| Michoacán |
| — State — |
Estado Libre y Soberano
de Michoacán de Ocampo |
Flag |
Seal |
|
Motto: Heredamos Libertad, Legaremos Justicia Social
(We Inherited Freedom, We Bequeath Social Justice) |
|
State of Michoacán within Mexico |
| Coordinates: 19°10′07″N 101°53′59″W / 19.16861°N 101.89972°W / 19.16861; -101.89972Coordinates: 19°10′07″N 101°53′59″W / 19.16861°N 101.89972°W / 19.16861; -101.89972 |
| Country |
Mexico |
| Capital |
Morelia |
| Largest City |
Morelia |
| Municipalities |
113 |
| Admission |
December 22, 1823[1] |
| Order |
5th |
| Government |
| • Governor |
Fausto Vallejo  |
| • Senators[2] |
Jesús Garibay García 
Silvano Aureoles
Marko Antonio Cortés  |
| • Deputies[3] |
|
| Area[4] |
| • Total |
58,643 km2 (22,642 sq mi) |
| |
Ranked 16th |
| Highest elevation[5] |
3,840 m (12,600 ft) |
| Population (2010)[6] |
| • Total |
4,351,037 |
| • Rank |
9th |
| • Density |
74/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| • Density rank |
13th |
| Demonym |
Michoacano (a) |
| Time zone |
CST (UTC−6) |
| • Summer (DST) |
CDT (UTC−5) |
| Postal code |
58-61 |
| Area code |
|
| ISO 3166 code |
MX-MIC |
| HDI |
 0.791 Medium Ranked 29th |
| GDP |
US$ 16,409,455.078 mil[a] |
| Website |
Official Web Site |
^ a. The state's GDP was 210,041,025 million of pesos in 2008,[7] amount corresponding to 16,409,455.078 millon of dollars, being a dollar worth 12.80 pesos (value of June 3, 2010).[8]
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Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish pronunciation: [mitʃoaˈkan ðe oˈkampo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 113 municipalities and its capital city is Morelia (formerly called Valladolid). The city was named after José María Morelos, hero of the Mexican War of Independence.
Michoacán is located in Western Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Colima and Jalisco to the northwest, Guanajuato and Querétaro to the north, México to the east, Guerrero to the southeast. To the southwest, Michoacán has a stretch of coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
The name Michoacán is from Nahuatl: Michhuahkan from michhuah (“possessor of fish”) and -kan (place of) and means "place of the fishermen" referring to those who fish on Lake Pátzcuaro.[9] In pre-Hispanic times, the area was the home of the P'urhépecha (Tarascan) Empire, which rivaled the Aztec Empire at the time of Spanish encounter. After the Spanish conquest, the empire became a separate province which became smaller over the colonial period. The state and several of its residents played a major role in the Mexican War of Independence. Today, the state is still home to a large population of P'urhépecha people as well as Otomi and Nahua. The economy is based on agriculture, fishing, mining and some industry. The major tourism draw for the state is the Lake Pátzcuaro-Tzintzuntzan-Quiroga area, which was the center of the P'urhépecha empire.
