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10 Janpath
Coordinates: 28°36′49″N 77°13′06″E / 28.6135°N 77.2184°E / 28.6135; 77.2184
10 Janpath is a house on Janpath road, New Delhi. It is presently the official residence of Sonia Gandhi, the President of Indian National Congress party (INC). The national headquarters of Indian National Congress is right behind it on 24, Akbar Road.
It was residence of India's second Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964-1966) and where his body lay in state on January 11, 1966. Today his biographical museum, Lal Bhadur Shastri Memorial at 1, Moti Lal Nehru Place (formerly 10 Janpath), adjacent to the complex.
The house was the residence of Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri who succeeded Jawaharlal Nehru in 1960s, in fact adjacent to the complex, facing the roundabout is Lal Bhadur Shastri Memorial at 1, Moti Lal Nehru Place., the rest had gone to Congress party. In fact in 1990s, when the Congress, under Rajiv Gandhi, supported Chandra Shekhar as PM, Rajiv offered L. K. Advani, then Leader of Opposition" in the Parliament, so "that the opposition leader can have a permanent address".
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Cambridge
The city of Cambridge (
i/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij) is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia, on the River Cam, about 50 miles (80 km) north of London. According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, its population was 108,863 (including 22,153 students), and was estimated to be 125,717 in mid-2010. There is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area in bronze age and Roman times, and under Viking rule Cambridge became an important trading centre. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although city status was not conferred until 1951.
Cambridge is most widely known as the home of the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209 and consistently ranked one of the top five universities in the world. The university includes the renowned Cavendish Laboratory, King's College Chapel, and the Cambridge University Library. The Cambridge skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital in the far south of the city and St John's College Chapel tower.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Lusiana
Lusiana (Cimbrian / German: Lusaan) is a small town in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. It is west of SP72. Lusiana had an estimated population of 2,926.. This village is situated at about 750 metres on the Asiago plateau.
The small town is the birthplace of Italian-born, Indian politician Sonia Gandhi, widow of Rajiv Gandhi, the former Prime Minister of India. As of 2007[update], she was named the third most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine in the year 2004[citation needed] and currently ranks 6th.[citation needed]. Sonia Gandhi was born in a small quarter ("contràda" in Italian) called “Màini” where families with the family name “Màino” have been living for many generations.
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New Statesman
New Statesman is a British left-wingpolitical and cultural magazine published weekly in London. Founded in 1913, and connected with leading members of the socialist Fabian Society, the magazine reached a circulation peak in the late 1960s.
The longest serving editor was Kingsley Martin (1930–60). The current editor is Jason Cowley, who assumed the post at the end of September 2008. In the 29 May 2006 issue, then-editor John Kampfner stated that the New Statesman remained "true to its heritage of radical politics". The magazine is committed to "development, human rights and the environment, global issues the mainstream press often ignores".
Historically, the magazine was sometimes affectionately referred to as "The Staggers" because of crises in funding, ownership and circulation. The nickname is now used as the title of its rolling politics blog. Its current writers and columnists include Mehdi Hasan, Will Self, David Blanchflower, John Gray and Richard Mabey. The New Statesman had a certified average circulation of 23,909 in 2011, 17,471 of which were paid copies. Traffic to the magazine's relaunched website recently reached a record high. In the first quarter of 2012, monthly unique visitors to newstatesman.com exceeded 800,000, an increase of 231 per cent since the fourth quarter of 2009, when the site was previously relaunched.
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Orbassano
Orbassano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 15 km southwest of Turin. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 21,667 and an area of 22.1 km².
The most famous local is Sonia Gandhi, who was raised here, although she was actually born in Lusiana, near Vicenza.
Orbassano borders the following municipalities: Turin, Rivoli, Rivalta di Torino, Beinasco, Nichelino, Volvera, Candiolo, None.
The known origins of the city date back to the Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul, evidenced by two Imperial era tombstones found here in the second half of the nineteenth century.
By the end of the first millennium, Orbassano was among the lands of the Margrave of Susa, but in 1029 it found itself sold by Manfredi to the new Abbey of San Giusto in Susa. Shortly thereafter, in 1035, some of the land came into the possession of the Diocese of Turin. In the twelfth century Orbassano came under the control of its northern neighbours the Lords of Rivalta, the Orsini family.
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Turin
Turin (Italian: Torino, pronounced [toˈriːno] (
listen); Piedmontese: Turin, pronounced [tyˈɾiŋ]; Latin: Augusta Taurinorum) is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 (November 2008) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.
The city has a rich culture and history, and is known for its numerous art galleries, restaurants, churches, palaces, opera houses, piazzas, parks, gardens, theatres, libraries, museums and other venues. Turin is well known for its baroque, rococo, neo-classical, and Art Nouveau architecture. Much of the city's public squares, castles, gardens and elegant palazzi such as Palazzo Madama, were built in the 16th and 18th century, after the capital of the Duchy of Savoy (later Kingdom of Sardinia) was moved to Turin from Chambery( nowadays France) as part of the urban expansion.
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Vicenza
Vicenza
listen (help·info), a city in north-eastern Italy, is the capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region, at the northern base of the Monte Berico, straddling the Bacchiglione. Vicenza is approximately 60 km west of Venice and 200 km east of Milan.
Vicenza is a thriving and cosmopolitan city, with a rich history and culture, and many museums, art galleries, piazzas, villas, churches and elegant Renaissance palazzi. With the Palladian Villas of the Veneto in the surrounding area, and his renowned Teatro Olimpico (Olympic Theatre), the "city of Palladio" has been enlisted as UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994.
As of December 2008, Vicenza had an estimated population of c. 115,927, and a metropolitan area of 270 000. Vicenza is the third-largest Italian industrial centre as measured by the value of its exports, and is one of the country's wealthiest cities. Especially due to its textile and steel industries which employ tens of thousands and about one fifth of the country's gold and jewelry is made in Vicenza, greatly contributing to the city's economy. Another important branch is the engineering/computer components industry (Federico Faggin, the microprocessor's co-inventor was born in Vicenza).
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Abul Kalam Azad
Maulana Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed Azad (Urdu: مولانا ابوالکلام محی الدین احمد آزاد, Bengali: আবুল কালাম মুহিয়ুদ্দিন আহমেদ আজাদ) (11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian Muslim scholar and a senior political leader of the Indian independence movement. He was one of the most prominent Muslim leaders to support Hindu-Muslim unity, opposing the partition of India on communal lines. Following India's independence, he became the first Minister of Education in the Indian government. He is also known for having predicted the future military rule and partition of Pakistan before its independence. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna in 1992. He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as "National Education Day" across India.
As a young man, Azad composed poetry in Urdu as well as treatises on religion and philosophy. He rose to prominence through his work as a journalist, publishing works critical of the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian nationalism. Azad became the leader of the Khilafat Movement during which he came into close contact with Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi. Azad became an enthusiastic supporter of Gandhi's ideas of non-violent civil disobedience, and worked actively to organise the Non-cooperation movement in protest at the 1919 Rowlatt Acts. Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi (Indigenous) products and the cause of Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. He became the youngest person to serve as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1923.
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Alfred Webb
Alfred Webb (1834 – 1908) was an Irish Parliamentary Party politician and Member of Parliament (MP) who played a role in every major nationalist organization from Butt’s Home Government Association to the United Irish League. Visiting India, he notably became the third non-Indian to preside over the Indian National Congress, at Madras in 1894.
He was first elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on 24 February 1890, when he won a by-election for the West Waterford constituency. He was again returned for West Waterford in the 1892 general election, this time as an anti-Parnellite MP.
Webb was a supporter of Anti-Caste, Britain's first anti-racism journal which started in 1888. Researchers have reported international collaboration between subscribers and other activists. For example, although he was not a regular subscriber, Dadabhai Naoroji co-signed a letter with Webb and others to request support for a new association: ‘The Society for the Furtherance of Human Brotherhood’.
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Anandamohan Bose
Ananda Mohan Bose (Bengali: আনন্দমোহন বসু) (September 23, 1847 – August 20, 1906), a barrister, was one of the earliest Indian political leaders during the British Raj. He co-founded the Indian National Association, one of the earliest Indian political organizations, and later became a senior leader of the Indian National Congress. In 1874, he became the first Indian Wrangler (a student who has completed the third year of the Mathematical Tripos with first-class honours) of the Cambridge University. He was also a prominent religious leader of Brahmoism and with Sivanath Sastri a leading light of Adi Dharm.
Anandamohan was born at Jaysiddhi village in Mymensingh District of Bengal province in British India (in Itna Upazila of Kishoreganj District of present-day Bangladesh). His father was Padmalochan Bose and mother was Umakishori Devi. He passed his matriculation examination from the Mymensingh Zilla School and stood ninth in the examination. He passed his F.A. and B.A. examination from the Presidency College, Calcutta and secured first position in both the examination. In 1870, he received the Premchand Roychand studentship. In 1878, he went to England for higher education along with Keshab Chandra Sen.
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Annie Besant
Annie Besant (/ˈbɛsənt/; née Wood, 1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) was a prominent British Theosophist, women's rights activist, writer and orator and supporter of Irish and Indian self rule.
She was married at 19 to Frank Besant but separated from him over religious differences. She then became a prominent speaker for the National Secular Society (NCS) and writer and a close friend of Charles Bradlaugh. In 1877 they were prosecuted for publishing a book by birth control campaigner Charles Knowlton. The scandal made them famous and Bradlaugh was elected Member of Parliament for Northampton in 1880.
She became involved with Union organisers including the Bloody Sunday demonstration and the London matchgirls strike of 1888 and was a leading speaker for the Fabian Society and the Marxist Social Democratic Federation (SDF). She was elected to the London School Board for Tower Hamlets, topping the poll even though few women were qualified to vote at that time.
In 1890 Besant met Helena Blavatsky and over the next few years her interest in Theosophy grew while her interest in secular matters waned. She became a member of the Society and a highly successful lecturer in Theosophy. As part of her Theosophy-related work, she travelled to India where in 1898 she helped establish the Central Hindu College, and in 1902 she established the first overseas Lodge of the International Order of Co-Freemasonry, Le Droit Humain in England. Over the next few years she established lodges in many parts of the British Empire. In 1907 she became President of the Theosophical Society.
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Arjun Singh
Arjun Singh (5 November 1930 – 4 March 2011) was an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress party. He was the Union Minister of Human Resource Development in the Manmohan Singh cabinet from 2004 to 2009. He died on 4 March 2011 due to a heart attack.
Arjun Singh's father, Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh, also a Congress politician, was Minister of Industry under Jawaharlal Nehru prior to being convicted in 1950 of forging documents and subsequently dying in prison.
Arjun Singh was married to Saroj Devi of Pratapgarh near Amarpatan in Satna, M.P. and the couple have two sons and a daughter. Abhimanyu Singh, their first son, is a businessman in Bangalore. Their second son, Ajay Singh 'Rahul', is an Indian National Congress politician and presently leader of opposition of Madhya Pradesh state assembly, MP MLA and has been a minister in M.P. Government. Their daughter Veena Singh fought unsuccessfully as an independent candidate from Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency in 15th Lok Sabha elections. Young bollywood actor Arunoday Singh is his grandson.
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Hindi: अटलबिहारी वाजपेयी, Birth: 25 December 1924 in Gwalior) is a veteran Indian statesman who served as a non congress Prime Minister of India three times, viz. 13 days in 1996, 13 months from 1998 to 1999, and lastly a five year's term from 19 March 1998 until 19 May 2004. A parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected to the Lok Sabha a record nine times, and twice to the Rajya Sabha. He also served as the Member of Parliament for Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009, when he retired from active politics due to health concerns. Vajpayee was one amongst the founder members of erstwhile Jana Sangh and had been its president also. He was also the Minister of External Affairs in the cabinet of Morarji Desai. When Janata government collapsed Vajpayee merged his entire party into a fresh party and named it as Bharatiya Janata Party in the interest of nation. A poet-politician Vajpayee has been the liberal face of BJP.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was born to Krishna Devi and Krishna Bihari Vajpayee on 25th December, 1924 in a respected middle class Brahmin family. His birthplace was Shinde Ki Chhavani, a small town in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh (then known as Central Province). His grandfather, Pandit Shyam Lal Vajpayee, had migrated to Gwalior from his ancestral village of Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh and his father, Krishna Bihari Vajpayee, was a poet and a schoolmaster in his hometown. Vajpayee attended Gwalior's Victoria College (now Laxmi Bai College), and graduated with distinctions in Hindi, English and Sanskrit. He completed his Post Graduation with a (M.A.) degree in Political Science from DAV College, Kanpur, securing first-class. Later he became a full time worker of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and served the Rashtradharma, Veer Arjun and Panchjanya newspapers as a journalist. Like other full time workers of the Sangh, Vajpayee never married and decided to dedicate his entire life for the service of the nation.
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Badruddin Tyabji
Badruddin Tyabji (Tyab Ali) (1844–1906) was the third President of the Indian National Congress. He was succeeded by George Yule.
Badruddin Tyabji was the "First Muslim" to become the "President of Indian National Congress".
He was born on November 22, 1844 in Mumbai, India. He was the son of Mullah Tyab Ali Bhai Mian, a Sulaimani Bohra, and a scion of an old Cambay emigrant Arab family.
He sent all of his eight sons to Europe for further studies, at a time when English education was considered an anathema for Muslims in India. Badruddin Tyabji returned to India in 1821 as the first Indian Solicitor, one of the other brother was sent to Najran for religious studies. Apart from Badruddin Tyabji (who at one time was the vice-chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University ), all of his other brothers were prominent and well respected members of Indian establishment. Their accomplishments included the first Muslim Chief Justice of Bombay High Court, the first Indian barrister and the first Muslim to qualify as an Engineer.
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Bhupendra Nath Bose
Bhupendra Nath Bose (1859–1924) was an Indian politician and President of the Indian National Congress in 1914.
Bose was born in Krishnanagar, West Bengal in 1859. He graduated from the Presidency College, Calcutta in 1880. He completed his master's degree in 1881 and his law degree in 1883.
From 1904 to 1910, Bose was a member of the Bengal Legislature. During this period, he was involved in the nationalist movement. In 1905 he presided over the Bengal Provincial Conference held at Mymensingh. He joined the anti-partition agitation and campaign against British goods throughout Bengal. He opposed the passing of the Press Act in 1910. He became the President of the Indian National Congress in 1914.
Bose was a member and under-secretary in the Council of the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1923. In 1923 he was made a member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Bengal. He then became the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta. He was the first president of Mohun Bagan AC, Calcutta. He died in 1924.
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C. Sankaran Nair
Sir Chettur Sankaran Nair KCIE (July 11, 1857 – 1934) was the President of the Indian National Congress in 1897 held at Amraoti. Until present he is the only Keralite to hold the post.
He was born on July 11, 1857 on the Malabar Coast. His early education began in the traditional style at home and continued in schools in Malabar, till he passed the Arts examination with a first class from the Provincial School at Calicut. Then he joined the Presidency College, Madras. In 1877 he took his Arts degree, and two years later secured the Law degree from the Madras Law College.
Sir Sankaran Nair started as a lawyer in 1880 in the High Court of Madras. In 1884, the Madras Government appointed him as a member of the Committee for an enquiry into the state of Malabar. Till 1908, he was the Advocate-General to the Government and an Acting Judge from time to time. In 1908 he became a permanent Judge in the High Court of Madras and held the post till 1915.He was a part of the bench that tried Collector Ashe Murder case along with C. A. White, then the Chief Justice of Madras, Mr. Justice Ayling, as a special case.
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Chittaranjan Das
Chittaranjan Das (C. R. Das) (Bengali: চিত্তরঞ্জন দাস Chittorônjon Dash) (popularly called Deshbandhu "Friend of the country") (5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925) was an Indian politician and leader of the Swaraj (Independence) Party in Bengal under British rule.
After failing the competitive entrance examination for the British-dominated Indian Civil Service, Das entered the legal profession. He defended many accused of political offenses and took an active part in nationalistic journalism.
Bitterly opposing British rule in India and rejecting all ideas of political or economic development of India along Western lines, he idealized the life of the ancient Indian village and saw a golden age in ancient Indian history. He supported the noncooperation movement launched against British rule by Mahatma Gandhi and in 1921 was imprisoned for six months as a political offender. In 1922 he became president of the Indian National Congress. Under his leadership the Congress abandoned its intentions to boycott colonially sponsored elections for provincial councils. It decided instead to participate in order to seek positions that would permit them to obstruct governmental business from within.
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Dadabhai Naoroji
Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) (Hindi: दादाभाई नौरोजी), known as the Grand Old Man of India, was a Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an early Indian political and social leader. His book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India brought attention to the draining of India's wealth into Britain. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the British House of Commons between 1892 and 1895, and the first Asian to be a British MP. He is also credited with the founding of the Indian National Congress, along with A.O. Hume and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha.
At the early age of 25, he was appointed leading Professor at the Elphinstone Institution in 1850, becoming the first Indian to hold such an academic position. Being an Athornan (ordained priest), Naoroji founded the Rahnumae Mazdayasne Sabha (Guides on the Mazdayasne Path) on 1 August 1851 to restore the Zoroastrian religion to its original purity and simplicity. In 1854, he also founded a fortnightly publication, the Rast Goftar (or The Truth Teller), to clarify Zoroastrian concepts. By 1855 he was Professor of Mathematics and Natural philosophy in Bombay. He travelled to London in 1855 to become a partner in Cama & Co, opening a Liverpool location for the first Indian company to be established in Britain. Within three years, he had resigned on ethical grounds. In 1859, he established his own cotton trading company, Naoroji & Co. Later, he became professor of Gujarati at University College London.
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Dev Kant Baruah
Debakanta Barua (also spelled as Dev Kant Baruah) (Assamese: দেৱকান্ত বৰুৱা) (22 February 1914 – 28 January 1996) was an Indian politician from Assam, who served as the President of the Indian National Congress during the Indian Emergency (1975-1977) and was one of the most loyal supporters of then-Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He is most remembered for his famous saying that "Indira is India and India is Indira", which most considered sycophancy and undue glorification of Indira Gandhi. He later joined Congress (Urs) which was later renamed as Indian Congress (Socialist). He was the Governor of Bihar from 1 February 1971 to 4 February 1973. He died in New Delhi.
Barua was a noted poet as well. His collection of Assamese poems, Sagar Dekhisa (সাগৰ দেখিছা) is still very popular. He was the elder brother of famous Assamese poet Nabakanta Barua.
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Dinshaw Edulji Wacha
Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha (1844-1936) was a Parsi Indian politician from Bombay. He was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress, and its President in 1901.
He was President of the Indian Merchants' Chamber in 1915. He was knighted in 1917.
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Dmitry Medvedev
Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (Russian: Дми́трий Анато́льевич Медве́дев, tr. Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev; IPA: [ˈdmʲitrʲɪj ɐnɐˈtolʲjɪvʲɪtɕ mʲɪˈdvʲedʲɪf] (
listen); born 14 September 1965) is a Russian politician who has been Prime Minister of Russia since 2012. He previously served as President of Russia from 2008 to 2012.
Born to a family of academics, Medvedev graduated from the Law Department of Leningrad State University in 1987. He defended his dissertation in 1990 and worked as a docent at his alma mater, now renamed to Saint Petersburg State University, where he taught civil and Roman law until 1999. Medvedev's political career began as the election campaign manager and later an adviser of St. Petersburg Mayor Anatoly Sobchak. During this time, Medvedev befriended Vladimir Putin. In November 1999, Medvedev was hired in the Russian presidential administration, where he worked as deputy chief of staff. In the 2000 Presidential elections, Medvedev was Putin's campaign manager. On 14 November 2005, Medvedev was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister and was tasked with overseeing National Priority Projects. He also worked as the Chairman of Gazprom's board of directors, a post which he held until 2008.
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George Yule
George Yule (1829–1892) was a Scottish businessman in India who notably became the fourth President of the Indian National Congress in 1888, the first non-Indian to hold that office. He was succeeded by Sir William Wedderburn.
He was the chief of the well-known Andrew Yule and Co. in Kolkata; was also Sheriff of Kolkata for sometime and President of the Indian Chamber of Commerce.
preface to second edition 1.the origins of language 2.the development of writing
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Hakim Ajmal Khan
Ajmal Khan (or Hakim Ajmal Khan) (1863–1927) was an Indian physician specialising in the field of South Asian traditional Unani medicine as well as a Muslim nationalist politician and freedom fighter. Through his founding of the Tibbia College in Delhi, he is credited with the revival of Unani medicine in early 20th century India. Khan also recognised the talents of chemist Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, whose subsequent research into important medicinal plants used in the field gave it a new direction. A close associate of Gandhi, he participated in the Non-cooperation movement (Satyagraha), led the Khilafat Movement, and became the fifth Muslim[citation needed]President of the Indian National Congress during the 1921 session held in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
Khan was one of the founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia University, becoming its first chancellor in 1920 and remaining in office until his death in 1927.
Hakim Born in 1863, Khan descended from a distinguished line of physicians who had come to India during the reign of Mughal Emperor Babar. His family were all Unani doctors who had practiced this ancient form of medicine since their arrival in the country. They were then known as the Rais of Delhi. His grandfather, Hakim Sharif Khan, was physician to Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam and built the Sharif Manzil, a hospital-cum-college teaching Unani medicine.
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Indira Gandhi
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī listen (help·info), née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician who served as the third Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term (1980–84). Gandhi was the second female head of government in the world after Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka, and she remains as the world's second longest serving female Prime Minister as of 2012. She was the first woman to become prime minister in India.
Gandhi was the only child of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India. She adhered to the quasi-socialist policies of industrial development that had been begun by her father. Gandhi established closer relations with the Soviet Union, depending on that nation for support in India’s long-standing conflict with Pakistan. She was also the only Indian Prime Minister to have declared a state of emergency in order to 'rule by decree' and the only Indian Prime Minister to have been imprisoned after holding that office. She was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in retaliation for ordering Operation Blue Star.
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Jagjivan Ram
Babu Jagjivan Ram (Devanāgarī: जगजीवन राम) (5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986), known popularly as Babuji, was a freedom fighter and a social reformer hailing from the scheduled castes of Bihar in India. He was from the Chamar caste and was a leader for his community. He was instrumental in foundation of the 'All-India Depressed Classes League', an organization dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables, in 1935 and was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937, that is when he organized, rural labour movement.
In 1946, he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehru's provisional government, the First Union Cabinet of India as a Labour minister, and also a member of Constituent Assembly of India, where he ensured that social justice was enshrined in the Constitution. He went on serve as a minister in the Indian parliament with various portfolios for more than forty years as a member of Indian National Congress (INC), most importantly he was the Defence Minister of India during the Indo-Pak war of 1971, which resulted in formation of Bangladesh. His contribution to the Green Revolution in India and modernising Indian agriculture, during his two tenures as Union Agriculture Minister are still remembered, especial during 1974 drought when he was asked to hold the additional portfolio to tide over the food crisis. Though he supported Indira Gandhi during the Emergency in India (1975–1977), he left Congress in 1977 and joined Janata Party alliance in 1977, along with his Congress for Democracy, he later served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India (1977–1979), then in 1980, he formed Congress (J).
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Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru (IPA: [dʒəʋaːɦərˈlaːl ˈneːɦru] ( listen), Hindi: जवाहरलाल नेहरू; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964), often referred to with the epithet of Panditji, was an Indian lawyer, politician and statesman who became the first Prime Minister of independent India (1947–64) and became noted for his “neutralist” policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the 1930s and ’40s. Nehru was elected by the Indian National Congress to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won India's first general election in 1951 and 1952. Nehru contributed to the establishment of a parliamentary democracy in India and was one of the founders of the international Non-Aligned Movement.
The son of moderate nationalist leader and Congressman Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress when fairly young. Rising to become Congress President under the mentorship of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic leader, advocating complete independence for India from the British Empire. Throughout his life, Nehru advocated Democratic Socialism/Fabian Socialism and a strong public sector as the means by which economic development could be pursued by poorer nations. He was the father of Indira Gandhi and the maternal grandfather of Rajiv Gandhi, who would later serve as the third and sixth Prime Ministers of India respectively.
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Jayanthi Natarajan
Jayanthi Natarajan (Tamil: ஜெயந்தி நடராஜன்) (born 7 June 1954) is an Indian lawyer and politician. She is a member of the Indian National Congress and has been thrice elected Member of Parliament representing the state of Tamil Nadu in the Rajya Sabha. Since July 2011, she has been the Minister of Forests and Environment.
Jayanthi Natarajan was born in a Mudaliar family in Tamil Nadu. Her grandfather was M. Bakthavatsalam, a prominent Congress politician and Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu between 1963 and 1967. Jayanthi studied law and became a practising advocate in Madras. Apart from her commercial practice she also did pro bono work for a number of social organizations including the All India Women's Conference, and the legal aid board.She also worked briefly as a newscaster for Doordarshan Kendra ,Madras
New reshuffle stands Jayanthi Natarajan to Environmment Minister. See Resources on Ministry of Environment and Forests
Her political career began when she was noticed by Rajiv Gandhi in the 1980s. She was first elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1986 and re-elected in 1992.
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Jivatram Kripalani
Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani (11 November 1888 – 19 March 1982), popularly known as Acharya Kripalani, was an Indian politician, noted particularly for holding the presidency of the Indian National Congress during the transfer of power in 1947. During the election for the post of the future Prime Minister of India held by the Congress party, he had the second highest number of votes after Sardar Patel. However, on Gandhi's insistence, both Patel and Kripalani backed out to allow Jawahar Lal Nehru to become the first Prime Minister of India.
Kripalani was a Gandhian Socialist, environmentalist, mystic and freedom fighter.
He grew close to Gandhi and became in time one of his most ardent disciples. Kripalani was a familiar figure to generations of dissenters, from the Non-Cooperation Movements of the 1920s through till the Emergency of the 1970s.
Jivatram (also spelled Jayant) Bhagwandas Kripalani was born in Hyderabad in Sindh in 1888. Following his education at Fergusson College in Pune, he worked as a schoolteacher before joining the freedom movement in the wake of Gandhi's return from South Africa.
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K. Kamaraj
Kumarasami Kamaraj (Tamil: குமாரசாமி காமராஜ்) better known as K. Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975) was an Indian politician from Tamil Nadu widely acknowledged as the "Kingmaker" in Indian politics during the 1960s. He was the chief minister of Tamil Nadu during 1954-1963 and a Member of Parliament during 1952-1954 and 1969-1975. He was known for his simplicity and integrity.
He was involved in the Indian independence movement. As a high ranking office bearer of the Indian National Congress, he was instrumental in bringing to power two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964 and Indira Gandhi in 1966. In Tamil Nadu, his home state, he is still remembered for bringing school education to millions of the rural poor by introducing free education and the free Midday Meal Scheme during his tenure as chief minister. He was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1976. The domestic terminal of the Chennai airport is named "Kamaraj Terminal", Chennai's Beach Road renamed "Kamarajar Salai", Bengaluru's North Parade Road as "K. Kamaraj Rd." and the Madurai Kamaraj University in his honour.
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Lal Krishna Advani
Lal Krishna Advani (Sindhi: लाल किशनचंद आडवाणी (Devanagari) [laˑl kiɕəntɕən̪d̪ aˑᶑʋaˑɳiˑ]; born on 8 November 1927, at Karachi) known as L.K Advani is a Veteran Indian politician. A former president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently the major opposition party in the Indian Parliament. He also served as a Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the 10th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Indian Parliament). Advani began his political career as a volunteer of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.
L.K Advani was born at Karachi, in Sindh of British India to Kishanchand D Advani and Gyani Devi. He completed his early schooling from Saint Patrick's High School, Karachi, then he joined the D G National College in Hyderabad, Sindh for his college education. He then graduated in Law from Government Law College, Bombay University.
L.K Advani's life as a politician started in 1947 when he was elected as the Secretary, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Karachi. In 1947, Advani was sent to Mewar in Rajasthan, which had witnessed communal violence following partition, to oversee the affairs of the RSS there.
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Lala Lajpat Rai
Lala Lajpat Rai (28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928) was an Indian author, freedom fighter and politician who is chiefly remembered as a leader in the Indian fight for freedom from the British Raj. He was popularly known as Punjab Kesari (Punjabi:The Lion of Punjab) or Sher-e-Punjab (Urdu:The Lion of Punjab) meaning the same and was part of the Lal Bal Pal trio. He was also associated with activities of Punjab National Bank and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages. He sustained serious injuries by the police when leading a non-violent protest against the Simon Commission and died less than three weeks later. His death anniversary (November 17) is one of several days celebrated as Martyrs' Day in India.
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Lalmohan Ghosh
Lalmohan Ghosh (1849–1909) was the sixteenth President of the Indian National Congress.
He was born in Krishnagar, West Bengal in 1849. He studied in England and qualified as a Barrister-at-law and joined the Calcutta Bar in 1873.
Ghosh was elected President of the Madras session (1903) of the Indian National Congress.
His social and political ideals were derived mostly from the liberal humanism of Victorian England. He strongly believed the importance of Western education for the people of India as a force to unite the people into one nation and he pleaded for compulsory primary education in India in his Presidential address at the Madras session of the Congress.
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List of Italians
This is a list of notable Italians in alphabetical order.
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Madan Mohan Malaviya
Madan Mohan Malaviya pronunciation (help·info)(Hindi: पंडित मदन मोहन मालवीय) (1861–1946) was an Indian educationist, and freedom fighter notable for his role in the Indian independence movement and his espousal of Hindu nationalism. Later in life, he was also addressed as 'Mahamana'.
He was the President of the Indian National Congress on four occasions and today is most remembered as the founder of the largest residential university in Asia and one of the largest in the world, having over 12,000 students across arts sciences, engineering and technology, Banaras Hindu University (BHU) at Varanasi in 1916, of which he also remained the Vice Chancellor, 1919–1938 Pandit Malviya was one of the founders of Scouting in India. He also founded a highly influential, English-newspaper, The Leader published from Allahabad in 1909.
On his 150th birth anniversary (i.e. 25th Dec, 2011), Indian PM Dr. Manmohan Singh announced that a Centre for Malaviya Studies will be set up at the Banaras Hindu University apart from establishment of scholarships and education related awards in his memory, and UPA chairperson released a biography of Madan Mohan Malaviya.
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Madhavrao Sindhia
Madhavrao Scindia[Maratha] (Marathi: माधवराव शिंदे, Hindi: माधवराव सिंधिया) (10 March 1945 – 30 September 2001) was a prominent Indian politician and minister from the Congress Party. He was born into the Scindia (Marathi: शिंदे) family, that formerly ruled Gwalior. The Scindias (Shinde) are a part of Maratha dynasty that ruled India before British raj after defeating Mughal empire.
Madhavrao was born to the last ruling Maharaja of Gwalior, George Jivajirao Scindia. He was educated at the Scindia School, endowed by his family, in Gwalior, Winchester College and then at New College, Oxford.
After Indian independence in 1947, his father acceded to the Indian government and the kingdom of Gwalior became part of the new state of Madhya Bharat, which in 1956 was merged into Madhya Pradesh. Madhavrao followed the political tradition laid down by his mother Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia, who was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Indian parliament in 1971.
A nine-term member of the Lok Sabha, Madhavrao Scindia never lost an election since 1971, when he won for the first time from Guna at the age of 26. He contested as an independent with the support of the Jan Sangh, a party that his family had for long patronised. In 1977, he switched to the Congress Party despite resistance from his larger family, and won the seat a second time. In order to avoid a direct contest with his mother, he ran from the neighbouring constituency of Guna. But in 1984, he was nominated the Congress candidate in Gwalior as a last-minute manoeuvre to defeat the Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Behari Vajpayee, and won by a massive margin. Since then Scindia contested from either Gwalior or Guna and won on each occasion.
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Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (pronounced: [ˈmoːɦənd̪aːs ˈkərəmtʃənd̪ ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi]; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world.
Son of a senior government official, Gandhi was born and raised in a Hindu Bania community in coastal Gujarat, and trained in law in London. Gandhi became famous by fighting for the civil rights of Muslim and Hindu Indians in South Africa, using the new techniques of non-violent civil disobedience that he developed. Returning to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants to protest excessive land-taxes. A lifelong opponent of "communalism" (i.e. basing politics on religion) he reached out widely to all religious groups. He became a leader of Muslims protesting the declining status of the Caliphate. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, increasing economic self-reliance, and above all for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from British domination.
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Mamata Banerjee
Mamata Banerjee (Bengali: মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, pronounced [mɔːmoːt̪ʰaː bɛːnaːrjiː]; born 5 January 1955) is the 11th and current Chief Minister of West Bengal. She is the first woman to hold the office. Banerjee founded All India Trinamool Congress in 1997 and became chairperson, after separating from the Indian National Congress. She is usually called "Didi" (meaning elder sister). She is often cited by the media and critics to be as "megalomaniac, eccentric and populist politician".
