GBK is an extension of the GB2312 character set for simplified Chinese characters, used in the People's Republic of China.

GB abbreviates Guojia Biaozhun (国家标准), which means national standard in Chinese, while K stands for Extension ("Kuozhan"). GBK not only extended the old standard GB2312 with Traditional Chinese characters, but also with Chinese characters that were simplified after the establishment of GB2312 in 1981. With the arrival of GBK, certain names with characters formerly unrepresentable, like the "rong" (镕) character in former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji's name, are now representable.

History[link]

In 1993, the Unicode 1.1 standard was released, including 20,902 characters used in mainland China, Taiwan, Japan and Korea. Following this, China released GB13000.1-93, a national standard (guóbiāo) equivalent of Unicode 1.1.

The GBK character set was defined in 1993 as an extension of GB2312-80, while also including the characters of GB13000.1-93 through the unused codepoints available in GB2312. Hence GBK is upward compatible with GB2312.

Microsoft implemented GBK in Windows 95 and Windows NT 3.51 as Code Page 936. While GBK was never an official standard, widespread usage of Windows 95 led to GBK becoming the de facto standard. While GBK included all the Chinese characters defined in Unicode 1.1 and GB13000.1-93, these standards used different code tables. The primary reason for its existence was simply to bridge the gap between GB2312-80 and GB13000.1-93.

In 1995, China National Information Technology Standardization Technical Committee set down the Chinese Internal Code Specification (Chinese: 汉字内码扩展规范（GBK）; pinyin: Hànzì Nèimǎ Kuòzhǎn Guīfàn (GBK)), Version 1.0, known as GBK 1.0, which is a slight extension of Codepage 936. The newly added 95 characters were not found in GB 13000.1-1993, and were provisionally assigned Unicode PUA code points.

Microsoft later added the euro sign to Codepage 936 and assigned the code 0x80 to it. This is not a valid code point in GBK 1.0.

In 2000, the GB18030-2000 standard was released, superseding yet maintaining compatibility with GBK 1.0. It increased the number of definitions of Chinese characters and extended the number of possible characters through the implementation of four-byte character spaces. The subset of GB 18030 consisting of one-byte and two-byte characters is sometimes also referred to as GBK. Mapping to Unicode has been slightly changed, though, as some characters are now defined in Unicode. In the most up-to-date form of the standard, GB 18030-2005, only 14 characters are still mapped to Unicode PUA.

Encoding[link]

A character is encoded as 1 or 2 bytes. A byte in the range 00–7F is a single byte that means the same thing as it does in ASCII. Strictly speaking, there are 96 characters and 32 control codes in this range.

A byte with the high bit set indicates that it is the first of 2 bytes. Loosely speaking, the first byte is in the range 81–FE (that is, never 80 or FF), and the second byte is 40–7E for some areas and 80–FE for others.

More specifically, the following ranges of bytes are defined:

In graphical form, the following figure shows the space of all 64K possible 2-byte codes. Green and yellow areas are assigned GBK codepoints, red are for user-defined characters. The uncolored areas are invalid byte combinations.

Relationship to other encodings[link]

The areas indicated in the previous section as GBK/1 and GBK/2, taken by themselves, is simply GB2312-80 in its usual encoding. GB2312, or more properly the EUC-CN encoding thereof, takes a pair of bytes from the range A1–FE, like any 94² ISO-2022 character set loaded into GR. This corresponds to the lower-right quarter of the illustration above. However, GB2312 does not assign any code points to the rows located at AB–B0 and F8–FE, even though it had staked out the territory.

GBK added extensions to this. You can see that the two gaps were filled in with user-defined areas.

More significantly, it extended the range of the bytes. Having two-byte characters in the ISO-2022 GR range gives a limit of 94²=8,836 possibilities. Abandoning the ISO-2022 model of strict regions for graphics and control characters, but retaining the feature of low bytes being 1-byte characters and pairs of high bytes denoting a character, you could potentially have 128²=16,384 positions. GBK takes part of that, extending the range from A1–FE (94 choices for each byte) to 81–FE (126 choices) for the first byte and 40–FE (191 choices) for the second byte, for a total of 24,066 positions.

