a world that has rejected Him, a Church that is mostly unprepared for Him, a people that have stopped witnessing to the lost, and an entertainment industry that even lures children to satan. She witnessed many of our esteemed cultural icons suffering in the Pit; singers, entertainers, and even a pope. Angelica was also shown how the Kingdom of Heaven is all wonderfully prepared and ready, an unimaginable glorious place, where no evil exists. Though Jesus is ONLY coming back for a Holy People, and many of God's children will NOT be ready on that day, and will be left behind in a world that will fall apart. -aka.23 Horas Muertra This video is sure to be controversial, it has started a firestorm of discussions and argument all over South America. Now, finally translated into English.......Angelica Zambrano (ReEdited Video)
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II_in_Hell_Proved_by_God
Pope John Paul II Visit to the Heartland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
30 yrs ago Pope John Paul II made a historic visit to Iowa in America's heartland. He talked about the land as God's gift and our responsibility to sustain life by working the land to address human hunger, while caring for and preserving it. How are we doing? Three organizations—the Diocese of Des Moines, National Catholic Rural Life Conference, and Living History Farms—are sponsoring a commemoration of the Holy Father's visit, to express our gratitude and to explore agriculture, feeding the world, environmental ethics, and spirituality on October 2 and 3, 2009 in Des Moines.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II_Visit_to_the_Heartland
Sue Ann Pinner Sings at Historic Dodger Stadium Papal Mass
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
See Sue Ann Pinner perform as the principal soloist at Pope John Paul II's historic Dodger Stadium mass.
http://wn.com/Sue_Ann_Pinner_Sings_at_Historic_Dodger_Stadium_Papal_Mass
BIOGRAPHY OF POPE JOHN PAUL II #2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
JESUS SAID: "I AM THE WAY THE TRUTH AND THE LIFE, NOONE COMES TO THE FATHER EXCEPT THROUGH ME"
http://wn.com/BIOGRAPHY_OF_POPE_JOHN_PAUL_II_2
Pope John Paul II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
Video Power Point
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II
Pope John Paul II on Love in Chicago 1979
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Pope John Paul II preaches on Love In Chicago during his visit there in 1979
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II_on_Love_in_Chicago_1979
Pope John Paul II On Path To Sainthood
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:34
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
The late Pope is credited with a modern miracle - one more and he'll be sainted.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II_On_Path_To_Sainthood
Pope John Paul II - Cuba 1998
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:51
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II_Cuba_1998
Carl Bernstein on why Pope John Paul II threatened communism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:19
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Journalist Carl Bernstein on his book "His Holiness: John Paul II and the Hidden History of our Time", which deals with whyt the Soviets saw Pope John Paul II as a serious threat to their survival. (Original broadcast October 1996)
http://wn.com/Carl_Bernstein_on_why_Pope_John_Paul_II_threatened_communism
CATHOLICISM Preview: Pope John Paul II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
See www.CatholicismProject.org. Father Robert Barron, as part of the upcoming CATHOLICISM series, speaks about Pope John Paul II and his provocative non-violence. Reserve your copy of this groundbreaking production today.
http://wn.com/CATHOLICISM_Preview_Pope_John_Paul_II
Pope John Paul II New World Order Speech at Gandhis Memorial : NWO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Pope John Paul II calls for a New World Order at the grave of Gandhis as all religions walk hand in hand. A New World Order is coming into view. ( NWO )
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II_New_World_Order_Speech_at_Gandhis_Memorial_NWO
Joaquin Navarro Valls recalls how he lived in the Papal Apartment death of John Paul II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Updated: 04 Jul 2012
www.romereports.com This April 2 is the six year anniversary of the dea
http://wn.com/Joaquin_Navarro_Valls_recalls_how_he_lived_in_the_Papal_Apartment_death_of_John_Paul_II
Pope John Paul II & Ali Agca
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
Mehmet Ali Ağca (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈaːdʒa]; born January 9, 1958) is a Turkish[1][2] assassin who murdered left-wing journalist Abdi İpekçi on February 1, 1979 and later shot and wounded Pope John Paul II on May 13, 1981, after escaping from a Turkish prison. After serving 19 years of imprisonment in Italy, he was deported to Turkey, where he served a ten-year sentence. He was released on January 18, 2010.[3] Ağca has described himself as a mercenary with no political orientation, although he is known to have been a member of the Turkish ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves organization.
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II_Ali_Agca
Bill Maher - Pope John Paul II Fire-Apparition
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:46
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
The Vatican News Services confirmed the apparition of the recently deceased Pope as authentic. October 2007 Catholics: Pope JPII Appeared In This Fire! guanabee.com Is this Pope John Paul II waving from beyond the grave? Vatican TV director says YES: www.shoutwire.com Tim Russert Please Rate & Comment.
http://wn.com/Bill_Maher_Pope_John_Paul_II_Fire-Apparition
My tribute to John Paul II, Karol Wojtyła 1920-2005
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Note: Music is Abba Pater from the soundtrack with the same name. Subtitles are in Portuguese. For English or Polish subtitles hover mouse pointer on the bottom right corner and click the 2nd box! I'm sorry if there are any errors in the Polish subtitles! I don't understand Polish so I just copy pasted the translation where I thought they were supposed to be at, so do tell if you find anything wrong. A video I made in homage of one of the greatest human beings that carried his purpose with dedication and sacrifice. May his soul forever rest in peace!
http://wn.com/My_tribute_to_John_Paul_II,_Karol_Wojtyła_1920-2005
Photo: US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Todd A. Schaffer
06 Nov 2012
- At an unknown location somewhere deep beneath the world's oceans, a British submarine sits primed to launch up to 40 nuclear warheads with a collective destructive power almost 300 times greater...
Photo: AP / Mark Lennihan
06 Nov 2012
WASHINGTON (AP) President Barack Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney left Americans to vote Tuesday with a stark choice between their fundamentally different visions for the countrys future...
Photo: AP / Narciso Contreras
06 Nov 2012
The UN and Arab League envoy to Syria, Lakhdar Brahimi, has said he fears the country could "turn into a new Somalia" unless the crisis does not end soon. In an interview with the newspaper...
Photo: AP
06 Nov 2012
The inquiry into the miners' deaths is showing how police doctored evidence and revealing a force that believes itself to be above South African law...
Photo: US Navy / MCS2 Terah L. Mollise
05 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling "Of the best rulers, the people do not know they exist." -Lao Tzu Unlike pseudo messianic governments and their virtual political pretenders, super...
Boston Herald
Democratic U.S. Rep. Niki Tsongas has easily defeated Republican Jon Golnik to win a third full term representing Massachusetts. Tsongas is from Lowell and is the widow of former presidential candidate and U.S. Sen. Paul Tsongas. She won a 2007 congressional special election. Golnik is a businessman...(size: 4.3Kb)
Business Day
SINGAPORE — YEARS of addiction, blow-ups and wrecked marriages earned John Daly the moniker "Wild Thing", but at 46 the American says he has finally found the maturity to match his unquestionable talent. With his crowd-pulling "grip it and rip it" style and unconventional swing that resulted in huge...(size: 2.6Kb)
House Speaker Boehner: Voters said 'no' to raising tax rates, offers to work with Democrats
07 Nov 2012
Yahoo Daily News
WASHINGTON - Speaker John Boehner says that by keeping Republicans in control of the House, voters made clear there's no mandate for raising tax rates. Boehner, however, offered to work with any willing partner, Republican or Democrat, to get things done. Speaking to Republican supporters, Boehner's...(size: 9.6Kb)
In Massachusetts, a Kennedy returns to Congress
07 Nov 2012
Yahoo Daily News
NEWTON, Massachusetts (Reuters) - Joseph Kennedy III easily won the Massachusetts congressional seat being vacated by the retiring fellow Democrat Barney Frank, becoming the first member of his generation of a storied U.S. political family to hold public office. Kennedy, grandson of the late Senator...(size: 9.9Kb)
McCaskill Defeats Akin in Missouri
07 Nov 2012
Yahoo Daily News
Sen. Claire McCaskill has won re-election in Missouri, holding off Rep. Todd Akin who came under fire for saying women had ways of preventing pregnancies in the case of "legitimate rape." McCaskill's victory denies Republicans a seat they'd hoped to pick up before Akin's comments. Democrats have...(size: 11.9Kb)
TECHNO FILE: A way to avoid the ‘hanging chads’
07 Nov 2012
Business Day
THE highest voter turnout in a US presidential election for which such data exist was in 1876, when the Republican Rutherford Hayes beat the Democrat Samuel Tilden by one electoral vote, with 81.8% of potential voters making their mark. Only one other presidential poll has topped the 80% mark — in...(size: 3.5Kb)
Paul Ryan Hangs Onto Congress Seat in Wisconsin
07 Nov 2012
ABC News
Paul Ryan knows he will be headed to Washington, D.C., again next year regardless of whether his running mate, Mitt Romney, is elected president. ABC News is projecting that Ryan beat out his Democratic challenger tonight in Wisconsin to hang on to the House seat he has held there for 14 years....(size: 2.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
(Reuters) - Voters went to the polls in the U.S. presidential election on Tuesday but the Electoral College, not the popular vote, actually elects the president of the United States. There are 538 members of the Electoral College, allotted to each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Two...(size: 24.1Kb)
Obama leads in electoral count
07 Nov 2012
Newsday
Photos WASHINGTON - (AP) -- and former Gov. Mitt swapped hard-fought battleground states Tuesday night in a tense duel for the White House shadowed by a weak economy and high that crimped the middle class dreams of millions....(size: 11.0Kb)
Ryan wins his 1st Congressional District seat
07 Nov 2012
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
With 23% of the vote counted, the Associated Press is calling U.S. Representative Paul Ryan (R-Janesville) the winner of another two-year term representing the 1st Congressional District. Shortly before 10 p.m., Ryan was outpolling Democratic challenger Rob Zerban by a wide margin. If Mitt Romney is...(size: 58.1Kb)
Barack Obama picks up crucial swing states
07 Nov 2012
Newsday
Special elections were held Tuesday for two of 's key towns and for the legislative seat left vacant when Presiding Officer Peter Schmitt (R-) died last month. In early results, Michael Venditto, 31, of Massapequa, was leading Joanne Maglione, 42, of , in the bid for Schmitt's seat. Both candidates...(size: 9.5Kb)
Obama off the hook for bad economy
07 Nov 2012
The Washington Times
Rising prices and chronic unemployment were heavy on the minds of voters Tuesday even as a glimmer of optimism peeked through. Four in 10 said the nation’s battered economy is getting better, but almost everyone agreed there’s still a long way to go. Voters were less likely to blame...(size: 6.7Kb)
For other uses, see Pope John Paul II (disambiguation).
| John Paul II | |
|---|---|
 John Paul II in 1993 |
|
| Papacy began | 16 October 1978 |
| Papacy ended | 2 April 2005 |
| Predecessor | John Paul I |
| Successor | Benedict XVI |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1 November 1946 by Adam Stefan Sapieha |
| Consecration | 28 September 1958 by Eugeniusz Baziak |
| Created Cardinal | 26 June 1967 |
| Personal details | |
| Birth name | Karol Józef Wojtyła |
| Born | (1920-05-18)18 May 1920 Wadowice, Republic of Poland |
| Died | 2 April 2005(2005-04-02) (aged 84) Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Previous post |
|
| Motto | Totus Tuus meaning "totally yours" |
| Signature |  |
| Coat of arms |  |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 22 October |
| Beatified | 1 May 2011 Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI |
| Patronage | World Youth Day (Co- Patron) |
| Other Popes named John Paul | |
Blessed Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. II, Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan Paweł II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (Polish: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920, Wadowice, Republic of Poland – 2 April 2005, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 until his death in 2005. He was the second-longest serving Pope in history and the first non-Italian since 1523.
John Paul II was acclaimed as one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century. He was instrumental in ending communism in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe.[1] John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. Though criticised by progressives for upholding the Church's teachings against artificial contraception and the ordination of women, and by traditionalists for his support of the Church's Second Vatican Council and its reform, he was also widely praised for his firm, orthodox Catholic stances.
He was one of the most-travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. As part of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, he beatified 1,340 people and canonised 483 saints, more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding five centuries. He named most of the present College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the world's past and current bishops, and ordained many priests.[2] A key goal of his papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was "to place his Church at the heart of a new religious alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims and Christians in a great [religious] armada".[3][4] 19 December 2009, John Paul II was proclaimed venerable by his successor Pope Benedict XVI and was beatified on 1 May 2011.
Early life[link]
Main article: Early life of Pope John Paul II
Karol Józef Wojtyła (Anglicised: Charles Joseph Wojtyla) was born in the Polish town of Wadowice[5][6] and was the youngest of three children of Karol Wojtyła, an ethnic Pole,[7] and Emilia Kaczorowska, who is described as being of Lithuanian[7] and possibly Ukrainian ancestry.[8] Emilia died on 13 April 1929,[9] when Wojtyła was eight years old.[10] His elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 14 years his senior. Edmund's work as a physician eventually led to his death from scarlet fever, which affected Wojtyła.[7][10]
As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing football as goalkeeper.[11] During his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with Wadowice's large Jewish community. School football games were often organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side.[7][11] "I remember that at least a third of my classmates at elementary school in Wadowice were Jews. At elementary school there were fewer. With some I was on very friendly terms. And what struck me about some of them was their Polish patriotism." [12] Wojtyła’s first, and possibly only, love affair was with a Jewish girl, Ginka Beer, who was described as "slender", "a superb actress" and "having stupendous dark eyes and jet black hair".[4] On 13 April 1929, Wojtyla's mother died in childbirth.[8]
In mid-1938, Wojtyła and his father left Wadowice and moved to Kraków, where he enrolled at Jagiellonian University. While studying such topics as philology and various languages, he worked as a volunteer librarian and was required to participate in compulsory military training in the Academic Legion, but he refused to fire a weapon. He performed with various theatrical groups and worked as a playwright.[13] During this time, his talent for language blossomed, and he learned as many as 12 foreign languages, nine of which he used extensively as Pope.[5]
In 1939, Nazi German occupation forces closed the university after invading Poland.[5] Able-bodied males were required to work, so from 1940 to 1944 Wojtyła variously worked as a messenger for a restaurant, a manual labourer in a limestone quarry and for the Solvay chemical factory, to avoid deportation to Germany.[6][13] His father, a non-commissioned officer in the Polish Army, died of a heart attack in 1941,[8] leaving Wojtyła as the immediate family's only surviving member.[7][9][14] "I was not at my mother's death, I was not at my brother's death, I was not at my father's death," he said, reflecting on these times of his life, nearly forty years later, "At twenty, I had already lost all the people I loved."[14]
After his father's death, he started thinking seriously about the priesthood.[15] In October 1942, while the war continued, he knocked on the door of the Archbishop's Palace in Kraków and asked to study for the priesthood.[15] Soon after, he began courses in the clandestine underground seminary run by the Archbishop of Kraków, Adam Stefan Cardinal Sapieha. On 29 February 1944, Wojtyła was knocked down by a German truck. German Wehrmacht officers tended to him and sent him to a hospital. He spent two weeks there recovering from a severe concussion and a shoulder injury. It seemed to him that this accident and his survival was confirmation of his vocation. On 6 August 1944, ‘Black Sunday’,[16] the Gestapo rounded up young men in Kraków to avoid an uprising similar[16] to the recent uprising in Warsaw.[17][18] Wojtyła escaped by hiding in the basement of his uncle's house at 10 Tyniecka Street, while the German troops searched above.[15][17][18] More than eight thousand men and boys were taken that day, while Wojtyła escaped to the Archbishop's Palace,[15][16][17] where he remained until after the Germans had left.[7][15][17]
On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans fled the city, and the students reclaimed the ruined seminary. Wojtyła and another seminarian volunteered for the task of clearing away piles of frozen excrement from the toilets.[19] Wojtyła also helped a 14-year-old Jewish refugee girl named Edith Zierer,[20] who had run away from a Nazi labour camp in Częstochowa.[20] Edith had collapsed on a railway platform, so Wojtyła carried her to a train and stayed with her throughout the journey to Kraków. Edith credits Wojtyła with saving her life that day.[21][22][23] B'nai B'rith and other authorities have said that Wojtyła helped protect many other Polish Jews from the Nazis. In Wojtyła's last book Memory and Identity he described the 12 years of the Nazi régime as 'bestiality',[24] quoting from Polish theologian and philosopher Konstanty Michalski.[25]
Priesthood[link]
On finishing his studies at the seminary in Kraków, Wojtyła was ordained as a priest on All Saints' Day, 1 November 1946,[9] by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Sapieha.[6][26][27] He then studied theology in Rome, at the Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum,[26][27] where he earned a licentiate and later a doctorate in sacred theology.[5] This doctorate, the first of two, was based on the Latin dissertation The Doctrine of Faith According to Saint John of the Cross.
He returned to Poland in the summer of 1948 with his first pastoral assignment in the village of Niegowić, fifteen miles from Kraków. He arrived at Niegowić at harvest time, where his first action was to kneel and kiss the ground.[28] This gesture, which he adapted from French saint Jean Marie Baptiste Vianney,[28] would become a ‘trademark’ action during his Papacy.
_(19May07).jpg)
In March 1949, Wojtyła was transferred to the parish of Saint Florian in Kraków. He taught ethics at Jagiellonian University and subsequently at the Catholic University of Lublin. While teaching, he gathered a group of about 20 young people, who began to call themselves Rodzinka, the "little family". They met for prayer, philosophical discussion, and to help the blind and sick. The group eventually grew to approximately 200 participants, and their activities expanded to include annual skiing and kayaking trips.[29]
In 1954, he earned a second doctorate, in philosophy,[30] evaluating the feasibility of a Catholic ethic based on the ethical system of phenomenologist Max Scheler, a German philosopher who founded a broad philosophical movement which emphasised the study of conscious experience. However, the Communist authorities intervened to prevent him from receiving the degree until 1957.[27] Wojtyła developed a theological approach which combined traditional Catholic Thomism with the ideas of personalism, a philosophical approach deriving from phenomenology, which was popular amongst Catholic intellectuals in Kraków during Wojtyła's intellectual development. He translated Scheler's Formalism and the Ethics of Substantive Values.[31]
During this period, Wojtyła wrote a series of articles in Kraków's Catholic newspaper Tygodnik Powszechny ("Universal Weekly") dealing with contemporary church issues.[32] He focused on creating original literary work during his first dozen years as a priest. War, life under Communism, and his pastoral responsibilities all fed his poetry and plays. Wojtyła published his work under two pseudonyms – Andrzej Jawień and Stanisław Andrzej Gruda[13][32] – to distinguish his literary from his religious writings, (under his own name) and also so that his literary works would be considered on their merits.[13][32] In 1960, Wojtyła published the influential theological book Love and Responsibility, a defence of traditional Church teachings on marriage from a new philosophical standpoint.[13][33]
Bishop and cardinal[link]
On 4 July 1958,[27] while Wojtyła was on a kayaking holiday in the lakes region of northern Poland, Pope Pius XII appointed him as the auxiliary bishop of Kraków. He was then summoned to Warsaw to meet the Primate of Poland, Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński, who informed him of his appointment.[34][35] He agreed to serve as Auxiliary Bishop to Kraków's Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak, and he was ordained to the Episcopate (as Titular Bishop of Ombi) on 28 September 1958. Baziak was the principal consecrator. Then-Auxiliary Bishop Boleslaw Kominek (Titular Bishop of Sophene and Vaga; of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wroclaw and future Cardinal Archbishop of Wroclaw) and then-Auxiliary Bishop Franciszek Jop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sandomierz (Titular Bishop of Daulia; later Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Wroclaw and then Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Opole) were the principal co-consecrators.[27] At the age of 38, Wojtyła became the youngest bishop in Poland. Baziak died in June 1962 and on 16 July Wojtyła was selected as Vicar Capitular (temporary administrator) of the Archdiocese until an Archbishop could be appointed.[5][6]
In October 1962, Wojtyła took part in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965),[5][27] where he made contributions to two of its most historic and influential products, the Decree on Religious Freedom (in Latin, Dignitatis Humanae) and the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et Spes).[27] Wojtyła and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for Gaudium et Spes. According to the historian John W. O'Malley, the draft text Gaudium et Spes which Wojtyła and the Polish delegation sent "had some influence on the version that was sent to the council fathers that summer but was not accepted as the base text".[36] According to John F. Crosby, as Pope, John Paul II used the words of Gaudium et Spes later to introduce his own views on the nature of the human person in relation to God: man is "the only creature on earth that God has wanted for its own sake", but man "can fully discover his true self only in a sincere giving of himself".[37]
He also participated in the assemblies of the Synod of Bishops.[5][6] On 13 January 1964, Pope Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Kraków.[38] On 26 June 1967, Paul VI announced Archbishop Karol Wojtyła's promotion to the Sacred College of Cardinals.[27][38] Wojtyła was named Cardinal-Priest of the titulus of San Cesareo in Palatio.