Banerjee pulled off a landslide victory for the All India Trinamul Congress (AITMC ) or (TMC) in West Bengal by defeating the world's longest-serving democratically-elected communist government, the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Front government, bringing to an end 34 years of Left Front rule in the state. Banerjee previously served as a Minister of Railways twice, Minister of Coal, and Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Department of Youth Affairs and Sports and Women and Child Development in the cabinet of the Indian government. She opposed forceful land acquisition for industrialisation by the then communist government in West Bengal for Special Economic Zones at the cost of agriculturalists and farmers.
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Maneka Gandhi
Maneka Gandhi (née Anand; born 26 August 1956, Delhi, India) is an Indian politician, animal rights activist, environmentalist, former model and widow of the Indian politician, Sanjay Gandhi. She has been a minister in four governments, and has authored a number of books in the areas of etymology, law and animal welfare. Maneka Gandhi is member of the Nehru-Gandhi Political Clan.
Maneka Gandhi was born in a Sikh family to Lt. Col. Tarlochan Singh Anand and Amardeep Kaur Anand. She was born in Delhi and educated at the Lawrence School, Sanawar and later at Lady Shri Ram College for Women in New Delhi where she earned an ISC. She did modeling for Bombay Dyeing and that was where she was spotted by Sanjay Gandhi. She met him when she was 17 and got married within a year.[citation needed]
Sanjay and Maneka lived with Indira Gandhi and Sanjay grew increasingly involved in Indian politics as part of the Youth Congress. Maneka often accompanied him on his travels. She was also the Founder Editor of Surya, a political news monthly. When the Congress party was defeated in 1977, Maneka turned the magazine into a platform to promote and defend the Congress party, her husband and mother-in-law. Surya magazine carried regular interviews with Indira Gandhi, and was instrumental in refurbishing her image. Maneka accompanied Indira Gandhi to Chikmagalur from where Indira was re-elected. Dom Moraes who covered that visit remarked on the junior Mrs Gandhi’s lively intelligence and charisma. Khushwant Singh once likened Maneka to ‘Durga’.
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Maulana Mohammad Ali
Mohammad Ali Jouhar (Urdu: مَولانا مُحمّد علی جَوہر) was an Indian Muslim leader, activist, scholar, journalist and poet, and was among the leading figures of the Khilafat Movement.
He was the sixth Muslim to become the President of Indian National Congress and it lasted only for few months. He was one of the founders of the All India Muslim League and he was also the former president of the All India Muslim League
Mohammad Ali, (10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931) well-known as Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar (مَولانا مُحمّد علی جَوہر), was born in 1878 in Rampur in India. He belonged to the family of famous Yousaf Zai, a "Rohilla" tribe of Pathans in Rohilkhand, the north west region of Uttarpardesh of India, however, their origin is traced back to the highland of Khyber pukhtoonkhawa, present day Pakistan. His ancestors settled in Rohilkhand, during the 19th century, later they settled in Rampur. However the progeny of Yousuf Zai tribe still found in Afghanistan, the Khyber Pukhtoonkhawa, Pakistan who still maintain Pushto language. He was the brother of Shaukat Ali and Zulfiqar Ali. Despite the early death of his father, the family strived and Ali attended the Darul Uloom Deoband, Aligarh Muslim University and Lincoln College, Oxford University in 1898, studying modern history.
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Motilal Nehru
Motilal Nehru (6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931) was a lawyer, an activist of the Indian National Movement and an important leader of the Indian National Congress, who also served as the Congress President twice, 1919–1920 and 1928–1929. He was the founder patriarch of India's most powerful political family, the Nehru-Gandhi family.
The Nehrus originally Kashmiri Pandits from Kashmir, settled in Delhi in the beginning of 18th century, where Motilal Nehru's grandfather, Lakshmi Narayan, became the first lawyer (Vakil) of the East India Company at the Mughal Imperial Court of Delhi after 1812. His father Gangadhar, was a police constable (Kotwal)[citation needed] in Delhi in 1857, and during the Bengal Mutiny, when the British troops began shelling their way into the city, he fled to Agra along with his wife Jeorani and four children. He died here four years later, and three months after his death, his youngest son Motilal was born.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}
He spent the early part of childhood in Khetri, second largest thikana estate within the princely Jaipur State, now in Rajasthan, where his elder brother, Nandlal was Diwan (Chief Minister). Thereafter in 1870, when Nandlal left his job, qualified as a lawyer and started practicing English law at Agra, the family moved with him. Subsequently the High Court shifted base to Allahabad, and the family settled there.
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Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari
Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari (Hindi: मुख़्तार अहमद अंसारी, Urdu: مُختار احمد انصاری) was an Indian nationalist and political leader, and former president of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League during the Indian Independence Movement. One of the founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia University he remained its Chancellor 1928 to 1936.
Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari was born on December 25, 1880 in Yusufpur-Mohammadabad town, Ghazipur district,(now part of Uttar Pradesh).
Educated at the Victoria School, Ansari and his family moved to Hyderabad. Ansari obtained a medical degree from the Madras Medical College and went to England on scholarship studies. He achieved the M.D.[citation needed] and M.S.[citation needed] degrees. He was a top-class student and worked at the London Lock Hospital and the Charing Cross Hospital in London. He was an Indian pioneer in surgery, and today there is an Ansari Ward in the Charing Cross Hospital in honour of his work.[citation needed]
Dr. Ansari became involved in the Indian Independence Movement during his stay in England. He moved back to Delhi and joined both the Indian Congress and the Muslim League. He played an important role in the negotiation of the 1916 Lucknow Pact and served as the League's president in 1918 and 1920. He was an outspoken supporter of the Khilafat movement, and led the Indian medical mission to treat the wounded Turkish soldiers during the Balkan Wars. (Syed Tanvir Wasti, The Indian Red Crescent Mission to the Balkan Wars, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 45, No. 3, 393–406, May 2009)
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N. G. Chandavarkar
Sir Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar (Konkani: नारायण गणेश चन्दावरकर)(December 2, 1855 - May 14, 1923) was an early Indian National Congress politician and Hindu reformer. He was regarded by some as the "leading Hindu reformer of western India"
Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar was born in Honavar in the Bombay Presidency on December 2, 1855. His maternal uncle was Shamrao Vithal Kaikini, another notable reformer from the Saraswat community. He served as a Dakshina Fellow in Elphinstone College for some time before earning a law degree in 1881. Shortly before the Indian National Congress was founded in 1885, N. G. Chandavarkar went to England as a member of the three-man delegation. The group was sent to educate public opinion about India right before general elections took place in England. G.L. Chandavarkar writes
He was elected the president of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1900 and one year later he was promoted to the high bench at the Bombay High Court. He took a break from politics for the next twelve years and devoted his time to the judicial system and various social groups till 1913. The main social group he worked with was the Prarthana Samaj ("Prayer Society"). He took the leadership reins from Mahadev Govind Ranade after the death of the latter in 1901. The organization was inspired by the Brahmo Samaj and was involved in the modernization of Hindu society.
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Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy pronunciation (help·info) (19 May 1913 - 1 June 1996) was the sixth President of India, serving from 1977 to 1982 and was[clarification needed] the only person to be elected President unopposed.
Reddy was born in Illur village of district Anantapur in the state of Andhra Pradesh.[citation needed] He had his primary education at the High School run by Theosophical Society Adyar, Madras. The spiritual atmosphere of the school left a deep impact on his mind.[citation needed] He joined the Government Arts College at Anantapur for his higher studies.[citation needed]
Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Anantapur in July 1929 influenced Reddy, whon discarded his foreign clothes and took to Khadi as his dress.[citation needed] He gave up his studies and joined the Indian Independence Movement in 1931 as a member of the Congress Party.[citation needed]
He was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 and became the Secretary of the Madras Congress Legislature Party.[citation needed] In 1947, he became a Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly.[citation needed] He was Minister for Prohibition, Housing and Forests in the composite state of Madras from 1949 to 1951.[citation needed] He was elected as President of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee in 1951.[citation needed] In 1952, he was elected as a Member of the Rajya Sabha.[citation needed]
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Nellie Sengupta
Nellie Sengupta (1886–1973) was an Englishwoman who fought for Indian Independence and was elected President of the Indian National Congress
Born Edith Ellen Gray, she was the daughter of Frederick and Edith Henrietta Gray. She was born and brought up in Cambridge, where her father worked at a club As a young girl, she fell in love with Jatindramohan Sengupta, a young Bengali student at Downing Collegewho lodged at her parental home. Despite parental opposition, she married Jatindramohan and returned to Calcutta with him.Nellie as she was known and Jatin had two sons Sishir and Anil.
On returning to India, Nellie's husband Jatindramohan started a very successful career as a lawyer in Calcutta . However in 1921 he joined the Indian freedom struggle and was Mahatma Gandhi's right hand man in Bengal apart from being the Mayor of Calcutta for three terms and the head of the Legislative Assembly. Nellie joined her husband in participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. After his imprisonment during the Assam-Bengal Railwaymen's strike, she forcefully 'protested against the District authorities' imposition of a ban on assembly, addressed mass meetings and courted arrest. She defied the law by selling Khadi(hand spun cloth) door to door. In 1931 she suffered four months' imprisonment at Delhi for addressing an unlawful assembly. Jatin was imprisoned in Ranchi and died in 1936.
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P. A. Sangma
Purno Agitok Sangma (born September 1, 1947, Meghalaya, India) is an Indian politician. He is a former Speaker of Lok Sabha and Chief Minister of Meghalaya. He was a co-founder of the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) and remained a member of the Lok Sabha for eight terms, i.e. 6th, 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th Lok Sabha. Currently he represents the Tura (ST) constituency in the West Garo Hills district in the eighth Meghalaya Legislative Assembly.
P. A. Sangma was born on 1 September 1947 in village Chapati in West Garo Hills, Meghalaya to Dipchon Ch. Marak and Smt. Chimri A. Sangma.
After completing his graduation in (B.A. (Hons.) from St. Anthony's College, Shillong, he went to Dibrugarh University in Assam for his Masters degree in International Relations. Subsequently, he also obtained a degree in Law (LL.B).
In 1973, he became Vice-President of the Pradesh Youth Congress in Meghalaya and became the General Secretary the next year. He served as the General Secretary of the Pradesh Congress Committee of Meghalaya from 1975 to 1980.
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P. Chidambaram
Chidambaram Palaniappan (born 16 September 1945) is an Indian politician with the Indian National Congress and the current Union Minister of Home Affairs of the Republic of India. Previously he was the Finance Minister of India from May 2004 to November 2008. However, after the resignation of Shivraj Patil, Chidambaram was made the Home Affairs Minister.
Chidambaram was born to Kandanur L. Ct. L. Palaniyappa Chettiar and Mrs. Lakshmi Achi in Kanadukathan in the Sivaganga District, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. He was born into the royal family of Chettinad. Chidambaram did his schooling from the Madras Christian College Hr.Sec.School, Chennai. After graduating with a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in Statistics from The Presidency College, Chennai, he completed his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) from the Madras Law College currently Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai, and his Masters in Business Administration (M.B.A.) from Harvard Business School class of 1968. He also holds a Masters from Loyola College, Chennai.
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P. V. Narasimha Rao
Pamulaparti Venkata "Narasimha Rao" (28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) was an Indian lawyer, politician, and activist who served as the ninth Prime Minister of India (1991–1996). He led an important administration, overseeing a major economic transformation and several home incidents affecting national security of India. Rao who held the Industries portfolio was personally responsible for the dismantling of the Licence Raj as this came under the purview of the Industries Ministry. He is often referred to as the "Father of Indian Economic Reforms". Rao accelerated the dismantling of the license raj, reversing the socialist policies under the government of Rajiv Gandhi. He is best remembered for employing Dr. Manmohan Singh as his Finance Minister. Dr. Manmohan Singh launched India's globalization angle of the reforms that implemented the IMF policies to rescue the almost bankrupt nation from economic collapse. Rao was also referred to as Chanakya for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government.
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Pherozeshah Mehta
Sir Pherozeshah Mehta, KCIE (August 4, 1845 - November 5, 1915) was an Parsi Indian political leader, activist, and a leading lawyer, who was knighted by then British Government in India for his service to the law. His political ideology was, as was the case with most of the Indian leaders of his time, moderate and was hence not directly opposed to the crown's sovereignty but only demanded more autonomy for Indians to self-rule.
He became the Municipal commissioner of Bombay Municipality in 1873 and its President four times - 1884, 1885, 1905 and 1911.
He was chosen the president of Indian National Congress in 1890.
Pherozshah Merwanjee Mehta was born on the 4th August 1845 in Bombay, to a Parsi business family.
Graduating from the Elphinstone College in 1864 he passed the M.A. examination, with honors, six months later, being the first Parsi to have obtained a Master's degree from the University of Mumbai. He later went to England to study law at Lincoln's Inn in London.
In 1868 he returned to India and was admitted to the bar, and soon established a practice for himself in a profession which was till then dominated by British lawyers.
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Pranab Mukherjee
Pranab Kumar Mukherjee (born 11 December 1935, Mirati; West Bengal, India) is the current Finance Minister of India and leader of the current 15th Lok Sabha.
Mukherjee is a senior member of the Cabinet Committees on Economic Affairs, Infrastructure, Parliamentary Affairs, Political Affairs, Prices, Security, Unique Identification Authority of India, World Trade Organization, and heads the Group of Ministers Committee on the Dabhol dispute. He is a member of the Congress Working Committee (CWC).
His father Kamada Kinkar Mukherjee was a member of AICC, and West Bengal Legislative Council (1952–64), and President, District Congress Committee, Birbhum (WB). He attended the Suri Vidyasagar College, Suri (Birbhum), then affiliated with the University of Calcutta.
He holds a Master of Arts degrees in History and Political Science & has a degree in law from the University of Calcutta. He has been an advocate and a college teacher in his long public career.[citation needed] In 2011 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by University of Wolverhampton.
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Priyanka Vadra
Priyanka Vadra (born 12 January 1972), is an Indian politician. She is the granddaughter of Feroze Gandhi and Indira Gandhi, and belongs to the Nehru-Gandhi family.
Priyanka Vadra (née Priyanka Gandhi) is the second of two children of late Rajiv Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi, current President of the Indian National Congress, and the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance.
Her father Rajiv Gandhi, grandmother Indira Gandhi and great-grandfather Jawaharlal Nehru were all Indian Prime Ministers. Her grandfather Feroze Gandhi was a parliamentarian and her great-great-grandfather, Motilal Nehru, was a distinguished leader in the Indian Independence Movement
She attended Modern School (New Delhi) Convent of Jesus and Mary, New Delhi, and holds a BA (hons) degree in psychology from Jesus and Mary College, Delhi University. She is an amateur radio operator, carrying the callsign of VU2PGY.
At a 1999 campaign, she said in an interview to BBC: "I am very clear in my mind. Politics is not a strong pull, the people are. And I can do things for them without being in politics". Nonetheless, the question of her joining formal politics would be bothersome: "I have said it a thousand times, I am not interested in joining politics...".
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Rahul Gandhi
Rahul Gandhi ([ˈraːɦʊl ˈɡaːnd̪ʱiː]; born 19 June 1970) is an Indian politician and member of the Parliament of India, representing the Amethi constituency. Gandhi is the general-secretary of the Indian National Congress. He is the grandson of Feroze Gandhi and Indira (née Nehru) Gandhi, and fourth-generation scion of the Nehru-Gandhi family.
Rahul Gandhi was born in Delhi on 19 June 1970 as the first of the two children of Rajiv Gandhi, who later became the Prime Minister of India and Sonia Gandhi, who later became President of Indian National Congress, and as the grandson of the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He is also the great-grandson of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Priyanka Vadra is his younger sister.
Rahul Gandhi attended St. Columba's School, Delhi before entering The Doon School in Dehradun (Uttarakhand), also his father's alma mater, from 1981–83. Meanwhile, his father had joined politics and became the Prime Minister on October 31, 1984 when Indira Gandhi was assassinated. Due to the security threats faced by Indira Gandhi's family from Sikh extremists, Rahul Gandhi and his sister, Priyanka were home-schooled since then. Rahul Gandhi joined St. Stephen's College, Delhi in 1989 for his undergraduate education but moved to Harvard University after he completed the first year examinations. In 1991, after Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by LTTE during an election rally, he shifted to Rollins College due to security concerns and completed his B.A. in 1994. During this period, he assumed the pseudonym Raul Vinci and his identity was known only to the university officials and security agencies. He further went on to obtain a M.Phil from Trinity College, Cambridge University in 1995. After graduation, Rahul Gandhi worked at the Monitor Group, a management consulting firm, in London. In 2002 he was one of the directors of Mumbai-based technology outsourcing firm Backops Services Private Ltd.
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Rajendra Prasad
Rajendra Prasad ( pronunciation (help·info); 3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963) was an Indian politician and educator. He was one of the architects of the Indian Republic, having drafted its first constitution and serving as the first president of independent India (26 January 1950 – 13 May 1962). Rajendra Prasad is the only president in India to have been elected twice for the post.
During the independence movement, he left his law work and joined the Congress Party, playing a prominent role in the Indian Independence Movement. He served as the president of the Constituent Assembly that drafted the first constitution of the Republic, which lasted from 1948 to 1950. He also became the first Minister of Food and Agriculture in the year 1946 in the Interim national Government.
Rajendra Prasad was born and brought up in Siwan, Bihar in East India. He was the youngest son of Mahavira Sahai, and born in a Kayastha family. He was known as "Rajen" to his family and friends. His father was a scholar of both the Persian and Sanskrit languages, while his mother, Kamleshwari Devi, was a religious woman.
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Rajesh Pilot
Rajesh Pilot (1945-2000) was an Indian politician and a minister in the Government of India. He belonged to the Indian National Congress party and represented the Dausa constituency in Lok Sabha.
Rajesh Pilot was born in Viadpura, a village in Ghaziabad District of Uttar Pradesh, to an armyman. His birthname was Rajeshwar Prasad Singh Vidhudi. He was brought up in the poor family of his uncle, in Delhi. Before joining politics, he served as a pilot in Indian Air Force, reaching the rank of Squadron Leader. Later, he adopted "Pilot" as his last name.
Rajesh Pilot resigned from his post of Squadron Leader to join politics, under the influence of his friend Rajiv Gandhi, who later became the Prime Minister of India. He emerged as a major Gurjar leader. In his first election as a candidate, Pilot defeated the former queen of Bharatpur. He sent Chandraswami to prison when he was the Internal Security Minister. Later, he lost the election for the post of the Congress president to Sitaram Kesri, but kept himself in the first line of Congress leaders.
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Rajiv Gandhi
Rajiv Ratna Gandhi /ˈrɑːdʒiːv ˈɡɑːndiː/ ( pronunciation (help·info); 20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991) was the sixth Prime Minister of India (1984–1989). He took office after his mother's assassination on 31 October 1984; he himself was assassinated on 21 May 1991. He became the youngest Prime Minister of India when he took office at the age of 40.
Rajiv Gandhi was the eldest son of Indira and Feroze Gandhi. He went to study at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later at Imperial College London, but did not complete a degree at either. At Cambridge he met the Italian-born Antonia Albina Maino, then a waitress in a restaurant, whom he later married. After dropping out of university, he became a professional pilot for Indian Airlines. He remained aloof from politics, despite his family's political prominence. It was only following the death of his younger brother Sanjay Gandhi in 1980 that Rajiv entered politics. Following the assassination of his mother in 1984 after Operation Blue Star, the Indian National Congress party leaders nominated him to be Prime Minister.
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S. Nijalingappa
Siddavanahalli Nijalingappa ( Kannada: ಸಿದ್ಧವನಹಳ್ಳಿ ನಿಜಲಿಂಗಪ್ಪ ) (December 10, 1902 – August 8, 2000, Chitradurga) was a senior Congress politician and the Chief Minister of Karnataka between 1956 and 1958 and once again, between 1962 and 1968. He played an important role in the Indian freedom movement as well as in the Karnataka Unification movement.
S. Nijalingappa was born on December 10th 1902 in a middle-class Hindu Lingayath Banajiga family in a small village called Siddavanahalli in Bellary district. He graduated in arts from the Central College, Bangalore, in 1924 and got his Law degree from the Law College, Poona in 1926.
Nijalingappa used to attend the Congress sessions as a spectator. It was in 1936, when he came into contact with Dr. N. S. Hardikar, that he began to take an active interest in the organization. He served it first as a volunteer, rising to be the President of the Pradesh Congress Committee and finally the President of the All India Congress Committee in 1968.
He became president of the Mysore Congress and was a member of the historic Constituent Assembly from 1946-1950 and also a member of Parliament from the Chitaldrug constituency (now Chitradurga) between 1952 to 1957. Nijalingappa served thrice as chief minister of Mysore and Karnataka and has been described as the ‘Maker of Modern Karnataka’. The state owes much to him for development of agricultural, irrigation, industrial and transport projects.After giving up active politics, he served as chairman, Sardar Valabhbai Patel Society.
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S. Srinivasa Iyengar
Seshadri Srinivasa Iyengar CIE (Tamil: சேஷாத்திரி ஸ்ரீநிவாச அய்யங்கார்) (11 September 1874 – 19 May 1941), also seen as Sreenivasa Iyengar and Srinivasa Ayyangar, was an Indian lawyer, freedom-fighter and politician from the Indian National Congress. Iyengar was the Advocate-General of Madras Presidency from 1916 to 1920. He also served as a member of the bar council from 1912 to 1920, the law member of Madras Presidency from 1916 to 1920 and as the president of the Swarajya Party faction of the Indian National Congress from 1923 to 1930. Srinivasa Iyengar was the son-in-law of renowned lawyer and first Indian Advocate-general of Madras, Sir Vembaukum Bhashyam Aiyangar. Iyengar's followers called him Lion of the South.
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Sarojini Naidu
Sarojini Naidu (née Chattopadhyaya; 13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949), also known by the sobriquet The Nightingale of India (Bharatiya Kokila), was a child prodigy, Indian independence activist and poet. Naidu was the second Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh state. Her birthday is celebrated as Women's Day in India.
Sarojini Chattopadhyay, later Naidu, belonged to a Bengali family of Kulin Brahmins. She was born in Hyderabad, India as the eldest daughter of scientist, philosopher, linguist and educator Aghornath Chattopadhyaya, and Barada Sundari Devi, a Bengali poetess. After receiving a doctor of science degree from Edinburgh University, her father settled in Hyderabad State, where he founded and administered the Hyderabad College, which later became the Nizam College in Hyderabad. Her father was a linguist and thinker, and the first member of Indian National Congress in Hyderabad. Her mother, Barada Sundari Devi, was a poetess baji and used to write poetry in Bengali.
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Shankar Dayal Sharma
Shankar Dayal Sharma pronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: शंकर दयाल शर्मा; 19 August 1918 - 26 December 1999) was the ninth President of India serving from 1992 to 1997. Prior to his presidency, Dr Sharma had been the eighth Vice President of India, serving under President Ramaswamy Venkataraman. He was also Chief Minister (1952–1956), and Cabinet Minister (1956–1967), holding the portfolios of Education, Law, Public Works, Industry and Commerce, National Resources and Separate Revenue. He was the President of the Indian National Congress in 1972-1974 and returned to government as Union Minister for Communications from 1974 to 1977.
The International Bar Association presented Dr. Sharma with the 'Living Legends of Law Award of Recognition' for his outstanding contribution to the legal profession internationally and for commitment to the rule of law.
Dr. Sharma was born in Bhopal, then the capital of the princely state of Bhopal.
Sharma comes from the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Sharma received his education at St. John's College, Agra College, Punjab University and Lucknow University. He obtained his Ph.D. in Law from Fitzwilliam College. Sharma was awarded the Chakravarti Gold Medal for Social Service by Lucknow University. Dr. Sharma taught Law at Lucknow University and at Cambridge University. While at Cambridge, Dr. Sharma was Treasurer of the Tagore Society and the Cambridge Majlis. He taught law at Cambridge University from 1946 to 1947. He was Honored as “Proud Past Alumni" in the list of 42 members, from "Allahabad University Alumni Association", Ghaziabad.
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Sharad Pawar
Sharadchandra Govindrao Pawar (Marathi: शरदचंद्र गोविंदराव पवार; born 12 December 1940), popularly known as Sharad Pawar), is the president of the Nationalist Congress Party which he founded in 1999, after separating from the Indian National Congress. He has previously held the posts of Minister of Defence and Chief Minister of Maharashtra and currently serves as Minister of Agriculture, Government of India.
Pawar is from the town of Baramati in the Pune district of Maharashtra. He leads the NCP delegation in the Lok Sabha, representing his constituency of Madha in Maharashtra. He has a prominence in national politics as well as regional politics of Maharashtra, although marred by frequent corruption allegations.
Pawar also served as the Chairman of the Board of Control for Cricket in India from 2005 to 2008. In 2010, Sharad Pawar became the International Cricket Council president after England's David Morgan.
Pawar is one of the ten children (six sons and four daughters) born to Govindrao Pawar and Shardabai baramati). Govindrao was employed by the Baramati farmers' Cooperative ( Sahakari Kharedi Vikri Sangh) while his mother looked after the family farm at Katewadi, ten kilometers from Baramati. Most of siblings were well educated and were either professionals or ran their own businesses. Pawar studied at BrihanMaharashtra College of Commerce (BMCC)in Pune. He was an average student, however, active in student politics. Pawar's first political act was when he organized a protest march for Goan Independence in Pravaranagar in 1956., Pawar is married to Pratibha (Shinde). They have one daughter, Supriya who is married to Sadanand Sule and now is active in politics. Pawar's nephew, Ajit Pawar is also a prominent politician in his own right and presently serving as the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Pawar's younger brother, Pratap runs the influential Marathi daily, Sakal
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Sitaram Kesri
Sitaram Kesri was elected to the Lok Sabha from Kati har Lok Sabha Constituency (fourth) when he won on a janata party ticket and was given a last moment call by then Bihar Janata Party President S N Sinha; he represented Bihar in the Rajya Sabha several times: July 1971 to April 1974, April 1974 to April 1980, July 1980 to July 1986, April 1988 to April 1994, April 1994 to April 2000. He was Union Minister during the reigns of Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi and P.V. Narasimha Rao as Prime Minister of India.
Kesri also served as treasurer of the Congress party for more than a decade and he was considered by all to be very honest at his work.From September 1996 to March 1998. In addition, he was elected unanimously as the President of the Congress Parliamentary Party on 3 January 1997. For 16 years under 3 different Congress Presidents he was the treasurer.
After P.V. Narasimha Rao stepped down as president of Congress in September 1996, Kesri was appointed new President of the party. The following years were difficult for the Congress party. Kesri's lack of popular support among the masses caused further damage to the party. Kesri's most controversial act was the sudden withdrawal of support to H.D. Deve Gowda's United Front government that led to the fall of the government in April 1997. However compromise was reached and the UF elected I. K. Gujral as the new leader with continued support from the Congress party.In June 1997, he was duly elected President of the Congress party by defeating Sharad Pawar and Rajesh Pilot.
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Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose ( listen (help·info); January 1897 – 18 August 1945 [unconfirmed]) byname Netaji (Hindi: “Respected leader”) was an Indian revolutionary who led an Indian national force against the British colonizers (and therefore also against the allied Western powers) during World War II. Bose was one of the most prominent leaders in the Indian independence movement and is a legendary figure in India today.
He is presumed to have died "in absentia" on 18 August 1945 from injuries sustained in an alleged aircraft crash in Taihoku (Taipei). However, no actual evidence of the death of Subhas Chandra Bose on that day has ever been officially authenticated and many committees were set up by the government of India to investigate the mystery of his presumed death.
Bose advocated complete unconditional independence for India, whereas the All-India Congress Committee wanted it in phases, through Dominion status. Finally at the historic Lahore Congress convention, the Congress adopted Purna Swaraj (complete independence) as its motto. Gandhi was given rousing receptions wherever he went after Gandhi-Irwin pact. Subhas Chandra Bose, traveling with Gandhi in these travels, later wrote that the great enthusiasm he saw among the people enthused him tremendously and that he doubted if any other leader anywhere in the world received such a reception as Gandhi did during these travels across the country. He was imprisoned and expelled from India. Defying the ban, he came back to India and was imprisoned again.
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Sushma Swaraj
Sushma Swaraj (Hindi: सुष्मा स्वराज pronunciation (help·info)) (born 14 February 1952) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)and Member of Parliament. She is currently the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha. She is a former union cabinet minister of India and a former Chief Minister of Delhi. Also she served as the Chairperson of the BJP's 19 member campaign committee for the 2009 General Elections. She was the first female Chief Minister of Delhi.
She was born in Palwal, Haryana. She was educated at Sanatan Dharma College, Ambala Cantonment and earned a B.A. degree. She studied LL.B. from the Law Department of Punjab University, Chandigarh. She is an advocate by profession.
She has been associated with many social and cultural bodies in various capacities. She was President of the Sahitya Sammelan, Haryana for four years.
Sushma Swaraj began her political career as a student leader in the 1970s, organizing protests against Indira Gandhi's government. She was a member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly from 1977–82 and then from 1987–90. As a Janata Party MLA in Devi Lal's government, she was the Cabinet Minister of Labour and Employment (1977–1979). She joined the BJP in 1980. Under a combined Lok Dal-BJP government led by Devi Lal, she was the Cabinet Minister of Education, Food and Civil Supplies (1987–1990). She was judged Best Speaker of Haryana State Assembly for three consecutive years.
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Time 100
Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, as assembled by Time. First published in 1999 as a result of a debate among several academics, the list has become an annual event.
The list was started with a debate at a symposium in Washington, D.C., on February 1, 1998, with panel participants CBS news anchor Dan Rather, historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, former New York governor Mario Cuomo, then–political science professor Condoleezza Rice, neoconservative publisher Irving Kristol and Time managing editor Walter Isaacson.
The list was first published in 1999, when Time magazine named the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Based on the popularity of the installment, in 2004 Time magazine decided to make it an annual issue, listing the 100 people most influencing the world. Making the list is frequently mistaken as an honor; however, Time makes it very clear that people are recognized for changing the world, for better or for worse. Those recognized fall in one of five categories: Leaders & Revolutionaries, Builders & Titans, Artists & Entertainers, Scientists & Thinkers, and Heroes & Icons. Within each category, the 20 most influential people (sometimes pairs or small groups) are selected, for a grand total of 100 each year.
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U. N. Dhebar
Uchharangrai Navalshankar Dhebar (1905–1977) was active in India's struggle for Independence, and later served as Chief Minister of Saurashtra, and President of the Indian National Congress. As a freedom fighter and right hand to Gandhiji, Dhebar is one of the keys to helping India gain Independence from the British in 1947. He was born on September 21, 1905 in the hamlet of Gangajala, eleven miles from Jamnagar in Gujarat. He belonged to the Nagar community. After his university education, he started a legal practice and from the very beginning gained a name as a reputable lawyer. Under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi he left his promising legal career in 1936 and devoted himself to national service and freedom fighting for the country he loved.
In 1941 Dhebar was selected by Gandhiji to offer Individual Satyagraha at Viramgam. He was arrested and sentenced to six months imprisonment. In 1942 he was again arrested during the Quit India Movement. On the attainment of independence, Dhebar played a prominent role in the merger of the States of Kathiawad in the Indian Union and then in the formation of the Kathiawad Union known as 'United State of Kathiawar'. He was appointed as Chief Minister of Saurashtra State in 1948. During his administration several reform were introduced in Saurashtra for the uplift of Villages.
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RELEASE
ALBUMS
- You'll Never Stop Me Loving You
- Everybody Knows
- Listen to Your Heart
- Someone Like You
- Counting Every Minute
- Can't Forget You
- Now I'm Without You
- Can't Help the Way That I Feel
- Climb to the Top of a Mountain
- End of the World
- Better Than Ever
- You'll Never Stop Me Loving You (extended version)
- Can't Forget You (extended version)
- Listen to Your Heart (extended version)
- Counting Every Minute (The King's Counting House mix)
- You'll Never Stop Me Loving You (XXX Kiss mix)
- Let's Have a Party
- You'll Never Stop Me Loving You (demo version)
- Only Fools (Never Fall in Love)
- You to Me Are Everything
- Breakdown
- I'm Gonna Play Around No More
- Walk Away Lover
- That Boy
- Be Young, Be Foolish, Be Happy
- Be My Baby
- Used to Be My Love
- Say Goodbye to Me
- Strong Without You
- Tenchi Muyo! (Sonia mix)
- Supersonic Love
- Electronic Lover
- Zutto Dakishimeteite
- Kuchibiru Ni Memory
- Tenchi Muyo!