Yacata pyramids of Tzintzuntzan
According to the archeological evidence, there has been human habitation within the territory of the Mexican state of Michoacán for at least 10,000 years.[10] In the pre-Hispanic period, there were waves of migration into the area, including the Pirinda, Nahua, Huetamo, Colima, Purhepecha and other peoples.[11] There are sites of formal settlements from all Mesoamerican period. Important sites include El Opeño and those in Curutarán, Tepalcatepec, Apatzingán, Zinapécuaro and Coalcoman. The territory has been inhabited by the Nahua, Otomi, Matlazinca, Pirinda and Teco peoples as well as the P’urhépecha.[10]
The main pre-Hispanic civilization of the state is that of the P'urhépecha, which was centered in the Lake Pátzcuaro area.[10] Before the 13th century, both Nahua and P'urhépecha peoples were here, sustaining themselves by agriculture and fishing. The P’urhépecha are descendents of a late arrival of Chichimeca who came from the north. At Lake Patzcuaro, they came upon people with similar cultures to their own but who were more technically and socially advanced. The formation of the P'urhépecha state began in the 13th century, when these people started their own dominion at Uayameo, today Santa Fe de la Laguna, and becoming dominant over the entire Lake Patzcuaro area by the 15th century. Conquest of neighboring tribes and territories occurred between 1401 and 1450, as they absorbed peoples with different cultures and languages into the empire. By the late 15th century, this state rivaled that of the Aztec, having expanded their territory over much of what is now Michoacán and into part of Colima, Nayarit, Querétaro, Guanajuato, Guerrero and Jalisco. The Aztec attempted to invade P'urhépecha but were repelled. Because of their attack, the P'urhépecha later denied the Aztec aid in the defense of Tenochtitlan against the Spanish.[10][11]
Prior to the arrival of any Spaniard in the territory, then-ruler Zuanga died of smallpox, presumably carried by one of the Aztec delegations seeking military aid. He was succeeded by Tanganxoan II. The first Spaniard to the area was Cristóbal de Olid. The Spanish destruction of Tenochtitlan and their promise to allow him to remain ruler convinced Tanganxoan II to submit to Spanish rule. But, Nuño de Guzmán reneged on this agreement and killed Tanganxoan II in 1530.[10][12]
Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Salud in Patzcuaro
During the first years of the Conquest, Michoacan was part of the “kingdom of Mexico” with included the current states of Mexico, Querétaro, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Oaxaca, Morelos, Guerrero, Veracruz, Tabasco, Michoacan, Guanajuato and parts of San Luis Potosí, Jalisco and Colima. These lands were divided into encomiendas among the conquistadors. The provinces with the largest populations were called Alcaldias Mayores, with Michoacan being one of these, with its capital initially at Tzintzuntzan. Soon after, it was moved to Patzcuaro and eventually settled in what is now Morelia. The provincial and later state capital was founded by viceroy Antonio de Mendoza in 1541. It became the political and ecclesiastical center of the province after the death of Vasco de Quiroga in 1565.[10]
Soon after the Conquest, evangelists from the Franciscan, Augustinian, Carmelite and other orders established monasteries all over the territory. Some of the best known include Juan de Moya, Martín de la Coruña and Jacobo Daciano. As first governor, Nuño de Guzman disrupted and devastated the social and economic order of the area. Vasco de Quirga succeeded Guzman, bringing Franciscan and Augustinian friars to both evangelize and repair the area's broken economy and social institutions. Quiroga founded the Spanish city of Patzcuaro in 1538, calling it the Ciudad de Mechuacán.[10] For his efforts, Quiroga is still referred to in the Patzcuaro area as "Tata (grandfather) Vasco."[12] The diocese of Michoacán was established in 1536 by Pope Paul III, and its boundaries coincide with the old Purhepecha kingdom. Its first bishop was Vasco de Quiroga.[13]
From the 16th to the 18th century, Augustinian, Franciscan and Carmelite missions were constructed in the territory as well as civil constructions, especially in the city now known as Morelia. Mining in areas such as Angangueo, Tlalpujahua and Inguaran was begun, as well as the establishment of agricultural and livestock haciendas. The first school of higher education, called the Primera Casa de Altos Estudios en América, was founded by Alonso de la Veracruz in Tiripetío.[12] Michoacan was made a separate province from "Mexico" in 1602. By the mid-17th century, the indigenous population had declined by half. In 1776, the territory of Michoacan was reduced to the area in which the modern states of Michoacan and Colima are now. Soon after, Colima split to join with the province of Guadalajara, leaving Michoacan roughly with the territory it has today.[10]