In 1967, he was instrumental in formulating the encyclical Humanae Vitae, which dealt with the same issues that forbid abortion and artificial birth control.[27][39][40]
Election to the papacy[link]
Main article: Papal conclave, October 1978
In August 1978, following the death of Pope Paul VI, Cardinal Wojtyła voted in the Papal conclave which elected Pope John Paul I, who at 65 was considered young by papal standards. John Paul I died after only 33 days as Pope, triggering another conclave.[6][27][41]
The second conclave of 1978 started on 14 October, ten days after the funeral. It was split between two strong candidates for the papacy: Giuseppe Cardinal Siri, the conservative Archbishop of Genoa, and the liberal Archbishop of Florence, Giovanni Cardinal Benelli, a close friend of John Paul I.[42]
Supporters of Benelli were confident that he would be elected, and in early ballots, Benelli came within nine votes of success.[42] However, both men faced sufficient opposition that neither was likely to prevail. Franz Cardinal König, Archbishop of Vienna suggested to his fellow electors a compromise candidate: the Polish Cardinal, Karol Józef Wojtyła.[42] Wojtyła won on the eighth ballot on the second day with, according to the Italian press, 99 votes from the 111 participating electors. He subsequently chose the name John Paul II[27][42] in honour of his immediate predecessor, and the traditional white smoke informed the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square that a pope had been chosen.[41] He accepted his election with these words: ‘With obedience in faith to Christ, my Lord, and with trust in the Mother of Christ and the Church, in spite of great difficulties, I accept.’[43][44] When the new pontiff appeared on the balcony, he broke tradition by addressing the gathered crowd:[43]
Dear brothers and sisters, we are saddened at the death of our beloved Pope John Paul I, and so the cardinals have called for a new bishop of Rome. They called him from a faraway land – far and yet always close because of our communion in faith and Christian traditions. I was afraid to accept that responsibility, yet I do so in a spirit of obedience to the Lord and total faithfulness to Mary, our most Holy Mother. I am speaking to you in your – no, our Italian language. If I make a mistake, please ‘kirrect’ [sic] me...[43][45]
Wojtyła became the 264th Pope according to the chronological list of popes, the first non-Italian in 455 years.[46] At only 58 years of age, he was the youngest pope since Pope Pius IX in 1846, who was 54.[27] Like his predecessor, Pope John Paul II dispensed with the traditional Papal coronation and instead received ecclesiastical investiture with the simplified Papal inauguration on 22 October 1978. During his inauguration, when the cardinals were to kneel before him to take their vows and kiss his ring, he stood up as the Polish prelate Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński knelt down, stopped him from kissing the ring, and simply hugged him.[47]
Pastoral trips[link]
During his pontificate, Pope John Paul II made trips to 129 countries,[49] travelling more than 1,100,000 kilometres (680,000 mi) whilst doing so. He consistently attracted large crowds, some amongst the largest ever assembled in human history, such as the Manila World Youth Day, which gathered up to 4 million people, the largest Papal gathering ever, according to the Vatican.[50][51]John Paul II's earliest official visits were to the Dominican Republic and Mexico in January 1979.[52] While some of his trips (such as to the United States and the Holy Land) were to places previously visited by Pope Paul VI, John Paul II became the first pope to visit the White House in October 1979, where he was greeted warmly by then-President Jimmy Carter. He was the first Pope ever to visit several countries, starting in 1979 with Mexico[53] and Ireland.[54] He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, in 1982, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. He travelled to Haiti in 1983, where he spoke in Creole to thousands of impoverished Catholics gathered to greet him at the airport. His message, "things must change in Haiti", referring to the disparity between the wealthy and the poor, was met with thunderous applause.[55] In 2000, he was the first modern pope to visit Egypt,[56] where he met with the Coptic pope, Pope Shenouda III[56] and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria.[56] He was the first Catholic pope to visit and pray in an Islamic mosque, in Damascus, Syria, in 2001. He visited the Umayyad Mosque, a former Christian church where John the Baptist is believed to be interred,[57] where he made a speech calling for Muslims, Christians and Jews to live together.[57]
On 15 January 1995, during the X World Youth Day, he offered mass to an estimated crowd of between five and seven million in Luneta Park,[51] Manila, Philippines, which was considered to be the largest single gathering in Christian history.[51] In March 2000, while visiting Jerusalem, John Paul became the first pope in history to visit and pray at the Western Wall.[58][59] In September 2001, amid post-11 September concerns, he travelled to Kazakhstan, with an audience largely consisting of Muslims, and to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of 1,700 years of Armenian Christianity.[60]
Trip to Poland[link]
In June 1979, Pope John Paul II travelled to Poland where ecstatic crowds constantly surrounded him.[61] This first trip to Poland uplifted the nation's spirit and sparked the formation of the Solidarity movement in 1980, which later brought freedom and human rights to his troubled homeland.[39] While Poland's Communist leaders intended to use the Pope's visit to show the people that even though the Pope was Polish it did not alter their capacity to govern, oppress, and distribute the goods of society. They also hoped that if the Pope abided by the rules they set, that the Polish people would see his example and follow them as well. If the Pope's visit inspired a riot, the Communist leaders of Poland were prepared to crush the uprising and blame the suffering on the Pope.[62]
"The Pope won that struggle by transcending politics. His was what Joseph Nye calls ‘soft power’– the power of attraction and repulsion. He began with an enormous advantage, and exploited it to the utmost: He headed the one institution that stood for the polar opposite of the Communist way of life that the Polish people hated. He was a Pole, but beyond the regime’s reach. By identifying with him, Poles would have the chance to cleanse themselves of the compromises they had to make to live under the regime. And so they came to him by the millions. They listened. He told them to be good, not to compromise themselves, to stick by one another, to be fearless, and that God is the only source of goodness, the only standard of conduct. ‘Be not afraid,’ he said. Millions shouted in response, ‘We want God! We want God! We want God!’ The regime cowered. Had the Pope chosen to turn his soft power into the hard variety, the regime might have been drowned in blood. Instead, the Pope simply led the Polish people to desert their rulers by affirming solidarity with one another. The Communists managed to hold on as despots a decade longer. But as political leaders, they were finished. Visiting his native Poland in 1979, Pope John Paul II struck what turned out to be a mortal blow to its Communist regime, to the Soviet Empire, [and] ultimately to Communism.”[63]
On later trips to Poland, he gave tacit support to the organisation.[39] Successive Polish trips reinforced this message and contributed to the collapse of East European Communism that took place between 1989/1990 with the reintroduction of democracy in Poland, and which then spread through Eastern Europe (1990–1991) and South-Eastern Europe (1990–1992).[45][49][61][64][65]
Teachings[link]
As pope, John Paul II wrote 14 papal encyclicals and taught about "The Theology of the Body". Some key elements of his strategy to "reposition the Catholic Church" were encyclicals such as Ecclesia de Eucharistia, Reconciliatio et Paenitentia and Redemptoris Mater. In his At the beginning of the new millennium (Novo Millennio Ineunte), he emphasised the importance of "starting afresh from Christ": "No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person." In The Splendour of the Truth (Veritatis Splendor), he emphasised the dependence of man on God and His Law ("Without the Creator, the creature disappears") and the "dependence of freedom on the truth". He warned that man "giving himself over to relativism and scepticism, goes off in search of an illusory freedom apart from truth itself". In Fides et Ratio (On the Relationship between Faith and Reason) John Paul promoted a renewed interest in philosophy and an autonomous pursuit of truth in theological matters. Drawing on many different sources (such as Thomism), he described the mutually supporting relationship between faith and reason, and emphasised that theologians should focus on that relationship. John Paul II wrote extensively about workers and the social doctrine of the Church, which he discussed in three encyclicals: Laborem Exercens, Solicitudo Rei Socialis, and Centesimus Annus. Through his encyclicals and many Apostolic Letters and Exhortations, John Paul II talked about the dignity of women and the importance of the family for the future of humanity.[39] Other encyclicals include The Gospel of Life (Evangelium Vitae) and Ut Unum Sint (That They May Be One). Though critics accused him of inflexibility, he explicitly re-asserted Catholic moral teachings against capital punishment, euthanasia and abortion that have been in place for well over a thousand years.[39]
Social and political stances[link]
Main article: Social and political stances of Pope John Paul II
John Paul II was considered a conservative on doctrine, and issues relating to sexual reproduction and the ordination of women.[66]
While the Pope was visiting the United States of America he said, "All human life, from the moments of conception and through all subsequent stages, is sacred."[67]
A series of 129 lectures given by John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in Rome between September 1979 and November 1984 were later compiled and published as a single work entitled ‘Theology of the Body’, an extended meditation on human sexuality. He extended it to the condemnation of abortion, euthanasia and virtually all capital punishment,[68] calling them all a part of the "culture of death" that is pervasive in the modern world. He campaigned for world debt forgiveness and social justice.[39][66] He coined the term "social mortgage", which related that all private property had a social dimension, namely, that "the goods of this are originally meant for all."[69]In 2000, he publicly endorsed the Jubilee 2000 campaign on African debt relief fronted by Irish rock stars Bob Geldof and Bono, once famously interrupting a U2 recording session by telephoning the studio and asking to speak to Bono.[70]
Pope John Paul II, who was present and very influential at the Vatican II (1962–65), affirmed the teachings of that Council and did much to implement them. Nevertheless, his critics often wished that he would embrace the so-called "progressive" agenda that some hoped would evolve as a result of the Council. In fact, the Council did not advocate "progressive" changes in these areas; for example, they still condemned abortion as an unspeakable crime. Pope John Paul II continued to declare that contraception, abortion, and homosexual acts were gravely sinful, and, with Joseph Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI), opposed Liberation theology.
Following the Church's exaltation of the marital act of sexual intercourse between a baptised man and woman within sacramental marriage as proper and exclusive to the sacrament of marriage, John Paul II believed that it was, in every instance, profaned by contraception, abortion, divorce followed by a 'second' marriage, and by homosexual acts. His beliefs were often assumed to be a rejection of women. In 1994 John Paul II asserted the Church's lack of authority to ordain women to the priesthood, claiming that without such authority ordination is not legitimately compatible with fidelity to Christ. This was also deemed a repudiation of calls to break with the constant tradition of the Church by ordaining women to the priesthood.[71] In addition, John Paul II chose not to end the discipline of mandatory priestly celibacy, although in a small number of unusual circumstances, he did allow certain married clergymen of other Christian traditions who later became Catholic to be ordained as Catholic priests.
Evolution[link]
On 22 October 1996, in a speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences plenary session at the Vatican, Pope John Paul II said of evolution that "this theory has been progressively accepted by researchers, following a series of discoveries in various fields of knowledge. The convergence, neither sought nor fabricated, of the results of work that was conducted independently is in itself a significant argument in favour of this theory." The Pope qualified this by noting that, "rather than the theory of evolution, we should speak of several theories of evolution." Some of these theories, he noted, have a purely materialistic philosophical underpinning which is not compatible with the Catholic faith: "Consequently, theories of evolution which, in accordance with the philosophies inspiring them, consider the mind as emerging from the forces of living matter, or as a mere epiphenomenon of this matter, are incompatible with the truth about man".[72][73][74][75]
Although generally accepting the theory of evolution, John Paul II made one major exception – the human soul. "If the human body has its origin in living material which pre-exists it, the spiritual soul is immediately created by God".[72][74][75]
Liberation theology[link]
In 1984 and 1986, through Cardinal Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI), then-leader of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, John Paul II officially condemned aspects of Liberation theology, which had many followers in South America. Visiting Europe, Óscar Romero unsuccessfully attempted to obtain a Vatican condemnation of El Salvador's regime, for violations of human rights and its support of death squads. In his travel to Managua, Nicaragua in 1983, John Paul II harshly condemned what he dubbed the "popular Church"[76] (i.e. "ecclesial base communities" supported by the CELAM), and the Nicaraguan clergy's tendencies to support the leftist Sandinistas, reminding the clergy of their duties of obedience to the Holy See.[76] During that visit Ernesto Cardenal, a priest and minister in the Sandinista government, knelt to kiss his hand. John Paul withdrew it, wagged his finger in Cardenal's face, and told him, "You must straighten out your position with the church."[77]
Views on sexuality[link]
While taking a traditional position on sexuality, defending the Church's moral opposition to marriage for same-sex couples, Pope John Paul II asserted that persons with homosexual inclinations possess the same inherent dignity and rights as everybody else.[78] In his book, Memory and Identity, he referred to the "strong pressures" by the European Parliament to recognise homosexual unions as an alternative type of family, with the right to adopt children. In the book, as quoted by Reuters, he wrote: "It is legitimate and necessary to ask oneself if this is not perhaps part of a new ideology of evil, more subtle and hidden, perhaps, intent upon exploiting human rights themselves against man and against the family [sic]."[39][79] A 1997 study determined that 3% of the pope's statements were about the issue of sexual morality.[80]
Relations with other faiths[link]
Pope John Paul II travelled extensively and met with believers from many divergent faiths. At the World Day of Prayer for Peace, held in Assisi on 27 October 1986, more than 120 representatives of different religions and Christian denominations spent a day together with fasting and praying.[81]
Anglicanism[link]
Pope John Paul II had good relations with the Church of England, referred to by his predecessor Pope Paul VI, as "our beloved Sister Church".[82] He preached in Canterbury Cathedral during his visit to London, and received the Archbishop of Canterbury with friendship and courtesy. However, John Paul II was disappointed by the Church of England's decision to offer the Sacrament of Holy Orders to women and saw it as a step in the opposite direction from unity between the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.[82]
In 1980 John Paul II issued a Pastoral Provision allowing married former Episcopal priests to become Catholic priests, and for the acceptance of former Episcopal Church parishes into the Catholic Church. He allowed the creation of the Anglican Use form of the Latin Rite, which incorporates the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. John Paul II helped establish 'Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church', together with Archbishop Patrick Flores of San Antonio, Texas, as a place where Anglicans and Catholics could worship together.[83]
Buddhism[link]
Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, visited Pope John Paul II eight times, more than any other single dignitary. The Pope and the Dalai Lama held many similar views and understood similar plights, both coming from nations damaged by communism and both serving as heads of major religious bodies.[84][85]
Eastern Orthodox Church[link]
In May 1999, John Paul II visited Romania on the invitation from Patriarch Teoctist Arăpaşu of the Romanian Orthodox Church. This was the first time a Pope had visited a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the Great Schism in 1054.[86] On his arrival, the Patriarch and the President of Romania, Emil Constantinescu, greeted the Pope.[86] The Patriarch stated, "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity."[86]
On 23–27 June 2001 John Paul II visited Ukraine, another heavily Orthodox nation, at the invitation of the President of Ukraine and bishops of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.[87] The Pope spoke to leaders of the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organisations, pleading for "open, tolerant and honest dialogue".[87] About 200 thousand people attended the liturgies celebrated by the Pope in Kiev, and the liturgy in Lviv gathered nearly one and a half million faithful.[87] John Paul II stated that an end to the Great Schism was one of his fondest wishes.[87] Healing divisions between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches regarding Latin and Byzantine traditions was clearly of great personal interest. For many years, John Paul II sought to facilitate dialogue and unity stating as early as 1988 in Euntes in mundum that "Europe has two lungs, it will never breathe easily until it uses both of them".
During his 2001 travels, John Paul II became the first Pope to visit Greece in 1291 years.[88][89] In Athens, the Pope met with Archbishop Christodoulos, the head of the Greek Orthodox Church.[88] After a private 30 minute meeting, the two spoke publicly. Christodoulos read a list of "13 offences" of the Roman Catholic Church against the Eastern Orthodox Church since the Great Schism,[88] including the pillaging of Constantinople by crusaders in 1204, and bemoaned the lack of apology from the Roman Catholic Church, saying "Until now, there has not been heard a single request for pardon" for the "maniacal crusaders of the 13th century."[88]
The Pope responded by saying "For the occasions past and present, when sons and daughters of the Catholic Church have sinned by action or omission against their Orthodox brothers and sisters, may the Lord grant us forgiveness," to which Christodoulos immediately applauded. John Paul II said that the sacking of Constantinople was a source of "profound regret" for Catholics.[88] Later John Paul II and Christodoulos met on a spot where Saint Paul had once preached to Athenian Christians. They issued a ‘common declaration’, saying "We shall do everything in our power, so that the Christian roots of Europe and its Christian soul may be preserved. … We condemn all recourse to violence, proselytism and fanaticism, in the name of religion".[88] The two leaders then said the Lord's Prayer together, breaking an Orthodox taboo against praying with Catholics.[88]
The Pope had said throughout his pontificate that one of his greatest dreams was to visit Russia, but this never occurred. He attempted to solve the problems that had arisen over centuries between the Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches, and in 2004 gave them a 1730 copy of the lost icon of Our Lady of Kazan.
Islam[link]
Pope John Paul II made considerable efforts to improve relations between Catholicism and Islam.[90]
On 6 May 2001, Pope John Paul II became the first Catholic pope to enter and pray in a mosque. Respectfully removing his shoes, he entered the Umayyad Mosque, a former Byzantine era Christian church dedicated to John the Baptist (who was believed to be interred there) in Damascus, Syria, and gave a speech including the statement: "For all the times that Muslims and Christians have offended one another, we need to seek forgiveness from the Almighty and to offer each other forgiveness."[57] He kissed the Qur’an in Syria,[91] an act which made him popular amongst Muslims but which disturbed many Catholics.[91]
In 2004, Pope John Paul II hosted the "Papal Concert of Reconciliation", which brought together leaders of Islam with leaders of the Jewish community and of the Catholic Church at the Vatican for a concert by the Kraków Philharmonic Choir from Poland, the London Philharmonic Choir from the United Kingdom, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra from the United States, and the Ankara State Polyphonic Choir of Turkey.[92][93][94][95] The event was conceived and conducted by Sir Gilbert Levine, KCSG and was broadcast throughout the world.[92][93][94][95]
John Paul II oversaw the publication of the Catechism of the Catholic Church which makes a special provision[clarification needed] for Muslims; therein, it is written, "The plan of salvation also includes those who acknowledge the Creator, in 'the first place amongst whom are the Muslims'; these profess to hold the faith of Abraham, and together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day."[96]
Judaism[link]
Relations between Catholicism and Judaism improved during the pontificate of John Paul II.[39][59] He spoke frequently about the Church's relationship with the Jewish faith.[39]
In 1979, John Paul II became the first pope to visit the German Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, where many of his compatriots (mostly Polish Jews) had perished during the Nazi occupation in World War II. In 1998 he issued "We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah" which outlined his thinking on the Holocaust.[97] He became the first pope known to have made an official papal visit to a synagogue, when he visited the Great Synagogue of Rome on 13 April 1986.[98][99]
In 1994, John Paul II established formal diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the State of Israel, acknowledging its centrality in Jewish life and faith.[98] In honour of this event, Pope John Paul II hosted ‘The Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust’. This concert, which was conceived and conducted by American Maestro Gilbert Levine, was attended by the Chief Rabbi of Rome, the President of Italy, and survivors of the Holocaust from around the world.[100][101]
In March 2000, John Paul II visited Yad Vashem, the national Holocaust memorial in Israel, and later made history by touching one of the holiest sites in Judaism, the Western Wall in Jerusalem,[59] placing a letter inside it (in which he prayed for forgiveness for the actions against Jews).[58][59][98] In part of his address he said: "I assure the Jewish people the Catholic Church... is deeply saddened by the hatred, acts of persecution and displays of anti-Semitism directed against the Jews by Christians at any time and in any place", he added that there were "no words strong enough to deplore the terrible tragedy of the Holocaust".[58][59] Israeli cabinet minister Rabbi Michael Melchior, who hosted the Pope's visit, said he was "very moved" by the Pope's gesture.[58][59]
It was beyond history, beyond memory.[58]
We are deeply saddened by the behaviour of those who in the course of history have caused these children of yours to suffer, and asking your forgiveness we wish to commit ourselves to genuine brotherhood with the people of the Covenant.[102]
In October 2003, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a statement congratulating John Paul II on entering the 25th year of his papacy. In January 2005, John Paul II became the first Pope in history known to receive a priestly blessing from a rabbi, when Rabbis Benjamin Blech, Barry Dov Schwartz, and Jack Bemporad visited the Pontiff at Clementine Hall in the Apostolic Palace.[103]
Immediately after John Paul II's death, the ADL issued a statement that Pope John Paul II had revolutionised Catholic-Jewish relations, saying that "more change for the better took place in his 27 year Papacy than in the nearly 2,000 years before."[104] In another statement issued by the Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council, Director Dr Colin Rubenstein said, "The Pope will be remembered for his inspiring spiritual leadership in the cause of freedom and humanity. He achieved far more in terms of transforming relations with both the Jewish people and the State of Israel than any other figure in the history of the Catholic Church".[98]
With Judaism, therefore, we have a relationship which we do not have with any other religion. You are our dearly beloved brothers, and in a certain way, it could be said that you are our elder brothers.[105]
Lutheranism[link]
On 15–19 November 1980 John Paul II visited the Federal Republic of Germany[106] on his first trip to a country with a large Lutheran population. In Mainz he met with leaders of the Lutheran and other Protestant Churches, and with representatives of other Christian denominations.
On 11 December 1983 John Paul II participated in an ecumenical service in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Rome,[107] the first papal visit ever to a Lutheran church. The visit took place 500 years after the birth of Martin Luther, the German Augustinian monk who initiated the Lutheran reformation.
In his apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden of June 1989,[108] John Paul II became the first pope to visit countries with Lutheran majorities. In addition to celebrating Mass with Catholic believers, he participated in ecumenical services at places that had been Catholic shrines before the 16th century Lutheran reformation: Nidaros Cathedral in Norway; near St. Olav's Church at Thingvellir in Iceland; Turku Cathedral in Finland; Roskilde Cathedral in Denmark; and Uppsala Cathedral in Sweden.