- Modern Girl
- Love Train
- Typhoon Girl
- Heart To Heart
- Sonia: Super Message
- Tenchi Muyo (TV version)
- Two Eggs Over Easy
- November or Nothing
- Fallin
- Is This Evolution
- 13
- Play the Fool
- You
- Tattoo
- On Your Side
- Clothesline
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- No More Songs
- Sugarcane
- Gangsters of Love
- Won't Let Go
- I Am the Enemy
- No Bomb Is Smart
- Bucket of Blues
- Obviously
- Ride This Ride
- The Other Man
- Rio's Home
- A Different Star
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10 unknown facts about Sonia Gandhi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
10 unknown facts about Sonia Gandhi
http://wn.com/10_unknown_facts_about_Sonia_Gandhi
Angry Sonia Gandhi loses cool after Advani 'illegitimate' remark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
"Sonia Gandhi loses cool" "Sonia Gandhi angry" "Sonia Gandhi" "LK Advani" "LK Advani's controversial remark on UPA" #Sonia Gandhi #LK Advani #Lok Sabha #UPA #UPA II #Congress #BJP #Assam Violence #Parliament In an unprecedented scene in the Lok Sabha, an angry Sonia Gandhi goaded Congress MPs to shout slogans after BJP leader LK Advani took a jibe at the UPA-II and accused the government of indulging in horsetrading to win votes in the House. Soon after, Congress leaders broke into an uproar in the house, protesting against Adavni's statement even as Sonia was seen making animated gestures and intervening nine times. Sonia was seen instructing partymen and objecting to Advani's statement herself. Advani withdrew the word "illegitmiate" from his speech after Lok Speaker Meira Kumar instructed him to do so. "Never in the Indian history crores of rupees were spent to win votes in the House," Advani had remarked in his speech. Sonia reacted strongly to Advani's remarks. The UPA chief, who usually does not agitate during Parliament proceedings, was seen goading Congress MPs to retaliate. Advani later clarified his statement saying, "I am referring to the vote of confidence in the House, not the 2009 elections."
http://wn.com/Angry_Sonia_Gandhi_loses_cool_after_Advani_'illegitimate'_remark
Atal Bihari Vajpayee responding to Sonia Gandhi in parliament
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
This video collection of Shri Atal ji has been brought to you by : Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini (RMP), spread over 15 acres of verdant land, through its unique way of working, strives to mould such leaders, representatives and decision makers, by imparting specialised knowledge, analytical techniques and penetrating insight, which enables them to offer good governance, with a view to make resurgent India, a genuine world super power. RMP also aims to emerge as a premier convention centre for the decision makers in the corporate sector www.rmponweb.org
http://wn.com/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_responding_to_Sonia_Gandhi_in_parliament
Has Vadra misused his position as Sonia Gandhi's son-in-law?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:48
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Robert Vadra has been accused of financial impropriety by activist-turned-politician Arvind Kejriwal.
http://wn.com/Has_Vadra_misused_his_position_as_Sonia_Gandhi's_son-in-law?
Sonia Gandhi questions graft charges against Govt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:46
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Congress president Sonia Gandhi on Sunday challenged the corruption charges levelled against the UPA government, saying the truth and untruth in these needs to be understood well. For more content go to www.indiatvnews.com Follow us on facebook at www.facebook.com Follow us on twitter at twitter.com
http://wn.com/Sonia_Gandhi_questions_graft_charges_against_Govt
Aung San Suu Kyi pays tribute to Mahatma Gandhi - NewsX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Myanmar's opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi arrived in New Delhi on Diwali day...to light up the India connect. Suu Kyi, who is visiting India at the invitation of UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi...has come after a gap of nearly 4 decades. While her visit is part of India's ongoing engagement with democratic and multi-party polity in Myanmar...Suu Kyi already warned India not to be over-optimistic about political changes in her homeland. Suu Kyi has been disappointed about India's ties with Myanmar's former junta...which kept her under house arrest for 15 out of 22 years before her release in 2010. For more log on to http:///www.newsx.com
http://wn.com/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_pays_tribute_to_Mahatma_Gandhi_NewsX
FTN: New Sonia biography: is Sonia Gandhi a taboo subject?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:10
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
A new biography of Congress president Sonia Gandhi has come out by former BBC journalist Rani Singh. ibnlive.com
http://wn.com/FTN_New_Sonia_biography_is_Sonia_Gandhi_a_taboo_subject?
Sonia Gandhi blackmailed Atal Bihari Vajpayee
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:43
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Enjoy the amazing facts shared by Dr. Subramanian Swamy of the secret nexus between Sonia Gandhi and Vajpayee. Twitter: twitter.com Blog: swamy39.blogspot.com Facebook Fan page: www.facebook.com Facebook Video page: www.facebook.com Facebook Group: www.facebook.com Website: www.janataparty.org Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org Category: Sonia Rahul Gandhi Subramanian Swamy Congress Corruption Vajpayee UPA NDA BJP Junta Party Karunanidhi Jayalalita India crime conspiracy CBI
http://wn.com/Sonia_Gandhi_blackmailed_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee
Watch: Sonia Gandhi loses cool on LK Advani's 'illegitimate' remark
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:55
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
In an unprecedented scene in the Lok Sabha, an angry Sonia Gandhi goaded Congress MPs to shout slogans after BJP leader LK Advani called UPA II illegitimate and accused the government of indulging in horsetrading to win votes in the House. ibnlive.com
http://wn.com/Watch_Sonia_Gandhi_loses_cool_on_LK_Advani's_'illegitimate'_remark
Our detractors want to grab power at any cost: Sonia Gandhi - NewsX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Congress President Sonia Gandhi has set the agenda for her party. At the dialogue session today. She clearly spelled out the need for the party to prepare themselves for the Lok Sabha polls and also fulfill promises made in their 2009 manifesto. She also reiterated on greater coordination between party ministers and party leaders and taking on the opposition head on. For more log on to www.newsx.com
http://wn.com/Our_detractors_want_to_grab_power_at_any_cost_Sonia_Gandhi_NewsX
Vilasrao Deshmukh Death:Manmohan Singh,Sonia Gandhi pay tribute-TV9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:33
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi,Prithviraj Chavan today visited union minister Vilasrao Deshmukh's native Babhalgaon village here and paid their last respects to the departed leader. Both Singh and Gandhi laid a wreath on the wooden casket, in which Deshmukh's body rested.Gandhi went up to Deshmukh's wife Vaishali and consoled and hugged her.Singh spoke to Deshmukh's son Amit and consoled him. Governor K Sankarayananan, chief minister Prithviraj Chavan, his deputy Ajit Pawar, AICC in-charge of the State Mohan Prakash, State Congress chief Manikrao Thakre, Union Minister Mukul Wasnik and Union Parliamentary Affairs Minister Rajiv Shukla accompanied the Prime Minister and Gandhi.Deshmukh's mortal remains would be consigned to flames at around 4 PM today at his farm at Babhalgaon, close to the place where his father Dagdojirao was cremated.
http://wn.com/Vilasrao_Deshmukh_DeathManmohan_Singh,Sonia_Gandhi_pay_tribute-TV9
Sonia Gandhi reaches Rajkot, kicks off Congress campaign for Gujarat polls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Congress President Sonia Gandhi kicked off her party's campaign in Rajkot on Wednesday for the Gujarat Assembly elections. After reaching Rajkot, she first visited the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot where she met the priests there. She paid her respects and was also presented a magazine by the Ashram. She will address a rally at Rajkot and sources say Sonia is likely to announce drought relief packages for Gujarat's farmers. Her visit comes a day after Chief Minister Narendra Modi targeted her for the second time, by claiming that the government had wasted over Rs 1800 crore of public money on her foreign tours and treatment abroad. "For Sonia madam's health the country is willing to spend as much as possible. The country never backs down for a humanitarian cause. I am not questioning Sonia Gandhi. I am questioning Manmohan," Modi said. It now remains to be seen whether Sonia will counter Narendra Modi's allegations.
http://wn.com/Sonia_Gandhi_reaches_Rajkot,_kicks_off_Congress_campaign_for_Gujarat_polls
Sonia Gandhi rallies her troops, but will it work?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
The Congress has finished its day long introspection meeting in Surajkund outside Delhi with a call for better coordination between the party and the government. But there are clear divisions on the reforms that the PM is pushing, with some calling for an increased cap on LPG subsidies. There was also no clear demand for Rahul Gandhi to formally be elevated to the number 2 position. Speaking to her party leaders earlier today, Sonia Gandhi accused the opposition of trying to grab power at any cost and called for an aggressive response to what she described as false propaganda. Watch full show: www.ndtv.com
http://wn.com/Sonia_Gandhi_rallies_her_troops,_but_will_it_work?
Too many leaders is our problem, says Sonia Gandhi, analyses election defeat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:40
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Sonia Gandhi held a meeting with Congress leaders this morning to assess the party's debacle in the elections in five states.
http://wn.com/Too_many_leaders_is_our_problem,_says_Sonia_Gandhi,_analyses_election_defeat
Sonia Gandhi slams opposition, calls corruption a cancer - NewsX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Sonia said "opposition are reluctant to debate on the important national issues '.Sonia Gandhi said that "corruption is a cancer that threatens the society and we will punish the corrupt people." Sonia slams the Opposition for disrupting the functioning of 'democracy' and accuses them of trying weakening the roots of the government. "We won't let them do that. They are obstructing the process because they are themselves guilty of corruption and fear being exposed," declares Sonia. For more log on to www.newsx.com
http://wn.com/Sonia_Gandhi_slams_opposition,_calls_corruption_a_cancer_NewsX
Why Sonia Gandhi n Rahul Gandhi are against LOKPAL Bill JOIN ANNA HAZARE on AUG 16www savevid com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:25
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Why_Sonia_Gandhi_n_Rahul_Gandhi_are_against_LOKPAL_Bill_JOIN_ANNA_HAZARE_on_AUG_16www_savevid_com
Must have freedom to live anywhere: Sonia Gandhi on North East issue
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:45
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Congress President and UPA Chairperson Sonia Gandhi has said that whatever has happened in Assam is very sad and that action should be taken against the culprits.
http://wn.com/Must_have_freedom_to_live_anywhere_Sonia_Gandhi_on_North_East_issue
Is Narendra Modi's attack on Sonia Gandhi a sign of nervousness?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:56
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
As the dates for the Gujarat polls are announced, Sonia Gandhi begins the Congress' battle for the state, but stays silent on Narendra Modi. We debate if the Gujarat Chief Minister's attack on the Congress President is a sign of nervousness? Watch full show: www.ndtv.com
http://wn.com/Is_Narendra_Modi's_attack_on_Sonia_Gandhi_a_sign_of_nervousness?
Biography...Sonia Gandhi Part-1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:10
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
BRajiv Gandhi : Met Sonia the first time in Cambridge, and the first time I had seen her was convinced that she is the right girl for me. Sonia Gandhi: I came here because I was madly in love with my husband. When I came to this family, I was a complete 'anari' on what was going to come. Rajiv Gandhi: After coming to India she has become totally Indian. A lot of things she learnt from Indiraji about our Indian traditions and culture and in some areas she has a better understanding than me. Between Sonia and my mother there has been an amazing relationship. In a way Sonia was like a daughter to her. It's possible that she had two sons and no daughter, that wish got fulfilled. For Indiraji Sonia was always in her heart and she really loved her a lot. Sonia Gandhi: Someone was un well or unhappy , she would immediately notice and she would immediately do something about it. Perhaps by jotting down two lines for instance I remember when I got married my mother came to the wedding and she stayed about a month and when she left obviously a sad moment for me and my mother inlaw sent me a little note 'Hi Sonia, this is just to tell you that we all love you and that totally melted me. www.pressbrief.in
http://wn.com/BiographySonia_Gandhi_Part-1
Sonia Gandhi, Rahul Gandhi join others on bus to Surajkund
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Friday's Samvad Baithak (dialogue session) of the Congress at Surajkund in Haryana will give Rahul Gandhi his first formal opportunity to assess the performance of ministers, though he has been looking into the party organisation's work in most of the states for the past few months. For more info log on to: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Sonia_Gandhi,_Rahul_Gandhi_join_others_on_bus_to_Surajkund
NDA did not shield Sonia Gandhi in Bofors scam: Arun Jaitley
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:24
- Updated: 01 May 2012
Leader of Opposition in the Rajya Sabha Arun Jaitley on Saturday denied allegations that the BJP colluded with the Congress to ensure Sonia Gandhi was not questioned in the Bofors case during the NDA rule. ibnlive.com
http://wn.com/NDA_did_not_shield_Sonia_Gandhi_in_Bofors_scam_Arun_Jaitley
Blackmail is BJP's bread and butter: Sonia Gandhi - NewsX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Congress president Sonia Gandhi met with her party's MPs this morning for a counter-offensive against the opposition BJP, which is demanding the PM's resignation over a coal controversy and says that till then, it will not allow Parliament to function. "We have nothing to be defensive about. Let us fight united and stand up," Mrs Gandhi urged. Mrs Gandhi said that "blackmail has become the bread and butter of the BJP" and said the party has "scant respect" for Parliament. For more log on to www.newsx.com
http://wn.com/Blackmail_is_BJP's_bread_and_butter_Sonia_Gandhi_NewsX
Sonia Gandhi rejects dilution of RTI, Cabinet set to drop amendments
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Congress President Sonia Gandhi has forced the Centre to drop its plan to dilute the Right To Information Act and the announcement is likely to be made in Thursday's Cabinet meeting. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh will meet his new cabinet on Thursday for the first time since Sunday's reshuffle. The government plans to drop a series of amendments that were aimed at diluting and weakening the RTI Act. The proposed amendments would have exempted file notings from being disclosed except in cases of development and social issues. The amendment also suggested that the exam selection process be exempted from the RTI ambit.
http://wn.com/Sonia_Gandhi_rejects_dilution_of_RTI,_Cabinet_set_to_drop_amendments
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
18 Nov 2012
Israeli air strikes killed 16 Palestinians in Gaza on Saturday, prompting the Arab League to announce a visit to the battered enclave and a review of its Middle East peace policy. Egypt’s President...
Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
18 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Israel's ongoing uprooting of hundreds of Palestinian olive trees in the West Bank, including possibly sabotaging Palestine's recent bid for state...
Photo: UN / UN
17 Nov 2012
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) — Israel's new offensive against the Gaza Strip has turned into a political bonanza for the territory's Hamas rulers, while sidelining Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas,...
Photo: AP / Eyad Baba
17 Nov 2012
Israel's defence minister Ehud Barak more than doubled his call-up of army reservists last night (Friday night) as its cabinet and military chiefs convened to discuss a ground invasion of Gaza. With...
Photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
17 Nov 2012
Iran is set to double its uranium enrichment after completing a second underground facility, according to UN report. The move is likely to increase concern from Western nations over Iranian nuclear...
National Seminar on Maulana Azad
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Hyderabad, November 19: Maulana Azad National Urdu University’s recently established Maulana Abulkalam Azad Chair is organizing a three day national seminar “Maulana Abulkalam Azad: A Multifaceted Thinker” from 19th – 21st Nov. 2012. Prof. Suleman Siddiqui, Professor Chair and Former VC Osmania...(size: 3.7Kb)
I SPIED
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Six cars set afire in old Hyderabad
19 Nov 2012
The Siasat Daily
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Citywire
Lord North Street has made a double hire for its launch into Switzerland. Sonia de Luca joins from JP Morgan Private Banking where she specialised in advice on strategic and tactical asset allocation, alternative investments,...(size: 1.5Kb)
Rajasthan to link 10 key services to Aadhar
19 Nov 2012
Zeenews
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Newstrack India
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Business Deals
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Zeenews
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Deccan Herald
The nation today remembered former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on her 95th birth anniversary with President Pranab...(size: 0.8Kb)
Newstrack India
Tweet New Delhi, Nov 19 (ANI): The nation on Monday paid tribute to former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on her 95th birth anniversary. President Pranab Mukherjee, Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari and Congress President Sonia Gandhi were among the first to pay floral tribute to the late...(size: 1.9Kb)
The Times of India
NEW DELHI: The nation today remembered former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on her 95th birth anniversary with President...(size: 0.8Kb)
| Sonia Gandhi | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Chairperson of the National Advisory Council | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 29 March 2010 |
|
| In office 2004–2006 |
|
| Chairperson of the United Progressive Alliance | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2004 |
|
| Member of Lok Sabha | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2006 |
|
| Constituency | Rae Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh |
| In office 2004–2006 |
|
| President of the Indian National Congress | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 1998 |
|
| Member of Lok Sabha | |
| In office 1999–2004 |
|
| Constituency | Amethi, Uttar Pradesh |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office 19 March 1998 – 22 May 2004 |
|
| Preceded by | Sharad Pawar |
| Succeeded by | Lal Krishna Advani |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Edvige Antonia Albina Maino (1946-12-09) 9 December 1946 (age 65) Lusiana, Veneto, Italy |
| Citizenship | India |
| Nationality | Italian[citation needed] |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse(s) | Rajiv Gandhi (m. 1969–1991) «start: (1969)–end+1: (1992)»"Marriage: Rajiv Gandhi to Sonia Gandhi" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Sonia_Gandhi) |
| Children | Rahul Gandhi Priyanka Vadra |
| Residence | 10 Janpath, New Delhi, India |
| Profession | Politician social worker |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism[1] |
Sonia Gandhi (born Antonia Edvige Albina Maino[2][3][4] on 9 December 1946)[5] is an Italian-born Indian politician and the President of the Indian National Congress, one of the major political parties of India. She is the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi and belongs to Nehru–Gandhi family. After his assassination in 1991, she was invited by the Indian National Congress to take over the Congress but refused and publicly stayed away from politics amidst constant prodding by the Congress. She finally agreed to join politics in 1997; in 1998, she was elected as the leader of the Congress.
Since then, Sonia Gandhi has been the President of the Indian National Congress Party. She has served as the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in the Lok Sabha since 2004. In September 2010, on being re-elected for the fourth time, she became the longest serving president in the 125-year history of the Congress party.[6] Her foreign birth has been a subject of much debate and controversy.[7][8][9] Although Sonia is actually the fifth foreign-born person to be leader of the Congress Party, she is the first since independence in 1947.[10]
Contents |
Early life[link]
She was born to Stefano and Paola Maino in Contrada Màini ("Maini quarter/district"), at Lusiana,[11][12] a little village 30 km from Vicenza in Veneto,[13] Italy, where families with the family name "Màino" have been living for many generations.[14][15][16] She spent her adolescence in Orbassano,[17] a town near Turin, being raised in a traditional Roman Catholic family and attending a Catholic school. Her father, a building mason, died in 1983.[18] Her mother and two sisters still live around Orbassano.[19]
In 1964, she went to study English at the Bell Educational Trust's language school in the city of Cambridge. She met Rajiv Gandhi, who was enrolled in Trinity College at the University of Cambridge in 1965 at a Greek restaurant (the Varsity Restaurant) while working there as a waitress to make ends meet.[20][21] Sonia and Rajiv Gandhi married in 1968, following which she moved into the house of her mother-in-law and then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.[22]
The couple had two children, Rahul Gandhi (born 1970) and Priyanka Vadra (born 1972). Despite belonging to the influential Nehru family, Sonia and Rajiv avoided all involvement in politics. Rajiv worked as an airline pilot while Sonia took care of her family.[23] When Indira was ousted from office in 1977 in the aftermath of the Indian Emergency, the Rajiv family moved abroad for a short time.[citation needed] When Rajiv entered politics in 1982 after the death of his younger brother Sanjay Gandhi in a plane crash on 23 June 1980, Sonia continued to focus on her family and avoided all contact with the public.[24]
Political career[link]
Wife of the Prime Minister[link]
Sonia Gandhi's involvement with Indian public life began after the assassination of her mother-in-law and her husband's election as Prime Minister. As the Prime Minister's wife she acted as his official hostess and also accompanied him on a number of state visits.[citation needed] In 1984, she actively campaigned against her husband's sister-in-law Maneka Gandhi who was running against Rajiv in Amethi. At the end of Rajiv Gandhi's five years in office, the Bofors Scandal broke out. Ottavio Quattrocchi, an Italian business man believed to be involved, was said to be a friend of Sonia Gandhi, having access to the Prime Minister's official residence.[25] In 1980, her name appeared in the voter's list for New Delhi prior to her becoming an Indian Citizen, when she was still holding Italian Citizenship.[26] It was a violation of Indian Laws.[27] When she did acquire Indian Citizenship in April 1983, the issue cropped up again, as her name appeared on the 1983 voter's list when the deadline for registering had been in January 1983.[28][29]
Senior Congress leader Pranab Mukherjee said that she surrendered her Italian passport to the Italian Embassy on 27 April 1983. Italian nationality law did not permit dual nationality until 1992. So, by acquiring Indian citizenship in 1983, she would automatically have lost Italian citizenship.[30]
Congress President[link]
After the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and her refusal to become Prime Minister, the party settled on the choice of P. V. Narasimha Rao who became leader and subsequently Prime Minister. Over the next few years, however, the Congress fortunes continued to dwindle and it lost the 1996 elections. Several senior leaders such as Madhavrao Sindhia, Rajesh Pilot, Narayan Dutt Tiwari, Arjun Singh, Mamata Banerjee, G. K. Moopanar, P. Chidambaram and Jayanthi Natarajan were in open revolt against incumbent President Sitaram Kesri and quit the party, splitting the Congress into many factions.[citation needed]
In an effort to revive the party's sagging fortunes, she joined the Congress Party as a primary member in the Calcutta Plenary Session in 1997 and became party leader in 1998.[31]
In May 1999, three senior leaders of the party (Sharad Pawar, P. A. Sangma, and Tariq Anwar) challenged her right to try to become India's Prime Minister because of her foreign origins. In response, she offered to resign as party leader, resulting in an outpouring of support and the expulsion from the party of the three rebels who went on to form the Nationalist Congress Party.[32]
Within 62 days of joining as a primary member, she was offered the party President post which she accepted.[citation needed] She contested Lok Sabha elections from Bellary, Karnataka and Amethi, Uttar Pradesh in 1999. In Bellary she defeated veteran BJP leader, Sushma Swaraj.[33] In 2004 and 2009, she was re-elected to the Lok Sabha from Rae Bareli in Uttar Pradesh.[34]
Leader of the Opposition[link]
She was elected the Leader of the Opposition of the 13th Lok Sabha in 1999.[citation needed] When the BJP-led NDA formed a government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee, she took the office of the Leader of Opposition. As Leader of Opposition, she called a no-confidence motion against the NDA government led by Vajpayee in 2003.[citation needed]
She holds the record of having served as Congress President for 10 years consecutively.[citation needed]
2004 elections and aftermath[link]
In the 2004 general elections, Gandhi launched a nationwide campaign, criss-crossing the country on the Aam Aadmi (ordinary man) slogan in contrast to the 'India Shining' slogan of the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) alliance. She countered the BJP asking "Who is India Shining for?". In the election, she won by a large margin in the Rae Bareilly constituency. Following the unexpected defeat of the NDA, she was widely expected to be the next Prime Minister of India. On 16 May, she was unanimously chosen to lead a 15-party coalition government with the support of the left, which was subsequently named the United Progressive Alliance (UPA).
The defeated NDA protested once against her 'foreign origin' and senior NDA leader Sushma Swaraj threatened to shave her head and "sleep on the ground", among other things, should Sonia become prime minister.[7] The NDA also claimed that there were legal reasons that barred her from the Prime Minister's post.[35] They pointed, in particular, to Section 5 of the Indian Citizenship Act of 1955, which they claimed implied 'reciprocity'. This was contested by others[29] and eventually the suits were dismissed by the Supreme Court of India.[36]
A few days after the election, Gandhi appointed Manmohan Singh as prime minister. Her supporters compared it to the old Indian tradition of renunciation,[37] while her opponents attacked it as a political stunt.[38]
UPA Chairperson[link]
On 23 March 2006, Gandhi announced her resignation from the Lok Sabha and also as chairperson of the National Advisory Council under the office-of-profit controversy and the speculation that the government was planning to bring an ordinance to exempt the post of chairperson of National Advisory Council from the purview of office of profit. She was re-elected from her constituency Rae Bareilly in May 2006 by a margin of over 400,000 votes.
As chairperson of the National Advisory Committee and the UPA, she played an important role in making the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and the Right to Information Act into law.[39][40]
She addressed the United Nations on 2 October 2007, Mahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary which is observed as the international day of non-violence after a UN resolution passed on 15 July 2007.[41]
Under her leadership, India returned the Congress-led-UPA to a near majority in the 2009 general elections with Manmohan Singh as the Prime Minister. The Congress itself won 206 Lok Sabha seats, which was the highest total by any party since 1991.
Personal life[link]
Sonia is the widow of late Rajiv Gandhi, elder son of Indira Gandhi. She is a practising Christian.[42] There has been considerable media speculation for over a decade about their future role in the Congress. After a period of uncertainty, both Rahul and Priyanka became primary members of the Congress party. While Priyanka has so far restricted herself to organising her mother's election campaigns and taking care of Sonia's constituency, Rahul Gandhi has gone on to take formal charge as General Secretary of the Congress Party. He is also currently head of the Youth Congress.
In August 2011, she underwent a successful surgery for some ailment in the US. It has been widely speculated in the media that the surgery took place at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New York. Newspapers reported that she returned[43] to India on 9 September after her treatment.
Honours, awards and international recognition[link]
Gandhi was named the third most powerful woman in the world by Forbes Magazine in the year 2004[44] and was ranked 6th in 2007.[45] In 2010, Gandhi ranked as the ninth most powerful person on the planet by Forbes Magazine.[46] She was also named among the Time 100 most influential people in the world for the years 2007[47] and 2008.[48] The British magazine New Statesman listed Sonia Gandhi at number 29 in their annual survey of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures" in the year 2010.[49]
| Year | Name | Awarding organisation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Honorary Doctorate | University of Madras. | [50] |
| 2006 | Order of King Leopold | Government of Belgium. | [51] |
| 2006 | Honorary Doctorate | Brussels University. | [51] |
Portrayals and coverage in books[link]
Books[link]
- Sonia Gandhi – An Extraordinary Life, An Indian Destiny (2011), a biography written by Rani Singh.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Life in pictures: Sonia Gandhi". British Broadcasting Company. 18 May 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3714281.stm. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
- ^ Sonia Gandhi. Britannica. Retrieved on 2011-12-09.
- ^ Lok Sabha. Retrieved on 2011-12-09.
- ^ Divided we stand: India in a time of coalitions. Los Angeles : SAGE Publications, 2007.. 2007. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7619-3663-3.
- ^ INDIA TODAY – The most widely read newsweekly in South Asia. Archives.digitaltoday.in. Retrieved on 2011-12-09.
- ^ Fourth time in a row, Sonia Gandhi is Congress chief. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (4 September 2010). Retrieved on 2011-12-09.
- ^ a b Religioscope: India: politics of renunciation, traditional and modern – Analysis. Religion.info. Retrieved on 2011-12-09.
- ^ Ramaseshan, Radhika (30 August 2002). "BJP sees Gujarat ammo in Sonia origins". The Telegraph (Calcutta, India). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020830/asp/nation/story_1151052.asp. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ "Uma Bharti does not want to be CM". Rediff.com. 18 May 2004. http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/18uma.htm. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ "On being foreign and being nationalist". Chennai, India: Frontline Magazine. 22 May – 4 June 1999. http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1611/16110920.htm. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ Pictures from the book-biography "The Red sari" by Javier Moro. Radiopopolare.it. Retrieved on 2011-12-09.
- ^ http://www.geneall.net/I/per_page.php?id=510128
- ^ Sonia Gandhi, dalla piccola Lusiana all'India ecco il romanzo di una donna speciale Il Giornale de Vicenza. 05/10/2009
- ^ Maini Lusiana.
- ^ Sonia Gandy. Il Giornale di Vicenza. 2004 (with picture of her native house)
- ^ Lusiana: parish church, townhall square, landscape. Youreporter.it. Retrieved on 2011-12-09.
- ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/32475652/The-Red-Sari. Sonia Maino Gandhi from Lusiana to Orbassano, pages 22–27.
- ^ In Maino land. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
- ^ Italy heralds 'first woman PM'. BBC. 14 May 2004. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
- ^ 'From waitress to world leader'. Rediff.com (17 May 2004). Retrieved on 2011-12-09.
- ^ "The Sonia Shock". Time. 17 May 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20110604080555/http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501040524/story.html. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
- ^ The name game of the rich and famous[dead link]. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
- ^ BREAKING THE SILENCE Retrieved 20 July 2007.
- ^ Sonia Gandhi, pressured congress, to return as Congress Party's Leader
- ^ Who is Quattrocchi? Retrieved 23 March 2007.
- ^ "Sonia's candidature challenged in Madras high court". Rediff.com. 25 August 1999. http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/aug/25sonia.htm. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
- ^ "BJP accuses Sonia of flouting law". The Indian Express. 12 May 1999. http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/97153/. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ "Elevenses". Rediff.com. 13 May 1999. http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/may/13varsha.htm. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
- ^ a b Venkatesan, V (June 1999). "Citizen Sonia". Frontline 16 (12). http://web.archive.org/web/20110422100148/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1612/16120300.htm. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ^ "Citizenship: How to lose it?". Trentini Nel Mondo. http://archivio.trentininelmondo.it/cittadinanza/come_si_perde_en.asp. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ Sonia Gandhi, Indian National Congress Party Chairman[dead link]
- ^ "India's Congress Party rallies for Sonia Gandhi". CNN. 17 May 1999. http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9905/17/india.gandhi.01/index.html. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ "General election 1999, Candidate wise result". Election Commission of India. http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/candidatewise/GE_1999.xls. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "List of Winning candidates Final". Election Commission of India. http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/List%20of%20Winning%20Candidated%20Final%20for%2016th%20May.pdf. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Pioneer News Servic. "Whose inner voice?". CMYK Multimedia Pvt. Ltd. Archived from the original on 9 April 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070409085348/http://www.dailypioneer.com/indexn12.asp?main_variable=VOTE_2004&file_name=vote941.txt&counter_img=941. Retrieved 20 July 2007.
- ^ VENKATESAN, V. "A citizenship question". Frontline – Volume 18. http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1820/18200340.htm. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ "Indian press lauds Gandhi decision". BBC. 19 May 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3727591.stm. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
- ^ "Profile: Sonia Gandhi". BBC. 23 March 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3546851.stm. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
- ^ Employment Bill not a populist measure: Sonia. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
- ^ After RTI success, it's right to work. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
- ^ "Sonia Gandhi raises disarmament issue at UN meet". The Times of India. 2 October 2007. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Sonia_raises_disarmament_issue_at_UN_meet/articleshow/2422950.cms. Retrieved 2 October 2007.
- ^ Conspirator History of Christianity against Hinduism. Weekly Blitz. Retrieved on 2011-12-09.
- ^ Sonia returns after surgery. Indian Express (9 September 2011). Retrieved on 2011-12-09.
- ^ Sonia Gandhi 3rd most powerful woman. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
- ^ Sonia Gandhi in Forbes' list for 2007 Retrieved 31 August 2007
- ^ In Maino land. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
- ^ Sonia Gandhi among Time's 100 for 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2007
- ^ Sonia Gandhi among Time's 100 for 2008. Retrieved on 1 May 2008.
- ^ "Sonia Gandhi – 50 People Who Matter 2010". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2010/09/mother-superior-sonia-gandhi. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ "University of Madras honours Sonia Gandhi". Chennai Online. http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=220a9617-cf5a-42fb-98cc-9e2744fb6cbd&CATEGORYNAME=CHN. Retrieved 9 June 2011 (2011-06-09).
- ^ a b "Belgium honours Sonia Gandhi". Daily News and Analysis. India. http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_top-belgium-honours-for-sonia-gandhi_1063591. Retrieved 9 June 2011 (2011-06-09).
Further reading[link]
- S. R. ET AL. BAKSHI (1998) Sonia Gandhi, The President of AICC South Asia Books. ISBN 81-7024-988-0
- Rupa Chaterjee (1999) Sonia Gandhi: The Lady in Shadow Butala. ISBN 81-87277-02-5
- C. Rupa, Rupa Chaterjee (2000) Sonia Mystique South Asia Books. ISBN 81-85870-24-1
- Moro, Javier "El sari rojo" (Ed. Seix Barral, 2008) "Il sari rosso" (Il Saggiatore, 2009)
External links[link]
- Official
- Sonia Gandhi official Indian National Congress Party profile
- Parliamentary profile at India.gov.in
- Others
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- Sonia Gandhi at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Sonia Gandhi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Works by Sonia Gandhi on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- Sonia Gandhi at the Notable Names Database
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gandhi, Sonia |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian politician |
| Date of birth | 9 December 1946 |
| Place of birth | Orbassano, Piemonte, Italy |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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"Gandhi" redirects here. For other uses, see Gandhi (disambiguation).
| Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | (1869-10-02)2 October 1869 Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, British India[1] |
| Died | 30 January 1948(1948-01-30) (aged 78) New Delhi, Dominion of India |
| Cause of death | Assassination by shooting |
| Resting place | Cremated at Rajghat, Delhi. 28°38′29″N 77°14′54″E / 28.6415°N 77.2483°E / 28.6415; 77.2483 |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Other names | Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu, Gandhiji |
| Alma mater | Samaldas College, Bhavnagar, Inner Temple, London |
| Known for | Prominent figure of Indian independence movement, propounding the philosophy of Satyagraha and Ahimsa advocating non-violence, pacifism |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Spouse | Kasturba Gandhi |
| Children | Harilal Manilal Ramdas Devdas Child who died in infancy |
| Parents | Putlibai Gandhi (Mother) Karamchand Gandhi (Father) |
| Signature |  |
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (pronounced: [ˈmoːɦənd̪aːs ˈkərəmtʃənd̪ ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi]; 2 October 1869[1] – 30 January 1948), commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world.[2][3]
Son of a senior government official, Gandhi was born and raised in a Hindu Bania community in coastal Gujarat, and trained in law in London. Gandhi became famous by fighting for the civil rights of Muslim and Hindu Indians in South Africa, using the new techniques of non-violent civil disobedience that he developed. Returning to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants to protest excessive land-taxes. A lifelong opponent of "communalism" (i.e. basing politics on religion) he reached out widely to all religious groups. He became a leader of Muslims protesting the declining status of the Caliphate. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, increasing economic self-reliance, and above all for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from British domination.