During the entire colonial period, the economy was concentrated in the hands of the Spanish-born, who held vast lands and haciendas. They also held the rights over minerals mined in places such as Tlalpujahua, Angangueo and Huetamo. Indigenous peoples were exploited for their work, and slavery was not uncommon. Education was restricted for only those born in Spain and their descendents, and was controlled by the Church. The main educational institutions were the Colegio de San Nicolas, founded in the 16th century; and the Seminary of San Pedro and San Pablo, founded in the 18th century. These schools produced a number of distinguished men, but the best known is Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.[10] At the end of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas from Europe began to infiltrate the upper classes of the state, especially in Valladolid (Morelia) and Zamora. These would eventually lead to the Mexican War of Independence in the early 19th century.[14] This war was foreshadowed by the 1809 conspiracy in Valladolid.[10]
One of the early and main protagonists of the war, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, was educated as a priest in the state and began to disseminate Enlightenment ideas here. Soon after Hidalgo performed the Grito de Dolores in Guanajuato, a number of people influenced by his thought took up arms against the colonial government. These included Manuel de la Torre Lloreda, Gertrudis Bocanegra, José María Garcia Obeso and Ignacio López Rayón. During his campaign, Hidalgo returned to Valladolid, issuing a decree eliminating slavery.[14]
After Hidalgo's death, much of the insurgent government was located in Michoacan, with documents such as "Primera Constitución o Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana" (First Constitution or Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of the Mexican America) and "Sentimentos de la Nacion," both of which would shape constitutions and governments in the years to come. The first Mexican Supreme Court was also founded here. The Mexican War of Independence was culminated by the army of Agustín de Iturbide, also a Michoacan native, who took Morelia in May 1821.[10]
After the war ended in 1821, the territory of Michoacan became the "Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán on 31 January 1824.[14] This state was initially divided into 4 departments and 22 portions (partidos) under the Ley Territorial of 1825, with the first constitution ratified in the same year. The name of the capital was changed from Valladolid to Morelia at the same time.[10]
In 1831, the state was reorganized into 61 municipalities and 207 locales (tenencias). Due to the struggle between centralists and federalists in Mexico in the 19th century, Michoacan’s rights as an entity would change depending on who was in control. The state was declared a department in 1836 but became a more independent state again in 1846. Colima broke off from Michoacán to form its own state in this year. In 1849, the municipality of Coyuca was separated to form the state of Guerrero. In 1853, the state became a department again, regaining state status in 1856. In 1857, the municipality of Contepec separated to join the state of Guanajuato.[10] Along with the loss of political territory, by 1863, the original diocese has shrunk but it was also elevated to archdiocese.[13]
During the French Intervention in Mexico, Morelia was taken by French forces in 1863. Since resistance to the French was particularly strong here, punitive acts were undertaken by the French in places like Zitácuaro, where much of the city was burned . One of first victories that would get the French out of Mexico occurred in Zamora.[10]
In 1907, Michoacan's boundaries changed again with the addition of the communities of Pungarabato and Zirandaro added from Guerrero state to make the Balsas River a natural border.[10]
The Mexican Revolution came to Michoacan in 1911, when those loyal to Francisco I. Madero proclaimed Santa Clara del Cobre as their territory, then went on to take towns around Lake Patzcuaro under the leadership of Salvador Escalante. The governor of the state, Aristeo Mendoza, resigned. Fighting among various factions would continue in parts of the state for the rest of the war. The state’s current constitution was ratified in 1918.[10]
In 1920, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo was founded.[10]
Soon after the end of the Revolution, the Cristero War would affect the state, which affected agricultural production and distribution. In 1926, hostilities closed the seminaries in Morelia and Zamora. Near the end of the war, Lázaro Cárdenas was elected governor of the state and served until 1932, when he became president of Mexico.[10]