Microsoft's Code Page 936 is generally thought of as being GBK. It has bytes in the same range, with assignments that seem to match if you compare them. However, the total number of two-byte code points defined is 21,791 so there must be some differences—at the very least, 95 are missing.

GBK's successor, GB18030-2000, uses the remaining range available to the second byte to further expand the number of possibilities while retaining GBK as a subset.

External links[link]

• Microsoft Reference page for GBK
• Mapping of GBK to Unicode N.B.: this is Microsoft code page 936, which contains entries for 21015 code points and 32 control characters. This is not exactly the same as GBK which has 21886 characters.
• GBK Code Table N.B. This shows the available coding space totally populated except for 2 places, for a total of 32256 glyphs (32352 with the implied single-byte ASCII codes not illustrated), which is more than 23940 or 21886.
• Evolution of GBK and GB2312 into GB18030
• GBK(5) man page from HP has a good treatment of character ranges.

v t e Character encodings Character sets Early telecommunications ASCII ISO/IEC 646 ISO/IEC 6937 T.61 sixbit code pages Baudot code Morse code Chinese telegraph code ISO/IEC 8859 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 Bibliographic use ANSEL ISO 5426 / 5426-2 / 5427 / 5428 / 6438 / 6861 / 6862 / 10585 / 10586 / 10754 / 11822 MARC-8 National standards ArmSCII CNS 11643 GOST 10859 GB 2312 HKSCS ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 PASCII TIS-620 TSCII VISCII YUSCII EUC CN JP KR TW ISO/IEC 2022 CN JP KR CCCII MacOS codepages ("scripts") Arabic CentralEurRoman ChineseSimp / EUC-CN ChineseTrad / Big5 Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Dingbats Farsi Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Icelandic Japanese / ShiftJIS Korean / EUC-KR Roman Romanian Symbol Thai / TIS-620 Turkish Ukrainian DOS codepages 437 720 737 775 850 852 855 857 858 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 869 Kamenický Mazovia MIK Iran System Windows codepages 874 / TIS-620 932 / Shift JIS 936 / GBK 949 / EUC-KR 950 / Big5 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1361 54936 / GB18030 EBCDIC codepages 37/1140 273/1141 277/1142 278/1143 280/1144 284/1145 285/1146 297/1147 420/16804 424/12712 500/1148 838/1160 871/1149 875/9067 930/1390 933/1364 937/1371 935/1388 939/1399 1025/1154 1026/1155 1047/924 1112/1156 1122/1157 1123/1158 1130/1164 JEF KEIS Platform specific ATASCII CDC display code DEC-MCS DEC Radix-50 Fieldata GSM 03.38 HP roman8 PETSCII TI calculator character sets WISCII ZX Spectrum character set Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646 UTF-8 UTF-16/UCS-2 UTF-32/UCS-4 UTF-7 UTF-1 UTF-EBCDIC GB 18030 SCSU BOCU-1 Miscellaneous codepages APL Cork HZ IBM code page 1133 KOI8 TRON Related topics control character (C0 C1) CCSID Character encodings in HTML charset detection Han unification ISO 6429/IEC 6429/ANSI X3.64 mojibake

Frankie Muniz
Frankie Muniz, May 2012
Born	Francisco Muñiz IV (1985-12-05) December 5, 1985 (age 26) Ridgewood, New Jersey, U.S.
Occupation	Actor Professional racer Musician
Years active	1997–present

Francisco "Frankie" Muniz IV (born December 5, 1985)^[1] is an American actor, musician, writer, producer, and racecar driver. He is known primarily as the star of the FOX television family sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. In 2003, he was considered "one of Hollywood's most bankable teens".^[2] In 2008, he put his acting career on hold to pursue an open wheel racing career. He competed in the Atlantic Championship. In 2012, he joined the band Kingsfoil as the drummer.