Gandhi led Indians in protesting the national salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in demanding the British to immediately Quit India in 1942, during World War II. He was imprisoned for that and for numerous other political offenses over the years. Gandhi sought to practice non-violence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He saw the villages as the core of the true India and promoted self sufficiency; he did not support the industrialization programs of his disciple Jawaharlal Nehru. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn he had hand spun on a charkha. His political enemy Winston Churchill ridiculed him as a "half-naked fakir."[4] He was a dedicated vegetarian, and undertook long fasts as means of both self-purification and political mobilization.
In his last year, unhappy at the partition of India, Gandhi worked to stop the carnage between Muslims on the one hand and Hindus and Sikhs that raged in the border area between India and Pakistan. He was assassinated on 30 January 1948 by a Hindu nationalist who thought Gandhi was too sympathetic to India's Muslims. 30 January is observed as Martyrs' Day in India. The honourific Mahatma (Sanskrit: mahāt̪mā or "Great Soul", was applied to him by 1914.[5] In India he was also called Bapu (Gujarati: bāpuː or "Father"). He is known in India as the Father of the Nation;[6] his birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and world-wide as the International Day of Non-Violence. Gandhi's philosophy was not theoretical but one of pragmatism, that is, practicing his principles in real time. Asked to give a message to the people, he would respond, "My life is my message."[7]
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Early life and background[link]
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[8] was born on 2 October 1869[1] in Porbandar, a coastal town which was then part of the Bombay Presidency, British India.[9] He was born in his ancestral home, now known as Kirti Mandir.[10] His father, Karamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), who belonged to the Hindu Modh community, served as the diwan (a high official) of Porbander state, a small princely state in the Kathiawar Agency of British India.[10][11] His grandfather was Uttamchand Gandhi, also called Utta Gandhi.[10] His mother, Putlibai, who came from the Pranami Vaishnava community, was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first three wives having apparently died in childbirth.[12] Jain ideas and practices powerfully influenced Gandhi particularly through his mother who was a devout Jain.[13][14]
The Indian classics, especially the stories of Shravana and king Harishchandra, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. In his autobiography, he admits that they left an indelible impression on his mind. He writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." Gandhi's early self-identification with truth and love as supreme values is traceable to these epic characters.[15][16]
In May 1883, the 13-year-old Mohandas was married to 14-year-old Kasturbai Makhanji (her first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba") in an arranged child marriage, according to the custom of the region.[17] In the process, he lost a year at school.[18] Recalling the day of their marriage, he once said, "As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives." However, as was prevailing tradition, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents' house, and away from her husband.[19] In 1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, but survived only a few days. Gandhi's father, Karamchand Gandhi, had also died earlier that year.[20]
Mohandas and Kasturba had four more children, all sons: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in 1897; and Devdas, born in 1900.[17] At his middle school in Porbandar and high school in Rajkot, Gandhi remained a mediocre student. He shone neither in the classroom nor on the playing field. One of the terminal reports rated him as "good at English, fair in Arithmetic and weak in Geography; conduct very good, bad handwriting." He passed the matriculation exam at Samaldas College in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, with some difficulty. Gandhi's family wanted him to be a barrister as it would increase the prospects of succeeding to his father's post.[21] In 1926 Manilal Gandhi expressed his desire to marry Fatima Gool daughter of a Muslim Businessman in South Africa. Gandhi strongly advised against it, warning it would be a highly contentious move that would seriously damage Manilal's career. The son dropped the idea.[22]
English barrister[link]
In 1888, Gandhi travelled to London, England, to study law at University College London where he studied Indian law and jurisprudence and to train as a barrister at the Inner Temple. His time in London, was influenced by a vow he had made to his mother upon leaving India, in the presence of a Jain monk, to observe the Hindu precepts of abstinence from meat and alcohol as well as of promiscuity.[23] Gandhi tried to adopt "English" customs, including taking dancing lessons for example. However, he could not appreciate the bland vegetarian food offered by his landlady and was frequently hungry until he found one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. Influenced by Henry Salt's writing, he joined the Vegetarian Society, was elected to its executive committee,[24] and started a local Bayswater chapter.[12] Some of the vegetarians he met were members of the Theosophical Society, which had been founded in 1875 to further universal brotherhood, and which was devoted to the study of Buddhist and Hindu literature. They encouraged Gandhi to join them in reading the Bhagavad Gita both in translation as well as in the original.[24] Not having shown interest in religion before, he became interested in religious thought.
Gandhi was called to the bar in June 1891 and then left London for India, where he learned that his mother had died while he was in London and that his family had kept the news from him.[24] His attempts at establishing a law practice in Bombay failed because he was too shy to speak up in court. He returned to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants but was forced to close it when he ran afoul of a British officer.[12][24] In 1893, he accepted a year-long contract from Dada Abdulla & Co., an Indian firm, to a post in the Colony of Natal, South Africa, then part of the British Empire.[12]
Civil rights movement in South Africa (1893–1914)[link]
Main article: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in South Africa
Gandhi spent 21 years in South Africa, where he developed his political views, ethics and political leadership skills. Indians in South Africa were led by wealthy Muslims, who employed Gandhi as a lawyer, and by impoverished Hindu indentured laborers with very limited rights. Gandhi considered them all to be Indians, taking a lifetime view that "Indianness" transcended religion and caste. He believed he could bridge historic differences, especially regarding religion, and he took that belief back to India where he tried to implement it. The South African experience exposed handicaps to Gandhi that he had not known about. He realised he was out of contact with the enormous complexities of religious and cultural life in India, and believed he understood India by getting to know and leading Indians in South Africa.[25]
In South Africa, Gandhi faced the discrimination directed at all coloured people. He was thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to move from the first-class. He protested and was allowed on first class the next day.[26] Travelling farther on by stagecoach, he was beaten by a driver for refusing to move to make room for a European passenger.[27] He suffered other hardships on the journey as well, including being barred from several hotels. In another incident, the magistrate of a Durban court ordered Gandhi to remove his turban, which he refused to do.[28]
These events were a turning point in Gandhi's life and shaped his social activism and awakened him to social injustice. After witnessing racism, prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa, Gandhi began to question his place in society and his people's standing in the British Empire.[29]
Gandhi extended his original period of stay in South Africa to assist Indians in opposing a bill to deny them the right to vote. Though unable to halt the bill's passage, his campaign was successful in drawing attention to the grievances of Indians in South Africa. He helped found the Natal Indian Congress in 1894,[12][26] and through this organisation, he moulded the Indian community of South Africa into a unified political force. In January 1897, when Gandhi landed in Durban, a mob of white settlers attacked him and he escaped only through the efforts of the wife of the police superintendent. He, however, refused to press charges against any member of the mob, stating it was one of his principles not to seek redress for a personal wrong in a court of law.[12]
In 1906, the Transvaal government promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony's Indian population. At a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg on 11 September that year, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of Satyagraha (devotion to the truth), or non-violent protest, for the first time.[30] He urged Indians to defy the new law and to suffer the punishments for doing so. The community adopted this plan, and during the ensuing seven-year struggle, thousands of Indians were jailed, flogged, or shot for striking, refusing to register, for burning their registration cards or engaging in other forms of non-violent resistance. The government successfully repressed the Indian protesters, but the public outcry over the harsh treatment of peaceful Indian protesters by the South African government forced South African leader Jan Christiaan Smuts, himself a philosopher, to negotiate a compromise with Gandhi. Gandhi's ideas took shape, and the concept of Satyagraha matured during this struggle.
Reactions to blacks[link]
File:Gandhi Boer War 1899.jpg
M.K. Gandhi while serving in the Ambulance Corps during the Second Boer War (1899)
After the black majority came to power in South Africa, Gandhi was proclaimed a national hero with numerous monuments.[31] Gandhi focused his attention on Indians in South Africa, but historians have also examined his changing ideas on the proper role for blacks. White rule enforced strict segregation among all races and generated conflict between these communities. At first Gandhi shared racial notions prevalent in the 1890s. Bhana and Vahed argue that Gandhi's experiences in jail sensitized him to the plight of blacks. "His negative views in the Johannesburg jail were reserved for hardened African prisoners rather than Africans generally."[32]
In 1906, the British declared war against the Zulu kingdom in Natal. Gandhi actively encouraged the British to recruit Indians. He argued that Indians should support the war efforts in order to legitimise their claims to full citizenship. The British accepted Gandhi's offer to let a detachment of 20 Indians volunteer as a stretcher-bearer corps to treat wounded British soldiers. This corps was commanded by Gandhi and operated for less than two months.[33] The experience taught him it was hopeless to directly challenge the overwhelming military power of the British army—he decided it could only be resisted in non-violent fashion by the pure of heart.[34]
Struggle for Indian Independence (1915–47)[link]
See also: Indian independence movement
In 1915, Gandhi returned to India permanently. He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and organizer. He joined the Indian National Congress and was introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people primarily by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Gokhale was a key leader of the Congress Party best known for his restraint and moderation, and his insistence on working inside the system. Gandhi took Gokhale's liberal approach based on British Whiggish traditions and transformed it to make it look wholly Indian.[35]
Gandhi took leadership of Congress in 1920 and began a steady escalation of demands (with Intermittent compromises or pauses) until on 26 January 1930 the Indian National Congress declared the independence of India. The British did not recognize that and more negotiations ensued, with Congress taking a role in provincial government in the late 1930s. Gandhi and Congress withdrew their support of the Raj when the Viceroy declared war on Germany in September 1939 without consulting anyone. Tensions escalated until Gandhi demanded immediate independence in 1942 and the British responded by imprisoning him and tens of thousands of Congress leaders for the duration. Meanwhile the Muslim League did cooperate with Britain and moved, against Gandhi's strong opposition, to demands for a totally separate Muslim state of Pakistan. In August 1947 the British partitioned the land, with India and Pakistan each achieving independence on terms Gandhi disapproved.[36]
Role in World War I[link]
See also: The role of India in World War I
In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, the Viceroy invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi.[37] Perhaps to show his support for the Empire and help his case for India's independence,[38] Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war effort.[39] In contrast to the Zulu War of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants. In a June 1918 leaflet entitled "Appeal for Enlistment", Gandhi wrote "To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use them...If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army."[40] He did, however, stipulate in a letter to the Viceroy's private secretary that he "personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe."[41]
Gandhi's war recruitment campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence as his friend Charlie Andrews confirms, "Personally I have never been able to reconcile this with his own conduct in other respects, and it is one of the points where I have found myself in painful disagreement."[42] Gandhi's private secretary also had acknowledged that "The question of the consistency between his creed of 'Ahimsa' (non-violence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since."[39]
Champaran and Kheda[link]
Main article: Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha
Gandhi's first major achievements came in 1918 with the Champaran and Kheda agitations of Bihar and Gujarat. The Champaran agitation pitted the local peasantry against their largely British landlords who were backed by the local administration. The peasantry was forced to grow Indigo, a cash crop whose demand had been declining over two decades, and were forced to sell their crops to the planters at a fixed price. Unhappy wIth this, the peasantry appealed to Gandhi at his ashram in Ahmedabad. Pursuing a strategy of non-violent protest, Gandhi took the administration by surprise and won concessions from the authorities.[43]
In 1918, Kheda was hit by floods and famine and the peasantry was demanding relief from taxes. Gandhi moved his headquarters to Nadiad,[44] organising scores of supporters and fresh volunteers from the region, the most notable being Vallabhbhai Patel.[45] Using non-cooperation as a technique, Gandhi initiated a signature campaign where peasants pledged non-payment of revenue even under the threat of confiscation of land. A social boycott of mamlatdars and talatdars (revenue officials within the district) accompanied the agitation. Gandhi worked hard to win public support for the agitation across the country. For five months, the administration refused but finally in end-May 1918, the Government gave way on important provisions and relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax until the famine ended. In Kheda, Vallabhbhai Patel represented the farmers in negotiations with the British, who suspended revenue collection and released all the prisoners.[46]
Khilafat movement[link]
In 1919 Gandhi, with his weak position in Congress, decided to broaden his base by an appeal to Muslims. The opportunity came from the Khilafat movement, a worldwide protest by Muslims against the collapsing status of the Caliph, the leader of their religion. The Ottoman Empire had lost the World War and was dismembered, as Muslims feared for the safety of the holy places and the prestige of their religion.[47] Although Gandhi did not originate the All-India Muslim Conference,[48] which directed the movement in India, he soon became its most prominent spokesman and attracted a strong base of Muslim support with local chapters in all Muslim centers in India.[49] His success made him India's first national leader with a multicultural base and facilitated his rise to power within Congress, which had previously been unable to reach many Muslims. In 1920 Gandhi became a major leader in Congress.[50][51] By the end of 1922 the Khilafat movement had collapsed.[52] Muslim support for Gandhi and Congress generally fell off, with the proportion of Muslims among delegates to Congress plunging from 11% in 1921 to under 4% in 1923.[53]
Non-cooperation[link]
Main article: Non-cooperation movement
With Congress now behind him in 1920, Gandhi had the base to employ non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful resistance as his "weapons" in the struggle against the British Raj. His wide popularity among both Hindus and Muslims made his leadership possible; he even convinced the extreme faction of Muslims to support peaceful non-cooperation.[54] The spark that ignited a national protest was overwhelming anger at the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (or Amritsar massacre) of hundreds of peaceful civilians by British troops in Punjab. Many Britons celebrated the action as needed to prevent another Mutiny like 1857, an attitude that caused many Indian leaders to decide the Raj was controlled by their enemies, and was more an obstacle than a pathway. Gandhi criticised both the actions of the British Raj and the retaliatory violence of Indians. He authored the resolution offering condolences to British civilian victims and condemning the riots which, after initial opposition in the party, was accepted following Gandhi's emotional speech advocating his principle that all violence was evil and could not be justified.[55]
After the massacre and subsequent violence, Gandhi began to focus on winning complete self-government and control of all Indian government institutions, maturing soon into Swaraj or complete individual, spiritual, political independence.[56] During this period, Gandhi claimed to be a "highly orthodox Hindu" and in January 1921 during a speech at a temple in Vadtal, he spoke of the relevance of non-cooperation to Hindu Dharma, "At this holy place, I declare, if you want to protect your 'Hindu Dharma', non-cooperation is first as well as the last lesson you must learn up.".[57]
In December 1921, Gandhi was invested with executive authority on behalf of the Indian National Congress. Under his leadership, the Congress was reorganised with a new constitution, with the goal of Swaraj. Membership in the party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee. A hierarchy of committees was set up to improve discipline, transforming the party from an elite organisation to one of mass national appeal. Gandhi expanded his non-violence platform to include the swadeshi policy—the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that khadi (homespun cloth) be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles. Gandhi exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning khadi in support of the independence movement.[58]
Gandhi even invented a small, portable spinning wheel that could be folded into the size of a small typewriter.[59] This was a strategy to inculcate discipline and dedication to weeding out the unwilling and ambitious and to include women in the movement at a time when many thought that such activities were not respectable activities for women. In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honours.[60]
"Non-cooperation" enjoyed widespread appeal and success, increasing excitement and participation from all strata of Indian society. Yet, just as the movement reached its apex, it ended abruptly as a result of a violent clash in the town of Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, in February 1922. Fearing that the movement was about to take a turn towards violence, and convinced that this would be the undoing of all his work, Gandhi called off the campaign of mass civil disobedience.[61] This was the third time that Gandhi had called off a major campaign.[62] Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. He began his sentence on 18 March 1922. He was released in February 1924 for an appendicitis operation, having served only 2 years.[63]
Without Gandhi's unifying personality, the Indian National Congress began to splinter during his years in prison, splitting into two factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring party participation in the legislatures, and the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, opposing this move. Furthermore, cooperation among Hindus and Muslims, which had been strong at the height of the non-violence campaign, was breaking down. Gandhi attempted to bridge these differences through many means, including a three-week fast in the autumn of 1924, but with limited success.[64] In this year, Gandhi was persuaded to preside over the Congress session to be held in Belgaum. Gandhi agreed to become president of the session on one condition that Congressmen should take to wearing khadi (made of homespun cloth). In his long political career, this was the only time when he presided over a Congress session.[65]
Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)[link]
Main article: Salt Satyagraha
Gandhi stayed out of active politics and, as such, the limelight for most of the 1920s. He focused instead on resolving the wedge between the Swaraj Party and the Indian National Congress, and expanding initiatives against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty. He returned to the fore in 1928. In the preceding year, the British government had appointed a new constitutional reform commission under Sir John Simon, which did not include any Indian as its member. The result was a boycott of the commission by Indian political parties. Gandhi pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December 1928 calling on the British government to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-cooperation with complete independence for the country as its goal. Gandhi had not only moderated the views of younger men like Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru, who sought a demand for immediate independence, but also reduced his own call to a one year wait, instead of two.[66]
The British did not respond. On 31 December 1929, the flag of India was unfurled in Lahore. 26 January 1930 was celebrated as India's Independence Day by the Indian National Congress meeting in Lahore. This day was commemorated by almost every other Indian organisation. Gandhi then launched a new Satyagraha against the tax on salt in March 1930. This was highlighted by the famous Salt March to Dandi from 12 March to 6 April, where he marched 388 kilometres (241 mi) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself. Thousands of Indians joined him on this march to the sea. This campaign was one of his most successful at upsetting British hold on India; Britain responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people.[67]
Women[link]
Salt as a household necessity was of special interest to women. Gandhi strongly favoured the emancipation of women, and he went so far as to say that "the women have come to look upon me as one of themselves." He opposed purdah, child marriage, untouchability, and the extreme oppression of Hindu widows, up to and including sati. He especially recruited women to participate in the salt tax campaigns and the boycott of foreign products.[68] Sarma concludes that Gandhi's success in enlisting women in his campaigns, including the salt tax campaign, anti-untouchability campaign and the peasant movement, gave many women a new self-confidence and dignity in the mainstream of Indian public life.[69]
Gandhi as folk hero[link]
Congress in the 1920s appealed to peasants by portraying Gandhi as a sort of messiah (the long-awaited savior of an entire people), a strategy that succeeded in incorporating radical forces within the peasantry into the nonviolent resistance movement. In thousands of villages plays were performed that presented Gandhi as the reincarnation of earlier Indian nationalist leaders, or even as a demigod. The plays built support among illiterate peasants steeped in traditional Hindu culture. Similar messianic imagery appeared in popular songs and poems, and in Congress-sponsored religious pageants and celebrations. The result was that Gandhi became not only a folk hero but the Congress was widely seen in the villages as his sacred instrument.[70]
Negotiations[link]
The government, represented by Lord Edward Irwin, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931. The British Government agreed to free all political prisoners, in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. Also as a result of the pact, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists, because it focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than on a transfer of power. Lord Irwin's successor, Lord Willingdon, taking a hard line against nationalism, began a new campaign of controlling and subduing the nationalist movement. Gandhi was again arrested, and the government tried and failed to negate his influence by completely isolating him from his followers.[71]
In 1932, through the campaigning of the Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar, the government granted untouchables separate electorates under the new constitution. In protest, Gandhi embarked on a six-day fast in September 1932. The resulting public outcry successfully forced the government to adopt an equitable arrangement through negotiations mediated by Palwankar Baloo. This was the start of a new campaign by Gandhi to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he named Harijans, the children of God.[72]
On 8 May 1933, Gandhi began a 21-day fast of self-purification to help the Harijan movement.[73] This new campaign was not universally embraced within the Dalit community, as prominent leader B. R. Ambedkar condemned Gandhi's use of the term Harijans as saying that Dalits were socially immature, and that privileged caste Indians played a paternalistic role. Ambedkar and his allies also felt Gandhi was undermining Dalit political rights. Gandhi had also refused to support the untouchables in 1924–25 when they were campaigning for the right to pray in temples. Because of Gandhi's actions, Ambedkar described him as "devious and untrustworthy".[62] Gandhi, although born into the Vaishya caste, insisted that he was able to speak on behalf of Dalits, despite the presence of Dalit activists such as Ambedkar.[74]
In the summer of 1934, three attempts were made on Gandhi's life.[75][76]
When the Congress Party chose to contest elections and accept power under the Federation scheme, Gandhi resigned from party membership. He did not disagree with the party's move, but felt that if he resigned, his popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party's membership, which actually varied, including communists, socialists, trade unionists, students, religious conservatives, and those with pro-business convictions, and that these various voices would get a chance to make themselves heard. Gandhi also wanted to avoid being a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj.[77]
Gandhi returned to active politics again in 1936, with the Nehru presidency and the Lucknow session of the Congress. Although Gandhi wanted a total focus on the task of winning independence and not speculation about India's future, he did not restrain the Congress from adopting socialism as its goal. Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Chandra Bose, who had been elected president in 1938, and who had previously expressed a lack of faith in non-violence as a means of protest.[78] Despite Gandhi's opposition, Bose won a second term as Congress President, against Gandhi's nominee, Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya; but left the Congress when the All-India leaders resigned en masse in protest of his abandonment of the principles introduced by Gandhi.[79][80] Gandhi declared that Sitaramayya's defeat was his defeat.[81]
[edit] World War II and Quit India
Main article: Quit India Movement
Gandhi initially favoured offering "non-violent moral support" to the British effort when World War II broke out in 1939, but the Congressional leaders were offended by the unilateral inclusion of India in the war without consultation of the people's representatives. All Congressmen resigned from office.[82] After long deliberations, Gandhi declared that India could not be party to a war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom while that freedom was denied to India itself. As the war progressed, Gandhi intensified his demand for independence, calling for the British to Quit India in a speech at Gowalia Tank Maidan. This was Gandhi's and the Congress Party's most definitive revolt aimed at securing the British exit from India.[83]
Gandhi was criticised by some Congress party members and other Indian political groups, both pro-British and anti-British. Some felt that not supporting Britain more in its struggle against Nazi Germany was unethical. Others felt that Gandhi's refusal for India to participate in the war was insufficient and more direct opposition should be taken, while Britain fought against Nazism yet continued to contradict itself by refusing to grant India Independence. Quit India became the most forceful movement in the history of the struggle, with mass arrests and violence on an unprecedented scale.[84]
Thousands of freedom fighters were killed or injured by police gunfire, and hundreds of thousands were arrested. Gandhi and his supporters made it clear they would not support the war effort unless India were granted immediate independence. He even clarified that this time the movement would not be stopped if individual acts of violence were committed, saying that the "ordered anarchy" around him was "worse than real anarchy." He called on all Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline via ahimsa, and Karo ya maro ("Do or die") in the cause of ultimate freedom.[85]
Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay by the British on 9 August 1942. Gandhi was held for two years in the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. It was here that Gandhi suffered two terrible blows in his personal life. His 50-year old secretary Mahadev Desai died of a heart attack 6 days later and his wife Kasturba died after 18 months imprisonment on 22 February 1944; six weeks later Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack. He was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the nation. He came out of detention to an altered political scene—the Muslim League for example, which a few years earlier had appeared marginal, "now occupied the centre of the political stage"[86] and the topic of Jinnah's campaign for Pakistan was a major talking point. Gandhi met Jinnah in September 1944 in Bombay but Jinnah rejected, on the grounds that it fell short of a fully independent Pakistan, his proposal of the right of Muslim provinces to opt out of substantial parts of the forthcoming political union.[87][88]
While the leaders of Congress languished in jail, the other parties supported the war and gained organizational strength. Underground publications flailed at the ruthless suppression of Congress, but it had little control over events.[89] brought order to India by the end of 1943. At the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands. At this point Gandhi called off the struggle, and around 100,000 political prisoners were released, including the Congress's leadership.[60]
Partition and independence, 1947[link]
See also: Partition of India
As a rule, Gandhi was opposed to the concept of partition as it contradicted his vision of religious unity.[90] Concerning the partition of India to create Pakistan, while the Indian National Congress and Gandhi called for the British to quit India, the Muslim League passed a resolution for them to divide and quit, in 1943.[91] Gandhi suggested an agreement which required the Congress and Muslim League to cooperate and attain independence under a provisional government, thereafter, the question of partition could be resolved by a plebiscite in the districts with a Muslim majority.[92] When Jinnah called for Direct Action, on 16 August 1946, Gandhi was infuriated and visited the most riot prone areas to stop the massacres, personally.[93] He made strong efforts to unite the Indian Hindus, Muslims and Christians and struggled for the emancipation of the "untouchables" in Hindu society.[94]
On 14 and 15 August 1947 the Indian Independence Act was invoked. In border areas some 10—12 million people moved from one side to another and upwards of a half million were killed in communal riots pitting Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs.[95] But for his teachings, the efforts of his followers, and his own presence, there perhaps could have been much more bloodshed during the partition, according to prominent Norwegian historian, Jens Arup Seip.[96]
Stanley Wolpert has argued, The "plan to carve up British India was never approved of or accepted by Gandhi...who realised too late that his closest comrades and disciples were more interested in power than principle, and that his own vision had long been clouded by the illusion that the struggle he led for India's freedom was a nonviolent one."[97]
Assassination[link]
On 30 January 1948, Gandhi was shot while he was walking to a platform from which he was to address a prayer meeting. The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan.[98] Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte were later tried and convicted; they were executed on 15 November 1949. Gandhi's memorial (or Samādhi) at Rāj Ghāt, New Delhi, bears the epigraph "Hē Ram", (Devanagari: हे ! राम or, He Rām), which may be translated as "Oh God". These are widely believed to be Gandhi's last words after he was shot, though the veracity of this statement has been disputed.[99] Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the nation through radio:[100]
"Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country."—Jawaharlal Nehru's address to Gandhi[101]
Gandhi's death was mourned nationwide. Over 2 million people joined the 5 mile long funeral procession that took over 5 hours to reach Raj Ghat from Birla house, where he was assassinated. Gandhi's body was transported on a weapons carrier, whose chassis was dismantled overnight to allow a high-floor to be installed so that people could catch a glimpse of his body. The engine of the vehicle was not used, instead 4 drag-ropes manned by 50 people each pulled the vehicle.[102] All Indian owned establishments in London remained closed in mourning as thousands of people from all faiths and denominations and Indians from all over Britain converged at India House in London.[103]
Professor Yasmin Khan argues that Gandhi's death and funeral helped consolidate the authority of the new Indian state. With Nehru and Patel in charge, the government made sure everyone knew the guilty party was not a Muslim. Congress tightly controlled the epic public displays of grief over a two-week period—the funeral, mortuary rituals and distribution of the martyr's ashes—as millions participated and hundreds of millions watched. The goal was to assert the power of the government and legitimize the Congress Party's control. This move built upon the massive outpouring of Hindu expressions of grief. The government suppressed the RSS, the Muslim National Guards, and the Khaksars, with some 200,000 arrests. Gandhi's death and funeral linked the distant state with the Indian people and made more understand the need to suppress religious parties during the transition to independence for the Indian people.[104]
Ashes[link]
By Hindu tradition the ashes were to be spread on a river. Gandhi's ashes were poured into urns which were sent across India for memorial services[105]. Most were immersed at the Sangam at Allahabad on 12 February 1948, but some were secretly taken away. In 1997, Tushar Gandhi immersed the contents of one urn, found in a bank vault and reclaimed through the courts, at the Sangam at Allahabad.[106] [107] Some of Gandhi's ashes were scattered at the source of the Nile River near Jinja, Uganda, and a memorial plaque marks the event. On 30 January 2008, the contents of another urn were immersed at Girgaum Chowpatty. Another urn is at the palace of the Aga Khan in Pune[106] (where he had been imprisoned from 1942 to 1944) and another in the Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine in Los Angeles.[108]
Principles, practices and beliefs[link]
Main article: Gandhism
Gandhism designates the ideas and principles Gandhi promoted. Of central importance is nonviolent resistance. A Gandhian can mean either an individual who follows, or a specific philosophy which is attributed to, Gandhism.[43] M.M.Sankhdher argues that Gandhism is not a systematic position in metaphysics or in political philosophy. Rather, it is a political creed, an economic doctrine, a religious outlook, a moral precept, and especially, a humanitarian world view. It is an effort not to systematize wisdom but to transform society and is based on an undying faith in the goodness of human nature.[109] However Gandhi himself did not approve of the notion of "Gandhism". He explained in 1936:
There is no such thing as "Gandhism," and I do not want to leave any sect after me. I do not claim to have originated any new principle or doctrine. I have simply tried in my own way to apply the eternal truths to our daily life and problems...The opinions I have formed and the conclusions I have arrived at are not final. I may change them tomorrow. I have nothing new to teach the world. Truth and non-violence are as old as the hills.[110]
Influences[link]
Historian R.B. Cribb argues that Gandhi's thought evolved over time, with his early ideas becoming the core or scaffolding for his mature philosophy. In London he committed himself to truthfulness, temperance, chastity, and vegetarianism. His return to India to work as a lawyer was a failure, so he went to South Africa for a quarter century, where he absorbed ideas from many sources, most of them non-Indian.[111] While Gandhi was born a Hindu, he grew up in an eclectic religious atmosphere and throughout his life searched for insights from many religious traditions.[112] He was exposed to Jain ideas through his mother who was a devout Jain and was in contact with Jain leaders. Themes from Jainism that Gandhi absorbed included asceticism; compassion for all forms of life; the importance of vows for self discipline; vegetarianism; fasting for self-purification; mutual tolerance among people of different creeds; and "syadvad," the idea that all views of truth are partial, a doctrine that lies at the root of Satyagraha.[14][113]
Gandhi's London experience provided a solid philosophical base focused on truthfulness, temperance, chastity, and vegetarianism. When he returned to India in 1891, his outlook was parochial and he could not make a living as a lawyer. This challenged his belief that practicality and morality necessarily coincided. By moving in 1893 to South Africa he found a solution to this problem and developed the central concepts of his mature philosophy.[114] N. A. Toothi[115] felt that Gandhi was influenced by the reforms and teachings of Swaminarayan, stating "Close parallels do exist in programs of social reform based on to non-violence, truth-telling, cleanliness, temperance and upliftment of the masses."[116] Vallabhbhai Patel, who grew up in a Swaminarayan household was attracted to Gandhi due to this aspect of Gandhi's doctrine.[117]
Gandhi's ethical thinking was heavily influenced by a handful of books, which he repeatedly meditated upon. They included especially Plato's Apology, (which he translated into his native Gujarati); William Salter's Ethical Religion (1889); Henry David Thoreau's On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (1847); Leo Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1893); and John Ruskin's Unto this Last (1862), which he also translated into Gujarati . Ruskin inspired his decision to live an austere life on a commune, at first on the Phoenix Farm in Natal and then on the Tolstoy Farm just outside Johannesburg, South Africa.[25]
Balkrishna Gokhale argues that Gandhi took his philosophy of history from Hinduism and Jainism, supplemented by selected Christian traditions and ideas of Tolstoy and Ruskin. Hinduism provided central concepts of God's role in history, of man as the battleground of forces of virtue and sin, and of the potential of love as an historical force. From Jainism, Gandhi took the idea of applying nonviolence to human situations and the theory that Absolute Reality can be comprehended only relatively in human affairs.[118]