View of Lake Patzcuaro from Tzintzuntzan
The state is located in the center west of the Mexican Republic, on the extreme southwest of the central highlands. It borders the states of Mexico, Querétaro, Guerrero, Guanajuato, Jalisco and Colima, with a 217 km coastline on the Pacific Ocean. The state has a territory of 58,836.95 km2, making it the sixth largest in Mexico. In addition, it also has 1490 km2 of marine territory off its Pacific coast.[9][15]
The state is crossed by the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Inter-mountain Valleys region. The Sierra Madre del Sur crosses the state northwest to southeast for approximately 200 km in the southwest between the municipalities of Chinicuila and Arteaga along the Pacific Coast. It is considered to be a continuation of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Peaks in this range average about 2,900masl, with the largest being the Cerro de las Canoas. The Mexican Trans Volcanic Belt crosses the state from west to east toward the Toluca Valley and Valley of Mexico. This mountain range is marked by appearance of many volcanoes, active, dormant, and extinct alike. This system is subdivided into regions such as the Sierra de Tancítaro, Sierra de Periban, Sierra de San Angel and others. The best known volcano in this region is the Paricutín volcano.[15]
The state has a considerable natural system of waterways, including parts of two of the country's largest rivers, the Lerma and the Balsas. These waterways are divided into three regions, called the North, Central and South. The North region includes the Lerma Basin. On the Lerma River is the Tepuxtepec Dam which has a capacity of 371 million m3. Rivers that empty in to the Lerma in Michoacan include the Tlalpuhahua, Cachivi and Duero. Another river basin here is that of Cuitzeo Lake, which extends over an area of 3,618 m2. The two main rivers that feed this lake are the Grande de Morelia and Queréndaro.[15]
Sierra Madre del Sur along the Michoacan coast
The Central region is represented by Patzcuaro and Zirahuán Lakes. Patzcuaro Lake has a surface area of 1,525 km2. This lake is fed by a number of surface and subterranean water flows with the principal rivers leading here including the San Gregorio and Chapultepec. This lake has five islands within it called Janitzio, Yunuén, La Pacanda, Tecuén, Jarácuaro, Urandén and Carián. Zirahuén Lake has an area of 615 km2 and is fed by streams such as Manzanilla and Zinamba. These two lakes are considered to be the main tourist attraction of the state.[15]
Most of the state's rivers and streams are located in the South region of the state, with the Balsas River being the most important. The most important tributaries of this river include the Cutzamala, Carácuaro and Tepalcatepec rivers. Within this region is the coastal watershed, which is the area between the Sierra Madre del Sur and the coastline. This area includes small rivers such as the Coahuayana, Aquila, Ostula, Motín del Oro, Coire, Cachán and Nexpa which flow directly into the Pacific.[15]
Much of the climate of the state is determined by altitude and other geographical features. Average temperatures vary from 13 °C to 29 °C. Lower temperatures correspond with the highland areas in the north and east which the lower south and west, called La Costa (the coast) or Tierra Caliente (hot lands) register the higher temperatures. In the hotter lowlands, high temperatures regularly exceed 30 °C and have been known to reach over 40 °C in the summer. The lowest temperatures are registered highlands areas such as the Sierra de Coalcoman and the Sierra del Centro located near the border with the State of Mexico. Except for the Tierra Caliente, most of the state can experience freezing temperatures in the winter. Rainfall is also dependent on altitude with the lowlands receiving less rain than the mountain areas. There is a well-defined rainy season which extends from June to October over the entire state.[15]
Ecosystems vary by altitude. Between 2600 and 3500 masl, most of the vegetation is conifer forests. Between 1000 and 2600, there are mixed forests and below this is broadleaf or tropical forests. There are some areas which are grassland, mostly located in the north and northeast of the state. Animal types vary from region to region but among mammals can be found skunks, raccoons, cacomixtle, rabbits, armadillos, mountain lions, and foxes. Numerous bird species can be found including water fowl such as ducks, storks and seabirds along the coast. Reptiles, amphibians and fish can be found in the waterways and along the coast.[15]