On 31 October 1999 (the 482nd anniversary of Reformation Day, Martin Luther's posting of the 95 Theses), representatives of the Vatican and the Lutheran World Federation (LWF) signed a Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, as a gesture of unity. The signing was a fruit of a theological dialogue that had been going on between the LWF and the Vatican since 1965.
Role in the fall of Communism[link]
Main article: Holy See–Soviet Union relations
John Paul II has been credited with being instrumental in bringing down communism in Central and Eastern Europe,[39][45][49][64][65][109] by being the spiritual inspiration behind its downfall and catalyst for "a peaceful revolution" in Poland. Lech Wałęsa, the founder of ‘Solidarity’, credited John Paul II with giving Poles the courage to demand change.[39] According to Wałęsa, "Before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. Nobody knew how to get rid of communism. In Warsaw, in 1979, he simply said: 'Do not be afraid', and later prayed: 'Let your Spirit descend and change the image of the land... this land'."[109] It has also been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank covertly funded Solidarity.[110][111]
President Ronald Reagan's correspondence with the pope reveals "a continuous scurrying to shore up Vatican support for U.S. policies. Perhaps most surprisingly, the papers show that, as late as 1984, the pope did not believe the Communist Polish government could be changed."[112]
In December 1989, John Paul II met with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at the Vatican and each expressed his respect and admiration for the other. Gorbachev once said "The collapse of the Iron Curtain would have been impossible without John Paul II".[45][64] On John Paul's death, Mikhail Gorbachev said: "Pope John Paul II's devotion to his followers is a remarkable example to all of us."[65][109]
In February 2004, Pope John Paul II was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize honouring his life's work in opposing Communist oppression and helping to reshape the world.[113]
President George W. Bush presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America's highest civilian honour, to Pope John Paul II during a ceremony at the Vatican 4 June 2004. The president read the citation that accompanied the medal, which recognised "this son of Poland" whose "principled stand for peace and freedom has inspired millions and helped to topple communism and tyranny."[114] After receiving the award, John Paul II said, "May the desire for freedom, peace, a more humane world symbolised by this medal inspire men and women of goodwill in every time and place."[115]
Warsaw, Moscow, Budapest, Berlin, Prague, Sofia and Bucharest have become stages in a long pilgrimage toward liberty. It is admirable that in these events, entire peoples spoke out – women, young people, men, overcoming fears, their irrepressible thirst for liberty speeded up developments, made walls tumble down and opened gates.[116]
Assassination attempts[link]
Main articles: 1981 Pope John Paul II assassination attempt, Juan María Fernández y Krohn, and The Bojinka Plot
As he entered St. Peter's Square to address an audience on 13 May 1981,[117] Pope John Paul II was shot and critically wounded by Mehmet Ali Ağca,[5][49][118] an expert Turkish gunman who was a member of the militant fascist group Grey Wolves.[119] The assassin used a Browning 9 mm semi-automatic pistol,[120] shooting the pope in the abdomen and perforating his colon and small intestine multiple times.[45] John Paul II was rushed into the Vatican complex and then to the Gemelli Hospital. En route to the hospital, he lost consciousness. Even though the two bullets missed his mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta, he lost nearly three-quarters of his blood. He underwent five hours of surgery to treat his wounds.[121] Surgeons performed a colostomy, temporarily rerouting the upper part of the large intestine to let the damaged lower part heal.[121] When he briefly gained consciousness before being operated on, he instructed the doctors not to remove his Brown Scapular during the operation.[122] The pope stated that Our Lady of Fátima helped keep him alive throughout his ordeal.[49][118][123]
Could I forget that the event in St. Peter’s Square took place on the day and at the hour when the first appearance of the Mother of Christ to the poor little peasants has been remembered for over sixty years at Fátima, Portugal? For in everything that happened to me on that very day, I felt that extraordinary motherly protection and care, which turned out to be stronger than the deadly bullet.[124]
Ağca was caught and restrained by a nun and other bystanders until police arrived. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. Two days after Christmas in 1983, John Paul II visited Ağca in prison. John Paul II and Ağca spoke privately for about twenty minutes.[49][118] John Paul II said, "What we talked about will have to remain a secret between him and me. I spoke to him as a brother whom I have pardoned and who has my complete trust.″
On 2 March 2006 the Italian parliament's Mitrokhin Commission, set up by Silvio Berlusconi and headed by Forza Italia senator Paolo Guzzanti, concluded that the Soviet Union was behind the attempt on John Paul II's life,[119][125] in retaliation for the pope's support of Solidarity, the Catholic, pro-democratic Polish workers' movement, a theory which had already been supported by Michael Ledeen and the United States Central Intelligence Agency at the time.[119][125] The Italian report stated that Communist Bulgarian security departments were utilised to prevent the Soviet Union's role from being uncovered.[125] The report stated that Soviet military intelligence (Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije), not the KGB, were responsible.[125] Russian Foreign Intelligence Service spokesman Boris Labusov called the accusation ‘absurd’.[125] The Pope declared during a May 2002 visit to Bulgaria that the country's Soviet bloc-era leadership had nothing to do with the assassination attempt.[119][125] However, his secretary, Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz, alleged in his book A Life with Karol, that the pope was convinced privately that the former Soviet Union was behind the attack.[126] It was later discovered that many of John Paul II's aides had foreign government attachments;[127] Bulgaria and Russia disputed the Italian commission's conclusions, pointing out that the Pope had publicly denied the Bulgarian connection.[125] A second assassination attempt took place on 12 May 1982, just a day before the anniversary of the first attempt on his life, in Fátima, Portugal when a man tried to stab John Paul II with a bayonet.[128][129][130] He was stopped by security guards, although Stanisław Dziwisz later claimed that John Paul II had been injured during the attempt but managed to hide a non-life threatening wound.[128][129][130] The assailant, a traditionalist Spanish priest named Juan María Fernández y Krohn,[128] was ordained as a priest by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre of the Society of Saint Pius X and was opposed to the changes caused by the Second Vatican Council, claiming that the pope was an agent of Communist Moscow and of the Marxist Eastern Bloc.[131] Fernández y Krohn subsequently left the priesthood and served three years of a six-year sentence.[129][130][131] The ex-priest was treated for mental illness and then expelled from Portugal to become a solicitor in Belgium.[131]
Pope John Paul II was also a target of the Al-Qaeda-funded Bojinka plot during a visit to the Philippines in 1995. The first plan was to kill him in the Philippines during World Youth Day 1995 celebrations. On 15 January 1995, a suicide bomber was planning to dress as a priest, while John Paul II passed in his motorcade on his way to the San Carlos Seminary in Makati City. The would-be-assassin intended to get close and detonate the bomb. The assassination was supposed to divert attention from the next phase of the operation. However, a chemical fire inadvertently started by the cell alerted police to their whereabouts, and all were arrested a week before the Pope's visit, confessing to the plot.[132]
In 2009 journalist and former army intelligence officer John Koehler published Spies in the Vatican: The Soviet Union's Cold War Against the Catholic Church.[133] Mining mostly East German and Polish secret police archives, Koehler says the assassination attempts were "KGB-backed" and gives details.[134] During John Paul II's reign there were many clerics within the Vatican who on nomination, declined to be ordained, and then mysteriously left the church. There is wide speculation that they were, in reality, KGB agents.
Health[link]
Main article: Pope John Paul II's health
When he became pope in 1978, John Paul II was still an avid sportsman. At the time, the 58-year old was extremely healthy and active, jogging in the Vatican gardens, weight training, swimming, and hiking in the mountains. He was fond of football. The media contrasted the new Pope's athleticism and trim figure to the poor health of John Paul I and Paul VI, the portliness of John XXIII and the constant claims of ailments of Pius XII. The only modern pope with a fitness regimen had been Pope Pius XI (1922–1939) who was an avid mountaineer.[135][136] An Irish Independent article in the 1980s labelled John Paul II the keep-fit pope.
However, after over twenty-five years on the papal throne, two assassination attempts (one of which resulted in severe physical injury to the Pope), and a number of cancer scares, John Paul's physical health declined. In 2001 he was diagnosed as suffering from Parkinson's disease.[137] International observers had suspected this for some time but it was only publicly acknowledged by the Vatican in 2003. Despite difficulty speaking more than a few sentences at a time, trouble hearing and severe osteoarthrosis, he continued to tour the world, although rarely walking in public.
Death and funeral[link]
Main article: Funeral of Pope John Paul II
On 31 March 2005 following a urinary tract infection,[138] Pope John Paul II developed septic shock, a form of infection with a high fever and low blood pressure, but was not hospitalised. Instead, he was monitored by a team of consultants at his private residence. This was taken as an indication that the pope and those close to him believed that he was nearing death; it would have been in accordance with his wishes to die in the Vatican.[138] Later that day, Vatican sources announced that John Paul II had been given the Anointing of the Sick by his friend and secretary Stanisław Dziwisz. During the final days of the Pope's life, the lights were kept burning through the night where he lay in the Papal apartment on the top floor of the Apostolic Palace. Tens of thousands of people assembled and held vigil in St. Peter's Square and the surrounding streets for two days. Upon hearing of this, the dying pope was said to have stated: "I have searched for you, and now you have come to me, and I thank you."[139]
On Saturday 2 April 2005, at about 15:30 CEST, John Paul II spoke his final words, "Pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca", ("Let me depart to the house of the Father"), to his aides, and fell into a coma about four hours later.[139][140] The mass of the vigil of the Second Sunday of Easter commemorating the canonisation of Saint Maria Faustina on 30 April 2000, had just been celebrated at his bedside, presided over by Stanisław Dziwisz and two Polish associates. Present at the bedside was a cardinal from Ukraine who served as a priest with John Paul in Poland, along with Polish nuns of the Congregation of the Sisters Servants of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, who ran the papal household. He died in his private apartment, at 21:37 CEST[140][141][142] (19:37 UTC) of heart failure from profound hypotension and complete circulatory collapse from septic shock, 46 days short of his 85th birthday. John Paul had no close family by the time he died, and his feelings are reflected in his words, as written in 2000, at the end of his Last Will and Testament.[143]
The death of the pontiff set in motion rituals and traditions dating back to medieval times. The Rite of Visitation took place from 4 to 7 April at St. Peter's Basilica. The Testament of Pope John Paul II published on 7 April[144] revealed that the pontiff contemplated being buried in his native Poland but left the final decision to The College of Cardinals, which in passing, preferred burial beneath St. Peter's Basilica, honouring the pontiff's request to be placed "in bare earth". The Mass of Requiem on 8 April was said to have set world records both for attendance and number of heads of state present at a funeral.[145][146][147][148] (See: List of Dignitaries). It was the single largest gathering of heads of state in history, surpassing the funerals of Winston Churchill (1965) and Josip Broz Tito (1980). Four kings, five queens, at least 70 presidents and prime ministers, and more than 14 leaders of other religions attended alongside the faithful.[146] It is likely to have been the largest single pilgrimage of Christianity ever, with numbers estimated in excess of four million mourners gathering in Rome.[145][147][148][149] Between 250,000 and 300,000 watched the event from within the Vatican walls.[148] The Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, who became the next pope, conducted the ceremony. John Paul II was interred in the grottoes under the basilica, the Tomb of the Popes. He was lowered into a tomb created in the same alcove previously occupied by the remains of Pope John XXIII. The alcove had been empty since Pope John's remains had been moved into the main body of the basilica after his beatification.
Posthumous recognition[link]
Title "the Great"[link]
Upon the death of John Paul II, a number of clergy at the Vatican and laymen throughout the world[45][145][150] began referring to the late pontiff as "John Paul the Great"—only the fourth pope to be so acclaimed, and the first since the first millennium.[45][150][151][152] Scholars of Canon Law say that there is no official process for declaring a pope "Great"; the title simply establishes itself through popular and continued usage,[145][153][154] as was the case with celebrated secular leaders (for example, Alexander III of Macedon became popularly known as Alexander the Great). The three popes who today commonly are known as "Great" are Leo I, who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw from Rome; Gregory I, 590–604, after whom the Gregorian Chant is named; and Pope Nicholas I, 858–867.[150]
His successor, Pope Benedict XVI, referred to him as "the great Pope John Paul II" in his first address[155] from the loggia of St. Peter's Church, and Angelo Cardinal Sodano referred to Pope John Paul II as "the Great" in his published written homily for the Mass of Repose.[156]
Since giving his homily at the funeral of Pope John Paul, Pope Benedict XVI has continued to refer to John Paul II as "the Great." At the 20th World Youth Day in Germany 2005, Pope Benedict XVI, speaking in Polish, John Paul's native language, said, "As the Great Pope John Paul II would say: keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people." In May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI visited John Paul's native Poland. During that visit, he repeatedly made references to "the great John Paul" and "my great predecessor".[157]
In addition to the Vatican calling him "the great," numerous newspapers have done so. For example, the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera called him "the Greatest" and the South African Catholic newspaper, The Southern Cross, has called him "John Paul II The Great".[158] and many Catholic schools worldwide have been named after him using this title, for example recently renamed John Paul the Great Catholic University and John Paul the Great Catholic High School.
Beatification[link]
Main article: Beatification and canonisation of Pope John Paul II
.jpg)
Inspired by calls of "Santo Subito!" ("[Make him a] Saint Immediately!") from the crowds gathered during the funeral mass which he performed,[145][161][162][163][164][165] Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, bypassing the normal restriction that five years must pass after a person's death before beginning the beatification process.[162][163][166][167] In an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, Camillo Ruini, Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome who was responsible for promoting the cause for canonisation of any person who died within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances" which suggested that the waiting period could be waived.[6][145][168] This decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square.[169]
In early 2006, it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle associated with John Paul II. Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun and a member of the Congregation of Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards, confined to her bed by Parkinson's Disease,[163][170] was reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II".[110][145][161][163][171][172] As of May 2008[update], Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, then 46,[161][163] was working again at a maternity hospital run by her order.[167][170][173][174]
"I was sick and now I am cured," she told reporter Gerry Shaw. "I am cured, but it is up to the church to say whether it was a miracle or not."[170][173]
On 28 May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI said Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. During his homily, he encouraged prayers for the early canonisation of John Paul II and stated that he hoped canonisation would happen "in the near future."[170][175]
In January 2007, Stanisław Cardinal Dziwisz of Kraków, his former secretary, announced that the interview phase of the beatification process, in Italy and Poland, was nearing completion.[145][170][176] In February 2007, relics of Pope John Paul II—pieces of white papal cassocks he used to wear—were freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause, a typical pious practice after a saintly Catholic's death.[177][178] On 8 March 2007, the Vicariate of Rome announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's cause for beatification was at an end. Following a ceremony on 2 April 2007 – the second anniversary of the Pontiff's death – the cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, to conduct a separate investigation.[170][176][162] On the fourth anniversary of Pope John Paul's death, 2 April 2009, Cardinal Dziwisz, told reporters of a presumed miracle that had recently occurred at the former pope's tomb in St. Peter's Basilica.[173][179][180][181] A nine year-old Polish boy from Gdańsk, who was suffering from kidney cancer and was completely unable to walk, had been visiting the tomb with his parents. On leaving St. Peter's Basilica, the boy told them, "I want to walk," and began walking normally.[179][180][181][182] On 16 November 2009, a panel of reviewers at the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously that Pope John Paul II had lived a life of virtue.[183][184] On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI signed the first of two decrees needed for beatification and proclaimed John Paul II "Venerable", asserting that he had lived a heroic, virtuous life.[183][184] The second vote and the second signed decree certify the authenticity of his first miracle, the curing of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun, from Parkinson's disease. Once the second decree is signed, the positio (the report on the cause, with documentation about his life and writings and with information on the cause) is complete.[184] He can then be beatified.[183][184] Some speculated that he would be beatified sometime during (or soon after) the month of the 32nd anniversary of his 1978 election, in October 2010. As Monsignor Oder noted, this course would have been possible if the second decree were signed in time by Benedict XVI, stating that a posthumous miracle directly attributable to his intercession had occurred, completing the positio.
The Vatican announced on 14 January 2011 that Pope Benedict XVI had confirmed the miracle involving Sister Marie Simon-Pierre and that John Paul II was to be beatified on 1 May, the Feast of Divine Mercy.[185] 1 May is commemorated in former communist countries, such as Poland, and some Western European countries as May Day, and Pope John Paul II was well-known for his contributions to communism's relatively peaceful demise.[45][64] In March 2011 the Polish mint issued a gold 1,000 Polish złoty coin (equivalent to US$350), with the Pope's image to commemorate his beatification.[186]
On 29 April 2011, Pope John Paul II's coffin was exhumed from the grotto beneath St. Peter's Basilica ahead of his beatification, as tens of thousands of people arrived in Rome for one of the biggest events since his funeral.[187] John Paul II's remains (in a closed coffin) were placed in front of the Basilica's main altar, where believers could pay their respect before and after the beatification mass in St. Peter's Square on 1 May. On 3 May 2011 Blessed Pope John Paul II was given a new resting place in the marble altar in Pier Paolo Cristofari's Chapel of St. Sebastian, which is where Pope Innocent XI was buried. This more prominent location, next to the Chapel of the Pieta, the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament and statues of Popes Pius XI and Pius XII, was intended to allow more pilgrims to view his memorial.
Criticism and controversy[link]
Main articles: Criticism of Pope John Paul II and Criticism of the Catholic Church
John Paul II was widely criticised, amongst other things,[188] for his views against the ordination of women and contraception, his support for the Second Vatican Council and its reform of the Liturgy, and his stance on the sanctity of marriage.[5][189]
Opposition to his beatification[link]
Some Catholic theologians disagree with the call for beatification of Pope John Paul II. Eleven dissident theologians, including Jesuit professor Jose Maria Castillo and Italian theologian Giovanni Franzoni raised seven points, including his stance against contraception and the ordination of women as well as the Church scandals that presented "facts which according to their consciences and convictions should be an obstacle to beatification".
Child sex abuse scandals[link]
Main article: Catholic sex abuse cases
John Paul II was also criticised for failing to respond quickly enough to the sex abuse crisis. In his response, he stated that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".[190] The Church instituted reforms to prevent future abuse by requiring background checks for Church employees[191] and, because a significant majority of victims were teenage boys, disallowing ordination of men with "deep–seated homosexual tendencies".[192][193] They now require dioceses faced with an allegation to alert the authorities, conduct an investigation and remove the accused from duty.[191][194] In 2008, the Church asserted that the scandal was a very serious problem and estimated that it was "probably caused by 'no more than 1 per cent' " (or 5,000) of the over 500,000 Catholic priests worldwide.[195][196]
In April 2002, John Paul II, despite being frail from Parkinson’s disease, read a statement intended for the American cardinals, calling the sex abuse "an appalling sin" and said the priesthood had no room for such men.[197]
In 2003 John Paul II reiterated that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".[190] and in April 2003, the Pontifical Academy for Life organised a three-day conference, entitled "Abuse of Children and Young People by Catholic Priests and Religious", where eight non-Catholic psychiatric experts were invited to speak to near all Vatican dicasteries' representatives. The panel of experts overwhelmingly opposed implementation of policies of "zero-tolerance" such as was proposed by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops. One expert called such policies a "case of overkill" since they do not permit flexibility to allow for differences among individual cases.[198]
In 2004 Pope John Paul II appointed Bernard Francis Law as Archpriest of the Papal Basilica of Saint Mary Major in Rome. Law had previously resigned as archbishop of Boston in 2002 in response to the Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal after Church documents were revealed which suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese.[199] Law resigned from this position in November 2011.[197]
Opus Dei controversies[link]
Main article: Controversies about Opus Dei
John Paul II was criticised for his support of the Opus Dei prelature and the 2002 canonisation of its founder, Josemaría Escrivá, whom he called 'the saint of ordinary life.'[200][201] Other movements and religious organisations of the Church went decidedly under his wing (Legion of Christ, the Neocatechumenal Way, Schoenstatt, the charismatic movement, etc.) and he was accused repeatedly of waving a soft hand on them, especially in the case of Rev. Marcial Maciel, founder of the Legion of Christ.[202] In 1984 Pope John Paul II appointed Joaquín Navarro-Valls, a member of Opus Dei, as Director of the Vatican Press Office. An Opus Dei spokesman says "the influence of Opus Dei in the [Vatican] has been exaggerated."[203] Of the nearly 200 cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, only two are known to be members of Opus Dei.[204]
Banco Ambrosiano scandal[link]
Main article: Banco Ambrosiano
Pope John Paul was alleged to have links with Banco Ambrosiano, an Italian bank which collapsed in 1982.[110] At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman, Roberto Calvi and his membership in the illegal Masonic Lodge Propaganda Due (aka P2). The Vatican Bank was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder, and the death of Pope John Paul I in 1978 is rumoured to be linked to the Ambrosiano scandal.[111]
Calvi, often referred to as "God's Banker", was also involved the Vatican Bank, Istituto per le Opere di Religione, in his dealings, and was close to Bishop Paul Marcinkus, the bank's chairman. Ambrosiano also provided funds for political parties in Italy, and for both the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua and its Sandinista opposition. There are also rumours that it provided money for Solidarity in Poland. It has been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank funded Solidarity.[110][111]
Calvi used his complex network of overseas banks and companies to move money out of Italy, to inflate share prices, and to secure massive unsecured loans. In 1978, the Bank of Italy produced a report on Ambrosiano that predicted future disaster.[111] On 5 June 1982, two weeks before the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano, Calvi had written a letter of warning to Pope John Paul II, stating that such a forthcoming event would “provoke a catastrophe of unimaginable proportions in which the Church will suffer the gravest damage."[205] On 18 June 1982 Calvi's body was found hanging from scaffolding beneath Blackfriars Bridge in the financial district of London. Calvi's clothing was stuffed with bricks, and contained cash valued at US$14,000, in three different currencies.[206]
Birth control and gender roles[link]
Main article: Women in Christianity
John Paul II's defence of traditional moral teachings of the Catholic Church regarding gender roles, sexuality, euthanasia, artificial contraception and abortion came under attack. Some feminists criticised his traditional positions on the roles of women, which included rejecting women priests. According to Aisha Taylor, coordinator of the Young Feminist Network:
The legacy of Pope John Paul II is vibrant and extraordinary, yet painfully inconsistent. The contradiction in his legacy lies in his teaching and actions on the dignity of women. John Paul II called for women to be included as decision makers in secular governments. However, when it came to bringing women into the decision making bodies of his church, he slammed the door in our faces, barring us from ordination and locking the door by stating the discussion about women’s ordination is closed.[207]
Gay rights activists[link]
Main article: Christianity and homosexuality
Many gay rights activists and others criticised him for maintaining the Church's unbroken opposition to homosexual behaviour and same-sex marriage. During John Paul II's reign, the Vatican described homosexuality as an "objective disorder" and in his own book Memory and Identity John Paul II describes the concept of gay families as an "ideology of evil",[79] phrases which incensed many parts of the LGBT community.[208]
Problems with Traditionalists[link]
In addition to all the criticism from those demanding modernisation, traditionalist Catholics sometimes denounced him as well. These issues included demanding a return to the Tridentine Mass[209] and repudiation of the reforms instituted after the Second Vatican Council, such as the use of the vernacular language in the formerly Latin Roman Rite Mass, ecumenism, and the principle of religious liberty. He was also accused by these critics for allowing and appointing liberal bishops in their sees and thus silently promoting Modernism, which was firmly condemned as the "synthesis of all heresies" by his predecessor Pope St. Pius X. In 1988, the controversial traditionalist Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of St. Pius X (1970), was excommunicated under John Paul II because of the unapproved ordination of four bishops, which was called by the Holy See a "schismatic act".