Historian Howard Spodek argues for the importance of the culture of Gujarat in shaping Gandhi's methods. Spodek finds that some of Gandhi's most effective methods such as fasting, noncooperation and appeals to the justice and compassion of the rulers were learned as a youth in Gujarat. Later on, the financial, cultural, organizational and geographical support needed to bring his campaigns to a national audience were drawn from Ahmedabad and Gujarat, his Indian residence 1915–1930.[119]
Tolstoy[link]
In 1908 Leo Tolstoy wrote A Letter to a Hindu, which said that only by using love as a weapon through passive resistance could the Indian people overthrow colonial rule. In 1909, Gandhi wrote to Tolstoy seeking advice and permission to republish A Letter to a Hindu in Gujarati. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death in 1910. The letters concern practical and theological applications of non-violence.[120] Gandhi saw himself a disciple of Tolstoy, for they agreed regarding opposition to state authority and colonialism; both hated violence and preached non-resistance. However, they differed sharply on political strategy. Gandhi called for political involvement; he was a nationalist and was prepared to use nonviolent force. He was also willing to compromise.[121] It was at Tolstoy Farm where Gandhi and Hermann Kallenbach systematically trained their disciples in the philosophy of nonviolence.[122]
Truth and Satyagraha[link]
Gandhi dedicated his life to the wider purpose of discovering truth, or Satya. He tried to achieve this by learning from his own mistakes and conducting experiments on himself. He called his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth.[123]
Bruce Watson argues that Gandhi based Satyagraha on the Vedantic ideal of self-realization, and notes it also contains Jain and Buddhist notions of nonviolence, vegetarianism, the avoidance of killing, and 'agape' (universal love). Gandhi also borrowed Christian-Islamic ideas of equality, the brotherhood of man, and the concept of turning the other cheek.[124]
Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarised his beliefs first when he said "God is Truth". He would later change this statement to "Truth is God". Thus, satya (truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is "God".[125]
The essence of Satyagraha (a name Gandhi invented meaning "adherence to truth"[126]) is that it seeks to eliminate antagonisms without harming the antagonists themselves and seeks to transform or "purify" it to a higher level. A euphemism sometimes used for Satyagraha is that it is a "silent force" or a "soul force" (a term also used by Martin Luther King Jr. during his famous "I Have a Dream" speech). It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical power. Satyagraha is also termed a "universal force," as it essentially "makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man and woman, friend and foe."[127]
Gandiji wrote: "There must be no impatience, no barbarity, no insolence, no undue pressure. If we want to cultivate a true spirit of democracy, we cannot afford to be intolerant. Intolerance betrays want of faith in one's cause."[128] Civil disobedience and non-cooperation as practised under Satyagraha are based on the "law of suffering",[129] a doctrine that the endurance of suffering is a means to an end. This end usually implies a moral upliftment or progress of an individual or society. Therefore, non-cooperation in Satyagraha is in fact a means to secure the cooperation of the opponent consistently with truth and justice.[130]
Nonviolence[link]
Although Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of non-violence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a large scale.[131] The concept of nonviolence (ahimsa) and nonresistance has a long history in Indian religious thought and has had many revivals in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Jewish and Christian contexts. Gandhi explains his philosophy and way of life in his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Some of his remarks were widely quoted, such as "An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind."[132] "There are many causes that I am prepared to die for but no causes that I am prepared to kill for."[133] Gandhi realized later that this level of nonviolence required incredible faith and courage, which he believed everyone did not possess. He therefore advised that everyone need not keep to nonviolence, especially if it were used as a cover for cowardice, saying, "where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence."[134]
Gandhi thus came under some political fire for his criticism of those who attempted to achieve independence through more violent means. His refusal to protest against the hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Udham Singh and Rajguru were sources of condemnation among some parties.[135][136]
Of this criticism, Gandhi stated, "There was a time when people listened to me because I showed them how to give fight to the British without arms when they had no arms [...] but today I am told that my non-violence can be of no avail against the [Hindu–Moslem riots] and, therefore, people should arm themselves for self-defense."[137]
Gandhi's views came under heavy criticism in Britain when it was under attack from Nazi Germany, and later when the Holocaust was revealed. He told the British people in 1940, "I would like you to lay down the arms you have as being useless for saving you or humanity. You will invite Herr Hitler and Signor Mussolini to take what they want of the countries you call your possessions... If these gentlemen choose to occupy your homes, you will vacate them. If they do not give you free passage out, you will allow yourselves, man, woman, and child, to be slaughtered, but you will refuse to owe allegiance to them."[138]
In a post-war interview in 1946, he said, "Hitler killed five million Jews. It is the greatest crime of our time. But the Jews should have offered themselves to the butcher’s knife. They should have thrown themselves into the sea from cliffs... It would have aroused the world and the people of Germany... As it is they succumbed anyway in their millions."[139]
Intervention in Palestine[link]
One of Gandhi major strategies first in South Africa and then in India was uniting Muslims and Hindus to work together in opposition to British imperialism.[140] In 1919-22 he won strong Muslim support for his leadership in the Khilafat Movement to support the historic Ottoman Caliphate.[140] The root cause of this intervention was "for the sake of Indian Muslims only."[140][141] In 1931, he suggested that while he could understand the desire of European Jews to emigrate to Palestine, this movement should support neither British colonialism nor violence.[142][143] Muslims throughout India and the Middle East strongly opposed the Zionist plan for a Jewish state in Palestine, and Gandhi (and Congress) supported the Muslims in this regard. By the 1930s all major political groups in India opposed a Jewish state in Palestine.[144]
This led to discussions concerning the persecution of the Jews in Germany and the emigration of Jews from Europe to Palestine, which Gandhi framed through the lens of Satyagraha.[142][143][145][146][147][148][149] In 1938, Gandhi stated that his "sympathies are all with the Jews. I have known them intimately in South Africa. Some of them became life-long companions"[147] In 1937, Gandhi discussed Zionism with his close friend Hermann Kallenbach.[140][145] He "did not, however, regard Zionism as the right answer to the Jewish problem"[150][151] and instead responded through his vision of Satyagraha.[143] Gandhi thought the Zionists in Palestine represented European imperialism and used violence to achieve its goals; he argued that "the Jews should disclaim any intention of realizing their aspiration under the protection of arms and should rely wholly on the goodwill of Arabs. No exception can possibly be taken to the natural desire of the Jews to found a home in Palestine. But they must wait for its fulfillment till Arab opinion is ripe for it."[145] Philosopher Martin Buber was extremely critical of Gandhi's approach and in 1939 wrote an open letter to him on the subject.[145][147] Gandhi reiterated his stance on the use of Satyagraha in Palestine in 1947.[143][148]
Vegetarianism and fasting[link]
Stephen Hay argues that Gandhi in London looked into numerous religious and intellectual currents. He especially appreciated how the theosophical movement encouraged a religious eclecticism and an antipathy to atheism. Hay says the vegetarian movement had the greatest impact for it was Gandhi's point of entry into other reformist agendas of the time.[152] The idea of vegetarianism is deeply ingrained in Hindu and Jain traditions in India, especially in his native Gujarat.[153] Gandhi was close to the chairman of the London Vegetarian Society, Dr. Josiah Oldfield, and corresponded with Henry Stephens Salt, a vegetarian campaigner. Gandhi became a strict vegetarian. He wrote the book The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism and wrote for the London Vegetarian Society's publication.[154]
Gandhi used fasting as a political device, often threatening suicide unless demands were met. Gandhi noted in his autobiography that vegetarianism was the beginning of his deep commitment to Brahmacharya; without total control of the palate, his success in Brahmacharya would likely falter. "You wish to know what the marks of a man are who wants to realize Truth which is God," he wrote. "He must reduce himself to zero and have perfect control over all his senses-beginning with the palate or tongue."[155][156]
Congress publicized the fasts as a political action that generated widespread sympathy. In response the government tried to manipulate news coverage to minimize his challenge to the Raj. He fasted in 1932 to protest the voting scheme for separate political representation for Dalits; Gandhi did not want them segregated. The government stopped the London press from showing photographs of his emaciated body, because it would elicit sympathy. Gandhi's 1943 hunger strike took place during a two-year prison term for the anticolonial Quit India movement. The government called on nutritional experts to demystify his action, and again no photos were allowed. However his final fast in 1948, after India was independent, was lauded by the British press and this time did include full-length photos.[157]
Alter argues that Gandhi's fixation on diet and celibacy were much deeper than exercises in self-discipline. Rather, his beliefs regarding health offered a critique of both the traditional Hindu system of ayurvedic medicine and Western concepts. This challenge was integral to his deeper challenge to tradition and modernity, as health and nonviolence became part of the same ethics.[158]
Celibacy[link]
A core Gandhian value that came in for much bantering and ribald music hall humour in Britain was his nakedness—Churchill publicly called him a "half-naked fakir"[159] – and his experiments in "brahmacharya" or the elimination of all desire in the face of temptation.[160] In 1906 Gandhi, although married and a father, vowed to abstain from sexual relations. In the 1940s, in his mid-seventies, he brought his grandniece Manubehn to sleep naked in his bed as part of a spiritual experiment in which Gandhi could test himself as a "brahmachari." Two other women also sometimes shared his bed. Gandhi discussed his experiment with friends and relations; most disagreed and the experiment ceased in 1947.[161]
Nai Talim, Basic Education[link]
Main article: Nai Talim
Gandhi's educational policies reflected Nai Talim ('Basic Education for all'), a spiritual principle which states that knowledge and work are not separate. It was a reaction against the British educational system and colonialism in general, which had the negative effect of making Indian children alienated and career-based; it promoted disdain for manual work, the development of a new elite class, and the increasing problems of industrialisation and urbanisation. The three pillars of Gandhi's pedagogy were its focus on the life-long character of education, its social character and its form as a holistic process. For Gandhi, education is 'the moral development of the person', a process that is by definition 'life-long'.[162]
Nai Talim evolved out of the spiritually oriented education program at Tolstoy Farm in South Africa, and Gandhi's work at the ashram at Sevagram after 1937.[163] After 1947 the Nehru government's vision of an industrialized, centrally planned economy had scant place for Gandhi's village-oriented approach.[164]
Swaraj, Self-Rule[link]
Main article: Swaraj
Rudolph argues that after a false start in trying to emulate the English in an attempt to overcome his timidity, Gandhi discovered the inner courage he was seeking by helping his countrymen in South Africa. The new courage consisted of observing the traditional Bengali way of "self-suffering" and, in finding his own courage, he was enabled also to point out the way of 'Satyagraha' and 'ahimsa' to the whole of India.[165]
Gandhi was a self-described philosophical anarchist,[166] and his vision of India meant an India without an underlying government.[167] He once said that "the ideally nonviolent state would be an ordered anarchy."[168] While political systems are largely hierarchical, with each layer of authority from the individual to the central government have increasing levels of authority over the layer below, Gandhi believed that society should be the exact opposite, where nothing is done without the consent of anyone, down to the individual. His idea was that true self-rule in a country means that every person rules his or herself and that there is no state which enforces laws upon the people.[169]
This would be achieved over time with nonviolent conflict mediation, as power is divested from layers of hierarchical authorities, ultimately to the individual, which would come to embody the ethic of nonviolence. Rather than a system where rights are enforced by a higher authority, people are self-governed by mutual responsibilities. On returning from South Africa, when Gandhi received a letter asking for his participation in writing a world charter for human rights, he responded saying, "in my experience, it is far more important to have a charter for human duties."[170]
A free India did not mean merely transferring the established British administrative structure into Indian hands. He warned, "you would make India English. And when it becomes English, it will be called not Hindustan but Englishtan. This is not the Swaraj I want."[171] Tewari argues that Gandhi saw democracy as more than a system of government; it meant promoting both individuality and the self-discipline of the community. Democracy was a moral system that distributed power and assisted the development of every social class, especially the lowest. It meant settling disputes in a nonviolent manner; it required freedom of thought and expression. For Gandhi, democracy was a way of life.[172]
Gandhian economics[link]
A free India for Gandhi meant the flourishing of thousands of self-sufficient small communities (an idea possibly from Tolstoy) who rule themselves without hindering others. Gandhian economics focused on the need for economic self-sufficiency at the village level. His policy of "sarvodaya"[173] called for ending poverty through improved agriculture and small-scale cottage industries in every village.[174] Gandhi challenged Nehru and the modernizers in the late 1930s who called for rapid industrialization on the Soviet model; Gandhi denounced that as dehumanizing and contrary to the needs of the villages where the great majority of the people lived.[175] After Gandhi's death Nehru led India to large-scale planning that emphasized modernization and heavy industry, while modernizing agriculture through irrigation. Historian Kuruvila Pandikattu says "it was Nehru's vision, not Gandhi's, that was eventually preferred by the Indian State."[176] After Gandhi's death activists inspired by his vision promoted their opposition to industrialization through the teachings of Gandhian economics.
Literary works[link]
Gandhi was a prolific writer. One of Gandhi's earliest publications, Hind Swaraj, published in Gujarati in 1909, is recognised[by whom?] as the intellectual blueprint of India's freedom movement. The book was translated into English the next year, with a copyright legend that read "No Rights Reserved".[177] For decades he edited several newspapers including Harijan in Gujarati, in Hindi and in the English language; Indian Opinion while in South Africa and, Young India, in English, and Navajivan, a Gujarati monthly, on his return to India. Later, Navajivan was also published in Hindi. In addition, he wrote letters almost every day to individuals and newspapers.[178]
Gandhi also wrote several books including his autobiography, The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Gujarātī "સત્યના પ્રયોગો અથવા આત્મકથા"), of which he bought the entire first edition to make sure it was reprinted.[62] His other autobiographies included: Satyagraha in South Africa about his struggle there, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule, a political pamphlet, and a paraphrase in Gujarati of John Ruskin's Unto This Last.[179] This last essay can be considered his programme on economics. He also wrote extensively on vegetarianism, diet and health, religion, social reforms, etc. Gandhi usually wrote in Gujarati, though he also revised the Hindi and English translations of his books.[180]
Gandhi's complete works were published by the Indian government under the name The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi in the 1960s. The writings comprise about 50,000 pages published in about a hundred volumes. In 2000, a revised edition of the complete works sparked a controversy, as it constituted large number of errors and omissions.[181] The Indian government later withdrew the revised edition.[182]
Legacy and depictions in popular culture[link]
The word Mahatma, while often mistaken for Gandhi's given name in the West, is taken from the Sanskrit words maha (meaning Great) and atma (meaning Soul). Rabindranath Tagore is said to have accorded the title to Gandhi.[183] In his autobiography, Gandhi nevertheless explains that he never valued the title, and was often pained by it.[184]
Followers and international influence[link]
| “ | Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics. | ” |
|
—Martin Luther King Jr, 1955[185] |
||
Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. Leaders of the civil rights movement in the United States, including Martin Luther King and James Lawson, drew from the writings of Gandhi in the development of their own theories about non-violence.[186][187][188] Anti-apartheid activist and former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, was inspired by Gandhi.[189] Others include Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan,[190] Steve Biko, and Aung San Suu Kyi.[191]
In his early years, the former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela was a follower of the non-violent resistance philosophy of Gandhi.[189] Bhana and Vahed commented on these events as "Gandhi inspired succeeding generations of South African activists seeking to end White rule. This legacy connects him to Nelson Mandela...in a sense Mandela completed what Gandhi started."[32]
Gandhi's life and teachings inspired many who specifically referred to Gandhi as their mentor or who dedicated their lives to spreading Gandhi's ideas. In Europe, Romain Rolland was the first to discuss Gandhi in his 1924 book Mahatma Gandhi, and Brazilian anarchist and feminist Maria Lacerda de Moura wrote about Gandhi in her work on pacifism. In 1931, notable European physicist Albert Einstein exchanged written letters with Gandhi, and called him "a role model for the generations to come" in a later writing about him.[192] Einstein said of Gandhi:
Mahatma Gandhi's life achievement stands unique in political history. He has invented a completely new and humane means for the liberation war of an oppressed country, and practised it with greatest energy and devotion. The moral influence he had on the consciously thinking human being of the entire civilized world will probably be much more lasting than it seems in our time with its overestimation of brutal violent forces. Because lasting will only be the work of such statesmen who wake up and strengthen the moral power of their people through their example and educational works.We may all be happy and grateful that destiny gifted us with such an enlightened contemporary, a role model for the generations to come.
Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood.[193]
Lanza del Vasto went to India in 1936 intending to live with Gandhi; he later returned to Europe to spread Gandhi's philosophy and founded the Community of the Ark in 1948 (modelled after Gandhi's ashrams). Madeleine Slade (known as "Mirabehn") was the daughter of a British admiral who spent much of her adult life in India as a devotee of Gandhi.[194][195]
In addition, the British musician John Lennon referred to Gandhi when discussing his views on non-violence.[196] At the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival in 2007, former U.S. Vice-President and environmentalist Al Gore spoke of Gandhi's influence on him.[197]
President of the United States Barack Obama in an address to a Joint Session of the Parliament of India said that:
"I am mindful that I might not be standing before you today, as President of the United States, had it not been for Gandhi and the message he shared with America and the world."—Barack Obama in an address to a Joint Session of the Parliament of India, 2010[198]
Obama in September 2009 said that his biggest inspiration came from Mahatma Gandhi. His reply was in response to the question 'Who was the one person, dead or live, that you would choose to dine with?'. He continued that "He's somebody I find a lot of inspiration in. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. He ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his ethics."[199]
Time Magazine named The 14th Dalai Lama, Lech Wałęsa, Martin Luther King, Cesar Chavez, Aung San Suu Kyi, Benigno Aquino, Jr., Desmond Tutu, and Nelson Mandela as Children of Gandhi and his spiritual heirs to non-violence.[200] The Mahatma Gandhi District in Houston, Texas, United States, an ethnic Indian enclave, is officially named after Gandhi.[201]
Global holidays[link]
In 2007, the United Nations General Assembly declared Gandhi's birthday 2 October as "the International Day of Non-Violence."[202] First proposed by UNESCO in 1948, as the School Day of Non-violence and Peace (DENIP in Spanish),[203] 30 January of every year is observed the School Day of Non-violence and Peace in schools of many countries[204] In countries with a Southern Hemisphere school calendar, it is observed on 30 March.[204]
Awards[link]
Time magazine named Gandhi the Man of the Year in 1930. Gandhi was also the runner-up to Albert Einstein as "Person of the Century"[205] at the end of 1999.The Government of India awards the annual Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. Nelson Mandela, the leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, is a prominent non-Indian recipient. In 2011, Time magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons of all time.[206]
Gandhi did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948, including the first-ever nomination by the American Friends Service Committee,[207] though he made the short list only twice, in 1937 and 1947.[94] Decades later, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission, and admitted to deeply divided nationalistic opinion denying the award.[94] Gandhi was nominated in 1948 but was assassinated before nominations closed. That year, the committee chose not to award the peace prize stating that "there was no suitable living candidate" and later research shows that the possibility of awarding the prize posthumously to Gandhi was discussed and that the reference to no suitable living candidate was to Gandhi.[94] When the 14th Dalai Lama was awarded the Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi."[94]
Film and literature[link]
Mahatma Gandhi has been portrayed in film, literature, and in the theatre. Ben Kingsley portrayed Gandhi in the 1982 film Gandhi, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. The 2007 film, Gandhi, My Father explores the relationship between Gandhi and his son Harilal. Gandhi is also a central figure in the 2006 Bollywood comedy Lage Raho Munna Bhai. The 1996 film, The Making of the Mahatma, documents Gandhi's time in South Africa and his transformation from an inexperienced barrister to recognised political leader.[208]
Several biographers have undertaken the task of describing Gandhi's life. Among them are: D. G. Tendulkar with his Mahatma. Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in eight volumes, and Pyarelal and Sushila Nayyar with their Mahatma Gandhi in 10 volumes. There is also another documentary, titled Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948, which is 14 chapters and 6 hours long.[209]
The April 2010 biography, Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India by Joseph Lelyveld contained controversial material speculating about Gandhi's sexual life.[210] Because of this material, the book was banned in the Indian state of Gujarat, Gandhi's birthplace.[211] Lelyveld, however, stated that the press coverage "grossly distort[s]" the overall message of the book.[212]
Current impact within India[link]
India, with its rapid economic modernization and urbanization, has rejected Gandhi's economics[214] but accepted much of his politics and continues to revere his memory. Reporter Jim Yardley notes that, "modern India is hardly a Gandhian nation, if it ever was one. His vision of a village-dominated economy was shunted aside during his lifetime as rural romanticism, and his call for a national ethos of personal austerity and nonviolence has proved antithetical to the goals of an aspiring economic and military power." By contrast Gandhi is "given full credit for India’s political identity as a tolerant, secular democracy."[215]
Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is a national holiday in India, Gandhi Jayanti. Gandhi's image also appears on paper currency of all denominations issued by Reserve Bank of India, except for the one rupee note.[216] Gandhi's date of death, 30 January, is commemorated as a Martyrs' Day in India.[217]
There are two temples in India dedicated to Gandhi.[218] One is located at Sambalpur in Orissa and the other at Nidaghatta village near Kadur in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka.[218] The Gandhi Memorial in Kanyakumari resembles central Indian Hindu temples and the Tamukkam or Summer Palace in Madurai now houses the Mahatma Gandhi Museum.[219]
Citations[link]
- ^ a b c Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006), pg 1-3.
- ^ Pilisuk & Nagler (2011), pg 306-307.
- ^ "Mohandas Gandhi (1869 - 1948)". http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gandhi_mohandas.shtml.
- ^ Richard Toye (2010). Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made. Macmillan. p. 176-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ca4DNx1iuRgC&pg=PA176.
- ^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006), Gandhi: the man, his people, and the empire, University of California Press, p. 172, http://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA172 Quote: "Addresses in Durban and Verulam referred to Gandhi as a 'Mahatma', 'great soul'. He was seen as a great soul because he had taken up the poor's cause. (p 172)"
- ^ Markovits, Claude (2006). Un-Gandhian Gandhi. Permanent Black. p. 59. ISBN 978-81-7824-155-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=30e_maQ2vYQC&pg=PA59.
- ^ Douglas Allen (2008). The Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi for the Twenty-First Century. Lexington Books. p. 34. http://books.google.com/books?id=bc53Vcr1eRYC&pg=PA34.
- ^ Todd & Marty (2012), pg 8. The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers.
- ^ Miller (2002), pg 9.
- ^ a b c Majumudar (2005), pg 27, 28.
- ^ Schouten (2008), pg 132.
- ^ a b c d e f Tendulkar (1951).
- ^ Singh, Savita; Misra, Bharati (2005). Gandhian Alternative (vol. 2 : Nonviolence-In-Action). Concept Publishing Company. p. 110. ISBN 978-81-8069-124-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=AF8dWNDBGIQC.
- ^ a b Sannuti (2010).
- ^ Sorokin (2002), pg 169.
- ^ Rudolph & Rudolph (1983), pg 48.
- ^ a b Mohanty (2011).
- ^ Gandhi, (1940). Chapter "At the High School".
- ^ Gandhi, (1940). Chapter "Playing the Husband".
- ^ Gandhi, (1940). Chapter "My Father's Death and My Double Shame".
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- ^ Gandhi (1990) p 304-5
- ^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006), pp 20-21.
- ^ a b c d Brown, (1991).
- ^ a b Parekh, (2001).
- ^ a b Fischer, (2002).
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- ^ Rai, Ajay Shanker (2000). Gandhian Satyagraha: An Analytical And Critical Approach. Concept Publishing Company. p. 35. ISBN 978-81-7022-799-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z9ZSLa6cy-8C&pg=PA35.
- ^ Smith, (2006).
- ^ a b Bhana & Vahed, (2005). Pg 44–45, 149.
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- ^ Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi's Life:India 1918 in WikiSource based on the Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Based on public domain volumes.
- ^ Gandhi,(1940). Chapter "Recruiting Campaign".
- ^ a b Desai, (1930).
- ^ Gandhi, (1965) Collected Works, Vol 17. Chapter "67. Appeal for enlistment", Nadiad, 22 June 1918
- ^ Gandhi, (1965) Collected Works, Vol 17. "Chapter 8. Letter to J. L. Maffey", Nadiad, 30 April 1918.
- ^ Andrews (1930).
- ^ a b Hardiman, (2001).
- ^ Unattributed (2004). "Satyagraha Laboratories Of Mahatma Gandhi". Indian National Congress website. All India Congress Committee. http://web.archive.org/web/20061206050856/http://www.aicc.org.in/satyagraha_laboratories_of_mahatma_gandhi.htm. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
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- ^ Brown, (1974). Pp 94-102
- ^ Gail Minault, The Khilafat Movement Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India (1982)
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- ^ Roberts, "A Review of the Gandhi Movement in India," Political Science Quarterly, (1923) p. 229
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 82.
- ^ Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2008). Indian politics and society since independence: events, processes and ideology. Routledge. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-415-40868-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C&pg=PA154. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ Hardiman, (2003). Pg 163
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 89.
- ^ Unattributed (December 1931). "Gandhi Invents Spinning Wheel". Popular Science (Bonnier Corporation): 60. http://books.google.com/books?id=ESgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ a b Shashi, (19960. Pg 9.
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 105.
- ^ a b c Roberts, (2011).
- ^ Datta, Amaresh (1 January 2006). The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti). Sahitya Akademi. p. 1345. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1345. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 131.
- ^ Jain, Jagdishchandra (1987). Gandhi, the forgotten Mahatma. Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 17. ISBN 81-7099-037-8. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=NurqxSttqjoC&pg=PA17.
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 172.
- ^ Hatt, (2002). Pg 33.
- ^ Norvell, 1997.
- ^ Sarma, (1994).
- ^ Murali, (1985).
- ^ Herman (20080. Pg 375-377.
- ^ Coward, (2003). Pp 52-53.
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 230-232.
- ^ 100 Most Influential People of All Times. Pg no 354.
- ^ Pyarelal, (1956).
- ^ Jones & Ryan (2007). Pg 160.
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 246.
- ^ Ghose, Sankar (1992). Jawaharlal Nehru, A Biography, p.137. Allied Publishers Limited.
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 277-281.
- ^ Sarkar, (2006).
- ^ Dash, Siddhartha. "Orissa Review". http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2005/englishPdf/Gandhi_subhas.pdf. Retrieved 12-4-2012.
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 283-286.
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 309.
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 318.
- ^ Wilhelm von Pochhammer (2005). India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent. Allied Publishers. p. 469. http://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&pg=PA469.
- ^ Lapping, (1989).
- ^ "Gandhi, Jinnah Meet First Time Since '44; Disagree on Pakistan, but Will Push Peace". The New York Times. 7 May 1947. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30A1EFA3F58147B93C5A9178ED85F438485F9. Retrieved 25 March 2012. (Subscription required)
- ^ Jalil, Azizul (1944). "When Gandhi met Jinnah". The Daily Star. http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2006/11/04/history.htm. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2001). Propaganda and information in Eastern India, 1939-45: a necessary weapon of war. Psychology Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7007-1406-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=M2GI26jditsC&pg=PA33.
- ^ Reprinted in The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas, Louis Fischer, ed., 2002 (reprint edition) pp. 106–108.
- ^ Keen, Shirin (Spring, 1998). "The Partition of India". Emory University. http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html.
- ^ Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (5 January 1994). Jack, Homer A.. ed. The Gandhi reader: a source book of his life and writings. Grove Press. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-8021-3161-4.
- ^ Wolpert, Stanley. Gandhi's Passion – The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513060-X. http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/wolpert-gandhi.html.
- ^ a b c d e Tønnesson, Øyvind (1 December 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/gandhi/. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R.. A concise history of modern India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 221–222. ISBN 978-0-521-86362-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C.
- ^ Saikia, Bijoy Sankar (2 October 2006). "Why Mahatma Gandhi didn't get a Nobel Prize". CNN IBN-Live. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/why-mahatma-gandhi-didnt-get-a-nobel-prize/22985-3-single.html.
- ^ Stanley Wolpert, Gandhi's Passion p 7
- ^ Gandhi 1990, p. 472.
- ^ Vinay Lal. ‘Hey Ram’: The Politics of Gandhi’s Last Words. Humanscape 8, no. 1 (January 2001): pp. 34–38.
- ^ Nehru's address on Gandhi's death. Retrieved on 15 March 2007.
- ^ Jain, 1996. Pg 45-47.
- ^ Unattributed, Indian Express, (1 February 1948).
- ^ Unattributed, Indian Express (31 January 1948).
- ^ Khan, (2011).
- ^ LIFE. Time Inc. 15 March 1948. p. 76. ISSN 00243019. http://books.google.com/books?id=LEEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76.
- ^ a b Ramesh, (2008).
- ^ Kumar, (2006). Pg 170.
- ^ Ferrell, (2001).
- ^ M.M. Sankhdher, "Gandhism: A Political Interpretation," Gandhi Marg (1972) pp 68-74
- ^ M. V. Kamath, Gandhi, a spiritual journey (2007) p. 195
- ^ R. B. Cribb, "The Early Political Philosophy of M. K. Gandhi, 1869-1893," Asian Profile, (1985) 13#4 pp 353-360
- ^ Judith M. Brown; Anthony Parel (21 February 2011). The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-521-13345-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=KLM8kMZZu-IC&pg=PA93.
- ^ Lloyd I. Rudolph; Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (1984). The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India. U. of Chicago Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-226-73137-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=7guY1ut-0lwC&pg=PA171.
- ^ Crib, (1985).
- ^ Meller, Helen Elizabeth (1994). Patrick Geddes: social evolutionist and city planner. Routledge. pp. 159. ISBN 0-415-10393-2.
- ^ Williams, Raymond Brady (2001). An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 173. ISBN 0-521-65422-X.
- ^ Rajat Kanta Ray, D. A. Low (2006). Congress and the Raj: Facets of the Indian Struggle 1917 - 47. Oxford University Press. pp. 60–64. ISBN 0-19-568367-6.
- ^ Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind (1972). "Gandhi and History". History and Theory 11 (2): 214–225. DOI:10.2307/2504587. JSTOR 2504587.
- ^ Spodek, Howard (Feb 1971). "On the Origins of Gandhi's Political Methodology: The Heritage of Kathiawad and Gujarat". Journal of Asian Studies 30 (2): 361–372. JSTOR 2942919. http://central.d127.org/library/classprojects/gandhi/Documents/OntheOriginsofGandhiPolMeth.pdf.
- ^ Murthy, B. Srinivasa, ed. (1987). Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy: Letters. Long Beach, California: Long Beach Publications. ISBN 0-941910-03-2. http://bsmurthy.com/download/Mahatma_Gandhi_Leostoy_Letters_by_BSM.pdf. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ Green, Martin Burgess (1986). The origins of nonviolence: Tolstoy and Gandhi in their historical settings. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-00414-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=D0luAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ Bhana, Surendra (1979). "Tolstoy Farm, A Satyagrahi's Battle Ground". Journal of Indian History 57 (2/3): 431–440.
- ^ Johnson, Richard L. (2006). Gandhi's Experiments With Truth: Essential Writings By And About Mahatma Gandhi. Lexington Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7391-1143-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC&pg=PR11. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ Watson, I. Bruce (1977). "Satyagraha: The Gandhian Synthesis". Journal of Indian History 55 (1/2): 325–335.
- ^ Parel, Anthony (10 August 2006). Gandhi's philosophy and the quest for harmony. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-521-86715-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC&pg=PA195. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ Uma Majmudar (2005). Gandhi's pilgrimage of faith: from darkness to light. SUNY Press. p. 138. http://books.google.com/books?id=xM4paHEq5oQC&pg=PA138.
- ^ Gandhi, M.K. "Some Rules of Satyagraha" Young India (Navajivan) 23 February 1930 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 48, p. 340)
- ^ R. K. Prabhu & U. R. Rao, editors; from section "Power of Satyagraha," of the book The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi, Ahemadabad, India, Revised Edition, 1967.
- ^ Gandhi, M. K. (1982) [Young India, 16 June 1920]. "156. The Law of Suffering". Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. 20 (electronic ed.). New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. pp. 396–399. http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL020.PDF. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ Sharma, Jai Narain (2008). Satyagraha: Gandhi's approach to conflict resolution. Concept Publishing Company. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-8069-480-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=XxJvoBWTAXoC&pg=PA17. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ Asirvatham, Eddy. Political Theory. S.chand. ISBN 81-219-0346-7.
- ^ Mary Ellen Snodgrass, Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire (2009) p 316
- ^ James Geary, Geary's Guide to the World's Great Aphorists (2007) p 87
- ^ William Borman (1986). Gandhi and non-violence. SUNY Press. p. 253. http://books.google.com/books?id=U6DE9OUvrTEC&pg=PA253.
- ^ Mahatama Gandhi on Bhagat Singh.
- ^ Rai, Raghunath. Themes in Indian History. FK Publications. p. 282. http://books.google.com/books?id=zYhgvAsKGLsC&pg=PA282.
- ^ reprinted in Louis Fischer, ed. The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas 2002 (reprint edition) p. 311.
- ^ Stanley Wolpert. Gandhi's passion: the life and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press. p. 197. http://books.google.com/books?id=ih1VCqkUr4gC&pg=PA197.
- ^ Louis Fischer (1950). The life of Mahatma Gandhi. Harper. p. 348. http://books.google.com/?id=pHcGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA348&q=%22cliffs%22.
- ^ a b c d Panter-Brick, Simone. "Gandhi's Dream of Hindu-Muslim Unity and its two Offshoots in the Middle East." Durham Anthropology Journal, Volume 16(2) 2009: PP. 54-66.
- ^ P. R. Kumaraswamy, "Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home: An Assessment," Asian and African studies: Journal of the Israel Oriental Society, (1992) 26#1 pp 1-13
- ^ a b Mishra, Pankaj. "The west will not prevent a Palestinian state's eventual birth." The Guardian, 14 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d Guha, Ramachandra. "Gandhi and Palestine." The Hindu, 2 January 2004.
- ^ Birendra Prasad, "Indian Opinion and the Peel Commission on Palestine," Indian Journal of Politics, vol. 11, no. 3 (December 1977), pp 223-228.
- ^ a b c d Lelyveld, Joseph. Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India. New York: Knopf, 2011. PP. 278 - 281.
- ^ Panter-Brick, Simone. Gandhi And The Middle East: Jews, Arabs and Imperial Interests. London:I.B. Tauris, 2008.
- ^ a b c Murti, Ramana V.V. "Buber's Dialogue and Gandhi's Satyagraha." Journal of the History of Ideas. Vol. 29, NO. 4 (Oct-Dec, 1968), pp. 605-613. in JSTOR
- ^ a b "Gandhi Praises British Decision." The St. Petersburg Times, 7 May 1947, P. 27.