Early life[link]

Muniz was born on December 5, 1985, in Ridgewood,^[3][4] New Jersey, the son of Denise, a former nurse, and Francisco Muniz III, a restaurant manager, and grew up in Wood-Ridge, New Jersey.^[5][6] His father is Puerto Rican whose ancestral origins descend from Asturias, Spain, and his mother is of Italian and Irish descent.^[7] He has an elder sister, Cristina.^[7] Muniz was first discovered at the age of eight, at a talent show in Raleigh, North Carolina (shortly after the family moved from New Jersey), where he was cast as Tiny Tim in a local production of A Christmas Carol. His parents divorced shortly after. He subsequently moved to Burbank, California, with his mother. He appeared in commercials and made his film debut in the made-for-television movie To Dance With Olivia (1997), starring Lou Gossett Jr. In that same year, he appeared in the CBS Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation of What the Deaf Man Heard. A small role in the film Lost & Found (1999) led to his breakout role as the title character on Malcolm in the Middle.

Career[link]

Acting[link]

Fox premiered Malcolm in the Middle on January 9, 2000, as a mid-season replacement, and the show was quickly overcome with accolades. The premiere episode was watched by 23 million people^[8] and the second episode by 26 million.^[9] Muniz anchored the show with his narration and central role in many of the series' plots, although he has said that he does not consider himself a comic actor and does not find himself loved.^[10] He was nominated for the Emmy Awards^[11] in 2001,^[12] and was honored with the Hollywood Reporter "Young Star Award" for his work in the series.

Throughout his television career, Muniz made guest appearances on the shows Lizzie McGuire, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, and MADtv. His first starring role in a feature film was as Willie Morris in the 2000 family period piece My Dog Skip, released around the same time as the pilot for Malcolm In The Middle. That same year, he played the voice of Domino in the 2000 video game 102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue. He was featured on the video game Stargate Worlds.

The following year, he contributed a voice to the animal cast of the film Dr. Dolittle 2. He had a hit with the 2002 release Big Fat Liar, which teamed him with teen actress Amanda Bynes as a pair of students seeking revenge on a sleazy movie producer (played by Paul Giamatti). Muniz was also part of the ensemble for the gang film Deuces Wild, released that same year. In 2003, he made a cameo appearance as Cher's underage boyfriend in Stuck on You. That same year, he appeared in the series premiere of Ashton Kutcher's MTV practical joke series Punk'd. Muniz subsequently played the title role in the film Agent Cody Banks, as well as its sequel, Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London. The first film opened in March 2003, and grossed $47 million; the sequel, which opened a year later, grossed $28 million.^[13] He trained in martial arts for the films, and performed most of his own stunts. He also commented that it was the point in his career where he should "make the transition from child actor to an adult actor or a respectable actor."^[10]

Muniz voiced a racing zebra named Stripes in the 2005 film Racing Stripes. That same year, he made a guest appearance as himself in "Mr. F", an episode of the Fox comedy Arrested Development. In April 2006, he began filming My Sexiest Year, an independent film in which Harvey Keitel played his father.^[14] He announced, during that same month, that he would be taking a break from acting, in order to pursue a career in race car driving, under a full-time two-year deal with Jensen Motorsport in the Formula BMW competition.^[15][16]

Malcolm in the Middle finished its run May 14, 2006. Ten days later, Muniz appeared in the horror movie Stay Alive. He expressed a desire to leave traditional Hollywood film roles behind, saying:

Growing up has never scared me until last year. I started thinking about getting older, being an adult, and it scared me. Hopefully things will work out in my career. If they don't, then it was never meant to be.

—^[17]

Despite his earlier stated intention to take a break from acting, in May 2006, he signed on to star in the R-rated teen-sex comedy Extreme Movie.^[18] The film was originally planned to be released in 2007 by Dimension Films,^[19] but was ultimately released straight to DVD in February 2009.

In late 2007, he made a significant guest appearance in an episode of the popular and critically acclaimed CBS crime drama Criminal Minds. The episode, entitled "True Night", featured Muniz playing a famous comic-book writer who becomes a violent serial killer who preys on a group of local gang-bangers after they force him to watch while they rape and murder his pregnant fiancée. In December 2007, he made a cameo appearance in the movie Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, playing Buddy Holly.