The World Day of Prayer for Peace,[210] with a meeting in Assisi, Italy, in 1986, in which the Pope prayed only with the Christians,[211] was heavily criticised as giving the impression that syncretism and indifferentism were openly embraced by the Papal Magisterium. When a second ‘Day of Prayer for Peace in the World’[212] was held, in 2002, it was condemned as confusing the laity and compromising to "false religions". Likewise criticised was his kissing[213] of the Qur'an in Damascus, Syria, on one of his travels on 6 May 2001. His call for religious freedom was not always supported; bishops like Antônio de Castro Mayer promoted religious tolerance, but at the same time rejected the Vatican II principle of religious liberty as being liberalist and already condemned by Pope Pius IX in his ‘Syllabus errorum’ (1864) and at the First Vatican Council.[citation needed]
Some Catholics oppose his beatification and potential canonisation for the above reasons.[214]
Religion and AIDS[link]
Main article: Religion and AIDS
John Paul's position against artificial birth control, including the use of condoms to prevent the spread of HIV,[189] was harshly criticised by doctors and AIDS activists, who said that it led to countless deaths and millions of AIDS orphans.[215] Critics have also claimed that large families are caused by lack of contraception and exacerbate Third World poverty and problems such as street children in South America. The Catholic Agency for Overseas Development published a paper stating, "Any strategy that enables a person to move from a higher-risk towards the lower end of the continuum, [we] believe, is a valid risk reduction strategy."[216]
Centralisation[link]
He was criticised for recentralising power back to the Vatican following what some viewed as a decentralisation by Pope John XXIII. As such he was regarded by some as a strict authoritarian. Conversely, he was also criticised for spending far too much time preparing for and undertaking foreign travel. The frequency of his trips, it was said, not only undermined the "specialness" of papal visits, but took him away from important business at the Vatican and allowed the Church, administratively speaking, to drift. Especially in South America, he was criticised for conservative bias in his appointments of bishops; with an unusually long reign of over 25 years, the majority of bishops in place at his death had been appointed by him.
Social programs[link]
There was strong criticism of the pope for the controversy surrounding the alleged use of charitable social programs as a means of converting people in the Third World to Catholicism.[217][218] The Pope created an uproar in the Indian subcontinent when he suggested that a great harvest of faith would be witnessed on the subcontinent in the third Christian millennium.[219]
Protestant fundamentalists[link]
In 1988, when Pope John Paul II was delivering a speech to the European Parliament, then-leader of the Democratic Unionist Party and Moderator of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, Ian Paisley, shouted "I denounce you as the antichrist!"[220] and held up a red banner reading "Pope John Paul II ANTICHRIST". Archduke Otto of Austria, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary snatched Lord Paisley's banner and, along with other MEPs, helped eject him from the chamber.[221][222][223][224] The Pope continued with his address after Lord Paisley had been ejected.[221][225][226]
Apologies[link]
Main article: Apologies by Pope John Paul II
John Paul II apologised to almost every group who had suffered at the hands of the Catholic Church through the years.[39][227] Even before he became Pope, he was a prominent editor and supporter of initiatives like the Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops from 1965. As Pope, he officially made public apologies for over 100 wrongdoings, including:
- The legal process on the Italian scientist and philosopher Galileo Galilei, himself a devout Catholic, around 1633 (31 October 1992).[145][228]
- Catholics' involvement with the African slave trade (9 August 1993).
- The Church Hierarchy's role in burnings at the stake and the religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation (May 1995, in the Czech Republic).
- The injustices committed against women, the violation of women's rights and the historical denigration of women (10 July 1995, in a letter to "every woman").
- The inactivity and silence of many Catholics during the Holocaust (see the article Religion in Nazi Germany) (16 March 1998).
On 20 November 2001, from a laptop in the Vatican, Pope John Paul II sent his first e-mail apologising for the Catholic sex abuse cases, the Church-backed "Stolen Generations" of Aboriginal children in Australia, and to China for the behaviour of Catholic missionaries in colonial times.[229]
Medjugorje apparitions[link]
A number of quotes about the apparitions of Medjugorje have been attributed to John Paul II.[230] In 1998, when a certain German gathered various statements which were supposedly made by the Pope and Cardinal Ratzinger, and then forwarded them to the Vatican in the form of a memorandum, Ratzinger responded in writing on 22 July 1998: "The only thing I can say regarding statements on Medjugorje ascribed to the Holy Father and myself is that they are complete invention."[231]
See also[link]
References[link]
Sources[link]
- Bertone, Tarcisio. "The Message of Fátima". 2000–2009 The Holy See. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000626_message-fatima_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Cause for Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God: John Paul II". 2005–2009 Vicariato di Roma – 00184 Roma. http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "'Cured' Pope Returns to Vatican". 2005–2009 BBC World News. 10 February 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4253415.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Domínguez, Juan (4 April 2005). "Pope John Paul II and Communism". Copyright free – Public domain. http://web.archive.org/web/20040406114902/http://www.religion-cults.com/pope/communism.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Dziwisz, Bishop Stanisław (13 May 2001). "13 May 1981 Conference of Bishop Stanisław Dziwisz For Honorary Doctorate, 13 May 2001 to the Catholic University of Lublin". 2001–2009 L'Osservatore Romano, Editorial and Management Offices, Via del Pellegrino, 00120, Vatican City. http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=3699&repos=1&subrepos=0&searchid=441440. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Frail Pope Suffers Heart Failure". BBC News. 1 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4399189.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Half Alive: The Pope Vs. His Doctors". Time Magazine (Time Inc). 25 January 1982. http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,925231,00.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Pope Back at Vatican by Easter? It's Possible.". Associated Press. 2005–2009 msnbc World News. 3 March 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7022618/. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- April 2005 "Pope John Paul II – Home – Editorial". www1.voanews.com. http://www1.voanews.com/policy/editorials/a-41-2005-04-06-voa7-83104472.html?moddate=6 April 2005. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- "Pope Returns to Vatican after Operation". 2001–2009 BBC News. 13 March 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4344923.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Sean Gannon (7 April 2006). "Papal Fallibility". 2006–2009 Haaretz Daily News, Israel. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=703666. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Stasi Files Implicate KGB in Pope Shooting". 2001–2009 Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1538173,00.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "Pope John Paul II’s Final Days". St Anthony Messenger Press (2005–2009 American Catholic.Org). http://www.americancatholic.org/news/pope/popehospitalized//. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Tchorek, Kamil; Roger Boyes (2 April 2005). "Kracow Lights a Candle for its Favourite Son's Last Fight". London: 2005–2009 The Times The Times online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article376429.ece. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Vinci, Alessio (1 April 2005). "Vatican source: Pope Given Last Rites". 2005 Cable News Network LP. http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/03/31/pope1/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- "World Awaits Word on Pope's Condition". 2005 Cable News Network LP. 2 April 2005. http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/01/pope1/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
Bibliography[link]
- Berry, Jason; Gerald Renner (2004). Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-4441-9.
- Davies, Norman (2004). Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw. London: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03284-6.
- de Montfort, St. Louis-Marie Grignion; Mark L. Jacobson (Translator) (27 March 2007). True Devotion to Mary. San Diego, California: Avetine Press. ISBN 1-59330-470-6.
- Duffy, Eamon (2006). Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes (Third ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11597-0.
- Hebblethwaite, Peter (1995). Pope John Paul II and the Church. London: 1995 Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-55612-814-1.
- Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. (2006) [1997]. Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28608-1.
- Menachery, Prof. George (11 November 1978). "John Paul II Election Surprises". http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Meissen, Randall (2011). Living Miracles: The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great. Alpharetta, Ga.: Mission Network. ISBN 978-1-933271-27-9. http://www.amazon.com/Living-Miracles-Spiritual-Sons-Great/dp/1933271272.
- Noonan, Peggy (November 2005). John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father. New York: Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 978-0-670-03748-3. http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Search/QuickSearchProc/1,,John%20Paul%20the%20Great:%20Remembering%20a%20Spiritual%20Father,00.html?id=John%20Paul%20the%20Great:%20Remembering%20a%20Spiritual%20Father. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Navarro-Valls, Joaquin (2 April 2005) (in Italian). Il Santo Padre è deceduto questa sera alle ore 21.37 nel Suo appartamento privato. ‘The Holy Father passed away at 9:37 this evening in his private apartment.’ 2005–2009 The Holy See. http://www.vatican.va/gpII/bulletin/B0183-XX.01.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- O'Connor, Garry (2006). Universal Father: A Life of Pope John Paul II. London: 2005 Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-7475-8241-6. http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Pope John Paul II (2005). Memory & Identity – Personal Reflections. London: 2006 Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-85075-X.
- Renehan, Edward; Schlesinger, Arthur Meier (INT) (November 2006). Pope John Paul II. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-9227-9. http://books.google.com/?id=OT1oHAAACAAJ. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- John Paul II, Pope (2004). Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way. 2004 Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-57781-2.
- Stanley, George E (January 2007). Pope John Paul II: Young Man of the Church. Fitzgerald Books. ISBN 978-1-4242-1732-8. http://books.google.com/?id=SD1OPgAACAAJ. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- Stourton, Edward (2006). John Paul II: Man of History. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-90816-7.
- Szulc, Tadeusz. Pope John Paul II: The Biography. London: 2007 Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4165-8886-3.
- The Poynter Institute (1 May 2005). Pope John Paul II: 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005 (First ed.). St. Petersburg, Florida: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-5110-3. http://books.google.com/?id=pXGMNrE015IC. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- Weigel, George (2001). Witness to Hope. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-018793-4.
- Wojtyła, Karol (1981). Love and Responsibility. London: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.. ISBN 978-0-89870-445-7. http://www.ignatius.com/ViewProduct.aspx?SID=1&Product_ID=450&AFID=12&. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- Yallop, David (2007). The Power and the Glory. London: Constable & Robinson Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84529-673-5. http://www.constablerobinson.com/. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
Notes[link]
- ^ Lenczowski,John. "Public Diplomacy and the Lessons of the Soviet Collapse," 2002
- ^ http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bwojtyla.html
- ^ Odone, Cristina – Catholic Herald, 1991
- ^ a b Geller, Uri – The Jewish Telegraph, 7 July 2000
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "John Paul II Biography (1920–2005)". A&E Television Networks. http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9355652. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g "His Holiness John Paul II : Short Biography". Vatican Press Office. 30 June 2005. http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f "CNN Report Pope John Paul II 1920–2005". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/bio1/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Catholic Online (2012 [last update]). "Family Genealogy of Blessed Pope John Paul II". catholic.org. http://www.catholic.org/pope/jp2/genealogy.php. Retrieved 3 February 2012. "Family Genealogy of Blessed Pope John Paul II"
- ^ a b c "Karol Wojtyła (Pope John Paul II) Timeline". Christian Broadcasting Network. http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/KarolWojtylaPopeJohnPaulTimeline.aspx. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Stourton 2006, p. 11.
- ^ a b Stourton 2006, p. 25.
- ^ Pope John Paul II 2005, p. 99.
- ^ a b c d e Kuhiwczak, Piotr (1 January 2007). "A Literary Pope". Polish Radio. http://www.thenews.pl/news/artykul21561.html. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ a b Stourton 2006, p. 60.
- ^ a b c d e Stourton 2006, p. 63.
- ^ a b c Weigel 2001, p. 71.
- ^ a b c d Davies 2004, pp. 253–254.
- ^ a b Weigel 2001, pp. 71–21.
- ^ Weigel 2001, p. 75.
- ^ a b "Profile of Edith Zierier (1946)". Voices of the Holocaust. 2000 Paul V. Galvin Library, Illinois Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080419140949/http://voices.iit.edu/Profiles/ziere_p.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "CNN Live event transcript". CNN. 8 April 2005. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0504/08/se.01.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Roberts, Genevieve., "The Death of Pope John Paul II: `He Saved My Life – with Tea & Bread'", The Independent, 3 April 2005, Retrieved 17 June 2007.
- ^ Cohen, Roger (2011 [last update]). "John Paul II met with Edith Zierer: The Polish Seminary Student and the Jewish Girl He Saved". International Herald Tribune. http://www.dialog.org/hist/JohnPaulII-EdithZierer.htm. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Pope John Paul II 2005, p. 16.
- ^ Między Heroizmem a Beatialstwem (Between Heroism and Bestiality), Częstochowa, 1984
- ^ a b Stourton 2006, p. 71.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "His Holiness John Paul II, Biography, Pre-Pontificate". Holy See. http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html#1946. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
- ^ a b Maxwell-Stuart 2006, p. 233.
- ^ "Pope John Paul II: A Light for the World". United States Council of Catholic Bishops. 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110624073359/http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Stourton 2006, p. 97.
- ^ Walsh, Michael (1994). John Paul II: A Biography. London: HarperCollins. pp. 20–21. ISBN 0-00-215993-7.
- ^ a b c "John Paul II to Publish First Poetic Work as Pope". ZENIT Innovative Media, Inc. 7 January 2003. http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Wojtyła 1981.
- ^ John Paul II, Pope (2004). Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way. 2004 Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-57781-2.
- ^ Stourton 2006, p. 103.
- ^ O'Malley, John W. (2008). What Happened at Vatican II. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University press. pp. 204–205. ISBN 978-0-674-03169-2.
- ^ Crosby, John F. (2000). Gneuhs, Geoffrey. ed. "John Paul II's Vision of Sexuality and Marriage: The Mystery of "Fair Love"". The Legacy of Pope John Paul II: His Contribution to Catholic Thought (Crossroad): 54. ISBN 0-8245-1831-4.
- ^ a b "Short biography". vatican.va. http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "John Paul II: A Strong Moral Vision". CNN. 11 February 2005. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2005/pope/stories/legacy/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Humanae Vitæ". 25 July 1968. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "A "Foreign" Pope". Time magazine: p. 1. 30 October 1978. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d "A "Foreign" Pope". Time magazine: p. 4. 30 October 1978. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Stourton 2006, p. 171.
- ^ "New Pope Announced". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/announcement.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bottum, Joseph (18 April 2005). "John Paul the Great". Weekly Standard. pp. 1–2. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/469kzdxb.asp. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ 1978 Year in Review: The Election of Pope John Paul II
- ^ "Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II". 30 June 2005. http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ The Next Pope Anura Guruge 2010 ISBN 0-615-35372-X page 227
- ^ a b c d e f Maxwell-Stuart 2006, p. 234.
- ^ New York Times News Service (2012 [last update]). "Biggest Papal Gathering | Millions Flock to Papal Mass in Manila, Gathering is Called the Largest the Pope Has Seen at a Service – Baltimore Sun". articles.baltimoresun.com. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-01-16/news/1995016078_1_pope-philippines-papal. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ a b c "The Philippines, 1995: Pope Dreams of "The Third Millennium of Asia"". AsiaNews. 4 April 2005. http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=2947&dos=48&size=A. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ The Associated Press (2011 [last update]). "CBN Pope John Paul II Timeline – CBN.com Spiritual Life". cbn.com. http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/PopeJohnPaulIITimeline.aspx. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ^ Thompson, Ginger (30 July 2002). "Pope to Visit a Mexico Divided Over His Teachings". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3D91038F933A05754C0A9649C8B63. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Irish Remember the 1979 Papal Visit". BBC News. 2 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4229807.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Abbott, Elizabeth (1988). Haiti: The Duvalier Years. McGraw Hill Book Company. pp. 260–262. ISBN 0-07-046029-9.
- ^ a b c "Pope Pleads for Harmony between Faiths". BBC News. 24 February 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/654651.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Plett, Barbara (7 May 2001). "Mosque visit crowns Pope's tour". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1316812.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "2000: Pope Prays for Holocaust Forgiveness". BBC News. 26 March 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/26/newsid_4168000/4168803.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f Klenicki, Rabbi Leon (13 April 2006). "Pope John Paul II's Visit to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority: A Pilgrimage of Prayer, Hope and Reconciliation". Anti-Defamation League. http://www.adl.org/interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Henneberger, Melinda (21 September 2001). "Pope to Leave for Kazakhstan and Armenia This Weekend". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E2DA113BF932A1575AC0A9679C8B63. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "1979: Millions Cheer as the Pope Comes Home". from "On This Day, 2 June 1979," (BBC News). 2 June 1979. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/2/newsid_3972000/3972361.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Angelo M. Codevilla, “Political Warfare: A Set of Means for Achieving Political Ends,” in Waller, ed., Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare (IWP Press, 2008.)
- ^ Angelo M. Codevilla, “Political Warfare: A Set of Means for Achieving Political Ends,” in Waller, ed., Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare (IWP Press, 2008.)
- ^ a b c d CBC News Online (April 2005). "Pope Stared Down Communism in His Homeland – and Won". Religion News Service. http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c "Gorbachev: Pope John Paul II was an ‘Example to All of Us’". CNN. 4 April 2005. http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/03/pope.gorbachev/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Küng, Hans (26 March 2005). "The Pope's Contradictions". 2005,2009 Spiegel Online. http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,348471,00.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Pope John Paul II Visits the U.S., 1977 Year in Review". Upi.com. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1979/Pope-John-Paul-II-Visits-the-U.S./12311692377023-6/. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
- ^ "John Paul II-The Millennial Pope" Synopsis "Pope John Paul II-The Millennial Pope" Frontline
- ^ article 42, Solicitudo Rei Socialis
- ^ Contact Music (2010 [last update]). "U2 – Eno Lets Bono Speak To The Pope". contactmusic.com. http://www.contactmusic.com/news-article/eno-lets-bono-speak-to-the-pope. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "Apostolic Letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis of John Paul II to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on Reserving Priestly Ordination to Men Alone". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_22051994_ordinatio-sacerdotalis_en.html. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Message to Pontifical Academy of Sciences 22 October 1996". 1997–2009 Catholic Information Network (CIN). 24 October 1997. http://www.cin.org/jp2evolu.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Linder, Doug (13 April 2004). "The Vatican's View of Evolution: The Story of Two Popes". 2005–2009 University Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/vaticanview.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Magisterium is Concerned with Question of Evolution for it Involves Conception of Man". 1996–2009 National Centre for Science Education. 24 October 1996. http://ncse.com/media/voices/roman-catholic-church-1996. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Tagliabue, John (25 October 1996). "Pope Bolsters Church Support for Evolution". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E3D81130F936A15753C1A960958260. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Garvin, Glenn (18 July 1999). "Hostility to the U.S., a Costly Mistake". 1999–2009 The Miami Herald. http://www.fiu.edu/~yaf/sand71899.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Ostling, Richard N.; Roberto Suro (10 September 1984). "Religion: Berating Marxism's False Hopes". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952528,00.html. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ William Frank Smith (November 2010). Catholic Church Milestones: People and Events That Shaped the Institutional Church. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-1-60844-821-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=WM8c8VdqCV8C&pg=PA86. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ a b Pope John Paul II 2005, p. 12.
- ^ Weigel, George (2001). The Truth of Catholicism. New York, New York: Harper Collins. p. 3. ISBN 0-06-621330-4.