- ^ Reddy, E.S. (ed). "Gandhi, The Jews And Palestine: A Collection of Articles, Speeches, Letters and Interviews." GandhiServe Foundation:Mahatma Gandhi Research and Media Service.
- ^ Jack, Homer. The Gandhi Reader. New York: Grove Press, 1956. P. 317
- ^ Segev, Tom. One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate. New York: Metropolitan Books: 2000. P. 435.
- ^ Stephen Hay, "The Making of a Late-Victorian Hindu: M.K. Gandhi in London, 1888–1891," Victorian Studies, (Aut. 1989) 33#1 pp 75–98 in JSTOR
- ^ Chitrita Banerji, Eating India: an odyssey into the food and culture of the land of spices (2007) p. 169
- ^ Wolpert, Gandhi's passion p. 22
- ^ Cited in Mohit Chakrabarti, Gandhian Socio-Aesthetics (1997) p. 24
- ^ See also Carol Becker, "Gandhi's Body and Further Representations of War and Peace," Art Journal 65#4 (2006) pp 79+
- ^ Tim Pratt and James Vernon, "'Appeal from this fiery bed . . .': The Colonial Politics of Gandhi's Fasts and Their Metropolitan Reception," Journal of British Studies, Jan 2005, 44#1 pp 92–114
- ^ Joseph S. Alter, "Gandhi's body, Gandhi's truth: Nonviolence and the biomoral imperative of public health," Journal of Asian Studies, (May 1996) 35#2 pp 301–22 in JSTOR
- ^ Tariq Ali, An Indian dynasty: the story of the Nehru-Gandhi family (1985) p 36
- ^ Gandhi (1990) pp 572–78
- ^ Vinay Lal, "Nakedness, Nonviolence, and Brahmacharya: Gandhi's Experiments in Celibate Sexuality," Journal of the History of Sexuality, (Jan/Apr 2000), Vol. 9 Issue 1/2, pp 105–36
- ^ Dinabandhu Dehury: Mahatma Gandhi's Contribution to Education
- ^ Thomas Weber (2004). Gandhi As Disciple And Mentor. Cambridge U. Press. p. 80. http://books.google.com/books?id=P8nC80pG4GIC&pg=PA80.
- ^ David Yencken; John Fien; Helen Sykes (2000). Environment, Education, and Society in the Asia-Pacific: Local Traditions and Global Discourses. Psychology Press. p. 107. http://books.google.com/books?id=tpE3W2MhC78C&pg=PA107.
- ^ Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, "The New Courage: An Essay on Gandhi's Psychology," World Politics, (1963) 16#1, pp. 98–117 in JSTOR
- ^ Snow, Edgar. The Message of Gandhi. SEP 27 March 1948. "Like Marx, Gandhi hated the state and wished to eliminate it, and he told me he considered himself 'a philosophical anarchist.'"
- ^ Jesudasan, Ignatius. A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India, 1987, pp 236–237
- ^ Bidyut Chakrabarty (2006). Social and political thought of Mahatma Gandhi. Routledge. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-415-36096-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=4x34We-mY40C&pg=PA138. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand; Tolstoy, Leo (September 1987). B. Srinivasa Murthy. ed. Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy letters. Long Beach Publications.
- ^ Easwaran, Eknath. Gandhi the Man. Nilgiri Press, 1998. p. 33.
- ^ Paul Gillen; Devleena Ghosh (2007). Colonialism and Modernity. UNSW Press. p. 130. http://books.google.com/books?id=bnQk28Du5poC&pg=PA130.
- ^ S. M. Tewari, "The Concept of Democracy in the Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi," Indian Political Science Review (1971) 6#2 pp 225-251
- ^ V. V. Bhatt, "Development Problem, Strategy, and Technology Choice: Sarvodaya and Socialist Approaches in India," Economic Development and Cultural Change (1982) 31#1 pp. 85-99 in JSTOR
- ^ Kenneth Rivett, "The Economic Thought of Mahatma Gandhi," British Journal of Sociology (1959) 10#1 pp. 1-15 in JSTOR
- ^ Bidyut Chakrabarty, "Jawaharlal Nehru and Planning, 1938-1941: India at the Crossroads," Modern Asian Studies (March 1992) 26#2 pp 275-287
- ^ Kuruvila Pandikattu (2001). Gandhi: the meaning of Mahatma for the millennium. CRVP. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-56518-156-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=YrGadHsc1bUC&pg=PA237.
- ^ "Would Gandhi have been a Wikipedian?". The Indian Express. 17 January 2012. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/would-gandhi-have-been-a-wikipedian/900506/0. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ Peerless Communicator by V.N. Narayanan. Life Positive Plus, October–December 2002
- ^ Gandhi, M. K. (in English; trans. from Gujarati) (PDF). Unto this Last: A paraphrase. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. ISBN 81-7229-076-4. http://wikilivres.info/wiki/Unto_This_Last_%E2%80%94_M._K._Gandhi.
- ^ Pareku, Bhikhu. Gandhi. Oxford University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-19-160667-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC&pg=PT159. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ "Revised edition of Bapu's works to be withdrawn". The Times of India. 16 November 2005. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-16/india/27838774_1_second-edition-bapu-gujarat-vidyapith. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (CWMG) Controversy
- ^ Tagore, Rabindranath (15 December 1998). Dutta, Krishna. ed. Rabindranath Tagore: an anthology. Robinson, Andrew. Macmillan. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-312-20079-4.
- ^ Desai, Mahadev H. (1983). Autobiography: the story of my experiments with truth. Mineola, N.Y: Dover. p. viii. ISBN 0-486-24593-4. http://books.google.com/?id=OXoRs7Kxs_YC&pg=PR1.
- ^ Tougas, Shelley (1 January 2011). Birmingham 1963: How a Photograph Rallied Civil Rights Support. Capstone Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7565-4398-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=zzWQKHKcrOMC&pg=PT12. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Unattributed. "King’s Trip to India". Mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090321002316/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/kingpapers/article/kings_trip_to_india/. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Sidner, Sara (17 February 2009). "King moved, as father was, on trip to Gandhi's memorial". cnn.com Asia-Pacific (CNN). http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/02/17/king.anniversaryvisit/index.html. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ D'Souza, Placido P. (20 January 2003). "Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr.: Gandhi's influence on King". SF Gate (San Francisco Chronicle). http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/01/20/ED163673.DTL. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ a b Nelson Mandela, The Sacred Warrior: The liberator of South Africa looks at the seminal work of the liberator of India, Time Magazine, 3 January 2000.
- ^ Pal, Amitabh (February 2002). "A pacifist uncovered- Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Pakistani pacifist". The Progressive. http://progressive.org/mag_amitpalabdul. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "An alternative Gandhi". The Tribune. India. 22 February 2004. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040222/spectrum/book1.htm. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ "Einstein on Gandhi (Einstein's letter to Gandhi – Courtesy:Saraswati Albano-Müller & Notes by Einstein on Gandhi – Source: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem )". Gandhiserve.org. 18 October 1931. http://www.gandhiserve.org/streams/einstein.html. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "Tributes to Gandhi". http://www.gandhiashram.org. http://www.gandhiashram.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40&Itemid=62. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- ^ Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Uma (1 January 2005). Gandhi's prisoner?: the life of Gandhi's son Manilal. Permanent Black. p. 293. ISBN 978-81-7824-116-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=hCR0AJx-9pwC&pg=PA293. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ "In the company of Bapu". The Telegraph (Calcutta). 3 October 2004. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041003/asp/look/story_3824566.asp. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ Gilmore, Mikal (5 December 2005). "Lennon Lives Forever". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070528225215/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/8898300/lennon_lives_forever. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Kar, Kalyan (23 June 2007). "Of Gandhigiri and Green Lion, Al Gore wins hearts at Cannes". Cannes Lions 2007. exchange4media. http://www.exchange4media.com/Cannes/2007/fullstory2007.asp?section_id=13&news_id=26524&tag=21387&pict=2. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "Remarks by the President to the Joint Session of the Indian Parliament in New Delhi, India, Parliament House, New Delhi, India". The White House. 8 November 2010. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/08/remarks-president-joint-session-indian-parliament-new-delhi-india. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "Obama steers clear of politics in school pep talk". msnbc.msn.com. Associated Press (msnbc.com). 8 September 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32723625/ns/politics-white_house/t/obama-steers-clear-politics-school-pep-talk/#.Tx5wvqWyaOw. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Unattributed (31 December 1999). "The Children Of Gandhi" (excerpt). Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993026,00.html.
- ^ Moreno, Jenalia (16 January 2010). "Houston community celebrates district named for Gandhi". Chron.com. Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/6818599.html. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ "UN declares 2 October, Gandhi’s birthday, as International Day of Non-Violence". UN News Centre. 15. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22926&Cr=non&Cr1=violence. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ Unattributed (30 January 2009). "School Day Of Non-Violence And Peace". Letter of Peace addressed to the UN. cartadelapaz.org. http://www.cartadelapaz.org/portal_cp/anoticies_detall.php?id=682. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ a b Eulogio Díaz del Corral (31 January 1983). "DENIP: School Day of Non-violence and Peace" (in Spanish). DENIP. http://denip.webcindario.com/denip.english.html. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ Rushdie, Salman (13 April 1998). "The Time 100". Time Magazine Online. http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/gandhi.html. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
- ^ "Top 25 Political Icons". Time Magazine Online. 4 February 2011. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2046285_2045996_2045906,00.html. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
- ^ "Nobel Peace Prize Nominations". American Friends Service Committee. http://www.afsc.org/about/nobel/past-nominations.htm. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ Melvani, Lavina (February 1997). "Making of the Mahatma". Hinduism Today. hinduismtoday.com. http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=4798. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ Unattributed. "Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948 (1968)". IMDb. Amazon.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0318415/. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ Kunzru, Hari (29 March 2011). "Appreciating Gandhi Through His Human Side". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/30/books/in-great-soul-joseph-lelyveld-re-examines-gandhi.html. Retrieved 26 January 2012. (Book review of "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India" by Joseph Lelyveld).
- ^ Agence France-Presse (30 March 2011). "Indian state bans Gandhi book". AdelaideNow. Advertiser Newspapers Ltd. http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/world/indian-state-bans-gandhi-book/story-e6frea8l-1226031028275. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ Agence France-Presse (29 March 2011). "US author slams Gandhi gay claim". The Australian. News Limited. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/us-author-slams-gandhi-gay-claim/story-fn3dxity-1226030279549. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ "Gandhi Mandapam". http://www.chennainetwork.com/. http://www.chennainetwork.com/chennai/gandhimandapam.html. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ B. N. Ghosh (2001). Contemporary issues in development economics. Psychology Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-415-25136-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=aM18jLPbhj8C&pg=PA211.
- ^ Yardley, Jim (6 November 2010). "Obama Invokes Gandhi, Whose Ideal Eludes India". Asia-Pacific (New York Times). http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/asia/07gandhi.html. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ "Reserve Bank of India – Bank Notes". Rbi.org.in. http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/ic_banknotes.aspx. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
- ^ Chatterjee, Sailen. "Martyrs’ Day". Features. Press Information Bureau. http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fjan2000/f270120001.html. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ a b Kaggere, Niranjan (2 October 2010). "Here, Gandhi is God". www.BangaloreMirror.com. http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/10/201010022010100204445248420e2db29/Here-Gandhi-is-god.html. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
- ^ Abram, David; Edwards, Nick (27 November 2003). The Rough Guide to South India. Rough Guides. p. 506. ISBN 978-1-84353-103-6. http://books.google.com/?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Rough+Guide+to+South+India+%282003%29#v=onepage&q=The%20Rough%20Guide%20to%20South%20India%20%282003%29&f=false. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
References[link]
Books[link]
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Primary sources[link]
- Andrews, C. F. (2008) [1930]. "VII – The Teaching of Ahimsa". Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas Including Selections from His Writings. Pierides Press. ISBN 978-1-4437-3309-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=3EAV6JhQmgkC.
- Dalton, Dennis, ed. (1996). Mahatma Gandhi: selected political writings. Hackett Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87220-330-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=afqmUWX5yeoC.
- Duncan, Ronald, ed. (May 2011). Selected Writings of Mahatma Gandhi. Literary Licensing, LLC. ISBN 978-1-258-00907-6. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54615149.
- Gandhi, M. K.; Fischer, Louis (2002). Louis Fischer. ed. The essential Gandhi: an anthology of his writings on his life, work and ideas. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-1-4000-3050-7.
- Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1928) (in Gujarati) (paperback). Satyagraha in South Africa (1 ed.). Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. "Translated by Valji G. Desai" Free online access at Wikilivres.ca (1/e). Pdfs from Gandhiserve (3/e) & Yann Forget (hosted by Arvind Gupta) (1/e).
- Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1994). The collected works of Mahatma Gandhi. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. ISBN 978-81-230-0239-2. (100 volumes). Free online access from Gandhiserve.
- Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1940). An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments With Truth (2 ed.). Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. ISBN 0-8070-5909-9. Also available at Wikisource.
- Jack, Homer A., ed. (1994). The Gandhi reader: a source book of his life and writings. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3161-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=pjN3jZQ74AoC.
- Johnson, Richard L.; Gandhi, M. K. (2006). Gandhi's experiments with truth: essential writings by and about Mahatma Gandhi. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1143-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC.
- Parel, Anthony J., ed. (2009). Gandhi: 'Hind Swaraj' and Other Writings Centenary Edition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14602-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=oc47gUOPZfcC.
Web sites[link]
- Keen, Shirin (Spring, 1998). "The Partition of India". Emory University. http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- Sannuti, Arun (6 April 2010). "Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) – Vegetarianism: The Road to Satyagraha". International Vegetarian Union (IVU). http://www.ivu.org/history/gandhi/road.html. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- Smith, Colleen (1 October 2006). "Mbeki: Mahatma Gandhi Satyagraha 100th Anniversary (01/10/2006)". Speeches. http://www.polity.org.za. http://www.polity.org.za/article/mbeki-mahatma-gandhi-satyagraha-100th-anniversary-01102006-2006-10-01. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
Journal articles[link]
- Cribb, R. B. (August 1985). "The Early Political Philosophy of M. K. Gandhi, 1869-1893". Asian Profile 13 (4): 353–360.
- Hardiman, David (April 2001). "Champaran and Gandhi: Planters, Peasants and Gandhian Politics by Jacques Pouchepadass (Review)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11 (1): 99–101. JSTOR 25188108.
- Khan, Yasmin (January 2011). "Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state" (abstract). Modern Asian Studies 45 (1): 57–80. DOI:10.1017/S0026749X10000223. http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0026749X10000223. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- Mohanty, Rekha (2011). "From Satya to Sadbhavna". Orissa Review (January 2011): 45–49. http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/january.pdf#page=58. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- Murali, Atlury (January 1985). "Non-Cooperation in Andhra in 1920–22: Nationalist Intelligentsia and the Mobilization of Peasantry". Indian Historical Review 12 (1/2): 188–217. ISSN 0376-9836.
- Norvell, Lyn (1997). "Gandhi and the Indian Women's Movement". British Library Journal 23 (1): 12–27. ISSN 0305-5167.
- Prashad, Ganesh (September 1966). "Whiggism in India". Political Science Quarterly 81 (3): 412–431. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2147642.
- Sarkar, Jayabrata (18 April 2006). "Power, Hegemony and Politics: Leadership Struggle in Congress in the 1930s". Modern Asian Studies 40 (2): 333–370. DOI:10.1017/S0026749X0600179X.
- Sarma, Bina Kumari (January 1994). "Gandhian Movement and Women's Awakening in Orissa". Indian Historical Review 21 (1/2): 78–79. ISSN 0376-9836.
- Spodek, Howard (February 1971). "On the Origins of Gandhi's Political Methodology: The Heritage of Kathiawad and Gujarat". The Journal of Asian Studies 30 (2): 361–372. JSTOR 2942919.
News reports[link]
- Ferrell, David (27 September 2001). "A Little Serenity in a City of Madness" (Abstract). Los Angeles Times: pp. B 2. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/82514621.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+27%2C+2001&author=DAVID+FERRELL&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=B.2&desc=Surroundings%3A+Lake+Shrine%3B+%27A+Little+Serenity+in+a+City+of+Madness%27%3B+Meditation+Gardens+in+Pacific+Palisades+Are+a+Place+to+Walk%2C+Think+and+Pray. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- Ramesh, Randeep (16 January 2008). "Gandhi's ashes to rest at sea, not in a museum". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/16/india.international. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- Roberts, Andrew (26 March 2011). "Among the Hagiographers (A book review of "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India" by Joseph Lelyveld)". BookShelf (Wall Street Journal). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703529004576160371482469358.html. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- Unattributed (31 January 1948). "Of all faiths and races, together they shed their silent tears". The Indian Express: p. 5 (top centre). http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2964%2C2759742. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- Unattributed (1 February 1948). "Over a million get last darshan". The Indian Express: p. 1 (bottom left). http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=nkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2273%2C2717510. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
External links[link]
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Images and media from Commons |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
- Gandhi Smriti — Government of India website
- Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya Gandhi Museum & Library
- Gandhi Research Foundation - One-Stop info on Gandhi
- Works by or about Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand |
| Alternative names | Gandhi, Mahatma |
| Short description | Non-violent political leader during Indian independence and Hindu reformer |
| Date of birth | 2 October 1869 |
| Place of birth | Porbandar, Gujarat, India |
| Date of death | 30 January 1948 |
| Place of death | Birla House, New Delhi, India |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Atal Bihari Vajpayee | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 11th Prime Minister of India | |
| In office 19 March 1998 – 19 May 2004 |
|
| President | K. R. Narayanan& A P J Abdul Kalam |
| Deputy | L. K. Advani |
| Preceded by | I. K. Gujral |
| Succeeded by | Manmohan Singh |
| In office 16 May 1996 – 1 June 1996 |
|
| President | Shankar Dayal Sharma |
| Preceded by | P. V. Narasimha Rao |
| Succeeded by | H. D. Deve Gowda |
| Minister of External Affairs | |
| In office 26 March 1977 – 28 July 1979 |
|
| Prime Minister | Morarji Desai |
| Preceded by | Yashwantrao Chavan |
| Succeeded by | Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1924-12-25) 25 December 1924 (age 87) Gwalior, British India |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party (1980–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Before 1980) |
| Alma mater | Victoria College (Now Laxmibai College), Gwalior DAV College, Kanpur |
| Profession | Poet, Politician |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Signature |  |
Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Hindi: अटलबिहारी वाजपेयी, Birth: 25 December 1924 in Gwalior) is a veteran Indian statesman who served as a non congress Prime Minister of India three times, viz. 13 days in 1996, 13 months from 1998 to 1999, and lastly a five year's term from 19 March 1998 until 19 May 2004. A parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected to the Lok Sabha a record nine times, and twice to the Rajya Sabha.[1] He also served as the Member of Parliament for Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009, when he retired from active politics due to health concerns. Vajpayee was one amongst the founder members of erstwhile Jana Sangh and had been its president also. He was also the Minister of External Affairs in the cabinet of Morarji Desai. When Janata government collapsed Vajpayee merged his entire party into a fresh party and named it as Bharatiya Janata Party in the interest of nation. A poet-politician Vajpayee has been the liberal face of BJP.
Contents
|
Early life and Education[link]
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was born to Krishna Devi and Krishna Bihari Vajpayee on 25th December, 1924 in a respected middle class Brahmin family. His birthplace was Shinde Ki Chhavani, a small town in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh (then known as Central Province). His grandfather, Pandit Shyam Lal Vajpayee, had migrated to Gwalior from his ancestral village of Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh and his father, Krishna Bihari Vajpayee, was a poet and a schoolmaster in his hometown. Vajpayee attended Gwalior's Victoria College (now Laxmi Bai College), and graduated with distinctions in Hindi, English and Sanskrit. He completed his Post Graduation with a (M.A.) degree in Political Science from DAV College, Kanpur, securing first-class.[2] Later he became a full time worker of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and served the Rashtradharma, Veer Arjun and Panchjanya newspapers as a journalist. Like other full time workers of the Sangh, Vajpayee never married and decided to dedicate his entire life for the service of the nation.
Early political career[link]
Vajpayee's first tryst with politics occurred in 1942, when he was arrested for his participation in the Quit India movement.[3][4][5] In 1951, He was deputed to work for the newly formed Bharatiya Jana Sangh, a right wing political party associated with the RSS and espousing the Hindu cause. He soon became a close follower and aide of Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, the leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS). In 1953, Vajpayee was at Mukherjee's side when he went on a fast-unto-death in Kashmir to protest against perceived inferior treatment of non-Kashmiri Indian visitors to the state. Mukherjee died in prison during this strike. The protest and martyrdom of Mukherjee ended the identity card crisis, the centerpiece of Indian national security at that time. In 1957, Vajpayee was elected to the Lok Sabha, where his oratorical skills so impressed the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru that he predicted that Vajpayee would someday become India's Prime Minister.[6] By his oratorical and organizing skills, he became the face of the Jana Sangh. After the tragic death of Deendayal Upadhyaya, the mantle of the leadership of Jana Sangh fell on the shoulders of the young Vajpayee. He became the National president of the Jana Sangh in 1968 and along with Nanaji Deshmukh, Balraj Madhok and Lal Krishna Advani led Jan Sangh to national prominence.
He was arrested during the Emergency clamp down against the opposition and was detained in Bangalore during 1975-77. In 1977, Heeding the call of Jayaprakash Narayan for all the opposition parties to unite against the Congress; Vajpayee led the Jana Sangh to merge with the Janata Party. Following the massive and historic victory of the Janata Party in the 1977 general elections, he became the Minister for External Affairs in the Janata government headed by Morarji Desai. That same year, he also became the first person to deliver a speech to the United Nations General Assembly in Hindi. By the time the Janata government crumbled in 1979, Vajpayee had established himself as an experienced statesman and a respected political leader.[7]
The rise of the BJP[link]
The Janata Party was dissolved soon after Morarji Desai resigned as Prime Minister in 1979. The Bharatiya Jana Sangh had devoted its political organization to sustain the coalition, and was left exhausted by the internecine political wars within the Janata Party.
Vajpayee joined many of his Bharatiya Jan Sangh and Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh colleagues, particularly his long-time friends Lal Krishna Advani and Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, to found the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 1980. He became the BJP's first President. He emerged as a strong critic of the Congress (I) government that followed the Janata government.
While the BJP opposed the Sikh militancy that was rising in the state of Punjab, it also blamed Prime Minister Indira Gandhi for her divisive and corrupt politics that fostered such militancy at the expense of national unity and integrity.[8] The BJP did not support Operation Bluestar, and strongly protested against the violence towards Sikhs in Delhi that broke out in 1984 following the assassination of Indira Gandhi by two of her Sikh bodyguards. During this bloody period, more than 3,000 Sikhs were massacred. The BJP was left with only two parliamentary seats in the 1984 elections; however, the party had established itself in the mainstream of Indian politics, and soon began expanding its organization to attract young Indians throughout the country. During this period, Vajpayee remained at the center-stage as party President and Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament.
The BJP became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir Movement, which was led by activists of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) and the RSS, and which sought to build a temple dedicated to Lord Rama at the site of the Babri mosque in Ayodhya. Hindus believed that the site was the birthplace of Rama, and thus qualified as one of the most sacred sites of Hinduism.
Victory in the assembly elections in Gujarat and Maharashtra in March 1995, and a good performance in the elections to the Karnataka assembly in December 1994, propelled the BJP to greater political prominence. During a BJP conference in Mumbai in November 1995, BJP President L.K. Advani declared that Vajpayee would become the Prime Minister of India if the BJP won in the May 1996 parliamentary elections.[9]
As Prime Minister of India[link]
Vajpayee served as the Prime Minister of India from 1996 to 2004 in three non-consecutive terms:
First term: May 1996[link]
The BJP grew in strength in the early 1990's riding on the Hindutva wave. In the 1996 general elections, the BJP emerged as the single largest party in the Lok Sabha. The then president Shankar Dayal Sharma invited Vajpayee to form the government in accordance to the Westminster custom. Vajpayee was sworn in as the 11th Prime Minister of India, but the BJP failed to muster enough support from other parties to obtain a majority. He resigned after just 13 days, when it became clear that he could not garner a majority.
Second term: 1998–1999[link]
After the fall of the two United Front governments between 1996 and 1998, the Parliament was dissolved and fresh elections were held. The 1998 general elections again put the BJP ahead of others. This time, a cohesive bloc of political parties joines the BJP to form the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), and A.B. Vajpayee was sworn in as the Prime Minister.[10] The NDA proved its majority in the parliament. This government lasted 13 months as in mid-1999, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) under J. Jayalalitha withdrew its support to the 13-month old government.[11] The government lost the ensuing vote of confidence motion in the Lok Sabha by a single vote. As the Opposition was unable to come up with the numbers to form the new government, the country returned to election mode with Vajpayee remaining the "care-taker Prime Minister".
Nuclear tests[link]
In May 1998, India conducted five underground nuclear tests in Pokhran, Rajasthan. The five tests shocked and surprised the world, especially considering that the government had been in power for only a month. Two weeks later, Pakistan responded with its own nuclear tests, making it the newest declared nation with nuclear weapons.
While some nations, such as Russia and France, endorsed India's right to defensive nuclear power,[12] others including the United States, Canada, Japan, Britain and the European Union imposed sanctions on information, resources and technology to India. In spite of the intense international criticism and the steady decline in foreign investment and trade, the nuclear tests were popular domestically and Vajpayee's popularity as well as the BJP's prestige rose in response.
The Lahore summit[link]
In late 1998 and early 1999, Vajpayee began a push for a full-scale diplomatic peace process with Pakistan. With the historic inauguration of the Delhi-Lahore bus service in February 1999, Vajpayee initiated a new peace process aimed towards permanently resolving the Kashmir dispute and other conflicts with Pakistan. The resultant Lahore Declaration espoused a commitment to dialogue, expanded trade relations and mutual friendship and envisaged a goal of denuclearized South Asia. This eased the tension created by the 1998 nuclear tests, not only within the two nations, but also in South Asia and the rest of the world.
The Vajpayee led government was faced with two crises in mid 1999. The AIADMK had continually threatened to withdraw from the coalition and national leaders repeatedly flew down from Delhi to Chennai to pacify the AIADMK chief J. Jayalalitha. However, in May 1999, the AIADMK did pull the plug on the NDA, and the Vajpayee administration was reduced to a caretaker status pending fresh elections scheduled for October 1999.
Kargil War[link]
In a stunning development soon after, it was revealed that militants and non-uniformed Pakistani soldiers (many with official identifications and Pakistan Army's custom weaponry) had infiltrated into the Kashmir Valley and captured control of border hilltops, unmanned border posts and were spreading out fast. The incursion was centered around the town of Kargil, but also included the Batalik and Akhnoor sectors and include artillery exchanges at the Siachen Glacier.
Indian army units were swiftly rushed into Kashmir in response. Operation Vijay (1999), launched in June 1999, saw the Indian military fighting thousands of militants and soldiers amidst heavy artillery shelling and while facing extremely cold weather, snow and treacherous terrain at the high altitude. Over 500 Indian soldiers were killed in the three-month long Kargil War, and it is estimated around 600-4,000 Pakistani militants and soldiers died as well. India pushed back the Pakistani militants and Northern Light Infantry soldiers. Almost 70% of the territory was recaptured by India. With news of Pakistan planning to launch a nuclear attack in the face of a loss in the war with India, Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was summoned to the US by Bill Clinton and warned against any such mis-adventure.[12] After heavy losses and a recalcitrant general in Musharraf, and with both the United States and China refusing to condone the incursion or threaten India to stop its military operations, Nawaz Sharif asked the remaining militants to stop and withdraw to positions along the LoC. The militants were not willing to accept orders from Sharif while the NLI soldiers withdrew.[12] The militants were killed by the army or forced to withdraw in skirmishes which went beyond the announcement of withdrawal by Pakistan. The victory in Kargil bolstered the image of Vajpayee and he was hailed across the country for his bold and strong leadership. It also, gave a tremendous boost to the morale of the Indian public and bolstered National pride.
Third term: 1999–2004[link]
In the 1999 General elections, the BJP-led NDA won 303 seats out of the 543 seats in the Lok Sabha, in the aftermath of the Kargil operations,[13] thereby securing a comfortable, stable majority. On 13 October 1999, Atal Bihari Vajpayee took oath as Prime Minister of India for the third time. The coalition government that was formed lasted its full term of 5 years – the only non-Congress government to do so.
Indian Airlines hijack[link]
A national crisis emerged in December 1999, when Indian Airlines flight (IC 814) en-route Kathmandu to New Delhi was hijacked by five terrorists and flown to Taliban-ruled Afghanistan.[14] The hijackers made several demands including the release of certain terrorists like Maulana Masood Azhar from prison. Under extreme public pressure for the safe release of the hostages, the government ultimately caved in and Jaswant Singh, the then Indian External Affairs minister, flew with the terrorists to Afghanistan and exchanged them for the passengers.
National Highways Development Project, Foreign policy and Economic reforms[link]
During his administration, Vajpayee introduced many important economic and infrastructural reforms domestically including, encouraging the private sector and foreign investments; reducing governmental waste; encouraging research and development and privatization of some government owned corporations.[15]
Vajpayee's pet projects were the National Highway Development Project and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, two high profile and popular projects in which he took a personal interest.
In March 2000, Bill Clinton, the President of the United States, paid a state visit to India. His was the first state visit to India by a US President in the past 22 years. President Clinton's visit to India was hailed as a significant milestone in the relations between the two countries. Since the visit followed barely two years after the Pokhran tests, and one year after the Kargil invasion and the subsequent coup in Pakistan, it was read to reflect a major shift in the post-Cold War U.S. foreign policy. The Indian Prime Minister and the U.S. President discussed strategic issues, but the major achievement was a significant expansion in trade and economic ties. The Historic Vision Document on the future course of relations between the two countries was signed by Prime Minister Vajpayee and President Clinton during the visit.
Domestically, the BJP-led government was under constant pressure from its ideological mentor, the RSS, and the hard-line VHP to enact the Hindutva agenda. But owing to its dependence on coalition support, it was impossible for the BJP to push items like building the Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir in Ayodhya, repealing Article 370 which gave a special status to the state of Kashmir, or enacting a uniform civil code applicable to adherents of all religions. The BJP was however accused of saffronising (Saffron is the color of the flag of the RSS, symbol of the Hindu nationalism movement) the official state education curriculum and apparatus. Also, Home Minister L.K. Advani and HRD minister Murli Manohar Joshi were indicted in the 1992 Babri Mosque demolition case for inciting a mob of activists. The RSS also routinely criticized the government for free-market policies which introduced foreign goods and competition at the expense of 'swadeshi' industries and products.
Vajpayee's administration earned the ire of many trade unions and government workers for its aggressive campaign to privatize government owned corporations. Vajpayee promoted pro-business, free market reforms to reinvigorate India's economic transformation and expansion that were started by the former PM Narasimha Rao but stalled after 1996 due to unstable governments and the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Increased competitiveness, extra funding and support for the information technology sector and high-tech industries, improvements in infrastructure, deregulation of trade, investments and corporate laws - all increased foreign capital investment and set in motion an economic expansion.
These couple of years of reform however were accompanied by infighting in the administration and confusion regarding the direction of government.Vajpayee's weakening health was also a subject of public interest, and he underwent a major knee-replacement surgery at the Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai to relieve great pressure on his legs.
In March 2001, the Tehelka group released incriminating videos of the BJP President Bangaru Laxman, senior army officers and NDA members accepting bribes from journalists posing as agents and businessmen. The Defence Minister George Fernandes was forced to resign following the Barak Missile Deal Scandal, another scandal involving the botched supplies of coffins for the soldiers killed in Kargil, and the finding of an inquiry commission that the Government could have prevented the Kargil invasion. These developments as well as an ambiguous response of the economy to the reforms, reduced the Vajpayee administration's popularity and undermined its future[citation needed].
Vajpayee again broke the ice in the Indo-Pak relations by inviting Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf to Delhi and Agra for a joint summit and peace talks. His second major attempt to move beyond the stalemate involved inviting the man who had planned the Kargil invasions. But accepting him as the President of Pakistan, Vajpayee chose to move forward. But after three days of much fanfare, which included Musharraf visiting his birthplace in Delhi, the summit failed to achieve a breakthrough as President Musharraf declined to leave aside the issue of Kashmir.
In 2001, the Vajpayee government launched the famous Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, which aimed at improving the quality of education in primary and secondary schools.
2001 attack on Parliament[link]
On 13 December 2001, a group of masked, armed men with fake IDs stormed the Parliament building in Delhi. The terrorists managed to kill several security guards, but the building was sealed off swiftly and security forces cornered and killed the men, who were later proven to be Pakistan nationals. Coming just three months after the September 11 attacks upon the United States, this fresh escalation instantly enraged the nation. Although the Government of Pakistan officially condemned the attack, Indian intelligence reports pointed to a conspiracy rooted in Pakistan. Prime Minister Vajpayee ordered a mobilization of India's military forces, and as many as 500,000 servicemen amassed along the international boundary bordering Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Kashmir. Pakistan responded with the same. Vicious terrorist attacks and an aggressive anti-terrorist campaign froze day-to-day life in Kashmir, and foreigners flocked out of both India and Pakistan, fearing a possible war and nuclear exchange. For as long as two years, both nations remained perilously close to a terrible war.