The economy of the state is based on agriculture, livestock, forest products, fishing and crafts.[9] Most of the population is employed in three sectors, agriculture (34%), mining and manufacturing(23%) and commerce(37%). Agriculture occupies over a million hectares of land in the state or 20%. Three fifths of this agriculture occurs only during the rainy season. Irrigation farming is restricted to areas such as the Apatzingán Valley, the Bajío are of Michoacan, the Zamora Valley and some others. Principal crops include corn, sorghum, avocados, strawberries, peaches, wheat, limes, sugar cane and mangos. While corn accounts for 43% of the crops harvested, Michoacan is the largest producer of avocados in Mexico and in the world. Forty three percent of farmland in the territory is dedicated to the raising of livestock including cattle, domestic fowl, sheep, goats and pigs. In 2007, the state's production of meat, dairy and eggs was valued at over four billion pesos.[16]
Sixty percent of the state is covered in forest, with the most economically important of these located in the higher elevations at the eastern side.(economía) These forests mostly produce lumber and resin. These areas are estimated at 2,160,000 hectares, over half of which is pine forest. The most productive forest is located in the central and eastern portions of the state. Rainforest areas are estimated at 460,500 hectares. However, one problem facing the forested areas of the state is unsustainable logging. In addition to exploitable forest, there is also ecological reserves with tourist important, especially the various monarch butterfly sanctuaries in the extreme east of the state.[15]
Michoacán's lakes, rivers and coastline make it an important producer of fish and seafood, both caught in the wild and farmed. The most important commercial fishing is for tilapia and carp.[16] Mining is an important economic activity in the state, which is mostly concentrated on the eastern side near the Mexico State border. However, iron is mined in the Lázaro Cárdenas area near the coast. Both metallic and non-metallic minerals are mined in the state. These include iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, silver, gold, fill dirt, sand, gravel, lime, limestone, marble, and others. There are thirteen principal mining areas, Tlalpujahua, Angangueo, Los Azufres, Real de Otzumatlán, Tzitzio, Tiámaro, El Bastán, San Diego Curucupacéo, Inguarán, Las Truchas and La Minita de Coalcomán. Michoacán is the second largest producer of coke and third largest producer of iron, which are essential to the steel industry in Mexico. While there remains significant metallic deposits, their mining only contributes 1.64% to the economy.[15][16]
Most industrial activity is concentrated in the central region of the state, near the capital, where are located a number of industrial parks such as Ciudad Industrial Morelia. However. there are other areas with industry, such as Apatzingán, Zamora, Jiquilpan and Sahuayo as well as in the Lázaro Cárdenas area. Major production areas are iron and steel (34.27%), bottling (10.43%) and paper products (8.36%).[16] Most people in the state are employed in service and commerce, and this sector contributes 19.07% to the overall economy. Most sales are in foodstuffs, drinks and tobacco. The state contains a large number of potential attractions, most of which are classified as suitable for ecotourism. However, only 6.2 of these sites are visited by international tourists. Most visitors to sites are from within the state.[16]
The state contains more than 12,804 km of federal, state and local roads. Major highways in the state include Federal Highway 15 and the Morelia-Patzcuaro highway. Intercity and interstate buses provide connections to places within the state and the rest of Mexico. 99% of these bus lines are second class while just under nine percent are first class. Most rail lines are limited to the north and center of the state, providing freight service to Mexico City and Guadalajara. The state's main port is the city of Lázaro Cárdenas with contains 2,926 meters of dock space. The dock is mostly used for the shipping of minerals and grains.[17][18] There are two major airports, an international one in Morelia and a national one in Uruapan. Smaller facilities exist in Zamora and Lázaro Cárdenas. The state has abundance hydroelectrical produccion due to dams on the Balsas River, the Lerma River and the Tepalcatepec River.[9] As of 1995, the state had eight television stations, with seven out of operations. There is a system of educational television with 528 broadcast antennas.[17]