Writing, producing and music[link]

Muniz started writing in 2004, when he wrote the screenplay of the TV show Granted. To date, that is his only screenplay. In 2004, he was the executive producer of Granted. In 2006, he was also executive producer for the movie Choose Your Own Adventure: The Abominable Snowman. A year later (2007), he became the associated producer of the film Choose Connor.

Muniz joined the unsigned band You Hang Up as a drummer. He said, "This is something I have always wanted in my life, and I'm thrilled to be associated with such a great group of guys!"^[20]

On April 5, 2012, Muniz tweeted that he had joined Kingsfoil, a band based in York County, Pennsylvania. ^[21]

Racecar driving[link]

Muniz (third from right) at the 2011 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race

Muniz's career in car racing traces back to 2005, when he won the Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race as a celebrity participant. While investigating the possibility of joining a racing team as an owner, he was granted a test in a car, and instead signed a two-year deal with Jensen Motorsport as a driver.

Muniz entered fourteen races during the 2006 Formula BMW USA series, and failed to finish in a point-scoring position. He was selected as one of the thirty–six drivers to compete in the annual Formula BMW World Final, despite his poor performance in the national series. The event, dominated by German Christian Vietoris, saw him make a small impact, as he finished twenty–ninth.^[22]

For 2007, Muniz moved up to the more competitive Champ Car Atlantic Series,^[23] where he competed in the entire season of 12 races. For the season, his best finish was ninth place, and he officially earned a total of 41 points and $17,000 in prize money. By avoiding breakdowns and accidents, he was able to log 351 season laps. This was more race mileage than that of most other drivers, indicating greater endurance and consistency with respect to other drivers of similar performance.^[24]

In January 2007, he placed second at the Sebring Winter National race.^[25]

He signed with Atlantic Championship winning team Pacific Coast Motorsports in January 2008, with a goal to compete consistently in the top ten in the 2008 event "Cooper Tires Presents the Atlantic Championship Powered by Mazda". He finished the 2008 season in eleventh place.

At the end of the 2008 season, he won the Jovy Marcelo Award, an award for sportsmanship voted on by fellow drivers named in memory of the 1991 Atlantic Championship winner who was killed during practice for the 1992 Indianapolis 500.

Personal life[link]

On October 24, 2011, it was reported that Muniz was engaged to his long-time girlfriend, Elycia Marie, owner of Arcadia Vintage. ^[26]

Filmography[link]

Awards[link]

Motorsports career results[link]

American open–wheel racing results[link]

(key)

Atlantic Championship[link]

Year	Team	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	Rank	Points
2007	Jensen MotorSport	LVG Ret	LBH 19	HOU 21	POR1 Ret	POR2 20	CLE Ret	MTT Ret	TOR 9	EDM1 17	EDM2 16	SJO 11	ROA 18	22nd	41
2008	Pacific Coast Motorsports	LBH 15	LS 13	MTT 11	EDM1 12	EDM2 13	ROA1 11	ROA2 10	TRR 12	NJ 10	UTA 14	ATL 9		11th	102
2009	Team Stargate Worlds	SEB 10	UTA 4	NJ1 8	NJ2 8	LIM 10	ACC1 7	ACC2 7	MDO 8	TRR 6	MOS	ATL	LS	9th	62

References[link]

External links[link]

• Frankie Muniz at the Internet Movie Database
• kingsfoil.com
• Frankie Muniz Twitter
• Frankie Muniz at Emmys.com

External images
	Vanessa Morgan

Vanessa Morgan Mziray (born March 23, 1992),^[1] known professionally as Vanessa Morgan, is a Canadian actress and singer. She is best known for her role of Amanda Pierce in the Family Channel TV series The Latest Buzz as well as singing the theme song for the series. She also played Marion Hawthorne in the Disney Channel film Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars, and Sarah in the Teletoon film My Babysitter's a Vampire and the subsequent television series of the same name.^[2]

Personal life[link]

Morgan was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Her father is East African and her mother is Scottish.^[3] She won the Junior Miss America 1999 pageant.^[4] She graduated from Colonel By Secondary School in 2010.^[4]