- ^ Andrea Riccardi. La Pace Preventiva. Milan: San Paolo 2004.
- ^ a b Kirby, Alex (8 April 2005). "John Paul II and the Anglicans". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4423095.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "An Introduction to the Parish Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church". 2006,2009 Our Lady of the Atonement. http://www.atonementonline.com/intro.php. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Dalai Lama mourns Pope John Paul II, "A True Spiritual Practitioner"". 2005–2009 C.F.. 4 March 2005. http://www.asianews.it/index.php?art=2937&l=en. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Simpson, Victor L. (27 November 2003). "Pope John Paul II Meets With Dalai Lama". WorldWide Religious News. http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20071014070701/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=15239&sec=52&cont=5. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Brunwasser, Matthew (2 August 2007). "Patriarch Teoctist, 92, Romanian Who Held Out Hand to John Paul II, Dies". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/obituaries/02teoctist.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Visit of Pope John Paul II to Ukraine". The Institute of Religion and Society, 17 Sventsitskoho Street, Lviv. http://irs.ucu.edu.ua/en/projects/visit-of-pope-john-paul-ii/. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Macedonian Press Agency: News in English, 2001-05-04b". The Macedonian Press Agency (Hellenic Resources Network). 4 May 2001. http://www.hri.org/news/greek/mpa/2001/01-05-04_1.mpa.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Stephanopoulos, Nikki (28 January 2008). "Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens". 2008,2009 Associated Press. http://directionstoorthodoxy.org/n/archbishop_christodoulos_of_athens_and_all_greece_falls_asleep_i.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Pope John Paul II (1994). Crossing the Threshold of Hope. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-679-76561-1.
- ^ a b Akin, Jimmy (6 April 2006). "John Paul II Kisses The Qur'an". JimmyAkin.org. http://www.jimmyakin.org/2006/04/jp2_and_the_qur.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "WQED Pittsburgh: Media-Only Press Room: Papal Concert". 1999–2009 WQED Multimedia. http://www.wqed.org/press/papal_concert.shtml. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Orchestra to make Vatican History". BBC News. 9 November 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3255607.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Papal Concert of Reconciliation". 1996–2009 London Philharmonic Choir. 11 January 2005. http://www.lpc.org.uk/tour_200401_rome.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Pitz, Marylynne; Andrew Druckenbrod (8 November 2003). "Pittsburgh Symphony to Perform for Pope". 1997–2009 Post-Gazette Publishing Co., Inc. http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/20031108pope1108p1.asp. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Vatican archives. 2005,2009 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM#-149. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Cassidy, Cardinal Edward Idris (16 March 1998). "We Remember: 'A Reflection on The Shoah'". Vatican archives. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_16031998_shoah_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d "AIJAC expresses sorrow at Pope's passing". Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council. 4 April 2005. http://www.aijac.org.au/?id=articles&_action=showArticleDetails&articleID=526. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Boston College: "Address at the Great Synagogue of Rome"". 2009 The Trustees of Boston College. 13 April 1986. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080611181904/http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust Synopsis". 2009 Fandango. http://www.fandango.com/papalconcerttocommemoratetheholocaust_v204415/summary. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Pope John Paul II (2011 [last update]). "Reflections at the Concert at the Vatican Commemorating the Holocaust". adl.org. http://www.adl.org/pope/Pope_Holocaust9.asp. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "Online News Hour – A Papal Apology". 1996–2009 MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Largest Gathering of Jewish Leaders to Ever Meet With a Sitting Pope". PTWF. 2004–2009 Pave the Way Foundation, Inc. http://www.pavethewayfoundation.org/Projects/MissionToVatican/PhotoPage2.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Jacobson, Kenneth (2 April 2005). "Pope John Paul II: 'An Appreciation: A Visionary Remembered'". Anti-Defamation League. http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/int_johnpaul_remembered.htm. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "BrainyQuote: Pope John Paul II Quotes". BrainyMedia.com. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/p/pope_john_paul_ii.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Travels – Federal Republic of Germany 1980 – John Paul II – The Holy Father – The Holy See". Vatican.va. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1980/trav_germania_en.htm. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ "Ökumenisches Treffen mit der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Gemeinde von Rom". Vatican.va. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1983/december/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19831211_incontro-ecumenico_ge.html. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ "Apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden 1–10 June 1989" Vatican.va Retrieved 1 May 2011
- ^ a b c Domínguez 2005.
- ^ a b c d Lewis, Paul (28 July 1982). "Italy's Mysterious Deepening Bank Scandal". The New York Times (New York: NYTC). ISSN 0362-4331. http://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/28/world/italy-s-mysterious-deepening-bank-scandal.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ a b c d Lawrence M. Salinger (2005). Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime. Sage. ISBN 978-0-7619-3004-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=AXS6jz6AeQ0C. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ Mark Riebling. "Mark Riebling, "Reagan's Pope: The Cold War Alliance of Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II." ',National Review',, 7 April 2005". Article.nationalreview.com. http://article.nationalreview.com/print/?q=NGE5MTJhYWMzODI0NTZiMWFhZmEzYmQwZmZlYmIyZmM=. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
- ^ "Bush, Pope, Jailed Israeli among 2004 Nobel Peace Prize nominees". USA Today World, a division of Gannett Co. Inc (Copyright 2005 The Associated Press). 13 February 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-02-13-nobel_x.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ The Associated Press (2012 [last update]). "Poles worried, proud of Pope John Paul II 10/13/03". web.archive.org. http://web.archive.org/web/20040404041319/http://www.cjonline.com/stories/101303/pag_pope.shtml. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "Address of Pope John Paul II to the Honorable George W. Bush President of the United States of America Friday, 4 June 2004" Vatican.va 4 June 2004 Retrieved 19 August 2011
- ^ Dawkins, John (2011 [last update]). "Pope John Paul II and the Fall of the Berlin Wall —". writespirit.net. http://www.writespirit.net/authors/pope_john_paul_ii/pope_john_paul_fall_berlin_wall/. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ "1981 Year in Review: Pope John Paul II Assassination (sic) Attempt". United Press International (UPI)). 1981. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Pope-John-Paul-II-Assasination-Attempt/12311754163167-6/.
- ^ a b c Dziwisz 2001.
- ^ a b c d Lee, Martin A. (14 May 2001). "The 1981 Assassination Attempt of Pope John Paul II, The Grey Wolves, and Turkish & U.S. Government Intelligence Agencies". 2001, 2009 San Francisco Bay Guardian. pp. 23, 25.
- ^ 1981 Year in Review: Pope John Paul II Assassination Attempt
- ^ a b Time Magazine 1982-01-25, p. 1.
- ^ Lo Scapolare del Carmelo Published by Shalom, 2005 ISBN 88-8404-081-7 page 6
- ^ Bertone 2000–2009.
- ^ Pope John Paul II 2005, p. 184.
- ^ a b c d e f g Simpson, Victor L. (2 March 2006). "Italian Panel: Soviets Behind Pope Attack". 2006 The Associated Press. http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D8G3J3J00&show_article=1. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Late Pope 'Thought of Retiring'". BBC News. 22 January 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6288165.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Gordon Thomas (2000). Gideon's Spies – Mossad's Secret Warriors. Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-37537-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=p1ylPwAACAAJ. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
- ^ a b c "Pope John Paul 'Wounded' in 1982". BBC News. 16 October 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7673443.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c ""Pope John Paul Injured in 1982 Knife Attack", says Aide". 1982–2009 CBC News. 16 October 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2008/10/16/pope-attack.html?ref=rss. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c "John Paul was Wounded in 1982 Stabbing, Aide Reveals". Reuters News Release. 1982–2009 Reuters. 15 October 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUSTRE49E5RM20081015. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Hebblethwaite 1995, p. 95.
- ^ McDermott, Terry (1 September 2002). "The Plot". 2002–2009 Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 12 April 2003. http://web.archive.org/web/20030412091134/http://www.latimes.com/news/specials/911/la-na-plot-1sep01.story. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ John O. Koehler (14 February 2011). Spies in the Vatican: The Soviet Union's Cold War Against the Catholic Church. Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-140-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=HzlpRQAACAAJ. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ Publishers Weekly, review of 'Spies in the Vatican', 11 May 2009
- ^ "Cardinal Ratti New Pope as Pius XI". The New York Times. 7 February 1922. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02EED61130EE3ABC4F53DFB4668389639EDE. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Cardinal Ratti New Pope as Pius XI, Full Article" (PDF). The New York Times. 7 February 1922. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D02EED61130EE3ABC4F53DFB4668389639EDE. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ BBC News (February 2005). "BBC NEWS | World | Europe | Profile: Pope John Paul II". BBC News (London: BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1944464.stm. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ a b BBC 2005-04-01.
- ^ a b "Final Days, Last Words of Pope John Paul II". Catholic World News (CWN). 20 September 2005. http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=39699. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "John Paul's Last Words Revealed". 2005–2009 BBC News. 18 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4257994.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Pisa, Nick (18 March 2006). "Vatican hid Pope's Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis for 12 Years". Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1513421/Vatican-hid-Popes-Parkinsons-disease-diagnosis-for-12-years.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Navarro-Valls 2 April 2005.
- ^ Stourton 2006, p. 320.
- ^ "ZENIT: John Paul II's Last Will and Testament". 2004–2008 Innovative Media, Inc. http://www.zenit.org/article-12691?l=english. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Weeke, Stephen (31 March 2006). "Perhaps ‘Saint John Paul the Great?'". msnbc World News. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12083308/. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b ""Pope John Paul II Buried in Vatican Crypt-Millions around the World Watch Funeral"". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080613162604/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/08/pope.funeral/index.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "The Independent:"Millions Mourn Pope at History's Largest Ever Funeral"". London: 2005,2009 Independent News and Media Limited. 8 April 2005. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Holmes, Stephanie (9 April 2005). "City of Rome Celebrates ‘Miracle’". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4428149.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ ""Pope John Paul II Funeral"". 2005,2009 Outside the Beltway. http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/archives/pope_john_paul_ii_funeral/. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Saunders, Fr. William. "John Paul the Great". CatholicHerald.Com. 2005 Arlington Catholic Herald. http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0795.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ O'Reilly, David (4 April 2005). "Papal Legacy: Will History use the name John Paul the Great?". Knight Ridder Newspapers (Detroit Free Press). "Pope John Paul the Great was a name suggested by many for Karol Józef Wojtyła. Through all its long history, the Catholic Church has conferred the posthumous title of "Great" on just two popes: Leo I and Gregory I, both of whom reigned in the first thousand years of Christianity"
- ^ Murphy, Brian (5 April 2005). "Faithful hold key to 'the Great' honour for John Paul". Associated Press.
- ^ Noonan, Peggy (2 August 2002). "John Paul the Great: What the 12 Million Know—and I Found Out Too". The Wall Street Journal. 2002, 2009 Dow Jones & Company. http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/pnoonan/?id=110002074. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Noonan, Peggy (November 2005). John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father. New York: Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 978-0-670-03748-3. http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Search/QuickSearchProc/1,,John%20Paul%20the%20Great:%20Remembering%20a%20Spiritual%20Father,00.html?id=John%20Paul%20the%20Great:%20Remembering%20a%20Spiritual%20Father. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Text: Benedict XVI's first speech". 2005 BBC. 19 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4462443.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009. "Dear brothers and sisters, after the great Pope John Paul II, the cardinals have elected me, a simple and humble worker in the Lord's vineyard. The fact that the Lord can work and act even with insufficient means consoles me, and above all I entrust myself to your prayers. In the joy of the resurrected Lord, we go on with his help. He is going to help us and Mary will be on our side. Thank you."
- ^ "Eucharistic Concelebration for the Repose of the Soul of Pope John Paul II: Homily of Card. Angelo Sodano". The Holy See. 3 April 2005. http://www.vatican.va/gpII/documents/sodano-suffragio-jp-ii_20050403_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Pastoral Visit by Pope Benedict XVI to Poland 2006: Address by the Holy Father". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 25 May 2006. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/may/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060525_poland-clergy_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "The Southern Cross: John Paul the Great". The Southern Cross 2008 by Posmay Media. http://www.scross.co.za/?s=John+Paul+the+Great. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ CNS News 2 May 2011
- ^ Daily Telegraph 1 May 2011
- ^ a b c Moore, Malcolm (22 May 2008). "Pope John Paul II on Course to Become Saint in Record Time". Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2009919/Pope-John-Paul-II-on-course-to-become-saint-in-record-time.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c Hollingshead, Iain (1 April 2006). "Whatever Happened to... Canonising John Paul II?". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/apr/01/catholicism.religion. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Hooper, John (29 March 2007). "Mystery Nun The Key to Pope John Paul II's Case for Sainthood". London: 2007–2009 Guardian News and Media Limited. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/29/catholicism.religion. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Gould, Peter (13 May 2005). "BBC News: ‘On The Fast Track to Sainthood’". MMVIII BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4545585.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Owen, Richard. "Hopes Raised for Pope John Paul II's Beatification -Times Online". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article5927046.ece. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Response of His Holiness Benedict XVI for the Examination of the Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God John Paul II". Vatican News. 2005–2009 ‘Libreria Editrice Vaticana’. 9 May 2005. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20050509_rescritto-gpii_en.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "John Paul II on Fast Track for Canonisation – Framingham, Massachusetts – The MetroWest Daily News". metrowestdailynews.com. http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "John Paul II's Cause for Beatification Opens in Vatican City". ZENIT. Innovative Media, Inc. 28 June 2005. http://www.zenit.org/article-13422?l=english. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Pope Benedict Forgoes Waiting Period, begins John Paul II Beatification Process" Catholic News Agency 13 May 2005 Retrieved 1 May 2011
- ^ a b c d e f Vicariato di Roma:A nun tells her story…. 2009
- ^ "Vatican May Have Found Pope John Paul's ‘Miracle’". includes material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, CNN and the BBC World Service. 2007 ABC (Australia). 31 January 2006. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011084853/http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Miracle attributed to John Paul II involved Parkinson's disease". Catholic World News (CWN). 2009 Trinity Communications. 30 January 2006. http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=42131. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c "French Nun Says Life has Changed since she was Healed, Thanks to Pope John Paul II". 2007,2009 Catholic News Service/U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Willan, Philip. "No More Shortcuts on Pope John Paul II’s Road to Sainthood". Sunday Herald. http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "900,000 Gather for Mass with Pope Benedict". International Herald Tribune. 28 May 2006. http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/28/news/web.0528pope.php. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b Westcott, Kathryn (2 April 2007). "Vatican Under Pressure in Pope John Paul II Push". 2007–2009 BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6504233.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Moore, Malcolm (25 September 2007). "Clamour for free Pope John Paul II Relics". London: 2007–2009 The Telegraph Media Group Limited. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1564061/Clamour-for-free-Pope-John-Paul-II-relics.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Cause for Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God: John Paul II". 2005–2009 Vicariato di Roma – III Piano Postulazione Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano, 6/A 00184 Roma. http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Wheelchair-Boy 'Miraculously Walks Again' at Memorial Visit to Tomb of Pope John Paul II". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1166858/Wheelchair-boy-miraculously-walks-memorial-visit-tomb-Pope-John-Paul-II.html. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Blessed John Paul II? - Catholic.net". ncregister.com. http://catholic.net/index.php?size=mas&id=2673&option=dedestaca. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Child 'Able to Walk Again' After Praying at Pope's Tomb". Catholic Herald. http://www.archive.catholicherald.co.uk/articles/a0000522.shtml. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
- ^ "CNS STORY: For Pope John Paul II, Beatification Process may be on Final Lap". catholicnews.com. http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901522.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ a b c "Pope John Paul II's Sainthood on Fast Track – The World Newser". blogs.abcnews.com. http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/11/pope-john-paul-iis-sainthood-on-fast-track.html. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Catholic Culture : Latest Headlines : Beatification Looms Closer for John Paul II". catholicculture.org. http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=4630. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
- ^ "Pope Benedict Paves Way to Beatification of John Paul II". bbc.news.co.uk. 14 January 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12191423. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
- ^ The Boston Globe (30 March 2011). "Gold Coin Marks Beatification of John Paul II". The Boston Globe (Boston: NYTC). ISSN 0743-1791. http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/03/30/gold_coin_marks_beatification_of_john_paul_ii/. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ "Pope John Paul II's Body Exhumed ahead of Beatification". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42819424/ns/world_news/?GT1=43001. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
- ^ "BBC – Religion & Ethics – John Paul II". 2006,2009 by BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/pope/johnpaulii_1.shtml. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
- ^ a b "Catholic Church to Ease Ban on Condom Use". 2006, 2009 Deutsche Welle. 24 April 2006. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1979145,00.html. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ a b Walsh, John Paul II: A Light for the World (2003), p. 62
- ^ a b United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (2005). "Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110413014840/http://www.usccb.org/ocyp/charter.shtml. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
- ^ Pope Benedict XVI (2005). "Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders". Vatican. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccatheduc/documents/rc_con_ccatheduc_doc_20051104_istruzione_en.html. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ Filteau, Jerry (2004). "Report says Clergy Sexual Abuse Brought 'Smoke of Satan' into Church". Catholic News Service. http://www.catholicnews.com/data/abuse/abuse08.htm. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
- ^ "Scandals in the church: The Bishops' Decisions; The Bishops' Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People". The New York Times. 15 June 2002. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906EFDA133CF936A25755C0A9649C8B63&scp=1&sq=Charter+for+the+Protection+of+Children+and+Young+People&st=nyt. Retrieved 12 February 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Owen, Richard (7 January 2008). "Pope Calls for Continuous Prayer to Rid Priesthood of Paedophilia". Times Online UK edition (London: Times Newspapers Ltd). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3142511.ece. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
- ^ Terry, Karen et al. (2004). "John Jay Report". John Jay College of Criminal Justice. http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2004_02_27_JohnJay/index.html. Retrieved 9 February 2008.
- ^ a b Berry, Jason (2012 [last update]). "The Shame of John Paul II: How the Sex Abuse Scandal Stained His Papacy | The Nation". thenation.com. http://www.thenation.com/article/160242/shame-john-paul-ii-how-sex-abuse-scandal-stained-his-papacy. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Gallagher, Delia. "Vatican Study on Sex Abuse". Zenit. http://www.zenit.org/article-9560?l=english.
- ^ The Boston Globe, Boston (Copyright 2004 The New York Times Company). "Boston Globe / Spotlight / Abuse in the Catholic Church / Cardinal Law and the laity". The Boston Globe (Boston: NYTC). ISSN 0743-1791. http://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/extras/law_timeline.htm. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Martin, S.J., James (25 February 1995). "Opus Dei in The United States". 2009 America Press Inc. 106 West 56th St., New York, N.Y. 10019. http://www.americamagazine.org/content/articles/martin-opusdei.cfm. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
- ^ "St. Josemaría Escriva de Balaguer". Catholic Online. http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5603. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Text of the accusation letter directed to John Paul II in Spanish (original language)
- ^ "Decoding secret world of Opus Dei". BBC News. 16 September 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4249444.stm. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
- ^ Associated Press, "Opus Dei backs new pope", CNN, 19 April 2005
- ^ Gray, Sadie (6 October 6, 2005). "Plea to Pope from 'God's banker' Revealed as Murder Trial Begins". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article575133.ece.
- ^ BBC (19 June 1982). "BBC ON THIS DAY | 19 | 1982: 'God's Banker' Found Hanged". BBC News (London: BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/19/newsid_3092000/3092625.stm. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ Taylor, Aisha (4 April 2005). "Young Catholic Feminists Compare Legacy of MLK and John Paul II". 2008 Women's Ordination Conference. http://www.womensordination.org/content/view/121/42/. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
- ^ Vatican (2003 [last update]). "Considerations Regarding Proposals To Give Legal Recognition To Unions Between Homosexual Persons". vatican.va. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20030731_homosexual-unions_en.html. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Hewitt, Hugh (04/06/2005). "Criticizing John Paul II : Yet Another Thing The Mainstream Press Does Not Understand About The Catholic Church.". Copyright 2009,News Corporation, Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/454iylel.asp. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
- ^ "Address to the Representatives of the Christian Churches and Ecclesial Communities and of the World Religions". Vatican archives. 1986,2009 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 27 October 1986. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_prayer-peace-assisi-final_en.html. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ "Address to the Representatives of the other Christian Churches and Ecclesial Communities". 1986,2009 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 27 October 1986. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_san-rufino-assisi_en.html. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ "Day of Prayer for Peace in the World". Vatican archives. 1986,2009 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 24 January 2002. http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/documents/ns_lit_doc_20020124_assisi-giornata_en.html. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ "John Paul II kisses the Koran (Qu'ran) at the Vatican.". FIDES News Service. 2002, 2009 Tradition in Action, Inc. 14 May 1999. http://www.traditioninaction.org/RevolutionPhotos/A055rcKoran.htm. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Michael J. Matt (21 March 2011). "A Statement of Reservations Concerning the Impending Beatification of Pope John Paul II". The Remnant. http://www.remnantnewspaper.com/2011-0331-statement-of-reservations-beatification.htm. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
- ^ "Top Catholics Question Condom Ban". 2005, 2009 International Herald Tribune. 16 April 2005. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-107517312.html. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Williams, Daniel (23 January 2005). "Pope Rejects Condoms as a Counter to AIDS". 2005, 2009 Washington Post Foreign Service. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A29404-2005Jan22?language=printer. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Carvalho, Nirmala (8 December 2005). "INDIA Hindu Extremists Against Grants to Missionaries". 2005, 2009 AsiaNews C.F. 00889190153. http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=4009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Shah, Dhiru. "Mother Teresa's Hidden Mission in India: Conversion to Christianity". 2004, 2009 IndiaStar. http://www.indiastar.com/DhiruShah.htm. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ Allen Jr., John L.. "The Death of the Pope: Analysis of Pope John Paul II's reign". 2005, 2009 The National Catholic Reporter Publishing Company. http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/conclave/jp_obit_main.htm. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ^ "Ian Paisley and politics of peace". Los Angeles Times. 24 March 2010. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/24/opinion/la-ed-paisley24-2010mar24. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ a b Davenport, Mark (19 January 2004). "BBC NEWS | Northern Ireland | Paisley's Exit from Europe". BBC News (London: BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3411419.stm. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Paisley, Dr R.K. (2012 [last update]). "EIPS – Historical Documents Reveal Former Pope’s Plans". ianpaisley.org. http://www.ianpaisley.org/article.asp?ArtKey=docs. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "HEADLINERS; Papal Audience". New York Times. 16 October 1988. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DC1630F935A25753C1A96E948260. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ Cloud, David W. (2012 [last update]). "Free Presbyterian Church – Dr. Ian Paisley". freepres.org. http://www.freepres.org/paisley.asp?paisley. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ MacDonald, Susan (2 October 1988). "Paisley Ejected for Insulting Pope". The Times.
- ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (16 September 2004). "The Return of Dr. No". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1305503,00.html.
- ^ Pope John Paul II 2005, p. 1.
- ^ Adherents (2011 [last update]). "The Religion of Galileo Galilei, Astronomer and Scientist". National & World Religion Statistics. http://www.adherents.com/people/pg/Galileo_Galilei.html. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ BBC News Europe (23 November 2001). "BBC News Europe – Pope Sends His First E-Mail – An Apology". BBC News (London: BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1671540.stm. Retrieved 30 January 2012. "from a laptop in the Vatican's frescoed Clementine Hall the 81-year-old pontiff transmitted the message, his first 'virtual' apology."
- ^ http://www.medjugorje.org/pope.htm
- ^ Ogledalo Pravde, p. 283
Further reading[link]
Main article: Bibliography of Pope John Paul II
- For a comprehensive list of books written by and about Pope John Paul II, please see Bibliography of Pope John Paul II
- For other references see Cultural References to Pope John Paul II
- Works by or about Pope John Paul II in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
External links[link]
| Find more about Pope John Paul II on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- John Paul the Great Catholic University
- The Holy See – The Holy Father – John Paul II
- A Tribute to Pope John Paul II on the Occasion of his Beatification
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Eugeniusz Baziak |
Archbishop of Kraków 1963–1978 |
Succeeded by Franciszek Macharski |
| Preceded by John Paul I |
Pope 16 October 1978 – 2 April 2005 |
Succeeded by Benedict XVI |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
|
||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | John Paul II, Pope |
| Alternative names | Wojtyła, Karol Józef; Ioannes Paulus II; Giovanni Paolo II; Jan Paweł II |
| Short description | 264th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Date of birth | 18 May 1920 |
| Place of birth | Wadowice, Poland |
| Date of death | 2 April 2005 |
| Place of death | Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Johannes Paul II.
http://es.wn.com/Juan Pablo II
http://ru.wn.com/Иоанн Павел II
http://cs.wn.com/Jan Pavel II.
http://pt.wn.com/Papa João Paulo II
http://pl.wn.com/Jan Paweł II
http://it.wn.com/Papa Giovanni Paolo II
http://id.wn.com/Paus Yohanes Paulus II
http://nl.wn.com/Paus Johannes Paulus II
http://fr.wn.com/Jean-Paul II
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: The article lacks structure and needs more background information (as well as sources).. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (December 2011) |
 |
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (December 2011) |
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) |
There are many people in history who are commonly appended with the phrase "the Great", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as e Bozorg and e azam in Persian and Urdu respectively.
In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.[1]
The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus)[2] assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "the Great".
The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).
Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.
As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.
Contents |
Rulers[link]
- Abbas I of Persia (1571–1629), Shah of Iran
- Akbar (1542–1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India
- Alain I of Albret (1440–1522), French aristocrat
- Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia
- Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia
- Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias
- Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex
- Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire
- Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty
- Ashot I of Iberia “the Great”(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),
- Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire
- Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand
- Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland
- Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)
- Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736–1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)
- Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden
- Casimir III the Great (1310–1370), King of Poland
- Catherine the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia
- Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India
- Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans
- Chulalongkorn (1853–1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)
- Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks
- Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen
- Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman emperor
- Cyaxares the Great (c. 625-585 BC), third king of Media
- Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire
- Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire
- Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent
- Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse[3]
- Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile
- Frederick the Great (1712–1786), King of Prussia
- Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
- Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe
- Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594–1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader
- Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea[4][5]
- Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC
- Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)
- Henry IV of France (1553–1610), King of France and King of Navarre
- Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea
- Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris
- Hugh Magnus of France (1007–1025), co-King of France
- Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057–1101)
- Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat
- Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Tsar of Russia
- John I of Portugal (1358–1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve
- John II of Aragon (1398–1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre
- Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor
- Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i
- Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India
- Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010–1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia
- Kublai Khan (1215–1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty
- Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales
- Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland
- Mangrai the Great (1238–1317), Lanna, northern Thailand
- Emperor Meiji (1852–1912), Emperor of Japan
- Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)
- Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)
- Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom
- Mstislav I of Kiev (1076–1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus
- Naresuan (1555–1605), King of Ayutthaya
- Narai (1633–1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)
- Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine
- Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)
- K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque
- Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka
- Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia
- Peter the Great (1672–1725), Tsar of Russia
- Peter III of Aragon (1239–1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily
- Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar
- Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar
- Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.[6][7][8]
- Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014–1044), Tamil King of India
- Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt
- Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)
- Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082–1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties
- Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)
- Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev
- Saladin (c. 1138-1193), Kurdish Sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and victor over the Crusaders
- Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent
- Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre
- Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire
- Sejong the Great (1397–1450), Korean king[9]
- Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia
- Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire
- Stephen III of Moldavia (1433–1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)
- Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks
- Taksin (1734–1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)
- Tamar (1160-1123), Queen of the Georgian Empire
- Timur (1336–1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty
- Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie
- Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire
- Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor
- Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia
- Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia
- Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire
- Valdemar I of Denmark (1131–1182), King of Denmark
- Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor
- Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus
- Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy
- William I, Count of Burgundy (1020–1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon
- William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou
- Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)
- Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China
Religious figures[link]
- Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East
- Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia
- Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian
- Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt
- Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader
- Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian
- Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)
- Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint
- Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint
- Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)
- Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine
- Pope John Paul II (1920–2005)
- Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)
- Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit
- Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)
- Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople
- William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites
Other[link]
- Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies
- Emmy the Great, folk singer
- Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III
- Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia
See also[link]
- Epithet
- List of monarchs by nickname
- List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I
- James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus
- Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, whose common honorific "Mahatma" means "Great Soul"
Notes[link]
- ^ In a clay cylinder (online). The expression was used in a propagandistic context: the conqueror wants to show he is a normal Babylonian ruler. The first Persian ruler to use the title in an Iranian context was Darius I of Persia (Darius the Great), in the Behistun Inscription (online).
- ^ Plautus, Mostellaria 775.
- ^ History, Instituto Geografico De Agostini S.p.A., p. 479
- ^ World and Its Peoples:Korea. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. September 2008. p. 887. ISBN 0-7614-7631-8.
- ^ Alison Behnke (2004). North Korea in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 0-8225-1908-9. http://books.google.com/?id=ovWvhyLc6hAC&pg=RA1-PA70&dq=%22Gwanggaeto+the+Great%22.
- ^ Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (December 1919). "An English History of India". Political Science Quarterly 34 (4): 644–653. DOI:10.2307/2142032. JSTOR 2142032. ""The finances of the state were not more centralized under Louis XIV than under Rajaraja the Great.""
- ^ "Heaven sent: Michael Wood explores the art of the Chola dynasty". Royal Academy, UK. http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/ra-magazine/winter2006/features/heven-sent,47,RAMA.html. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ "The Chola Dynasty: Accession of Rajaraja, the Great". Sify.com. http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13219885. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ Christoph Bluth; Gareth Schott (2007). Korea. Polity. p. 10. ISBN 0-7456-3356-0.
http://wn.com/List_of_people_known_as_The_Great
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Великий (прозвище)
http://id.wn.com/Daftar tokoh dengan gelar yang Agung
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_known_as_The_Great
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Carl Bernstein | |
|---|---|
 Bernstein at the 2007 Texas Book Festival |
|
| Born | (1944-02-14) February 14, 1944 (age 68) Washington, D.C., USA |
| Education | University of Maryland (did not graduate) |
| Occupation | Journalist, Writer |
| Employer | Vanity Fair |
| Known for | Reporting on Watergate scandal |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Spouse | Nora Ephron (1976-1980) Christine (present) |
| Children | Jacob Bernstein, Max Bernstein |
| Parents | Alfred Bernstein and Sylvia Walker |
Carl Bernstein (
/ˈbɜrnstiːn/ BURN-steen; born February 14, 1944) is an American investigative journalist who, at The Washington Post, teamed up with Bob Woodward; the two did the majority of the most important news reporting on the Watergate scandal. These scandals led to numerous government investigations, the indictment of a vast number of White House Officials such as H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, Charles Colson, and John Mitchell, and the eventual resignation of President Richard Nixon. For his role in breaking the scandal, Bernstein received many awards; his work helped earn the Post a Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 1973.
In a 1977 Rolling Stone article, Bernstein revealed that over 400 US journalists had been employed by the Central Intelligence Agency (Operation Mockingbird), secretly carrying out assignments and publishing news stories for them.[1]
Contents |
Career[link]
| Watergate |
|---|
 |
| Events |
| Timeline "White House horrors" 1972 presidential election Watergate burglaries White House tapes "Saturday Night Massacre" United States v. Nixon Inauguration of Gerald Ford |
| People |
|
Committee to Re-Elect the President:
Jeb Magruder John N. Mitchell Robert Mardian Fred LaRue Kenneth Parkinson Maurice Stans The White House:
John Dean E. Howard Hunt Egil Krogh G. Gordon Liddy John Ehrlichman H. R. Haldeman Charles Colson Gordon C. Strachan Alexander Butterfield Richard Nixon Intelligence Community:
Richard Helms James Schlesinger L. Patrick Gray W. Mark Felt ("Deep Throat") |
| Groups |
|
"White House Plumbers" Senate Watergate Committee The Washington Post |
Bernstein began working for The Washington Post in 1966 and played an integral role in his partnership with Bob Woodward during the Watergate scandal. Bernstein was the first to suspect that Nixon played a part, and Bernstein found the laundered check that linked Nixon to the burglary.[2]
Bernstein quit The Washington Post in 1976. He did not realize the same level of post-Watergate success that Woodward did; his frequent appearances in gossip columns resulting from the book written by his second wife, screenwriter Nora Ephron (see below), his arrest for drunk driving,[3] and his dating of Hollywood celebrities overshadowed his journalistic accomplishments.[2] Notably, Washington Post owner Katharine Graham did not invite him to the newspaper's 70th birthday gala, which was widely regarded as a snub, given Bernstein's contributions toward bringing the Post to international stature.[2]
After leaving the Post, he worked as the Washington Bureau Chief and as a senior correspondent for ABC News, taught at New York University, and contributed to Time. Bernstein authored two books with Woodward: All the President's Men, which details the successes and failures of their journalistic efforts against the backdrop of the unfolding scandal, and The Final Days, a recounting of the concluding months of the Nixon presidency, although Woodward questioned Bernstein's contributions to the latter book and reportedly did not want to list Bernstein as a co-author.[2] Woodward said, "It was not the most productive time for Carl."[2] Woodward reportedly turned down offers to again work with Bernstein on an investigative column or any further books.[2]
He co-authored the book His Holiness: John Paul II & the History of Our Time with Marco Politi. In it, he stated that he believed the Soviets saw Pope John Paul II as a serious threat to their survival and to that of communism in general, and believed that the downfall of communism in Europe was due to the Pope's underground work.[4]
Following the May 2005 revelation of the identity of Deep Throat, Bernstein contributed to Woodward's book The Secret Man, which pertains to Woodward's relationship with Mark Felt.
Bernstein wrote a memoir, a "pained, loving, intensely felt account of his parents' ordeal, and his own emotional upheaval, during President Harry Truman's loyalty purges."[5] He has also written a biography of Hillary Rodham Clinton, A Woman In Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton, published by Alfred A. Knopf on June 5, 2007.
He is a contributing editor to Vanity Fair magazine.
Personal[link]
In his 1989 memoir Loyalties, Bernstein revealed that his parents had been members of the Communist Party, which shocked some because even J. Edgar Hoover had tried and been unable to prove that Bernstein's parents were party members.[2] Bernstein's parents were allegedly persecuted during the 1950s. The FBI conducted surveillance on his family over a 30 year period producing over 2,500 pages of documents, including notes taken by agents staking out his bar mitzvah.[6]
Bernstein graduated from Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring, Maryland. He subsequently attended the University of Maryland, College Park, but did not graduate. Bernstein, who is Jewish, is a lifetime member of the Aleph Zadik Aleph, and B'nai B'rith, and once was President of B'nai B'rith's Northern Region.[citation needed]
Bernstein met Margaret Jay, daughter of British Prime Minister James Callaghan and wife of Peter Jay, then UK ambassador to the United States. They had a much-publicised extramarital relationship in 1979. Margaret later became a government minister in her own right.[7] Bernstein and his second wife, screenwriter Nora Ephron, already had an infant son, Jacob, and she was pregnant with their second son, Max, in 1979 when she learned of her husband's affair with Jay. Ephron delivered Max prematurely after finding out.[8] Writer Ephron was inspired by the events to write the 1983 novel Heartburn,[7] which was made into a 1986 film starring Jack Nicholson and Meryl Streep. In the thinly fictionalized book, Ephron gave unflattering depictions of both Jay and Bernstein, writing of a husband who was “capable of having sex with a Venetian blind"[8] and saying that Jay looked like a giraffe with "big feet."[8]
Bernstein then became known for dating Bianca Jagger, Martha Stewart and Elizabeth Taylor.[2]
He currently resides in New York with his wife, Christine. He has also been seen strolling around the Hamptons in Sag Harbor, NY.
Portrayals[link]
- Bernstein was portrayed by Dustin Hoffman in the film version of All the President's Men.
- Bernstein was portrayed by Bruce McCulloch in the 1999 comedy film Dick.
- In the film Heartburn, Jack Nicholson's role was a thinly-veiled portrayal of Bernstein.
Books authored[link]
- All the President's Men - With Bob Woodward (1974) ISBN 0-671-21781-X,
- The Final Days - With Bob Woodward (1976) ISBN 0-671-22298-8
- Loyalties: A Son's Memoir - (1989)
- His Holiness: John Paul II & the History of Our Time - With Marco Politi (1996)
- The Secret Man - With Bob Woodward (2005) ISBN 0-7432-8715-0
- A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton - (2007) ISBN 0-375-40766-9
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Bernstein, Carl (October 20, 1977). "The CIA and the Media". Rolling Stone. http://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_cia_and_media.php. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "HE WENT FROM WATERGATE TO `HEARTBURN,' FROM INVESTIGATIVE SUPERSTAR TO CELEBRITY DINNER GUEST. NOW BERNSTEIN'S BACK WITH AN EVOCATIVE BOOK ON HIS EMBATTLED CHILDHOOD, BUT HE'S Still Carl After All These Years". The Washington Post. March 19, 1989. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1180677.html. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
- ^ Arrest for drunk driving
- ^ Cathnews. "Carl Bernstein on John Paul II's great victory". Cathnews. http://www.cathnews.com/article.aspx?aeid=25974. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
- ^ (Publisher's Weekly), entitled "Loyalties: A Son's Memoir," (Simon & Schuster, 1989)
- ^ "Carl Bernstein interview with Don Swaim". http://wiredforbooks.org/carlbernstein/. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
- ^ a b "Baroness Jay's political progress". BBC News. July 31, 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/1466811.stm. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
- ^ a b c "Get real – ageing’s not all Helen Mirren". London: The Times. March 4, 2007. http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/article1466183.ece. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Carl Bernstein |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carl Bernstein |
- Carl Bernstein official site
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Carl Bernstein on Charlie Rose
- Carl Bernstein at the Internet Movie Database
- Carl Bernstein collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Carl Bernstein in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Carl Bernstein at the Notable Names Database
- Profile at Random House
- Proffile at Simon and Schuster
- Profile at The Washington Post
- Watergate Papers Web Exhibition at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, with inventory
- Articles
- Carl Bernstein. The CIA and the Media, Rolling Stone Magazine, October 20, 1977
- 'Deep Throat' brings Watergate pair together again, a New York Times story from the International Herald Tribune, June 3, 2005
- Carl Bernstein takes an in-depth look at the fascinating life and career of Hillary Rodham Clinton in his book "A Woman in Charge", October 18, 2007
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bernstein, Carl |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American journalist |
| Date of birth | February 14, 1944 |
| Place of birth | Washington, D.C., USA |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Carl_Bernstein
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Бернстин, Карл
http://fr.wn.com/Carl Bernstein
http://nl.wn.com/Carl Bernstein
http://pt.wn.com/Carl Bernstein
http://de.wn.com/Carl Bernstein
http://it.wn.com/Carl Bernstein
http://pl.wn.com/Carl Bernstein
http://cs.wn.com/Carl Bernstein
http://es.wn.com/Carl Bernstein
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bernstein
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Mehmet Ali Ağca | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1958-01-09) January 9, 1958 (age 54) Hekimhan, Turkey |
| Conviction(s) | Attempted murder (of Pope John Paul II) murder (of Abdi İpekçi) robbery, theft |
| Penalty | Life imprisonment in Italy; 10 years imprisonment in Turkey |
| Status | Paroled |
Mehmet Ali Ağca (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈaːdʒa]; born January 9, 1958) is a Turkish[1][2] assassin who murdered left-wing journalist Abdi İpekçi on February 1, 1979 and later shot and wounded Pope John Paul II on May 13, 1981, after escaping from a Turkish prison. After serving 19 years of imprisonment in Italy, he was deported to Turkey, where he served a ten-year sentence. He was released on January 18, 2010.[3] Ağca has described himself as a mercenary with no political orientation, although he is known to have been a member of the Turkish ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves organization.
Contents |
Early life[link]
 |
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2010) |
Ağca was born in the Hekimhan district, Malatya Province in Turkey. As a youth, he became a petty criminal and a member of street gangs in his home town. He became a smuggler between Turkey and Bulgaria.
He claims to have received two months of training in weaponry and terrorist tactics in Syria as a member of the left-wing Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine paid for by the Communist Bulgarian government, although this has been questioned.
Grey Wolves involvement[link]
After training he went to work for the far-right Turkish Grey Wolves, who were at the time destabilizing Turkey, which led to a military coup in 1980. It has been claimed ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves were being used by the CIA. For instance, according to Kendal Nezan of the Kurdish Institute of Paris, they were infiltrated and manipulated by Gladio "stay-behind" networks, a NATO clandestine structure.[4]
On February 1, 1979 in Istanbul, under orders from the Grey Wolves, he murdered Abdi İpekçi, editor of a major Turkish newspaper Milliyet. He was caught due to an informant and was sentenced to life in prison. After serving six months, he escaped with the help of Abdullah Çatlı, second-in-command of the Grey Wolves and a prominent Gladio operative, and fled to Bulgaria, which was a base of operation for the Turkish mafia. According to investigative journalist Lucy Komisar, Mehmet Ali Ağca had worked with Abdullah Çatlı in this 1979 assassination, who "then reportedly helped organize Ağca's escape from an Istanbul military prison, and some have suggested Çatlı was even involved in the Pope's assassination attempt". According to Reuters, Ağca had "escaped with suspected help from sympathizers in the security services".[5] Lucy Komisar added that at the scene of the Mercedes-Benz crash where Çatlı died, he was found with a passport under the name of "Mehmet Özbay" — an alias also used by Mehmet Ali Ağca.[6]
Assassination attempt on the Pope[link]
Main article: Pope John Paul II assassination attempt
Beginning in August 1980 Ağca began criss-crossing the Mediterranean region, changing passports and identities, perhaps to hide his trigger point of origin in Sofia, Bulgaria. He entered Rome on May 10, 1981, coming by train from Milan.[citation needed]
According to Ağca's later testimony, he met with three accomplices in Rome, one a fellow Turk and the other two Bulgarians. The operation was commanded by Zilo Vassilev, the Bulgarian military attaché in Italy. He said that he was assigned this mission by Turkish mafioso Bekir Celenk in Bulgaria. Le Monde diplomatique, however, has alleged that the assassination attempt was organized by Abdullah Çatlı "in exchange for the sum of 3 million marks", paid by Bekir Celenk to the Grey Wolves.[7]
According to Ağca, the plan was for him and the back-up gunman Oral Çelik to open fire in St. Peter's Square and escape to the Bulgarian embassy under the cover of the panic generated by a small explosion. On May 13 they sat in the square, writing postcards and waiting for the Pope to arrive. When the Pope passed them, Ağca fired several shots and wounded him, but was grabbed by spectators and Vatican security chief Camillo Cibin and prevented from finishing the assassination or escaping. Four bullets hit John Paul II, two of them lodging in his lower intestine, the others hitting his left hand and right arm. Two bystanders were also hit. Çelik panicked and fled without setting off his bomb or opening fire. The Pope survived the assassination attempt.