The Vajpayee administration also passed the Prevention of Terrorist Act against vigorous opposition of non-NDA parties. Human rights groups have condemned the act which gives wide authority to the government to crack down and hold anybody. Its repeal was advocated by human rights organisations.[16]
But the biggest political disaster hit his government between December 2001 and March 2002: the VHP held the Government hostage in a major standoff in Ayodhya over the Ram Mandir. At the 10th anniversary of the destruction of the Babri mosque, the VHP wanted to perform a shila daan, or a ceremony laying the foundation stone of the cherished temple at the disputed site. Tens of thousands of VHP activists amassed and threatened to overrun the site and forcibly build the temple. A grave threat of not only communal violence, but an outright breakdown of law and order owing to the defiance of the government by a religious organization hung over the nation.[7] But to the relief of Vajpayee, this crisis tided over rather smoothly.
Remainder of term[link]
In late 2002 and 2003 the government pushed economic reforms, and the country's GDP growth accelerated at record levels, exceeding 6–7%. Increasing foreign investment, modernization of public and industrial infrastructure, the creation of jobs, a rising high-tech and IT industry and urban modernization and expansion improved the nation's inter-national image. Good crop harvests and strong industrial expansion also helped the economy. The Government reformed the tax system, increased the pace of reforms and pro-business initiatives, major irrigation and housing schemes and so on. The political energies of the BJP shifted to the rising urban middle-class and young people, who were positive and enthusiastic about the major economic expansion and future of the country. He faced stiff opposition from other equally strong originations within Sangh Parivar such as Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, Bharatiya Kisan Sangh. However, he continued with his aggressive economic reform policy. In August 2003, He announced before Parliament his "absolute last" effort to achieve peace with Pakistan. Although the diplomatic process never truly set-off immediately, visits were exchanged by high-level officials and the military stand-off ended. The Pakistani President and Pakistani politicians, civil and religious leaders hailed this initiative as did the leaders of America, Europe and much of the world. In July 2003, Prime Minister Vajpayee, visited China, and met with various Chinese leaders. He recognized Tibet, as a part of China, which was welcomed by the Chinese leadership, who in the following year, recognized Sikkim, as a part of India. Sino-Indian Relations, improved greatly, in the followsing years. In November–December 2003, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won three major state elections, fought mainly on development issues, without ideological campaigns. A major public relations campaign was launched to reach out to Muslims and stop the 2002 communal riots controversy from haunting the party's future. But the attention of the media and of millions now moved from Vajpayee to his more possible successor, L.K. Advani, although the question was never directly raised or contested in any way. Vajpayee's age, failing health and diminished physical and mental vigor were obvious factors in such speculations. Advani assumed greater responsibilities in the party, and although no perceivable conflict has been known to arise between the longtime friends and political colleagues, several embarrassing statements were made. Once Vajpayee said "Advani would lead the BJP in the elections," prompting Advani to clarify that he would merely lead the election campaign, not the party. And then the BJP President Venkaiah Naidu used mythological references to depict Vajpayee as Vikas Purush (Man of Progress) and Advani as Loh Purush(Man of Steel).
As the BJP prepared for general elections in 2004, Vajpayee was still the choice of the BJP and of the wider NDA, for the Prime Minister's job.
2004 general election[link]
The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) was widely expected to retain power after the 2004 general election. The 13th Lok Sabha had been dissolved before the completion of its term to capitalize on the perceived 'Feel-good factor' and BJP's recent successes in the Assembly elections in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh. The BJP hoped to capitalise on the slogan "India Shining" and released many ads touting the economic growth of the nation.
However, the coalition sidestepped controversial and ideological issues in favour of economic and security issues during the campaign[citation needed] and subsequently lost almost half its seats, with several prominent cabinet ministers being defeated. The Indian National Congress, led by Sonia Gandhi became the single largest party and, along with many minor parties, formed the United Progressive Alliance. With the conditional support of the leftist parties from the outside, the UPA formed a government under Dr Manmohan Singh. Vajpayee resigned as Prime minister and promised co-operation to the new government.[17]
Vajpayee was criticized within his party and by the Sangh Parivar for sacrificing core issues like Hindutva and the Ram Temple to please the Muslim voters (the BJP lost the Muslim vote by a heavy margin)[citation needed]. Accepting moral responsibility for the defeat, he decided not to take up the position of the Leader of the Opposition and passed on the leadership mantle to Lal Krishna Advani. However, he retained his post as Chairman of the NDA.
Later career[link]
In December 2005, Vajpayee announced his retirement from active politics, declaring that he would not contest in the next general election. In a famous statement at the BJP's silver Jubilee rally at Mumbai's historic Shivaji Park, Vajpayee announced that "Henceforth, Lal Krishna Advani and Pramod Mahajan will be the Ram-Laxman (the two godly brothers much revered and worshipped by Hindus) of the BJP."[18]
Vajpayee was referred to as the Bhishma Pitamah of Indian Politics by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh during his speech in the Rajya Sabha.[19]
Vajpayee was hospitalized at AIIMS for chest infection and fever on 6th February 2009. He was put on ventilator support as his condition worsened but he eventually recuperated and was later, discharged.[20] Unable to participate in the campaign for the 2009 general election due to his poor health, he wrote a letter urging voters to back the BJP. His protege Lalji Tandon was able to retain the Lucknow seat even though the NDA suffered electoral reverses allover the country. The tall apolitical image of Vajpayee was said to be the main reason behind Lalji's success in Lucknow even though BJP's performance was poor elsewhere in Uttar Pradesh.[21]
About his poetry[link]
Vajpayee has expressed very clear thoughts about his poetry: "My poetry is a declaration of war, not an exordium to defeat. It is not the defeated soldier's drumbeat of despair, but the fighting warrior's will to win. It is not the despirited voice of dejection but the stirring shout of victory.[22]"
Awards[link]
- 1992, Padma Vibhushan[23]
- 1993, D.Lit from Kanpur University[24]
- 1994, Lokmanya Tilak Award[24]
- 1994, Best Parliamentarian Award
- 1994, Bharat Ratna Pandit Govind Vallabh Pant Award[23]
Works[link]
Social and political[link]
- Nayi chunauti, naya avasara (Hindi Edition). (2002). ISBN 978-81-7016-501-9.
- India's Perspectives on ASEAN and the Asia-Pacific Region. (2003). ISBN 978-981-230-172-7.
- NEW DIMENSIONS OF INDIA'S FOREIGN POLICY. (1979).
- Decisive days. (1999).
- When will atrocities on Harijans stop?: A.B. Vajpayee's speech in Rajya Sabha. (1988).
- Heal the wounds: Vajpayee's appeal on Assam tragedy to the parliament. (1983).
- National integration. (1961).
- Sakti se santi. (1999).
- Rajaniti ki rapatili rahem. (1997).
- Vicara-bindu (Hindi Edition). (2000). ISBN 978-81-7016-475-3.
- Bindu-bindu vicara. (1997).
- Kucha lekha, kucha bhashana. (1996).
- Back to square one. (1998).
- Dynamics of an open society. (1977).
- Na dainyam na palayanam (Hindi Edition). (1998).
- Bindu-bindu vicara (Hindi Edition). (1997).
- Kucha lekha, kucha bhashana (Hindi Edition). (1996).
- Sekyularavada: Bharatiya parikalpana (Da. Rajendra Prasada Smaraka vyakhyanamala). (1996).
Autobiography[link]
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee, meri samsadiya yatra (Hindi Edition). (1999). ISBN 978-81-7315-281-8.
- Four decades in parliament. (1996).
- Atala Bihari Vajpayee, samsada mem tina dasaka. (1992).
- Pradhanamantri Atala Bihari Vajapeyi, chune hue bhashana. (2000).
- Values, vision & verses of Vajpayee: India's man of destiny. (2001).
- India's foreign policy: New dimensions. (1977).
- Assam problem: Repression no solution. (1981).
- Suvasita pushpa: Atala Bihari Vajapeyi ke sreshtatama bhashana. (1997).
- A"
Poetry[link]
- Twenty-One Poems. (2003). ISBN 978-0-670-04917-2.
- Kya khoya kya paya: Atala Vihari Vajapeyi, vyaktitva aura kavitaem (Hindi Edition). (1999). ISBN 978-81-7028-335-5.
- Meri ikyavana kavitaem. (1995).
- Meri ikyavana kavitaem (Hindi Edition). (1995).
- Sreshtha kabita. (1997).
- Nayi Disha - an album with Jagjit Singh (1999)
- Samvedna - an album with Jagjit Singh (2002)
Speeches[link]
- Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, selected speeches. (2000). ISBN 978-81-230-0834-9.
- President's addresses, 1980-1986. (2000).
- Presidential address. (1986).
- Presidential address: Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha session, Bhagalpur (Bihar), 5 6 & 7 May 1972. (1972).
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pokhran Test.
References[link]
- ^ http://pmindia.nic.in/former.htm
- ^ Kanpur. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Biography
- ^ http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1503/15031220.htm
- ^ The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1503/15031150.htm.
- ^ The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1503/15031160.htm.
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b [2]
- ^ http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr162004/d10.asp
- ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_will-the-rath-yatra-bring-lk-advani-back-in-rss-good-books_1597360
- ^ "Atal Bihari Vajpayee: India's new prime minister". BBC News Online. 3 March 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/india_elections/61761.stm. Retrieved 1998-03-03.
- ^ "South Asia Vajpayee's thirteen months". BBC News Online. 17 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/322065.stm. Retrieved 1999-04-17.
- ^ a b c Atal Bihari Vajpay (prime minister of India) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ Address to the Nation by Prime Minister Atal Bihari VajpayeePDF
- ^ Indian Embassy: Identity of the hijackers.
- ^ [3] - MSN NEWS
- ^ http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/09/22/india9370.htm
- ^ "Vajpayee moves to new home". The Daily Star. July 6, 2004. http://www.thedailystar.net/2004/07/06/d407061309102.htm.
- ^ "Vajpayee to retire from politics". BBC news. 29 December 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4567802.stm. Retrieved 2005-12-29.
- ^ "Manmohan calls Vajpayee 'Bhishma Pitamah' of politics". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 6 March 2008. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200803060324.htm.
- ^ "Vajpayee showing signs of improvement". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/vajpayee-showing-signs-of-improvement/419597/. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ^ "Vajpayee writes to Lucknowites for support". The Times of India. 18 April 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Vajpayee-writes-to-Lucknowites-for-support/articleshow/4416114.cms. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ^ Values, Vision & Verses of Vajpayee: India's Man of Destiny page - iii
- ^ a b http://pmindia.nic.in/pm_atal.htm
- ^ a b Prime Minister of India - Bio-Data
Further reading[link]
- L.K. Advani. My Country My Life. (2008). ISBN 978-81-291-1363-4.
- M.P. Kamal. Bateshwar to Prime Minister House - An Interesting Description of Different Aspects of Atalji's . (2003). ISBN 978-81-7604-600-8.
- G.N.S. Raghavan. New Era in the Indian Polity, A Study of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the BJP. (1996). ISBN 978-81-212-0539-9.
- P. R Trivedi. Atal Bihari Vajpayee: The man India needs : the most appropriate leader for the twentyfirst century. (2000). ISBN 978-81-7696-001-4.
- Sujata K. Dass. Atal Bihari Vajpayee. (2004). ISBN 978-81-7835-277-0.
- Chandrika Prasad Sharma. Poet politician Atal Bihari Vajpayee: A biography. (1998). ASIN: B0006FD11E.
- Sheila Vazirani. Atal Bihari Vajpayee; profile & personal views (Know thy leaders). (1967). ASIN: B0006FFBV2.
- Dr. C.P. Thakur. India Under Atal Behari Vajpayee: The BJP Era.(1999). ISBN 978-81-7476-250-4
- Sita Ram Sharma. Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee: Commitment to power. (1998). ISBN 978-81-85809-24-3.
- Bhagwat S. Goyal Values, Vision & Verses of Vajpayee: India's Man of Destiny 2001 Srijan Prakashan R-6/233 Rajnagar Ghaziabad 201002 ISBN 81-87996-00-5.
- Darshan Singh. Atal Behari Vajpayee: The arch of India. (2001). ISBN 978-81-86405-25-3.
- Yogesh Atal. Mandate for political transition: Reemergence of Vaypayee. (2000). ASIN: B0006FEIHA.
- Sujata K. Das. Atal Bihari Vajpayee. (2004). ISBN 978-81-7835-277-0.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
 |
Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
- Profile Govt. of India
- Profile at BBC News
- Annotated Bibliography for Atal Bihari Vajpayee from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee collected news and commentary at The Times of India
- Complete List of Poems by Atala Bihari Bajpai
- अटलजी की रचनाएँ
- BJP website
- A. B. Vajpayee at BJP leaders, India
- Atalji's life journey poems and songs collection
- Read few poems of Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Hindi Script
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Atal Bihari Vajpayee in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Works by Atal Bihari Vajpayee on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the Notable Names Database
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Yashwantrao Chavan |
Minister of External Affairs 1977–1979 |
Succeeded by Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra |
| Preceded by Narasimha Rao |
Prime Minister of India 1996 |
Succeeded by Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda |
| Chairperson of the Planning Commission 1996 |
||
| Preceded by Inder Kumar Gujral |
Prime Minister of India 1998–2004 |
Succeeded by Manmohan Singh |
| Chairperson of the Planning Commission 1998–2004 |
||
| Minister of External Affairs 1998 |
Succeeded by Jaswant Singh |
|
| Preceded by Murasoli Maran |
Minister of Commerce and Industry 2002–2004 |
Succeeded by Kamal Nath |
|
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Vajpayee, Atal Bihari |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Politician, poet |
| Date of birth | 25 December 1924 |
| Place of birth | Gwalior State, British India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Daw Aung San Suu Kyi  MP AC |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Chairman of the National League for Democracy | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 27 September 1988 |
|
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Member of the Pyithu Hluttaw for Kawhmu |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2 May 2012 |
|
| Preceded by | Soe Tint |
| Majority | 46,730 (71.38%)[1] |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1945-06-19) 19 June 1945 (age 67) Rangoon, British Burma (now Yangon) |
| Political party | National League for Democracy |
| Spouse(s) | Michael Aris (1972–1999) |
| Relations | Aung San (father) Khin Kyi (mother) |
| Children | Alexander Kim |
| Alma mater | University of Delhi St Hugh's College, Oxford University of London |
| Religion | Theravada Buddhism |
| Awards | Rafto Prize Nobel Peace Prize Jawaharlal Nehru Award International Simón Bolívar Prize Olof Palme Prize Bhagwan Mahavir World Peace |
 |
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script. |
Aung San Suu Kyi MP AC (Burmese: ; MLCTS: aung hcan: cu. krany, IPA: [ʔàʊɴ sʰáɴ sṵ tɕì]; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and General Secretary of the National League for Democracy (NLD) in Burma. In the 1990 general election, the NLD won 59% of the national votes and 81% (392 of 485) of the seats in Parliament.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest in Burma for almost 15 of the 21 years from 20 July 1989 until her most recent release on 13 November 2010,[9] becoming one of the world's most prominent (now former) political prisoners.[10]
Suu Kyi received the Rafto Prize and the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. In 1992 she was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding by the government of India and the International Simón Bolívar Prize from the government of Venezuela. In 2007, the Government of Canada made her an honorary citizen of that country;[11] at the time, she was one of only four people ever to receive the honor.[12] In 2011, she was awarded the Wallenberg Medal.[13]
On 1 April 2012, her opposition party, the National League for Democracy, announced that she was elected to the Pyithu Hluttaw, the lower house of the Burmese parliament, representing the constituency of Kawhmu;[14] her party also won 43 of the 45 vacant seats in the lower house.[15] The election results were confirmed by the official electoral commission the following day.[16]
Suu Kyi is the third child and only daughter of Aung San, considered to be the father of modern-day Burma.
Contents |
Name[link]
Aung San Suu Kyi derives her name from three relatives: "Aung San" from her father, "Suu" from her paternal grandmother and "Kyi" from her mother Khin Kyi.[17] She is frequently called Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Daw is not part of her name, but is an honorific, similar to madame, for older, revered women, literally meaning "aunt."[18] She is also often referred to as Daw Suu by the Burmese (or Amay Suu, lit. "Mother Suu," by some followers),[19][20] or "Aunty Suu", and as Dr. Suu Kyi,[21] Ms. Suu Kyi, or Mrs. Suu Kyi by the foreign media. However, like other Burmese, she has no surname (see Burmese names). The pronunciation of her name is approximated as "Awn Sahn Sue Chee," although the "ch" in "Chee" is unaspirated.[22]
Personal life[link]
| Part of a series on the |
| Democracy movements in Burma |
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The fighting peacock flag
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| Background |
| Post-independence Burma |
| Internal conflict in Burma |
| Burmese Way to Socialism |
| State Peace and Development Council |
| Mass protests |
| 8888 Uprising · Protests of 2007 |
| Concessions and reforms |
| Roadmap to democracy New constitution Reforms of 2011 |
| Elections |
| 1990 · 2010 · 2012 |
| Organizations |
| National League for Democracy · 88 Generation Students Group · Burma Campaign UK · Free Burma Coalition · U.S. Campaign for Burma · Generation Wave · All Burma Students' Democratic Front · The Irrawaddy · Democratic Voice of Burma · Mizzima News |
| Figures |
| U Nu · Aung Gyi · Tin Oo · Aung San Suu Kyi · Min Ko Naing · Thein Sein |
| Related topics |
| Human rights in Burma · Politics of Burma · Foreign relations of Burma |
Aung San Suu Kyi was born in Rangoon (now named Yangon).[23] Her father, Aung San, founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Burma's independence from the British Empire in 1947; he was assassinated by his rivals in the same year. She grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo, in Rangoon. Aung San Lin died at age eight, when he drowned in an ornamental lake on the grounds of the house.[17] Her elder brother emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a United States citizen.[17] After Aung San Lin's death, the family moved to a house by Inya Lake where Suu Kyi met people of very different backgrounds, political views and religions.[24] She was educated in Methodist English High School (now Basic Education High School No. 1 Dagon) for much of her childhood in Burma, where she was noted as having a talent for learning languages.[25] She is a Theravada Buddhist.
Suu Kyi's mother, Khin Kyi, gained prominence as a political figure in the newly formed Burmese government. She was appointed Burmese ambassador to India and Nepal in 1960, and Aung San Suu Kyi followed her there, she studied in the Convent of Jesus and Mary School, New Delhi and graduated from Lady Shri Ram College in New Delhi with a degree in politics in 1964.[26][27] Suu Kyi continued her education at St Hugh's College, Oxford, obtaining a B.A. degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1969. During her time in Oxford, she fell in love with a Pakistani man but the relationship ended in tears.[28] After graduating, she lived in New York City with a family friend who was once a popular Burmese pop singer.[28] She worked at the UN for three years, primarily on budget matters, writing daily to her future husband, Dr. Michael Aris.[29] In 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi married Aris, a scholar of Tibetan culture, living abroad in Bhutan.[26] The following year she gave birth to their first son, Alexander Aris, in London; their second son, Kim, was born in 1977. Subsequently, she earned a PhD at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London in 1985. She was elected as an Honorary Fellow in 1990.[26] For two years she was a Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies (IIAS) in Shimla, India. She also worked for the government of the Union of Burma.
In 1988 Suu Kyi returned to Burma, at first to tend for her ailing mother but later to lead the pro-democracy movement. Aris' visit in Christmas 1995 turned out to be the last time that he and Suu Kyi met, as Suu Kyi remained in Burma and the Burmese dictatorship denied him any further entry visas.[26] Aris was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1997 which was later found to be terminal. Despite appeals from prominent figures and organizations, including the United States, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Pope John Paul II, the Burmese government would not grant Aris a visa, saying that they did not have the facilities to care for him, and instead urged Aung San Suu Kyi to leave the country to visit him. She was at that time temporarily free from house arrest but was unwilling to depart, fearing that she would be refused re-entry if she left, as she did not trust the military junta's assurance that she could return.[30]
Aris died on his 53rd birthday on 27 March 1999. Since 1989, when his wife was first placed under house arrest, he had seen her only five times, the last of which was for Christmas in 1995. She was also separated from her children, who live in the United Kingdom, but starting in 2011, they have visited her in Burma.[31]
On 2 May 2008, after Cyclone Nargis hit Burma, Suu Kyi lost the roof of her house and lived in virtual darkness after losing electricity in her dilapidated lakeside residence. She used candles at night as she was not provided any generator set.[32] Plans to renovate and repair the house were announced in August 2009.[33] Suu Kyi was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[34]
Political beginnings[link]
Coincident with Aung San Suu Kyi's return to Burma in 1988, the long-time military leader of Burma and head of the ruling party, General Ne Win, stepped down. Mass demonstrations for democracy followed that event on 8 August 1988 (8–8–88, a day seen as auspicious), which were violently suppressed in what came to be known as the 8888 Uprising. On 26 August 1988, she addressed half a million people at a mass rally in front of the Shwedagon Pagoda in the capital, calling for a democratic government.[26] However in September, a new military junta took power.
Influenced[35] by both Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence[36][37] and more specifically by Buddhist concepts,[38] Aung San Suu Kyi entered politics to work for democratization, helped found the National League for Democracy on 27 September 1988,[39] but was put under house arrest on 20 July 1989. Offered freedom if she left the country, she refused.
One of her most famous speeches was "Freedom From Fear", which began: "It is not power that corrupts, but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it."
She also believes fear spurs many world leaders to lose sight of their purpose. "Government leaders are amazing", she once said. "So often it seems they are the last to know what the people want."[40]
Political career[link]
1990 general election[link]
In 1990, the military junta called a general election, in which the National League for Democracy (NLD) received 59% of the votes, guaranteeing NLD 80% of the parliament seats. Some claim that Aung San Suu Kyi would have assumed the office of Prime Minister;[41] in fact, however, as she wasn't permitted, she did not stand as a candidate in the elections (although being a MP isn't a strict prerequisite for becoming PM in most parliamentary systems). Instead, the results were nullified and the military refused to hand over power, resulting in an international outcry. Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest at her home on University Avenue (16°49′32″N 96°9′1″E / 16.82556°N 96.15028°E / 16.82556; 96.15028) in Rangoon, during which time she was awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990, and the Nobel Peace Prize the year after. Her sons Alexander and Kim accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on her behalf. Aung San Suu Kyi used the Nobel Peace Prize's 1.3 million USD prize money to establish a health and education trust for the Burmese people.[42] Around this time, Suu Kyi chose non-violence as an expedient political tactic, stating in 2007, "I do not hold to non-violence for moral reasons, but for political and practical reasons,"[43] however, nonviolent action as well as civil resistance in lieu of armed conflict are also political tactics in keeping with the overall philosophy of her Theravada Buddhist religion.
1996 attack[link]
On 9 November 1996, the motorcade that she was traveling in with other National League for Democracy leaders Tin Oo and U Kyi Maung, was attacked in Yangon. About 200 men swooped down on the motorcade, wielding metal chains, metal batons, stones and other weapons. The car that Aung San Suu Kyi was in had its rear window smashed, and the car with Tin Oo and U Kyi Maung had its rear window and two backdoor windows shattered. It is believed the offenders were members of the Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) who were allegedly paid 500 kyats (@ USD $0.5) each to participate. The NLD lodged an official complaint with the police, and according to reports the government launched an investigation, but no action was taken. (Amnesty International 120297)[44]
House arrest[link]
Aung San Suu Kyi has been placed under house arrest for 15 of the past 21 years, on different occasions, since she began her political career,[45] during which time she was prevented from meeting her party supporters and international visitors. In an interview, Suu Kyi said that while under house arrest she spent her time reading philosophy, politics and biographies that her husband had sent her.[46] She also passed the time playing the piano, and was occasionally allowed visits from foreign diplomats as well as from her personal physician.[47]
The media were also prevented from visiting Suu Kyi, as occurred in 1998 when journalist Maurizio Giuliano, after photographing her, was stopped by customs officials who then confiscated all his films, tapes and some notes.[48] In contrast, Suu Kyi did have visits from government representatives, such as during her autumn 1994 house arrest when she met the leader of Burma, General Than Shwe and General Khin Nyunt on 20 September in the first meeting since she had been placed in detention.[26] On several occasions during Suu Kyi's house arrest, she had periods of poor health and as a result was hospitalized.[49]
The Burmese government detained and kept Suu Kyi imprisoned because it viewed her as someone "likely to undermine the community peace and stability" of the country, and used both Article 10(a) and 10(b) of the 1975 State Protection Act (granting the government the power to imprison people for up to five years without a trial),[50] and Section 22 of the "Law to Safeguard the State Against the Dangers of Those Desiring to Cause Subversive Acts" as legal tools against her.[51] She continuously appealed her detention,[52] and many nations and figures continued to call for her release and that of 2,100 other political prisoners in the country.[53][54] On 12 November 2010, days after the junta-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) won elections conducted after a gap of almost 20 years, the junta finally agreed to sign orders allowing Suu Kyi's release,[55] and Suu Kyi's house arrest term came to an end on 13 November 2010.
UN involvement[link]
The UN has attempted to facilitate dialogue between the junta and Suu Kyi.[56] On 6 May 2002, following secret confidence-building negotiations led by the UN, the government released her; a government spokesman said that she was free to move "because we are confident that we can trust each other". Aung San Suu Kyi proclaimed "a new dawn for the country". However on 30 May 2003 in an incident similar to the 1996 attack on her, a government-sponsored mob attacked her caravan in the northern village of Depayin, murdering and wounding many of her supporters.[57] Aung San Suu Kyi fled the scene with the help of her driver, Ko Kyaw Soe Lin, but was arrested upon reaching Ye-U. The government imprisoned her at Insein Prison in Rangoon. After she underwent a hysterectomy in September 2003,[58] the government again placed her under house arrest in Rangoon.
The results from the UN facilitation have been mixed; Razali Ismail, UN special envoy to Burma, met with Aung San Suu Kyi. Ismail resigned from his post the following year, partly because he was denied re-entry to Burma on several occasions.[59] Several years later in 2006, Ibrahim Gambari, UN Undersecretary-General (USG) of Department of Political Affairs, met with Aung San Suu Kyi, the first visit by a foreign official since 2004.[60] He also met with Suu Kyi later the same year.[61] On 2 October 2007 Gambari returned to talk to her again after seeing Than Shwe and other members of the senior leadership in Naypyidaw.[62] State television broadcast Suu Kyi with Gambari, stating that they had met twice. This was Suu Kyi's first appearance in state media in the four years since her current detention began.[63]
The United Nations Working Group for Arbitrary Detention published an Opinion that Aung San Suu Kyi's deprivation of liberty was arbitrary and in contravention of Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, and requested that the authorities in Burma set her free, but the authorities ignored the request at that time.[64] The U.N. report said that according to the Burmese Government’s reply, "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi has not been arrested, but has only been taken into protective custody, for her own safety", and while "it could have instituted legal action against her under the country’s domestic legislation ... it has preferred to adopt a magnanimous attitude, and is providing her with protection in her own interests."[64]
Such claims were rejected by Brig-General Khin Yi, Chief of Myanmar Police Force (MPF). On 18 January 2007, the state-run paper New Light of Myanmar accused Suu Kyi of tax evasion for spending her Nobel Prize money outside of the country. The accusation followed the defeat of a US-sponsored United Nations Security Council resolution condemning Burma as a threat to international security; the resolution was defeated because of strong opposition from China, which has strong ties with the military junta (China later voted against the resolution, along with Russia and South Africa).[65]
In November 2007, it was reported that Suu Kyi would meet her political allies National League for Democracy along with a government minister. The ruling junta made the official announcement on state TV and radio just hours after UN special envoy Ibrahim Gambari ended his second visit to Burma. The NLD confirmed that it had received the invitation to hold talks with Suu Kyi.[66] However, the process delivered few concrete results.
On 3 July 2009, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon went to Burma to pressure the junta into releasing Suu Kyi and to institute democratic reform. However, on departing from Burma, Ban Ki-moon said he was "disappointed" with the visit after junta leader Than Shwe refused permission for him to visit Suu Kyi, citing her ongoing trial. Ban said he was "deeply disappointed that they have missed a very important opportunity."[67]
Periods under detention[link]
- 20 July 1989: Placed under house arrest in Rangoon under martial law that allows for detention without charge or trial for three years.[56]
- 10 July 1995: Released from house arrest.[17]
- 23 September 2000: Placed under house arrest.[45]
- 6 May 2002: Released after 19 months.[45]
- 30 May 2003: Arrested following the Depayin massacre, she was held in secret detention for more than three months before being returned to house arrest.[68]
- 25 May 2007: House arrest extended by one year despite a direct appeal from U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan to General Than Shwe.[69]
- 24 October 2007: Reached 12 years under house arrest, solidarity protests held at 12 cities around the world.[70]
- 27 May 2008: House arrest extended for another year, which is illegal under both international law and Burma's own law.[71]
- 11 August 2009: House arrest extended for 18 more months because of "violation" arising from the May 2009 trespass incident.
- 13 November 2010: Released from house arrest.[72]
2007 anti-government protests[link]
Main article: 2007 Burmese anti-government protests
Protests led by Buddhist monks began on 19 August 2007 following steep fuel price increases, and continued each day, despite the threat of a crackdown by the military.[73]
On 22 September 2007, although still under house arrest, Suu Kyi made a brief public appearance at the gate of her residence in Yangon to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks who were marching in support of human rights.[74] It was reported that she had been moved the following day to Insein Prison (where she had been detained in 2003),[75][76][77][78] but meetings with UN envoy Ibrahim Gambari near her Rangoon home on 30 September and 2 October established that she remained under house arrest.[79][80]
2009 trespass incident[link]
Main article: Suu Kyi trespasser incidents
On 3 May 2009, an American man, identified as John Yettaw, swam across Inya Lake to her house uninvited and was arrested when he made his return trip three days later.[81] He had attempted to make a similar trip two years earlier, but for unknown reasons was turned away.[82] He later claimed at trial that he was motivated by a divine vision requiring him to notify her of an impending terrorist assassination attempt.[83] On 13 May, Suu Kyi was arrested for violating the terms of her house arrest because the swimmer, who pleaded exhaustion, was allowed to stay in her house for two days before he attempted the swim back. Suu Kyi was later taken to Insein Prison, where she could have faced up to five years confinement for the intrusion.[84] The trial of Suu Kyi and her two maids began on 18 May and a small number of protesters gathered outside.[85][86] Diplomats and journalists were barred from attending the trial; however, on one occasion, several diplomats from Russia, Thailand and Singapore and journalists were allowed to meet Suu Kyi.[87] The prosecution had originally planned to call 22 witnesses.[88] It also accused John Yettaw of embarrassing the country.[89] During the ongoing defence case, Suu Kyi said she was innocent. The defence was allowed to call only one witness (out of four), while the prosecution was permitted to call 14 witnesses. The court rejected two character witnesses, NLD members Tin Oo and Win Tin, and permitted the defense to call only a legal expert.[90] According to one unconfirmed report, the junta was planning to, once again, place her in detention, this time in a military base outside the city.[91] In a separate trial, Yettaw said he swam to Suu Kyi's house to warn her that her life was "in danger".[92] The national police chief later confirmed that Yettaw was the "main culprit" in the case filed against Suu Kyi.[93] According to aides, Suu Kyi spent her 64th birthday in jail sharing biryani rice and chocolate cake with her guards.[94]
Her arrest and subsequent trial received worldwide condemnation by the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations Security Council,[95] Western governments,[96] South Africa,[97] Japan[98] and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, of which Burma is a member.[99] The Burmese government strongly condemned the statement, as it created an "unsound tradition"[100] and criticised Thailand for meddling in its internal affairs.[101] The Burmese Foreign Minister Nyan Win was quoted in the state-run newspaper New Light of Myanmar as saying that the incident "was trumped up to intensify international pressure on Burma by internal and external anti-government elements who do not wish to see the positive changes in those countries' policies toward Burma".[89] Ban responded to an international campaign[102] by flying to Burma to negotiate, but Than Shwe rejected all of his requests.[103]
On 11 August 2009 the trial concluded with Suu Kyi being sentenced to imprisonment for three years with hard labour. This sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of 18 months.[104] On 14 August, U.S. Senator Jim Webb visited Burma, visiting with junta leader Gen. Than Shwe and later with Suu Kyi. During the visit, Webb negotiated Yettaw's release and deportation from Burma.[105] Following the verdict of the trial, lawyers of Suu Kyi said they would appeal against the 18-month sentence.[106] On 18 August, United States President Barack Obama asked the country's military leadership to set free all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi.[107] In her appeal, Aung San Suu Kyi had argued that the conviction was unwarranted. However, her appeal against the August sentence was rejected by a Burmese court on 2 October 2009. Although the court accepted the argument that the 1974 constitution, under which she had been charged, was null and void, it also said the provisions of the 1975 security law, under which she has been kept under house arrest, remained in force. The verdict effectively meant that she would be unable to participate in the elections scheduled to take place in 2010 – the first in Burma in two decades. Her lawyer stated that her legal team would pursue a new appeal within 60 days.[108]
2009: International pressure for release, and Burmese general election 2010[link]
It was announced prior to the Burmese general election that Aung San Suu Kyi may be released "so she can organize her party,"[109] However, Suu Kyi was not allowed to run.[110] On 1 October 2010 the government announced that she would be released on 13 November 2010.[111]
Burma's relaxing stance, such as releasing political prisoners, was influenced in the wake of successful recent diplomatic visits by the US and other democratic governments, urging or encouraging the Burmese towards democratic reform. U.S. President Barack Obama personally advocated for the release of all political prisoners, especially Aung San Suu Kyi, during the US-ASEAN Summit of 2009.[112]
Democratic governments[which?] hoped that successful general elections would be an optimistic indicator of the Burmese government's sincerity towards eventual democracy.[113] The Hatoyama government which spent 2.82 billion yen in 2008, has promised more Japanese foreign aid to encourage Burma to release Aung San Suu Kyi in time for the elections; and to continue moving towards democracy and the rule of law.[113][114]
In a personal letter to Suu Kyi, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown cautioned the Burmese government of the potential consequences of rigging elections as "condemning Burma to more years of diplomatic isolation and economic stagnation".[115]
The Burmese government has been granting Suu Kyi varying degrees of freedom throughout late 2009, in response to international pressure. She has met with many heads of state, and opened a dialog with the Minister of Labor Aung Kyi (not to be confused with Aung San Suu Kyi).[116]
Suu Kyi was allowed to meet with senior members of her NLD party at the State House,[117] however these meeting took place under close supervision.