Filmography[link]

Discography[link]

Singles[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Vanessa Morgan at the Internet Movie Database

Chandler Massey (born September 10, 1990) is an American actor. Since February 2010 he has played the role of Will Horton on NBC's Days of our Lives.^[1]

Previously, Chandler had roles on One Tree Hill, Eastbound & Down and Army Wives. He also had a lead role in the independent film Smash that was released February 4, 2011.^[2]

Chandler began acting at Norcross High School and played the lead role in Little Shop of Horrors and How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. He attended one quarter at UCLA before leaving to take the role on Days of our Lives.^[3]

Awards[link]

• Daytime Emmy Nomination - Outstanding Younger Actor - 2012
• Daytime Emmy Nomination - Outstanding Younger Actor - 2011^[4]

Notes[link]

1. ^ "Just Asking, Chandler Massey (Will, Days of Our Lives)", page 47. Soap Opera Weekly, April 20, 2010.
2. ^ McNary, D: "Smash producers to self-distribute pic", Variety.com, June 21, 2010. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118020846.html?categoryid=13&cs=1/
3. ^ Gill, J: "Teen takes part in daytime dramatics", page B 1. Gainesville Times, February 8, 2010. http://www.gainesvilletimes.com/archives/29280/
4. ^ Kroll, D: "Supporting winners are back, first-timer winner guaranteed in Younger fields" http://soapcentral.com/soapcentral/news/2011/0511-emmy_noms_list.php

External links[link]

• Oh My Massey!
• Chandler Massey at the Internet Movie Database
• Days of our Lives NBC page

Vanessa Lengies (born July 21, 1985)^[1] is a Canadian actress and singer best known for starring in the drama American Dreams as Roxanne Bojarski. She recently appeared as Nurse Kelly Epson on the TNT medical drama HawthoRNe, and appears in the recurring role of Sugar Motta in the third season of the Fox musical dramedy Glee.

Life and career[link]

Born to a German father and an Egyptian mother, Lengies got her start in Canadian television on shows such as Sponk!, Are You Afraid of the Dark?, Radio Active, and Popular Mechanics for Kids. Her voice was lent to Emily on the PBS animated series Arthur. In 2000, she had the lead role in the Showtime movie Ratz.

In 2002, she was cast as a series regular in the NBC comedy-drama American Dreams, playing teenager Roxanne Bojarski. The show was set in Philadelphia in the mid-1960s, and Roxanne becomes one of the dancers on the American Bandstand television show hosted by Dick Clark. The series ran for three seasons, with the final episode broadcast on March 30, 2005.

In August 2005, she co-starred with Hilary Duff and Heather Locklear in the comedy The Perfect Man. She also plays a supporting role as the jailbait hostess, Natasha, in the 2005 American film Waiting...,^[2] and recreated the role in the film's 2009 sequel, Still Waiting.... In 2006, she co-starred with Jeff Bridges and Missy Peregrym as a gymnast in the movie Stick It.

For The Grudge 2, the role of Vanessa was originally written for Lengies, who eventually turned it down to film My Suicide; the part still bears her name. She has also appeared in CBS show The Ghost Whisperer in an episode titled "The Vanishing". She made another appearance in an episode of the short-lived CBS show Moonlight.

Lengies was seen as Sophia in the Lifetime original drama series Monarch Cove. She also co-starred in the ABC online comedy, Squeegees.^[2]

She appeared as Nurse Kelly Epson on the TNT medical drama HawthoRNe from 2009 through 2011. The role was a recurring one for the first season, and Lengies became a series regular for the following two seasons. The show, which ran for three seasons of ten episodes starting each June, was not renewed for a fourth summer.^[3]

In August 2011, Lengies was cast in the recurring role of Sugar Motta for the third season of Glee. Sugar, who is well-off, self-confident, and has a tin ear, first appeared in the season premiere on September 20, 2011.^[4][5] Since then, Sugar's singing has greatly improved, and she now performs with the main glee club, New Directions; she had her first solo line in the season's tenth episode, "Yes/No".^[6]

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Vanessa Lengies at the Internet Movie Database