Prison time, release, and rearrest[link]
Ağca was sentenced, in July 1981, to life imprisonment in Italy for the assassination attempt. Following his shooting, Pope John Paul II asked people to "pray for my brother (Ağca), whom I have sincerely forgiven."[8] Although Ağca had been quoted as saying that "to me [the Pope] was the incarnation of all that is capitalism", and had attempted to murder him, Ağca developed a friendship with the pontiff.[citation needed] In 1983, he and Ağca met and spoke privately at the prison where Ağca was being held. The Pope was also in touch with Ağca's family over the years, meeting his mother in 1987 and his brother a decade later.[9] After serving almost 20 years of a life sentence in prison in Italy, Ağca was pardoned by the then Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in June 2000 and deported to Turkey.[10]
Following his extradition to Turkey, he was imprisoned for the 1979 murder of Abdi İpekçi and for two bank raids carried out in the 1970s. Journalist Abdi İpekçi was killed on February 1, 1979. Ağca was arrested on June 25 and incarcerated in the Maltepe Military Prison. He fled to Bulgaria on 25 November and was sentenced to death in his absence. Ağca was extradited to Turkey in 2000 by benefiting from the Conditional Amnesty Law. This possibility granted to the ex-convict caused strong reactions. Both cases about Ağca were merged and tried before the Kadıköy 1st High Criminal Court. The single trial concerned the usurpation of Cengiz Aydos' taxi in 1979, robbing the Yıldırm jewelry store in Kızıltoprak on March 22, 1979 and stealing money from the Fruko soda storage on April 4, 1979.
On June 9, 1997, Air Malta Flight 830 was hijacked by two men. After landing in Cologne, the hijackers demanded the release of Ağca, who at the time was serving a life sentence in Italy for trying to assassinate Pope John Paul II in 1981. Ağca was not released and the hijackers surrendered.
On 18 January 2000, the judges decreed for a dismissal of proceedings due to the statute of limitation regarding the case filed for the jewelry store robbery and for "opposition to the Firearms Act" (law no. 6136). For usurpation and money theft Ağca was handed a 36 year prison sentence. Ağca's lawyers applied for the release of their client deriving benefit from law no. 4516 related to Parole and Postponement of Penalties in December 2000. Their request was rejected by the Kartal 1st High Criminal Court. The lawyers filed an appeal against this decision which was declined again. Ağca was sentenced to 10 years in prison for murder.[11]
In early February 2005, during the Pope's illness, Ağca sent a letter to the Pope wishing him well and also warning him that the world would end soon. When the Pope died on April 2, 2005, Ağca's brother Adnan gave an interview in which he said that Ağca and his entire family were grieving, and that the Pope had been a great friend to them. On April 5, 2005 CNN stated that Ağca would want to visit the Pope's funeral on April 8, 2005. However, Turkish authorities rejected his request to leave prison to attend.[citation needed]
Ağca was released on parole on January 12, 2006.[12] Mustafa Demirbağ, his lawyer, explained his release as a combination of amnesty and penal reform: an amnesty in 2000 deducted 10 years from his time, the court then deducted his 20 years in the Italian prison based on a new article in the penal code, and he was then eligible to be paroled based on good behaviour. However, a report from the French AFP news agency stated that "The Turkish judicial authorities still haven't explained exactly which legal resources he had access to", and former minister of Justice Hikmet Sami Türk, in government at the time of Ağca's extradition, claimed that, from a legal viewpoint, his liberation was a "serious mistake" at best, and that he should have not been freed before 2012.[13][14] However, on January 20, 2006, the Turkish Supreme Court ruled that his time served in Italy could not be deducted from his Turkish sentence and he was returned to jail.[5]
It was during his time in prison that he converted to Christianity in 2007. He claimed to be the Messiah at his trial and has made many bizarre statements over the years, although it has never been clear whether he is mentally unstable or merely acting.[15]
On Pope Benedict XVI[link]
After Pope Benedict XVI was criticized by the Muslim world following the September 12, 2006 Regensburg lecture, Ali Ağca wrote a letter to the Pope from jail warning him to cancel his planned trip to Turkey in November 2006. In the letter, which was published in leading Italian Rome-based daily la Repubblica,[16] he stated:
Pope Ratzinger listen to someone who knows these things very well.Your life is in danger. You absolutely must not come to Turkey. Pope Benedict you must know that between 1980 and 2000 I was in contact with various Western intelligence services and with the Vatican.
In those twenty years, I learnt many things and I came into possession of many classified secrets.
For your own welfare, you must make a grand gesture of honour and resign.
Then you must return to your native land (Germany) and in your place an Italian cardinal can be elected Pope, possibly Tettamanzi or Bertone.
Then the Vatican should become a center of peace and fraternity. The world has a need of this, it does not need hatred and vendetta.[16]
Despite Ağca's warning, Pope Benedict's visit to Turkey proceeded as scheduled without any incidents.
Later developments and release[link]
On May 2, 2008 Ağca asked to be awarded Polish citizenship as he wished to spend the final years of his life in Poland, Pope John Paul II's country of origin.[17] Ağca has stated that upon his release he wants to visit Pope John Paul II's tomb and partner with Dan Brown on writing a book.[18]
Ağca was released from jail on January 18, 2010. He was transferred to a military hospital in order to assess if, at 52, he was still fit for compulsory military service. The military found him unfit for military service for having "antisocial personality disorder". In a statement, he announced: "I will meet you in the next three days. In the name of God Almighty, I proclaim the end of the world in this century. All the world will be destroyed, every human being will die. I am not God, I am not son of God, I am Christ eternal."[19]
Claims of Vatican involvement in the assassination attempt[link]
In November 2010, he publicly asserted that Cardinal Agostino Casaroli had been the man behind the assassination attempt on John Paul II in 1981.[20]
Cultural references[link]
Ağca's shooting of the Pope and the alleged KGB involvement is featured in Tom Clancy's 2002 novel Red Rabbit and Frederick Forsyth's novel The Fourth Protocol. He has also been mentioned in the book "The Third Revelation" by Ralph McInerny as well as in the 1981 Greek play The Tape by Loula Anagnostaki, where the leading hero is recording a message to Ali Aǧca.
See also[link]
- Alois Estermann, Swiss Guard assassinated in 1998 in mysterious circumstances
- Emanuela Orlandi, "disappeared" in the 1980s, maybe in relation to Gladio and Propaganda Due; Archbishop Paul Marcinkus has been alleged to be part of the kidnapping, which may have been done in order to press the Pope to ask for Mehmet Ali Ağca's liberation to the Italian state (according to Mehmet Ali's 2005 interview to La Repubblica).
- Juan María Fernández y Krohn, a former Roman Catholic priest who tried to stab Pope John Paul II
- Rabia Kazan, who interviewed Ali Ağca when he was in jail
References[link]
- ^ Freedman, Robert Owen, The Middle East from the Iran-Contra affair to the Intifada, (Syracuse University Press, 1991), 396; "Demirag was known as an admirer of Mehmet Ali Agca, the Turk that shot and wounded Pope John Paul II in 1981."
- ^ Weigel, George, Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II, (HarperCollins Publisher, 1999), 397.
- ^ "Man who shot pope released from prison". CNN. 2010-01-18. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/01/18/turkey.pope.gunman/. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- ^ Nezan, Kendal (1998-07-05). "Turkey's pivotal role in the international drug trade". Le Monde Diplomatique. http://mondediplo.com/1998/07/05turkey.
- ^ a b Goktas, Hidir (2006-01-20). "Man who shot pope must return to jail: Turkish court". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2006-01-20. http://www.redorbit.com/news/general/364655/man_who_shot_pope_must_return_to_jail_turkish_court/.
- ^ Komisar, Lucy (1997-06-04). "The Assassins of a Pope". Albion Monitor. http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9703b/turkeycia-sidebar.html.
- ^ Martin A. Lee, "Les liaisons dangereuses de la police turque," Le Monde diplomatique, 3 March 1997.
- ^ "Holy See defers to courts on possible release of would-be Papal assassin". M.catholicnewsagency.com. 2006-01-09. http://m.catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=5704.
- ^ "Would-Be Assassin Mourns Pope". Cbsnews.com. 2009-02-11. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/04/03/world/main685125.shtml.
- ^ "Italy: Turkish gunman wants to be baptised at the Vatican". Adnkronos.com. http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=3.0.3308559433.
- ^ Mehmet Ali Ağca Released 29 Years after Attack on Pope John Paul II
- ^ Newton, Paula (2006-01-12). "Man who shot pope freed". Associated Press. CNN. Archived from the original on January 14, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060114175840/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/01/12/turkey.pope.gunman/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ "Mehmet Ali Agca, le Turc qui avait voulu tuer le Pape, libéré de prison" (in French). Agence France Presse. 2006-01-12. http://www.afp.com/francais/news/stories/060112114822.7i7t8igl.html. Retrieved 12 January 2006. (The English translation is missing the sentence stating that "Turkish juridical authorities still haven't explained with precision the legal dispositions from which he has benefited")[dead link]
- ^ Hacaoglu, Selcan (2006-01-09). "Pope John Paul's Shooter to Be Released". redOrbit. Associated Press. http://www.redorbit.com/news/general/350624/pope_john_pauls_shooter_to_be_released/. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ Post (2012-02-29). "‘Messiah’ Mehmet Ali Agca hopes to cash in on Pope attack". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6992057.ece.
- ^ a b "Papal assassin warns Pope Benedict his 'life is in danger' if he visits Turkey". Evening Standard. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23367507-details/Papal+assassin+warns+Pope+Benedict+his+%27life+is+in+danger%27+if+he+visits+Turkey/article.do. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
- ^ Fraser, Suzan (2008-05-02). "Turk who shot Pope John Paul II seeks Polish citizenship". USA Today. Associated Press. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-05-02-4072011119_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
- ^ John Follain (2008-10-10). "Gunman Mehmet Ali Agca who shot Pope John Paul II seeks £3m in book deals". The Times. Times Online (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6982379.ece. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- ^ "Pope John Paul II gunman released from prison". The Guardian. Associated Press (London). 18 January 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/8904807. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ ['Vatican ordered hit on Pope John Paul II' http://www.presstv.ir/detail/150432.html]
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Agca, Mehmet Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Turkish criminal |
| Date of birth | January 9, 1958 |
| Place of birth | Hekimhan, Turkey |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mehmet_Ali_Ağca
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Mehmet Ali Ağca
http://cs.wn.com/Mehmet Ali Ağca
http://id.wn.com/Mehmet Ali Agca
http://es.wn.com/Mehmet Ali Ağca
http://ru.wn.com/Агджа, Мехмет Али
http://nl.wn.com/Mehmet Ali Ağca
http://pt.wn.com/Mehmet Ali Ağca
http://pl.wn.com/Mehmet Ali Ağca
http://fr.wn.com/Mehmet Ali Ağca
http://de.wn.com/Mehmet Ali Ağca
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_Ağca
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the stand-up comic and author. For the American Olympic rower, see Bill Maher (rower).
| Bill Maher | |
|---|---|
 Maher at a ceremony to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in September 2010 |
|
| Birth name | William Maher, Jr. |
| Born | (1956-01-20) January 20, 1956 (age 56) New York, New York, U.S. |
| Medium | Stand-up, television, film, books |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 1979–present |
| Genres | Satire, Political satire, News satire, Observational comedy |
| Subject(s) | American politics, current events, American culture, pop culture, freedom of speech, environmentalism, religion, human sexuality, recreational drug use, libertarianism, American liberalism, American conservatism |
| Influences | Steve Allen, George Carlin, Johnny Carson, David Frost, Robert Klein, Don Rickles, Gore Vidal, Lenny Bruce |
| Notable works and roles | Elliot on Charlie Hoover Host of Politically Incorrect Host of Real Time with Bill Maher Religulous |
| Website | BillMaher.com |
William "Bill" Maher, Jr. ( /ˈmɑːr/; born January 20, 1956) is an American stand-up comedian, television host, political commentator, author, and actor. Before his current role as the host of HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher, Maher hosted a similar late-night talk show called Politically Incorrect originally on Comedy Central and later on ABC.
Maher is known for his political satire and sociopolitical commentary, which targets a wide swath of topics including religion, politics, bureaucracies of many kinds, political correctness, the mass media, greed among people and persons in positions of high political and social power, and the lack of intellectual curiosity in the electorate.[1] He supports the legalization of marijuana and same-sex marriage, and serves on the board of PETA.[2] He is also a critic of religion and is an advisory board member of Project Reason, a foundation to promote scientific knowledge and secular values within society.[3] In 2005, Maher ranked at number 38 on Comedy Central's 100 greatest stand-up comedians of all time.[4] Bill Maher received a Hollywood Walk of Fame star on September 14, 2010.[5]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Maher was born in New York City, the son of Julie (née Berman), a nurse, and William Maher, Sr., a network news editor and radio announcer.[6] He was raised in his Irish American father's Catholic religion, remaining unaware that his mother was Jewish until his early teenage years.[7][8][9][10] Due to Maher's father's disagreement with the Catholic Church's position on birth control, he stopped taking Maher and his sister to Catholic church services when Maher was thirteen.[11]
Maher was raised in River Vale, New Jersey, and graduated from Pascack Hills High School in Montvale in 1974. He received a B.A. in English and history from Cornell University in 1978.[12]
Early career[link]
Maher began his career as a stand-up comedian and actor. He was host of the New York City comedy club Catch a Rising Star in 1979. Thanks to Steve Allen, he began appearing on Johnny Carson's and David Letterman's shows in 1982. He made limited television appearances including a recurring role in Sara (1985), appeared in Max Headroom (1987), two separate appearances on Murder, She Wrote (1989, 1990), a recurring role in Charlie Hoover (1991) and other productions. He has also appeared in several films, usually in a comic role. His feature film debut was in D.C. Cab (1983), and he also appeared in Ratboy (1986) Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death (1988) and Pizza Man (1991), among others.
Television career[link]
[edit] Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher
Main article: Politically Incorrect
Maher assumed the host role Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher, a late-night political talk show that ran on Comedy Central from 1993 to 1997 and on ABC from 1997 to 2002. The show regularly began with a topical monologue by Maher preceding the introduction of four guests, usually a diverse group of individuals from show business, popular culture, political pundits, political consultants, authors, and occasionally news figures. The group would discuss topical issues selected by Maher, who also participated in the discussions.[13] Jerry Seinfeld, a regular guest on the show, stated that Politically Incorrect reminded him of talk shows from the 1950s and 60s "when guests interacted with each other as much as with the host."[14]
Politically Incorrect won an array of awards, including an Emmy Award for Outstanding Technical Direction, two CableACE awards for Best Talk Show Series, and a Genesis Award for Best Television Talk Show. Maher earned numerous award nominations for his producing, writing and hosting of Politically Incorrect, including ten Emmy nominations, two TV Guide nominations, and two Writers Guild nominations. ABC decided against renewing Maher's contract for Politically Incorrect in 2002, after he made a controversial on-air remark shortly after the September 11 attacks.[15] He agreed with his guest, conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, that the 9/11 terrorists did not act in a cowardly manner (in rebuttal to President Bush's statement calling 9/11 hijackers cowards). Maher said, "We have been the cowards. Lobbing cruise missiles from two thousand miles away. That's cowardly. Staying in the airplane when it hits the building. Say what you want about it. Not cowardly. You're right." Maher later clarified that his comment was not anti-military in any way whatsoever, referencing his well-documented longstanding support for the American military.[16][17][18]
In the context of the attacks, some corporate advertisers found the comment too insensitive and controversial. Several companies, including FedEx and Sears Roebuck, pulled their advertisements from the show, costing the show more than it returned.
The show was cancelled on June 16, 2002, and the Sinclair Broadcast Group had dropped the show from its ABC-affiliated stations months prior. On June 22, 2002, just six days after the cancellation of Politically Incorrect, Maher received the Los Angeles Press Club president's award (for "championing free speech"). Maher was on the board of judges one year for the PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award.
Maher's remarks after 9/11 were not the first time he had sparked controversy on Politically Incorrect. In the same year, Maher was widely criticized for comparing dogs to retarded children. He apologized for his comments.[19]
[edit] Real Time with Bill Maher
Main article: Real Time with Bill Maher
In 2003, Maher became the host, co-producer and co-writer of Real Time with Bill Maher, a weekly hour-long political comedy talk show on the cable television network HBO. During an interview, Maher told Terry Gross (on NPR's Fresh Air) that he much prefers having serious and well-informed guests on his program, as opposed to the random celebrities that fleshed out his roundtable discussions on Politically Incorrect.[20]
As with his previous show, Politically Incorrect, Maher begins Real Time with a comic opening monologue based upon current events and other topical issues. He proceeds to a one-on-one interview with a guest, either in-studio or via satellite. Following the interview, Maher sits with three panelists, usually consisting of pundits, authors, activists and journalists, for a discussion of the week's events. In the segment "New Rules" at the end of each show, Maher delivers a humorous editorial on popular culture and American politics.
In late May 2005, Alabama Congressman Spencer Bachus sent a letter to Time Warner's board of directors requesting Real Time be cancelled after remarks Maher made after noting the military had missed its recruiting goals by 42 percent. Bachus said he felt the comments were demeaning to the military and treasonous. Maher stated his highest regard and support for the troops and asked why the congressman criticized him instead of doing something about the recruitment problem.[21]
Real Time has earned widespread praise. It has been nominated for more than ten Primetime Emmy Awards and six Writer's Guild awards. In 2007, Maher and his co-producers were awarded the Television Producer of the Year Award in Variety Television by the Producers Guild of America.[22] Maher holds the record for the most Emmy nominations without a win, having been nominated on 22 occasions and not winning once. Eleven of the nominations were for Politically Incorrect, while nine were for Real Time. The other two were nominations for two of his HBO comedy specials: Bill Maher: I'm Swiss and Bill Maher: The Decider.[23]
HBO announced in July 2011 the show was renewed for a tenth season.[24]
Christine O'Donnell[link]
See also: Christine O'Donnell#General election
On September 17, 2010, Maher aired a clip of Delaware Republican Senatorial candidate Christine O'Donnell from the October 29, 1999 episode of his old show Politically Incorrect on his current show Real Time with Bill Maher,[25][26] where she discussed that she had "dabbled in witchcraft." This was one of the most notable of numerous controversial statements by O'Donnell that made her the most covered candidate in the 2010 mid-term election cycle.[27][28]
Political commentator[link]
Maher is a frequent commentator on various cable news networks, namely CNN, MSNBC, and HLN. Maher has regularly appeared on CNN's The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer[29] and has also been a frequent guest on MSNBC's Hardball with Chris Matthews,[30] The Rachel Maddow Show[31] and Countdown with Keith Olbermann.[32] Maher has also appeared as a guest on HLN's The Joy Behar Show.[33]
Maher hosted the January 13, 2006 edition of Larry King Live, on which he was a frequent guest. Maher appeared as a special guest on the June 29, 2010 edition of the show, on which CNN anchor Larry King announced his retirement.[34] Maher co-emceed the final show of Larry King Live on December 16, 2010 with Ryan Seacrest.[35]
Since May 2005, he has been a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post.
Views and beliefs[link]
Politics[link]
Maher eschews political labels, referring to himself as "practical".[36] In the past, he has described himself as a libertarian and has also referred to himself "as a progressive, as a sane person".[37][38]
Maher favors a partial privatization of Social Security, ending corporate welfare and federal funding of non-profits, and legalization of gambling, prostitution, and marijuana. Maher is a member of the advisory boards for both the NORML and Marijuana Policy Project, organizations which support regulated legalization of marijuana.[39][40] He describes himself as an environmentalist, and he has spoken in favor of the Kyoto treaty on global warming on his show Real Time. He often criticizes industry figures involved in environmental pollution.[41]
Maher is a board member of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
Before the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Maher became candid in his stated opposition to the re-election of George W. Bush and in his support for John Kerry.[42]
Known for protesting against the demonization of the word "liberal", during the campaign Maher criticized Kerry for being ashamed of the word. On his show, the comedian has noted the paradox of people claiming they distrusted "elite" politicians while at the same time wanting elite doctors to treat them and elite lawyers to represent them in court.[43] Maher supports the death penalty. Since the 9/11 attacks, he has endorsed the use of racial profiling at airports.[44]
He was originally against the Iraq War, and has summarized his opinion by saying that the United States and the world have had to pay too high a price for the war. He is skeptical of Iraq surviving without civil war.[45]
In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Maher announced his support for Barack Obama.[46] Although Maher welcomed Obama's electoral victory, he has subjected him to criticism once in office for not acting boldly on health care reform and other progressive issues.[47]
On February 23, 2012, after his 'Crazy Stupid Politics' special streamed on Yahoo! Screen, Maher announced that he was contributing $1 million to Priorities USA, the Obama SuperPAC.[48][49]
Religion[link]
See also: Religulous
Maher is highly critical of religion, and views it as not worth the bother. He has referred to himself as an apatheist - a pragmatic atheist - on Scarborough Country on April 24, 2007, and again in July 2011.[50][51] He has reiterated this stance in subsequent interviews, rejecting both the certitude of the existence, as well as the certitude of nonexistence of deities, concluding, "I'm saying that doubt is the only appropriate response for human beings."[52] He is an advisory board member of author Sam Harris's Project Reason, a foundation that promotes scientific knowledge and secular values within society.