2010 release[link]
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On the evening of 13 November 2010, Suu Kyi was released from house arrest.[118] This was the date her detention had been set to expire according to a court ruling in August 2009[119] and came six days after a widely criticized general election. She appeared in front of a crowd of her supporters, who rushed to her house in Rangoon when nearby barricades were removed by the security forces. The Nobel Peace Prize laureate had been detained for 15 of the past 21 years.[120] The government newspaper New Light of Myanmar reported the release positively,[121] saying she had been granted a pardon after serving her sentence "in good conduct".[122] The New York Times suggested that the military government may have released Suu Kyi because it felt it was in a confident position to control her supporters after the election.[121] The role that Suu Kyi will play in the future of democracy in Burma remains a subject of much debate.
Her son Kim Aris was granted a visa in November 2010 to see his mother shortly after her release, for the first time in 10 years.[123] He visited again in 5 July 2011, to accompany her on a trip to Bagan, her first trip outside Yangon since 2003.[124] Her son visited again in 8 August 2011, to accompany her on a trip to Pegu, her second trip.[125]
Discussions were held between Suu Kyi and the Burmese government during 2011, which led to a number of official gestures to meet her demands. In October, around a tenth of Burma's political prisoners were freed in an amnesty and trade unions were legalised.[126][127]
In November 2011, following a meeting of its leaders, the NLD announced its intention to re-register as a political party in order contend 48 by-elections necessitated by the promotion of parliamentarians to ministerial rank.[128] Following the decision, Suu Kyi held a telephone conference with U.S. President Barack Obama, in which it was agreed that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton would make a visit to Burma, a move received with caution by Burma's ally China.[129] On 1 December 2011, Suu Kyi met with Hillary Clinton at the residence of the top-ranking US diplomat in Yangon.[130]
On 21 December 2011, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra met Suu Kyi in Yangoon, becoming Suu Kyi's "first-ever meeting with the leader of a foreign country".[131]
On 5 January 2012, British Foreign Minister William Hague met Aung San Suu Kyi and his Burmese counterpart. This represented a significant visit for Suu Kyi and Burma. Suu Kyi studied in the UK and maintains many ties there, whilst Britain is Burma's largest bilateral donor.
2012 by-elections[link]
In December 2011, there was speculation that Suu Kyi would run in the 2012 national by-elections to fill vacant seats.[132] On 18 January 2012, Suu Kyi formally registered to contest a Pyithu Hluttaw (lower house) seat in the Kawhmu Township constituency in special parliamentary elections to be held on 1 April 2012.[133][134] The seat was previously held by Soe Tint, who vacated it after being appointed Construction Deputy Minister, in the 2010 election.[135] She ran against Union Solidarity and Development Party candidate Soe Min, a retired army physician and native of Twante Township.[136]
On 3 March 2012, at a large campaign rally in Mandalay, Suu Kyi unexpectedly left after 15 minutes, because of exhaustion and airsickness.[137]
In an official campaign speech broadcast on Burmese state television's MRTV on 14 March 2012, Suu Kyi publicly campaigned for reform of the 2008 Constitution, removal of restrictive laws, more adequate protections for people's democratic rights, and establishment of an independent judiciary.[138] The speech was leaked online a day before it was broadcast.[139] A paragraph in the speech, focusing on the Tatmadaw's repression by means of law, was censored by authorities.[140]
Suu Kyi has also called for international media to monitor the upcoming by-elections, while publicly pointing out irregularities in official voter lists, which include deceased individuals and exclude other eligible voters in the contested constituencies.[141][142] On 21 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are continuing and we can even say they are increasing."[143]
When asked whether she would assume a ministerial post if given the opportunity, she said the following:[144]
I can tell you one thing – that under the present constitution, if you become a member of the government you have to vacate your seat in the national assembly. And I am not working so hard to get into parliament simply to vacate my seat.
On 26 March 2012, Suu Kyi suspended her nationwide campaign tour early, after a campaign rally in Myeik (Mergui), a coastal town in the south, citing health problems due to exhaustion and hot weather.[145]
On 1 April 2012, the NLD announced that Suu Kyi had won the vote for a seat in Parliament.[146] A news broadcast on state-run MRTV, reading the announcements of the Union Election Commission, confirmed her victory, as well as her party's victory in 43 of the 45 contested seats, officially making Suu Kyi the Leader of the Opposition in the lower house.[147]
Although she and other MP-elects were expected to take office on 23 April when the Hluttaws resume session, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Suu Kyi, said they might not take their oaths because of its wording; in its present form, parliamentarians must vow to "safeguard" the constitution.[148][149] In an address on Radio Free Asia, she said "We don't mean we will not attend the parliament, we mean we will attend only after taking the oath... Changing that wording in the oath is also in conformity with the Constitution. I don't expect there will be any difficulty in doing it."[150]
On 2 May 2012, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Aung San Suu Kyi, took their oaths and took office, though the wording of the oath was not changed. [151] According to the Los Angeles Times, "Suu Kyi and her colleagues decided they could do more by joining as lawmakers than maintaining their boycott on principle." [152]
International support[link]
File:Aung san suu kyi libera italy.jpg
May 2009 demonstration for Aung San Suu Kyi in Rome, Italy
File:Burmeseireland.jpg
The 2009 celebration of Aung San Suu Kyi's birthday in Dublin, Ireland
Aung San Suu Kyi has received vocal support from Western nations in Europe,[153] Australia[153] and North[154] and South America, as well as India,[4] Israel,[155] Japan[156] the Philippines and South Korea.[157] In December 2007, the US House of Representatives voted unanimously 400–0 to award Aung San Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal; the Senate concurred on 25 April 2008.[158] On 6 May 2008, President George Bush signed legislation awarding Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal.[159] She is the first recipient in American history to receive the prize while imprisoned. More recently, there has been growing criticism of her detention by Burma's neighbours in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, particularly from Indonesia,[160] Thailand,[161] the Philippines[162][163] and Singapore.[164] At one point Malaysia warned Burma that it faced expulsion from ASEAN as a result of the detention of Suu Kyi.[165] Other nations including South Africa,[166] Bangladesh[167] and the Maldives[168] also called for her release. The United Nations has urged the country to move towards inclusive national reconciliation, the restoration of democracy, and full respect for human rights.[169] In December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the human rights situation in Burma and calling for Suu Kyi's release—80 countries voting for the resolution, 25 against and 45 abstentions.[170] Other nations, such as China and Russia, are less critical of the regime and prefer to cooperate only on economic matters.[171] Indonesia has urged China to push Burma for reforms.[172] However, Samak Sundaravej, former Prime Minister of Thailand, criticised the amount of support for Suu Kyi, saying that "Europe uses Aung San Suu Kyi as a tool. If it's not related to Aung San Suu Kyi, you can have deeper discussions with Myanmar."[173]
Vietnam, however, did not support calls by other ASEAN member states for Myanmar to free Aung San Suu Kyi, state media reported Friday, 14 August 2009.[174] The state-run Việt Nam News said Vietnam had no criticism of Myanmar's decision 11 August 2009 to place Suu Kyi under house arrest for the next 18 months, effectively barring her from elections scheduled for 2010. "It is our view that the Aung San Suu Kyi trial is an internal affair of Myanmar", Vietnamese government spokesman Le Dung stated on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In contrast with other ASEAN member states, Dung said Vietnam has always supported Myanmar and hopes it will continue to implement the "roadmap to democracy" outlined by its government.[175]
Nobel Peace Prize[link]
Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. The decision of the Nobel Committee mentions:[176]
The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar (Burma) for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights....Suu Kyi's struggle is one of the most extraordinary examples of civil courage in Asia in recent decades. She has become an important symbol in the struggle against oppression...
...In awarding the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wishes to honour this woman for her unflagging efforts and to show its support for the many people throughout the world who are striving to attain democracy, human rights and ethnic conciliation by peaceful means.—Oslo, 14 October 1991
Nobel Peace Prize winners (Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the Dalai Lama, Shirin Ebadi, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Mairead Corrigan, Rigoberta Menchú, Prof. Elie Wiesel, U.S. President Barack Obama, Betty Williams, Jody Williams and former U.S. President Jimmy Carter) called for the rulers of Burma to release Suu Kyi in order to "create the necessary conditions for a genuine dialogue with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and all concerned parties and ethnic groups in order to achieve an inclusive national reconciliation with the direct support of the United Nations."[56] Some of the money she received as part of the award helps fund London-based charity Prospect Burma, which provides higher education grants to Burmese students.[177]
On May 21, 2012, it was announced that Aung San Suu Kyi would finally deliver her traditional Nobel lecture at Oslo's City Hall, two decades after receiving the peace prize.[178]
Organizations[link]
- Freedom Now, a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit organization, was retained in 2006 by a member of her family to help secure Aung San Suu Kyi's release from house arrest. The organization secured several opinions from the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention that her detention was in violation of international law; engaged in political advocacy such as spearheading a letter from 112 former Presidents and Prime Ministers to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urging him to go to Burma to seek her release, which he did six weeks later; and published numerous opeds and spoke widely to the media about her ongoing detention. Its representation of her ended when she was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[179]
- Aung San Suu Kyi has been an honorary board member of International IDEA and ARTICLE 19 since her detention, and has received support from these organisations.
- The Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Université catholique de Louvain, both located in Belgium, granted her the title of Doctor Honoris Causa.[180]
- In 2003, the Freedom Forum recognized Suu Kyi's efforts to promote democracy peacefully with the Al Neuharth Free Spirit of the Year Award, in which she was presented over satellite because she was under house arrest. She was awarded one million dollars.[181]
- In June of each year, the U.S. Campaign for Burma organizes hundreds of "Arrest Yourself" house parties around the world in support of Aung San Suu Kyi. At these parties, the organizers keep themselves under house arrest for 24 hours, invite their friends, and learn more about Burma and Aung San Suu Kyi.[182]
- The Freedom Campaign, a joint effort between the Human Rights Action Center and US Campaign for Burma, looks to raise worldwide attention to the struggles of Aung San Suu Kyi and the people of Burma.
- The Burma Campaign UK is a UK based NGO (Non Governmental Organisation) that aims to raise awareness of Burma's struggles and follow the guidelines established by the NLD and Aung San Suu Kyi.
- St. Hugh's College, Oxford, where she studied, had a Burmese theme for their annual ball in support of her in 2006.[183]
- Aung San Suu Kyi is the official patron of The Rafto Human Rights House in Bergen, Norway. She received the Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize in 1990.
- She was made an honorary free person of the City of Dublin, Ireland in November 1999, although a space had been left on the roll of signatures to symbolize her continued detention.
- In November 2005 the human rights group Equality Now proposed Aung Sun Suu Kyi as a potential candidate, among other qualifying women, for the position of U.N. Secretary General.[184] In the proposed list of qualified women Suu Kyi is recognised by Equality Now as the Prime Minister-Elect of Burma.[3]
- The UN' special envoy to Myanmar, Ibrahim Gambari, met Aung San Suu Kyi on 10 March 2008 before wrapping up his trip to the military-ruled country.[185]
- Aung San Suu Kyi is an honorary member of The Elders, a group of eminent global leaders brought together by Nelson Mandela.[186] Her ongoing detention means that she is unable to take an active role in the group, so The Elders place an empty chair for her at their meetings.[187] The Elders have consistently called for the release of all political prisoners in Burma.[188]
- In 2008, Burma’s devoted human rights leader and Nobel Peace Prize, was welcomed as Club of Madrid Honorary Member.
- In 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi was named the Guest Director of the 45th Brighton Festival.[citation needed]
- In June 2011, the BBC announced that Aung San Suu Kyi was to deliver the 2011 Reith Lectures. The BBC covertly recorded two lectures with Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma, which were then smuggled out of the country and brought back to London.[189] The lectures were broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service on 28 June 2011 and 5 July 2011.
- In November 2011, Suu Kyi received Francois Zimeray, France's Ambassador for Human Rights.
- March 8, 2012, Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird presented Aung San Suu Kyi a certificate of honorary Canadian citizenship and an informal invitation to visit Canada.
- In April 2012, British Prime Minister David Cameron became the first leader of a major world power to visit Aung San Su Kyi and the first of a British prime minister since the 1950s. In his visit, Cameron invited San Su Kyi to Britain where she would be able to visit her 'beloved' Oxford, an invitation which she later accepted; no specifec date has been confirmed but the month is thought to be June 2012.
- In May 2012, Suu Kyi received the inaugural Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent of the Human Rights Foundation.[190]
- 29 May 2012 PM Manmohan Singh of India visited Aung San Suu Kyi. In his visit, PM invited San Suu Kyi to India as well.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ "Myanmar election commission announces NLD wins overwhelmingly in by-elections". Xinhua. 2 April 2012. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-04/02/c_131504585.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ Aung San Suu Kyi should lead Burma, Pravda Online. 25 September 2007
- ^ a b The Next United Nations Secretary-General: Time for a Woman. Equality Now.org. November 2005.
- ^ a b MPs to Suu Kyi: You are the real PM of Burma. The Times of India. 13 June 2007
- ^ Walsh, John. (February 2006). Letters from Burma. Shinawatra International University.
- ^ Deutsche Welle Article: Sentence for Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi sparks outrage and cautious hope Quote: The NLD won a convincing majority in elections in 1990, the last remotely fair vote in Burma. That would have made Suu Kyi the prime minister, but the military leadership immediately nullified the result. Now her party must decide whether to take part in a poll that shows little prospect of being just.
- ^ The Hon. PENNY SHARPE Speech: In 1990, Suu Kyi stood as the National League for Democracy's candidate for Prime Minister in the Burmese general election. The NLD won in a landslide but the military junta refused to hand over power. Page: 52
- ^ twist in Aung San Suu Kyi's fate Article: How a Missouri Mormon may have thwarted democracy in Myanmar. By Patrick Winn — GlobalPost Quote: "Suu Kyi has mostly lived under house arrest since 1990, when the country's military junta refused her election to the prime minister's seat. The Nobel Peace Laureate remains backed by a pro-democracy movement-in-exile, many of them also voted into a Myanmar parliament that never was." Published: 21 May 2009 00:48 ETBANGKOK, Thailand
- ^ Burma releases Aung San Suu Kyi. BBC News, 13 November 2010.
- ^ Aye Aye Win, Myanmar's Suu Kyi Released From Hospital, Associated Press (via the Washington Post, 10 June 2006.
- ^ "Canada makes Myanmar's Suu Kyi an honorary citizen". Reuters. 17 October 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN17350334. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Update: Mawlana Hazar Imam is made an honorary citizen of Canada". The Ismaili. 19 June 2009. http://www.theismaili.org/cms/732/Update-Mawlana-Hazar-Imam-is-made-an-honorary-citizen-of-Canada. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ Recipients of the Wallenberg Medal. Wallenberg.umich.edu. Retrieved on 2 April 2012.
- ^ Fuller, Thomas, Democracy Advocate Elected to Myanmar’s Parliament, Her Party Says, The New York Times, 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Burmese Parliamentary Elections". Voice of America News. 5 April 2012. http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/Burmese-Parliamentary-Elections-146265885.html. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
- ^ NLD Claims Suu Kyi Victory, The Irrawaddy, 4 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d Aung San Suu Kyi – Biography. Nobel Prize Foundation.
- ^ "Myanmar Family Roles and Social Relationships". Government of Myanmar. http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp1997/9-97/fam9-97.htm. Retrieved 24 September 2007.
- ^ Min Lwin (28 May 2009). "Suu Kyi Protester Arrested". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=15761. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ "ဒေါ်အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်ကို "အမေစု"ဟု အော်ဟစ် နှုတ်ဆက်" (in Burmese). ဧရာဝတီ. 13 November 2010. http://www.irrawaddy.org/bur/index.php/news/2010-11-12-10-25-42/4848-2010-11-13-11-54-29. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ "City honours democracy campaigner". BBC. 4 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7923425.stm. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ Beech, Hannah (29 November 2010). "The Lady Walks Free Again". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2031990,00.html.
- ^ A biography of Aung San Suu Kyi. Burma Campaign.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
- ^ Stewart (1997), p. 31
- ^ Stewart (1997), p. 32
- ^ a b c d e f A biography of Aung San Suu Kyi. Burma Campaign.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
- ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi — Biography". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1991/kyi-bio.html. Retrieved 4 May 2006.
- ^ a b Phadnis, Aditi. "Much warmth, some restraint at Manmohan's meeting with Suu Kyi". Business Standard. http://business-standard.com/india/news/much-warmth-some-restraint-at-manmohans-meetingsuu-kyi/475788/. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ Staff reporter (18 June 2009). Before the storm: Aung San Suu Kyi photograph peels back the years. The Guardian.
- ^ Suu Kyi rejects UK visit offer. BBC News. 26 March 1999.
- ^ "Obituary: A courageous and patient man". London: BBC News. 27 March 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/305487.stm. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
- ^ Official: UN plane lands in Myanmar with aid after cyclone[dead link], Associated Press. 2 May 2008.
- ^ Aung San Suu Kyi’s home to be renovated. Mizzima. 10 August 2009.
- ^ Ba Kaung (13 November 2010). "Suu Kyi Freed at Last". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=20068. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ Silverstein, Josef. "The idea of freedom in Burma and the political thought of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi." Pacific Affairs 69, no. 2 (Summer96 1996): 152. Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost . Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ^ "Profile: Aung San Suu Kyi". London: BBC News. 25 May 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1950505.stm. Retrieved 26 May 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1991/presentation-speech.html. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
- ^ Houtman, Gustaaf, Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series), 1999. ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6. See also Buddhism in Burma.
- ^ "National League for Democracy". National League for Democracy. http://www.nldburma.org/. Retrieved 26 September 2011. (Note: The date is in the "description" meta element of the web page and can be verified by viewing the page HTML code)
- ^ "The Voice of Her People: Aung San Suu Kyi". Parade Magazine. 19 January 1997. http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/1997/edition_01-19-1997/aung-san-suu-kyi.html?index=2.
- ^ "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma's Icon of Democracy, Hope and Grace Under Pressure". Amnesty International Women's Action Council Stop Violence Against Women Campaign. Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060821052840/http://women.amnestyusa.org/defenders/aungsansuukyi.asp.
- ^ Miller (2001), p. 21
- ^ Simpson, John (27 June 2011). "Is Aung San Suu Kyi rethinking her tactics?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/27/aung-san-suu-kyi-reith. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi profile". Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma). http://aappb.org/biography_1.html. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ a b c Moe, Wait (3 August 2009). Suu Kyi Questions Burma’s Judiciary, Constitution. The Irrawaddy.
- ^ Aung San Suu Kyi interview (video). YouTube.
- ^ Buncombe, Andrew (5 July 2009). 5,000 days in captivity: The world's most famous political prisoner and a dismal landmark. The Independent.
- ^ Burma expels Italian reporter for "illegal reporting, TV Myanmar, Rangoon, 18 August 1998.
- ^ Wadhams, Nick (9 June 2006). "Myanmar's Suu Kyi Hospitalized". Washington Post. Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/09/AR2006060901000.html. Retrieved 9 June 2006.
- ^ Opposition Condemns Extension of Suu Kyi's Detention, The Irrawaddy, 27 May 2006. Accessed 1 April 2012.
- ^ Government took action against appeal plaintiff Daw Aung San Suu Kyi in accord with existing laws within framework of law, New Light of Myanmar, (government newspaper), 19 September 2009. Accessed 1 April 2012.
- ^ Suu Kyi appeals to Myanmar junta against her detention: party AFP, 11 October 2008.
- ^ Ehrlich, Richard S., Suppressing Burma’s ‘beacon’, The Washington Times, 24 October 2008. Accessed 1 April 2012.
- ^ EU envoy urges lifting of Aung San Suu Kyi's house arrest, eubusiness.com, 24 October 2008. Accessed 1 April 2012.
- ^ Reuters in Rangoon (9 November 2010). "Burmese election won by military-backed party". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/09/burma-usdp-wins-election. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
- ^ a b c Biography Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma Campaign.
- ^ "The Depayin Massacre 2 Years On, Justice Denied" (PDF). ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Burma Caucus. 30 May 2005. http://www.aseanmp.org/resources/Depayin%20Massacre.pdf. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
- ^ "Suu Kyi has 'major' operation". London: BBC News. 19 September 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3119038.stm. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
- ^ "Annan expresses sadness for the resignation of his envoy for Burma". Democratic Voice of Burma. 10 January 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928172156/http://english.dvb.no/news.php?id=6287. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
- ^ "After meeting Aung San Suu Kyi, UN envoy leaves Burma". United Nations. 20 May 2006. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=18557&Cr=Myanmar&Cr1=. Retrieved 22 May 2006.
- ^ "Rare visite" (in French). Radio-Canada. Société Radio-Canada. 8 January 2007. http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/International/2006/11/11/010-emissaire-suukyi.shtml. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
- ^ "UN envoy meets with Burma's top general to discuss 'current situation'". UN News Service. 2 October 2007. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=24129. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
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- ^ a b Daw Aung San Suu Kyi v. Myanmar, U.N. Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2005/6/Add.1 at 47 (2004).
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- ^ Yahoo News on Buddhist monk uprising[dead link]. Associated Press.
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- ^ "Suu Kyi: media must monitor Burma". UK Press Association. 11 March 2012. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5ghDxCYw0UlDzCnPQ4M7DGRtg8POg?docId=N1041441331491159890A. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ^ "Western Election Observers Invited". Radio Free Asia. 21 March 2012. http://www.rfa.org/english/news/burma/election-03212012170629.html. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ Ljunggren, David (29 February 2012). "Myanmar's Suu Kyi says reforms could be reversed". Reuters (Ottowa). http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/29/myanmar-suukyi-cabinet-idUSL2E8DT3G720120229. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi suspends Burma election tour after falling ill". The Guardian. Associated Press. 26 March 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/25/suu-kyi-suspends-burma-election-tour?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ [Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi wins by-election: NLD party "Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi wins by-election: NLD party"]. BBC News. 1 April 2012. Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi wins by-election: NLD party. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ Kyaw Myo Win (2 April 2012). "Winning NLD candidate list announced in state tv". MRTV. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JO0jM7ymHE0. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ Aung Hla Tun (20 April 2012). "Suu Kyi Myanmar parliament debut in doubt over oath stalemate". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/20/us-myanmar-idUSBRE83J0AI20120420. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ The line in question is Schedule Four of the 2008 Constitution (Form of Oaths or Affirmation), which states: "After being elected as an MP, I do solemnly swear to preserve, protect, and nurture the Constitution while following the nation's laws." (ကျွန်ုပ်...သည် လွှတ်တော်ကိုယ်စားလှယ်အဖြစ်ရွေးချယ်ခံရပြီးဖြစ်သဖြင့် နိုင်ငံတော်ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေကို ထိန်းသိမ်းကာကွယ် စောင့်ရှောက်ပြီး နိုင်ငံတော်၏ ဥပဒေများကိုလည်း လိုက်နာပါမည်။), officially translated as: "I do solemnly and sincerely promise that as an elected representative of the Hluttaw, I will uphold and abide by the Constitution of the Union."
- ^ Aung Hla Tun (19 April 2012). "Myanmar oath standoff puts Suu Kyi's MP debut in doubt". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/19/us-myanmar-politics-idUSBRE83I0CF20120419. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
- ^ http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/05/burmas-aung-san-suu-kyi-takes-parliament-seat-making-history.html
- ^ http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/05/burmas-aung-san-suu-kyi-takes-parliament-seat-making-history.html
- ^ a b Myanmar offer is a 'sop' to the West. IOL. 7 October 2007
- ^ US House honours Burma's Suu Kyi BBC News, 18 December 2007.
- ^ "Israel calls on Myanmar government to release Suu Kyi". Mfa.gov.il. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2009/Press+releases/Israel_calls_Myanmar_government_release_Suu_Kyi_20-May-2009. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ "Japan calls for Suu Kyi release". BBC News. 24 June 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3009014.stm. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Leaders demand Suu Kyi's release". 15 May 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011144042/http://mwcnews.net/content/view/14517&Itemid=1.
- ^ Schor, Elana (25 April 2008). Burmese detainee receives US honour. The Guardian.
- ^ Burma's cyclone death toll soars. BBC News Online. 6 May 2008.
- ^ U.S., Indonesia call for Suu Kyi's release. Mizzima. 9 June 2009
- ^ Burma lashes out at Thailand over Suu Kyi. Bangkok Post. 25 May 2009
- ^ Philippine Daily Inquirer. 27 January 2008.
- ^ Myanmar urged to release peace activist Suu Kyi. Gulfnews. 30 May 2007.
- ^ S'pore disappointed with extension of Aung San Suu Kyi's detention. Channel News Asia. 27 May 2009
- ^ Burma 'faces ASEAN expulsion'. BBC News Online. 20 July 2003
- ^ SA calls for immediate release of Aung San Suu Kyi. Mail & Guardian. 22 May 2009
- ^ 432 eminent citizens call for Suu Kyi's freedom. Daily Star. 19 June 2006
- ^ "President Nasheed calls for immediate release of Aung San Suu Ky". Maldiveschronicle.com. 12 February 2009. http://www.maldiveschronicle.com/president-nasheed-calls-immediate-release/. Retrieved 10 June 2009. [dead link]
- ^ UN Secretary Repeats Call for Release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi 27 May 2007.
- ^ UN General Assembly condemns Myanmar. Taipei Times. 26 December 2008
- ^ Myanmar breaks own law holding Suu Kyi: UN panel. Daily Times of Pakistan. 25 March 2009
- ^ RI woos India, China over Suu Kyi. Jakarta Post. 13 June 2009
- ^ Thai PM says West uses Mynamar. Nasdaq.com. 25 August 2008
- ^ dT; (14 August 2009). "Vietnam supports Myanmar's efforts for reconciliation". En.vietnamplus.vn. http://en.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Vietnam-supports-Myanmars-efforts-for-reconciliation/20098/1660.vnplus. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ "Vietnam: Suu Kyi verdict ‘internal’ matter for Myanmar". Abitsu.org. 13 August 2009. http://www.abitsu.org/?p=5390. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ Nobel Committee press release.
- ^ "Home". Prospect Burma. http://www.prospectburma.org/index.php. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi to give Nobel acceptance speech in Norway 2 decades after winning peace prize". Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/aung-san-suu-kyi-to-give-nobel-acceptance-speech-in-norway-2-decades-after-winning-peace-prize/2012/05/21/gIQA4csHfU_story.html. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
- ^ www.freedom-now.org. www.freedom-now.org. Retrieved on 2 April 2012.
- ^ "Overzicht Eredoctoraten Vrije Universiteit Brussel" (in Dutch). Vrije Univeriteit Brussel. http://www.vub.ac.be/home/DHC/overzicht.html. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
- ^ freedomforum.org.
- ^ "Arrest Yourself". US Campaign for Burma. Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060715081242/http://www.uscampaignforburma.org/action/community.html. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
- ^ "St. Hugh's Full Moon Ball". The Burma Campaign UK. http://www.thefullmoonball.com/ie/. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
- ^ The Next United Nations Secretary-General: Time for a Woman. Qualified women; Quote: ...Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma) Prime Minister-Elect...Equality Now.org November 2005.
- ^ "Arrest Yourself". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080315010646/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/myanmar.un.ap/index.html. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ "www.theElders.org ''Aung San Suu Kyi''". Theelders.org. http://www.theelders.org/elders/aung-san-suu-kyi. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ Photo: Jeff Moore / AP (26 May 2009). "San Francisco Chronicle ''Absent but not forgotten''". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/object/article?f=/g/a/2009/05/26/dip.DTL&o=9. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ "www.theElders.org ''The Elders demand release of Aung San Suu Kyi''". Theelders.org. 26 May 2009. http://www.theelders.org/media/mediareleases/elders-demand-release-aung-san-suu-kyi. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ BBC News – Aung San Suu Kyi to present the BBC's Reith Lectures. Bbc.co.uk (10 June 2011). Retrieved on 10 August 2011.
- ^ "A Prize for Creative Dissent". The Wall Street Journal. 13 May 2012. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304203604577396372334739162.html?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
Bibliography[link]
- Miller, J. E. (2001). Who's who in contemporary women's writing. Routledge.
- Reid, R., Grosberg, M. (2005). Myanmar (Burma). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-695-4.
- Stewart, Whitney (1997). Aung San Suu Kyi: fearless voice of Burma. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-4931-4.
Further reading[link]
- Aung San Suu Kyi (Modern Peacemakers) (2007) by Judy L. Hasday, ISBN 978-0-7910-9435-8
- The Lady: Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Laureate and Burma's Prisoner (2002) by Barbara Victor, ISBN 978-0-571-21177-7, or 1998 hardcover: ISBN 978-0-571-19944-0
- Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2007) by Justin Wintle, ISBN 978-0-09-179681-5
- Tyrants: The World's 20 Worst Living Dictators (2006) by David Wallechinsky, ISBN 978-0-06-059004-8
- Aung San Suu Kyi (Trailblazers of the Modern World) (2004) by William Thomas, ISBN 978-0-8368-5263-9
- No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs (2002) by Naomi Klein ISBN 978-0-312-42143-4
- Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series) (1999) by Gustaaf Houtman, ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6
- Hidden Agendas (1998) by John Pilger, ISBN 978-0-09-974151-0
- Aung San Suu Kyi: Standing Up for Democracy in Burma (Women Changing the World) (1998) by Bettina Ling ISBN 978-1-55861-197-9
- Prisoner for Peace: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy (Champions of Freedom Series) (1994) by John Parenteau, ISBN 978-1-883846-05-3
- Des femmes prix Nobel de Marie Curie à Aung San Suu Kyi, 1903–1991 (1992) by Charlotte Kerner, Nicole Casanova, Gidske Anderson, ISBN 978-2-7210-0427-7
- Aung San Suu Kyi, towards a new freedom (1998) by Chin Geok Ang ISBN 978-981-4024-30-3
- Aung San Suu Kyi's struggle: Its principles and strategy (1997) by Mikio Oishi ISBN 978-983-9861-06-8
- Finding George Orwell in Burma (2004) by Emma Larkin ISBN 0-14-303711-0
- Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember (2005) by John McCain, Mark Salter. Random House ISBN 978-1-4000-6412-0
- The Political Thought of Aung San Suu Kyi by Josef Siverstein (1996)
- Under the Dragon: A Journey Through Burma (1998/2010) by Rory MacLean ISBN 978-1-84511-622-4
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aung San Suu Kyi |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Aung San Suu Kyi |
- Aung San Suu Kyi at the Open Directory Project
- Aung San Suu Kyi's website via the Internet Archive
- Nobel Peace Prize 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi at NobelPrize.org
- Aung San Suu Kyi – Summary, biography, excerpts from books
- Works by Aung San Suu Kyi on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- Works by or about Aung San Suu Kyi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Burma's Suu Kyi, Free at Last – slideshow by Der Spiegel
- Peace Prize 2012 from India by Sarhad organization PUNE City
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New political party | Leader of the National League for Democracy 1988–present |
Incumbent |
| Assembly seats | ||
| Preceded by Soe Tint |
Member of the Burmese House of Representatives for Kawhmu 2012–present |
Incumbent |
| Awards and achievements | ||
| Preceded by Mikhail Gorbachev |
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1991 |
Succeeded by Rigoberta Menchú |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Aung San Suu Kyi |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | nonviolent pro-democracy activist |
| Date of birth | (1945-06-19) 19 June 1945 (age 67) |
| Place of birth | Rangoon, Myanmar |
| Date of death | living |
| Place of death | |
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