The state provides public education from preschool level to high school. "Formal preschool" is offered in communities which have twenty five or more qualified students. Less formal preschools are operated in smaller communities. As of 1996, there were 5433 primary schools serving 705,694 students with 25,485 teachers. There is a relatively high failure rate from grade to grade of about 9.7% with just under five percent leaving school permanently before finishing primary studies. The most common reason for this is poverty. At the secondary level there are 174,354 students, which represent only 122% of these eligible to attend. High school level studies are mostly geared to vocational studies and many attend via distance education. There are 24 public and private institutions of higher learning offering 49 different majors. Eight are technical colleges, four for teachers, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, the Instituto Michoacano de Ciencias de la Educación and ten private institutions.[17]
The Universidad Michoacan de San Nicolás de Hidalgo began as the Colegio de San Nicolas Obispo, founded by Vasco de Quiroga in Patzcuaro in 1540. It was originally a seminary for the training of evangelists. It was granted a royal seal in 1543 to become the Real Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo. The school was moved to Morelia in 1580 and was fused with the Colegio de San Miguel Guayangareo. In 1590, its name was changed to the Seminario Tridentino, when the Seminario Conciliar in 1601. By the end of the 17th century, the name returned to Colegio de San Nicolás but its structure was profoundly changed, adding studies such as philosophy and others, civil law and others. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, a number of figures associated with the Mexican War of Independence, such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, José María Morelos and others were associated with this school. By the mid 19th century, the school had been secularized and renamed the Primitivo y Nacional Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo adding studies such as chemistry, physics and other sciences. The current name and organization was adopted after the Mexican Revolution in 1917.[19]
Casa de las Artesanías in the historic district of
Morelia
Gertrudis Bocanegra Plaza and the San Agustin Library in Patzcuaro
The state ministry of tourism has divided the state into regions, mostly base on the major cities of Morelia, Uruapan, Lazaro Cardenas, Patzcuaro, Zamora and Zitácuaro.[20]
The Morelia region stresses its cultural and artistic heritage, especially its colonial architecture . The most important colonial structures are in Morelia and built in the 18th century. These include the cathedral, finished in 1744 and the main aqueduct finished at the end of the century. This architecture has made the city a World Heritage Site. In addition to the state capital, the region includes towns such as Charo, Capula, Tiripetio, Cuitzeo and Huandacareo, which contain archeological sites, water parks and traditional cuisine. The rural areas of this zone contain more than 400 thermal springs, many of which have been turned into recreational areas and parks. These include Reino de Atzimba, Cointzio, Huandacareo and El Ejido.[21]
The Uruapan region stresses its cultural and natural heritage. The city is one of the oldest settlements in the state, which was initially settled by the Meseta Purhepecha. This city contains a number of attractions such as La Huatápera, colonial era hospital founded by Vasco de Quiroga, the Temple of San Francisco and the Eduardo Ruiz Municipal Museum. One other attraction is the narrowest house in the world as documented by the Guinness Book of World Records. Other important cities in the region are Apatzingán and Caracha.[22] Uruapan is surrounded by hundreds of hectares of forests and by fertile fields growing fruits and flowers, many of which only grow here. Some of the natural attractions of the zone include the Santa Catarina Dam and the La Tzaráacua and La Tzararacuita waterfalls. Smaller towns and villages in this region are known for their religious and popular festivals, many of which occur in the summer. Examples of these are the feasts of Señor del Calvario in Quinceo, of San Mateo Ahuiran in Paracho and the National Guitar Festival in Paracho. The best known town in the region is San Juan Nuevo Parangaricutiro, which was founded due to the destruction of its original namesake by the eruption of the Paricutín volcano.[22]
The pre-Hispanic sites of Tingambato and Taretan are in this zone as well, which were important Purhepecha cities.[22]
The Lázaro Cárdenas region is named after Michoacán largest port and oceanside city. Here the state stresses the miles of beaches and other natural areas in which to practice ecotourism and extreme sports. Beaches include Maruata, Faro de Bucerías, the Pichi Estuary, La Laguna de Mezcala, La Ticla and Nexpa, with the last two considered suitable for surfing with their regular two-three meter waves. A number of these beaches are protected areas due to the fact that they are breeding ground for sea turtles.[23]