Maher and director Larry Charles teamed up to make the feature film Religulous (2008), described by trade publication Variety as a documentary "that spoofs religious extremism across the world." It was released on October 3, 2008.[53][54]
While Maher is critical towards Christianity, he is an outspoken critic of religion as a whole, including Islam. On October 29, 2010, during a Real Time segment, Maher commented on a news story saying that the name Mohammed had become the most popular baby name in the United Kingdom. He asked, "Am I a racist to feel alarmed by that? Because I am. And it’s not because of the race, it’s because of the religion. I don’t have to apologize, do I, for not wanting the Western world to be taken over by Islam in 300 years? Sharia law is being institutionalized in England? Well, then I am right, I should be alarmed."[55] He later defended his comments on CNN, saying, "And when I say Westerner, I mean someone who believes in the values that Western people believe in that a lot of the Muslim world does not. Like separation of church and state. Like equality of the sexes. Like respect for minorities, free elections, free speech, freedom to gather. These things are not just different from cultures that don’t have them. ... It’s better. ... I would like to keep those values here." [56]
Maher received the Richard Dawkins Award for 2009 from Atheist Alliance International "for his efforts to further the values science and reason in the world."[57]
Maher was ranked first by MormonVoices, a group associated with Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research, on its Top Ten Anti-Mormon Statements of 2011 list for saying "By any standard, Mormonism is more ridiculous than any other religion".[58]
Health care[link]
Maher has stated that the AMA is a powerful lobbying group and one of the primary reasons why the United States had failed to enact health care reform.[59][dead link][60]
On August 24, 2009, Maher was a guest on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien. On the topic of getting health care reform legislation passed, Maher stated that Obama should forget about trying to get 60 votes for it, "he only needs 51." "Forget getting the sixty votes or sixty percent — sixty percent of people don't believe in evolution in this country — he just needs to drag them to it, like I said, they're stupid; get health care done, with or without them."[61]
Maher has expressed the view that most illness is generally the result of poor diet and lack of exercise, and that medicine is often not the best way of addressing illness. In an episode of his show about the 2008 presidential candidates' health plans, Maher stated that poor nutrition is a primary cause of illness, and that "the answer isn't another pill."[62] He also has said:" If you believe you need to take all the pills the pharmaceutical industry says you do, then you're already on drugs!"[63]
He has expressed his distaste for the pharmaceutical and health care industries in general, on the grounds that they make their money out of curing people who are made sick by consuming unhealthy food that corporations urge upon the public. He maintains that mass consumption of high-fructose corn syrup is a contributor to the rise in frequency of obesity in the United States.[64]
In a discussion with Michael Moore about the film Sicko, Maher said, "The human body is pretty amazing; it doesn't get sick, usually, for no reason. I mean, there's some genetic stuff that can get to you, but, basically, people are sick in this country because they're poisoned. The environment is a poisoning factor, but also, we gotta say, they poison themselves. They eat shit. People eat shit, and that's, to my way of thinking, about 90 percent of why people are sick, is because they eat shit. Would you agree?"[65]
On October 9, 2009, on his HBO show, Maher debated the effectiveness of flu vaccinations with Bill Frist and stated, "Why would you let them be the ones to stick a disease into your arm? I would never get a swine flu vaccine or any vaccine. I don’t trust the government, especially with my health." Maher also expressed skepticism about the seriousness of the swine flu and whether completely healthy people could die from it. His comments have generated criticism, and his remarks have been called unscientific and even harmful.[66]
Maher responded to the criticism, noting, "What I've read about what they think I'm saying is not what I've said. I'm not a germ theory denier. I believe vaccinations can work. Polio is a good example. Do I think in certain situations that inoculating Third World children against malaria or diphtheria, or whatever, is right? Of course. In a situation like that, the benefits outweigh costs. But to me living in Los Angeles? To get a flu shot? No."[67]
He supports the current abortion laws and giving the terminally ill the right to assisted suicide.
Criticism of 9/11 conspiracy theories[link]
Maher has been a critic of 9/11 conspiracy theories. On October 19, 2007, Maher confronted several 9/11 truthers and had them ejected from his show audience after they interrupted the live show numerous times by calling out from the audience. The incident drew significant media attention and praise from Fox News talk show host and frequent critic John Gibson.[68]
Personal life[link]
Maher has never married. In 2003, he began dating former Playboy Cyber Girl Coco Johnsen. In November 2004, at the end of their 17-month relationship, she sued him for USD $9 million for "pain and suffering" for alleged "insulting, humiliating and degrading racial comments." Her suit[69] stated that Maher promised to marry her and father her children, support her financially, and purchase a Beverly Hills home. Her suit also alleged that she quit her job as a flight attendant and occasional model to be with him. Maher's lawyers in their response filed on November 23, 2004, in Los Angeles Superior Court said Maher is a "confirmed bachelor, and a very public one at that" who "never promised to marry [Johnsen] or to have children with her."[70]
Maher's filing stated that, after the relationship had ended, Johnsen "launched a campaign to embarrass, humiliate, and extort ridiculous sums of money from Bill Maher." Johnsen accused another former boyfriend of rape and kidnapping in 1997, and the charges were later dismissed for lack of evidence.[71] Her lawsuit against Maher was dismissed on May 2, 2005.
Maher enjoys his bachelor status and states that he does not want to get married. On his website, he is quoted as saying, "I'm the last of my guy friends to have never gotten married, and their wives — they don't want them playing with me. I'm like the escaped slave — I bring news of freedom."[72]
In 2005, he began dating Karrine Steffans, best-selling author and former hip hop model.[73][74][75] When commentators suggested there was a pattern to his dating because both his girlfriend and former girlfriend were black, Maher said, "People say I'm into black women. Robert De Niro is into black women. I'm just into women who are real, and they happen to be black."[74]
From 2009 to 2011, Maher dated the neuroscientist and science educator Cara Santa Maria.[76]
Credits[link]
Bibliography[link]
- True Story : A Novel, 1994 (ISBN 0-7432-4251-3)
- Does Anybody Have a Problem With That? Politically Incorrect's Greatest Hits, 1996 (ISBN 0-679-45627-9)
- Does Anybody Have a Problem with That? The Best of Politically Incorrect, 1997 (ISBN 0-345-41281-8)
- When You Ride Alone You Ride With Bin Laden: What the Government Should Be Telling Us to Help Fight the War on Terrorism, 2003 (ISBN 1-893224-90-2)
- Keep the Statue of Liberty Closed: The New Rules, 2004 (ISBN 1-932407-47-2)
- New Rules: Polite Musings from a Timid Observer, 2005 (ISBN 1-59486-295-8)
- The New New Rules: A Funny Look at How Everybody but Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass, 2011 (ISBN 0-39915-841-3)
Filmography[link]
| Film | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Title | Role | |
| 1983 | D.C. Cab | Bob | |
| 1986 | Rags to Riches | Freddie | |
| Club Med | Rick | ||
| Ratboy | Party Guest | ||
| 1987 | House II: The Second Story | John | |
| 1988 | Out of Time | Maxwell Taylor | |
| 1989 | Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death | Jim | |
| 1991 | Pizza Man | Elmo Bunn | |
| 1996 | Don't Quit Your Day Job! | Comic's Table | |
| 1997 | Bimbo Movie Bash | Unknown | |
| 1998 | EDtv | Himself | |
| 2001 | Tomcats (film) | Carlos | |
| 2005 | The Aristocrats | Himself | |
| 2008 | Swing Vote | Himself | |
| Religulous | Himself | ||
| 2009 | New Rules: Best of | Himself | |
| 2010 | Sex, Drugs & Religion (2010) | Himself | |
| HBO Specials | |||
| Year | Title | Role | |
| 1989 | One Night Stand | Himself | |
| 1992 | One Night Stand | Himself | |
| 1995 | Stuff that Struck Me Funny | Himself | |
| 1997 | The Golden Goose Special | Himself | |
| 2000 | Be More Cynical | Himself | |
| 2003 | Victory Begins at Home | Himself | |
| 2005 | I'm Swiss | Himself | |
| 2007 | The Decider | Himself | |
| 2010 | But I'm Not Wrong | Himself | |
| Other Specials | |||
| 2012 | Bill Maher Stand-Up: CrazyStupidPolitics | Himself | |
| Television | |||
| Year | Title | Role | |
| 1985 | Sara | Marty Lang | |
| 1987 | Hard Knocks | Unknown | |
| Max Headroom | Haskel | ||
| 1989–90 | Murder, She Wrote | (2 episodes) | |
| 1990 | The Midnight Hour | Host | |
| 1991 | Charlie Hoover | Elliot | |
| 1992 | Say What? | Host | |
| 1993 | Married... with Children | Adam Gold | |
| Roseanne | Photographer | ||
| 1997 | Dharma & Greg | Himself | |
| 1993–2002 | Politically Incorrect | Host | |
| 2002 | Just for Laughs | Himself | |
| 2003–present | Real Time with Bill Maher | Host | |
| 2008 | True Blood | Himself | |
| 2010 | The Boondocks | Himself | |
| 2010 | Family Guy | Himself | |
References[link]
- ^ "Political Satirist Bill Maher's 'New Rules'". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4792262. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
- ^ "Interview with Larry King, 9-28-03". CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0308/28/lkl.00.html. "Larry, I'm a PETA board member."
- ^ University of California – Los Angeles (October 11, 2010). "Where Religious Belief And Disbelief Meet". ScienceDaily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091005092302.htm.
- ^ Comedy Central's Top 100; ComedyCentral.com; April 4, 2005
- ^ "Bill Maher gets Hollywood Walk of Fame star, September 14, 2010". USA Today. September 14, 2010. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2010-09-14-maher-hollywood-star_N.htm. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Maher Biography (1956–)". Film Reference. http://www.filmreference.com/film/32/Bill-Maher.html. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ "Interview With Bill Maher". CNN. May 24, 2002. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0205/24/lkl.00.html. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ King, Larry (May 24, 2002). "CNN LARRY KING LIVE Interview With Bill Maher". CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0205/24/lkl.00.html. Retrieved April 23, 2010. "But I never even knew I was half-Jewish until I was a teenager."
- ^ Carlin-McCall, Kelly (November/December 2008). "The Real Bill". Irish America magazine. http://www.irishabroad.com/irishworld/irishamericamag/octnov08/features/bill-maher-octnov08.asp. Retrieved April 23, 2010. "So the fact that I’m half Irish and half Jewish, they both contributed to a sense of humor."
- ^ Morgan, Piers (July 2011). "Bill Maher explains his 'apatheism,' apathetic atheism". CNN. http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/07/12/maher-on-religion/. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ""...and I was raised Catholic. I was never Jewish""
- ^ "Getting Blasphemous in the Presence of Bill Maher". Media.www.diamondbackonline.com. http://web.archive.org/web/20081221013449/http://media.www.diamondbackonline.com/media/storage/paper873/news/2008/10/03/Diversions/Getting.Blasphemous.In.The.Presence.Of.Bill.Maher-3467097.shtml. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ "Entertainment; Ivy League Celebrities". Comcast.net. http://www.comcast.net/slideshow/entertainment-ivyleague/18/. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ Carter, Bill (February 27, 1994). "TELEVISION; Lots of Political Humor, and No Morton Kondracke". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/27/arts/television-lots-of-political-humor-and-no-morton-kondracke.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/M/Maher,%20Bill. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ Hart, Hugh (August 10, 1995). "Talking Issues". Chicago Tribune. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/27/arts/television-lots-of-political-humor-and-no-morton-kondracke.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/M/Maher,%20Bill. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ "The Big Story: Politically Incorrect". http://thebigstory.org/ov/ov-politicallyincorrect.html. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
- ^ Goldberg, Danny (2002). It's a Free Country: Personal Freedom in America After September 11. RDV Books. p. 77. ISBN 0-9719206-0-5.
- ^ Garofoli, Joe. Talk host's towering rant: S.F. not worth saving. San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/11/11/MNGFMFMNV41.DTL. Retrieved October 9, 2007
- ^ Navasky, Victor. Profiles in Cowardice. The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20011105/navasky. Retrieved October 9, 2007
- ^ "TV Host's Words Draw Criticism and Apology". The New York Times. January 18, 2001. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D06E6DA1F3DF93BA25752C0A9679C8B63. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
- ^ "Bill Maher: Four More Years". NPR. February 8, 2005. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4490632. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ "Bill Maher's Remark About Army 'Borders on Treason,' Lawmaker Says – Celebrity Gossip | Entertainment News | Arts And Entertainment". FOXNews.com. May 23, 2005. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,157435,00.html. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ Producers Guild of America Awards - Winners 1990-2010; PGA.org; May 29, 2012
- ^ "Gold Derby". The Los Angeles Times. July 20, 2009. http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/07/will-emmys-biggest-loser-bill-maher-ever-win.html.
- ^ "TCA 2011: HBO to get 'Luck'-y in January". LA Times. July 28, 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2011/07/tca-2011-.html.
- ^ McGreal, Chris (September 20, 2010). "Christine O'Donnell: I dabbled in witchcraft". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/20/christine-o-donnell-dabbled-witchcraft. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
- ^ Michael Sragow. "Bill Maher celebrates the art of standup". The Baltimore Sun. http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bs-ae-arts-story-1119-20101118,0,6769640.story.
- ^ The Midterms’ Media Mainstays | Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ)
- ^ Ken Tucker. "Christine O'Donnell, witchcraft, and Bill Maher: TV and politics put a hex on common sense". Entertainment Weekly. http://watching-tv.ew.com/2010/09/19/christine-odonnell-witchcraft-bill-maher.
- ^ Robyn Ross. "Bill Maher: Zach Galifianakis Did Not Light Up a Real Joint". TVGuide. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Zach-Galifianakis-Joint-1024995.aspx.
- ^ "Bill Maher plays Hardball". MSN. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11366025/ns/msnbc_tv-hardball_with_chris_matthews.
- ^ "Arianna Hosts The Rachel Maddow Show with Guests Bill Maher, Lawrence O'Donnell, Nate Silver, Cory Booker and Google's Eric Schmidt". Huffington Post. December 18, 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-tv/arianna-hosts-the-irachel_b_144514.html.
- ^ "Maher on Countdown with Keith Olbermann (video)". MSNBC. January 21, 2011. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3036677/#40225161. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Maher spends some real time with Joy". CNN. http://joybehar.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/28/bill-maher-spends-some-real-time-with-joy. [dead link]
- ^ "Bill Maher helps Larry King say goodbye". Mediaite. http://www.mediaite.com/tv/bill-maher-helps-larry-king-say-goodbye/. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ Rowe, Douglas J. (December 16, 2010). "Surrounded by Famous Fans, Larry King Ends His 25-Year Run on CNN". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Larry-King-Ends-1026885.aspx. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ Martel, Frances (July 11, 2011). "Bill Maher To Piers Morgan: I Hope Sarah Palin And Michele Bachmann ‘Split the MILF Vote’". Mediaite. http://www.mediaite.com/tv/bill-maher-to-piers-morgan-palin-can-absolutely-win-in-2012-but-hed-vote-for-bachmann/. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ Rutenberg, Jim. (October 8, 2001.) "Bill Maher still secure in ABC slot, at least now". New York Times via nytimes.com. Retrieved on October 12, 2007.
- ^ "Maher slams 2012 GOP presidential field (video)". CNN. July 16, 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/bestoftv/2011/06/14/exp.ac.maher.part1.debate.cnn. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ "NORML Advisory Board". National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. http://norml.org/advisory-board. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ "MPP Advisory Board". Marijuana Policy Project. http://www.mpp.org/vip/. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ Halem, Dann. (August 1, 2001.) "Is Bill Maher a libertarian?", Salon (news website). Retrieved on October 12, 2007.
- ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (August 2, 2004). " "Convictions Intact, Nader Soldiers On". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/02/us/convictions-intact-nader-soldiers-on.html?scp=1&sq=Maher%202000%20Bush&st=cse". Retrieved April 1, 2010.
- ^ "Say it loud: I'm elite and proud!" Salon; April 13, 2007
- ^ (2002-12-16 broadcast.) "CNN American Morning with Paula Zahn: Talk with Bill Maher". (Transcript.) Cnn.com (Caveat: "This is a rush transcript.") Retrieved on October 12, 2007.
- ^ Modell, Josh. "Bill Maher | Film | Interview". The A.V. Club. http://www.avclub.com/articles/bill-maher,14307/. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ "Ear to the Ground – Down to the Wire". Truthdig. http://www.truthdig.com/eartotheground/item/20080204_down_to_the_wire/. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ Baram, Marcus (June 15, 2009). "Bill Maher Tells Olbermann Why He's Criticizing Obama". Huffington post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/15/bill-maher-tells-olberman_n_215964.html. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
- ^ "CrazyStupidPolitics: Bill Maher Live on Yahoo! Screen". Screen.yahoo.com. 2011-04-20. http://screen.yahoo.com/crazystupidpolitics/. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
- ^ Bill Maher on Twitter.
- ^ "Bill Maher – APATHEIST", The Richard Dawkins Foundation, April 25, 2007
- ^ ", CNN Belief Blogs, July 12, 2011
- ^ "Bill Maher: The God Botherer"; The Sunday Times; April 1, 2009
- ^ Demara, Bruce. (September 10, 2007.) "Maher preaches to the TIFF choir". The Toronto Star via thestar.com. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
- ^ Jaafar, Ali and Dade Hayes. (September 10, 2007.) "Toronto festival wary of serious films: 'Religulous' finds following at film fest"[dead link]. Variety via variety.com. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
- ^ "Bill Maher to Muslims: Go away". Salon.com. October 29, 2010. http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2010/11/01/bill_maher_on_muslims. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Maher Stands By Mohammed Remarks: ‘I Don’t Need To Apologize For Being A Proud Westerner’". Mediaite.com. November 1, 2010. http://www.mediaite.com/tv/bill-maher-stands-by-mohammed-remarks-i-dont-need-to-apologize-for-being-a-proud-westerner/. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
- ^ AAI Announces Site of 2009 Convention; AAI Organization; May 12, 2010
- ^ Walker, Joseph (January 8, 2012). "Group lists Top Ten Anti-Mormon Statements of 2011". Deseret News. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/print/700213557/Group-lists-Top-Ten-Anti-Mormon-Statements-of-2011.html.
- ^ (2009-06-15). Keith Olbermann: Bill Maher Talks About Taking On Obama. Countdown With Keith Olbermann. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- ^ Countdown With Keith Olbermann; MSNBC; June 15, 2009
- ^ "''Tonight Show'' with Conan O'Brien". Tonightshowwithconanobrien.com. http://www.tonightshowwithconanobrien.com/video/clips/bill-maher-pt2-082409/1149697/. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ Real Time with Bill Maher; September 28, 2007; HBO
- ^ "WINHS, World Institute of Natural Health Sciences - Home". Winhs.org. http://www.winhs.org/. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
- ^ Larry King Live – Interview With Bill Maher; CNN; September 13, 2004
- ^ Maher and Moore Chew (Out) the Fat; Kerry Trueman, The Huffington Post; May 30, 2007
- ^ Parker-Pope, Tara (October 13, 2009). "Bill Maher vs. the Flu Vaccine". The New York Times. http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/13/bill-maher-vs-the-flu-vaccine/. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
- ^ Needling Bill Maher; Winnipeg Sun; October 28, 2009
- ^ "Hat's Off to Bill Maher". Fox News Channel. October 22, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,304240,00.html. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ "Bill Maher Hit With Palimony Suit". http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/1111041coco1.html. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
- ^ "Bill Maher Fights Back". http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/12-1-2004-62384.asp. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
- ^ "Bill Maher". http://www.nndb.com/people/399/000022333/. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
- ^ "About Bill Maher". http://www.billmaher.com/. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
- ^ Calhoune, Sandra. "Plot Summary of Confessions of A Video Vixen". http://www.allreaders.com/topics/Info_35499.asp. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
- ^ a b "Bill Maher — Smart, Snide, Still Single". http://www.savvyinsider.com/article.php?op=viewArticle&article_ID=305. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
- ^ A Bawdy Lifestyle, and How to Shake It Washington Post; July 28, 2005
- ^ Bill Maher & Cara Santa Maria Split
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bill Maher |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bill Maher |
- Official website
- Bill Maher on Twitter
- Bill Maher on Myspace
- Bill Maher at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Bill Maher in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Bill Maher on National Public Radio in 2004
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Bill Maher on Charlie Rose
- HBO's "Real Time with Bill Maher" site
- 2006 Maher Interview with The A.V. Club
- 2009 Maher Interview with writers at the Religulous DVD release
- Bill Maher collected news and commentary at The New York Times
|
|||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Maher, William |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American comedian, writer |
| Date of birth | January 20, 1956 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Bill_Maher
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Bill Maher
http://cs.wn.com/Bill Maher
http://id.wn.com/Bill Maher
http://es.wn.com/Bill Maher
http://ru.wn.com/Мар, Билл
http://nl.wn.com/Bill Maher
http://pt.wn.com/Bill Maher
http://pl.wn.com/Bill Maher
http://fr.wn.com/Bill Maher
http://de.wn.com/Bill Maher
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Maher
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