The Patzcuaro region is extremely important to the state due to its history of having been the center of the Purhepecha Empire as well as the first capital of the colonial province of Michoacan. Its pre-Hispanic heritage is evident by the Tzintzuntzan and Ihuatizo sites as well as the large number of people who still speak the Purhepecha language and maintain pre-Hispanic customs. Vasco de Quiroga established the first capital at Patzcuaro and was instrumental to building the colonial era economy of the Lake Patzcuaro area. The lake is surrounded by mountains and forests as well as the towns of Cuanajo, Tupátaro, Eronguícuaro and Quiroga. These towns are noted for their crafts and popular religious festivals such as the feast of the Señor del Rescate in Tzintzuntzan, Holy Week and especially Noche de Muertos or Night of the Dead. This are is the most important to the state with the most visited town, Patzcuaro with its basilica and museums.[24]
One of the largest tourist events in the state is Noche de Muertos or Night of the Dead. This is celebrated on the dates around 2 November. Essentially, these are Day of the Dead celebrations, which are celebrated all over Mexico, but with unique variations. The events of these days show a blending of both pre-Hispanic and Catholic beliefs and traditions. Noche de Muertos is celebrated most strongly in the towns and villages around Lake Patzcuaro such as Tzintzuntzan, Ihuatzio, as well as Patzuaro itself, which was the center of the Purhepecha Empire. As in other parts of Mexico, altars to the dead, both in homes and on graves are erected and covered with offerings such as bread, fruit and other items. One aspect which is unique to the event here is the lighting and floating of hundreds of small candles and flowers on Lake Patzcuaro on the night between 1 and 2 November. It is also believed that on this night the souls of Mintzita, the daughter of Purhepecha kind Tzintzicha and Itzihuapa, son of Taré rise. Theirs is a Romeo and Juliet storyas they were never able to marry due to the Spanish invasion of their lands. Today, it is said that the two rise up and head toward a specific cemetery to receive visitors. There are a number of other rituals performed on these days such as the Terescuan y Campaneri… a kind of treasure hunt for hidden harvest items.[25]
The Zamora region is center of the city of the same name in an area known as the Meseta Purépecha or Purhepecha Mesa. Pre-Hispanic language and customs are preserved here as well as well as a large number of crafts such s the pottery of Ptamban and the embroidery of Tarecuato. The region is part of an area of Mexico known as the Bajío and has extensive agriculture, livestock and some industry. Regional dishes such as pigs' feet, breads baked in wood fired ovens, tamales, pozole and dishes made with avocados and corn are promoted here. Important towns outside of Zamora include Camécuaro, Orandiro, La Estancia and La Alberca. The city of Zamora is home to one of the oldest cultures in the west of Mexico which dates to about 1750 BCE, known as the Opeño. The Spanish city was founded as a military garrison.[26]
The Zitacuaro region contains approximately a half million hectares of conifer forests, but is best known as being part of the wintering grounds of the monarch butterfly. The area is filled with old mining towns as well as an important archeological site. The region is home to the Mazahua and Otomi peoples, many of whom produce crafts such as blankets, rebozos and ceramics. The city of Zitacuaro is the site of an important battle during the French Intervention in Mexico, which gives it the title of "Heroic City." Other important communities include Añgangueo, San Matias and Ciudad Hidalgo. The most important places to see monarch butterflies in the winder are in municipalities of Angangeo and Ocampo. The butterfly sanctuaries are called El Rosario, Cerro Campanario, Sierra Chincua and El Llanno de las Papas."[27]
Michoacan is the seventh most populated state in Mexico and the average resident has a life expectancy of 73.3 years. It is estimated that each year about 40,000 people immigrate to the state while 78,000 leave, leading to population loss. Of those who leave, about one third go the other places in Mexico and the rest to other countries, principally the United States. The cities with the densest populations are Morelia, Uruapan and Zamora.[28]
The indigenous population is estimated at just over seven percent of the total, with most living in 29 municipalities. Most are P’urhepécha, which are located in the Meseta-Cañada, Patzcuaro Lake, Zirahuén Lake, and Zacapu regions. In the east of the state, in the municipalities of Ocampo, Anguangueo, Tuxpan, Hidalgo, Maravatío and Zitácuaro, there is a mix of Mazahua, Otomi and Purhepecha. On the coast can be found the Aquila, Chinicuila and Coahuayana peoples.[28]
Municipalities of Michoacán
Michoacán, as all states of Mexico, is divided into municipalities (municipios), creating 113 municipalities of Michoacán.
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- ^ "Las Diputaciones Provinciales" (in Spanish). p. 15. http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/6/2920/11.pdf.
- ^ "Senadores por Michoacán LXI Legislatura". Senado de la Republica. http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?ver=int&mn=4&sm=4&id=15. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ "Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Estado de Michoacán". Camara de Diputados. http://sitl.diputados.gob.mx/LXI_leg/listado_diputados_gpnp.php?tipot=Edo&edot=16. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ "Resumen". Cuentame INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/mich/default.aspx?tema=me&e=16. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
- ^ "Relieve". Cuentame INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/mich/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=16. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
- ^ "Mexico en Cifras". INEGI. http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?ent=16. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
- ^ "Michoacán.". 2010. http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?ent=16. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
- ^ "Reporte: Jueves 3 de Junio del 2010. Cierre del peso mexicano.". www.pesomexicano.com.mx. http://www.pesomexicano.com.mx/archivo/2010/junio/03/reporte-jueves-3-de-junio-del-2010--cierre-del-peso-mexicano.htm#leermas. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "El Estado de Michoacán Introduccion [The State of Michoacan Introduction]" (in Spanish). Morelia, Michoacán: UMSNH. http://www.umich.mx/mich/mich-intro.html. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Historia [History]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal,. 2009. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_michoacan. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b "El Estado de Michoacán Epoca Prehispanica [The State of Michoacan Pre-Hispanic Era]" (in Spanish). Morelia, Michoacán: UMSNH. http://www.umich.mx/mich/historia/prehisp.html. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c "El Estado de Michoacán Epoca Colonial [The State of Michoacan Colonial Era]" (in Spanish). Morelia, Michoacán: UMSNH. http://www.umich.mx/mich/historia/colonia.html. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b "Archdiocese of Michoacan". Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10282a.htm. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c "El Estado de Michoacán Epoca Independiente [The state of Michoacan Independence Era]" (in Spanish). Morelia, Michoacán: UMSNH. http://www.umich.mx/mich/historia/independ.html. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Medio Fisico [History]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal,. 2009. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_michoacan. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Actividad Economica [Economic activity]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal,. 2009. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_michoacan. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Infraestructura Social y de Comunicaciones [Social infrastructure and communications]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el where's the action, where's the game? Desarrollo Municipal,. 2009. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_michoacan. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "El Estado de Michoacán Comunicaciones [The State of Michoacan Communications]" (in Spanish). Morelia, Michoacán: UMSNH. http://www.umich.mx/mich/historia/independ.html. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ Silvia Figueroa Zamudio. "Historia Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo [History of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo]" (in Spanish). Michoacan: UMSNH. http://www.umich.mx/Historia.html. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Regiones Turisticas [Tourist Regions]" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/Visita_Michoacan. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Region Morelis [Morelia Region]" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/Regiones/Region_Morelia. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Region Uruapan [Uruapan Region]" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/Regiones/Region_Uruapan. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Region Lázaro Cárdenas [Lazaro Cardenas Region]" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/Regiones/Region_Lazaro_Cardenas. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Region Pátzcuaro [Patzcuaro Region]" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/Regiones/Region_Patzcuaro. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Noche de Muertes in Michoacán [Night of the Dead in Michoacan]" (in Spanish). Morelia, Michoacán: UMSNH. http://www.umich.mx/mich/cultura/noche-muertos/. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Region Zamora [Zamora Region]" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/Regiones/Region_Zamora. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ "Region Zitácuaro [Zitacuaro Region]" (in Spanish). Michoacán: State of Michoacán. http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/Regiones/Region_Zitacuaro. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b "Perfil Sociodemografico [Social demographic profile]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal,. 2009. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_michoacan. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
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