published: 25 Oct 2012
views: 399849
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
![[Full documentary] CUBA: Defending Socialism, Resisting Imperialism [2010]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121103052710im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/xxFPZaurHZA/default.jpg "See: www.ratb.org.uk Full-length documentary produced by RATB in 2010 explaining the role of socialist Cuba in the world and the modern challenges it faces in its development amidst world capitalist crisis. PRESS:")
..." width="225" height="168" class="playvideo1 gotop" onClick="activateTab('playlist1')" style="display: block;" />
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- .cu
- 1932 Cuba hurricane
- 19th parallel north
- 24th parallel north
- 74th meridian west
- 85th meridian west
- Afghanistan
- African slave trade
- African socialism
- African Union
- Afro Cuban
- Afro-Cuban
- Afro-Cubans
- Agriculture in Cuba
- Agriculture of Cuba
- Algeria
- Almendares River
- Amateur boxing
- Andalusian people
- Andorra
- Angola
- Anguilla
- Anti-imperialist
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Arab League
- Arab socialism
- Arawak peoples
- Archipelago
- Archipelagos
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Arms embargo
- Artemisa Province
- Aruba
- Asian people
- Atlantic Caribbean
- Authoritarian
- Azerbaijan
- Bahamas
- Bahrain
- Bajo Nuevo Bank
- Barack Obama
- Baracoa
- Barbados
- Baseball in Cuba
- Basketball
- Bay of Pigs Invasion
- Bayamo
- Beja (Portugal)
- Belarus
- Belize
- Benin
- Bermuda
- Bhutan
- Birth rate
- Bituminous coal
- Black Spring (Cuba)
- Blas Hernández
- Blas Roca
- Bolivia
- Bonaire
- Botswana
- Boxing in Cuba
- Brainwashing
- Brazil
- British people
- Brunei
- Burkina Faso
- Burma
- Burundi
- Calixto García
- Camagüey
- Camagüey Province
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Camilo Cienfuegos
- Canada
- Canarian people
- Cape Verde
- Cape Verdean Cuban
- Caribbean
- Caribbean art
- Caribbean cuisine
- Caribbean dollar
- Caribbean Forces
- Caribbean heraldry
- Caribbean identity
- Caribbean Lakes
- Caribbean literature
- Caribbean Sea
- Caribbean Spanish
- Carlos Mendieta
- Carlos Prío Socarrás
- Casa particular
- Castroism
- Catalan language
- Catalan people
- Category Cuban chefs
- Category Cuban poets
- Cathedral of Havana
- Cayman Islands
- Cayo Largo del Sur
- Celia Cruz
- Censorship in Cuba
- Central Bank of Cuba
- Central Caribbean
- Cha-cha-cha (music)
- Chad
- Chattel slavery
- Che Guevara
- Chicago Outfit
- Chile
- China
- Chinese Cuban
- Chinese Cubans
- Chinese socialism
- Christopher Columbus
- CIA
- Ciboney
- Ciboney people
- Ciego de Ávila
- Cienfuegos
- Cienfuegos Province
- Cinema of Cuba
- Climate of Cuba
- Clipperton Island
- Coat of arms of Cuba
- Cobalt
- Coffee
- Colombia
- Comecon
- Commonwealth realm
- Communist Romania
- Communist state
- Comoros
- Compay Segundo
- Concentration camp
- Conquistador
- Constitution of Cuba
- Corsican language
- Costa Rica
- CPA (agriculture)
- Cricket
- Criollo (people)
- Croatia
- Cuba
- Cuba (Portugal)
- Cuba Time
- Cuban Air Force
- Cuban American
- Cuban Army
- Cuban art
- Cuban bread
- Cuban cuisine
- Cuban dissidents
- Cuban exile
- Cuban Five
- Cuban law
- Cuban literature
- Cuban Missile Crisis
- Cuban National Party
- Cuban Navy
- Cuban people
- Cuban peso
- Cuban Project
- Cuban revolution
- Cuban Revolution
- Cuban Rumba
- Cuban Spanish
- Cuban-American lobby
- Cubana de Aviación
- Cubana Flight 455
- Cubans
- Culture of Cuba
- Curaçao
- Cyprus
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Daylight saving time
- Daína Chaviano
- Democratic Kampuchea
- Demographics of Cuba
- Demonym
- Dependent territory
- Desi Arnaz
- Djibouti
- Dmitry Medvedev
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Dulce María Loynaz
- Dutch people
- East Germany
- East Timor
- Eastern Bloc
- Ecological footprint
- Economy of Cuba
- Ecuador
- Education in Cuba
- Egypt
- El Capitolio
- El Salvador
- Elections in Cuba
- Empire of Japan
- Encomienda
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Ernesto Lecuona
- Ethiopia
- Euro
- European Union
- Evo Morales
- Expropriated
- Fidel Castro
- Filipino Cuban
- Filipinos
- Flag of Cuba
- Football in Cuba
- France
- French language
- Friedrich Engels
- Fulgencio Batista
- Félix Varela
- Gabon
- Galician people
- Gambling
- García Lorca
- GDP
- Geography of Cuba
- George W. Bush
- German Cuban
- Ghana
- Granma (yacht)
- Granma Province
- Great Depression
- Greater Antilles
- Greeks
- Greenland
- Grenada
- Guadeloupe
- Guam
- Guanahani
- Guanajatabey
- Guantánamo
- Guantánamo Bay
- Guantánamo Province
- Guatemala
- Guerrilla
- Guillermo Rosales
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Gulf of Mexico
- Gunpowder
- Guyana
- Güiro
- Haiti
- Haitian Creole
- Haitian Cuban
- Haitians
- Havana
- Head of the state
- Healthcare in Cuba
- Helms–Burton Act
- Heritage Foundation
- History of Cuba
- History of socialism
- Holguín
- Holguín Province
- Holy See
- Homosexuality
- Honduras
- Hugh Thomas
- Hugo Chávez
- Human rights abuse
- Human rights in Cuba
- Human Rights Watch
- Hunter-gatherer
- Hyman G. Rickover
- Ibrahim Ferrer
- Iceland
- Independence
- India
- Infant death rate
- Infectious disease
- Internet in Cuba
- Iran
- Irish people
- Isla Aves
- Isla de la Juventud
- Island country
- Isleño
- ISO 3166
- ISO 3166-2 CU
- ISO 4217
- Italian Cuban
- Italian language
- Italian people
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japanese Cuban
- Jardines de la Reina
- John F. Kennedy
- Jordan
- Jose Z. Tallet
- José Lezama Lima
- José Martí
- José Miguel Gómez
- José Miró Cardona
- Juan José Sicre
- Julian calendar
- July 26 movement
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Key West, Florida
- Kingdom of Spain
- Kongo people
- Korean Cuban
- Koreans
- Kuwait
- Kyrgyzstan
- La Bayamesa
- La Coubre explosion
- Labor Zionism
- Laos
- Las Tunas Province
- Latin America
- Latin Union
- Law in the Caribbean
- Lebanon
- Lenin
- Leo Brouwer
- Leonardo Padura
- Lesotho
- LGBT rights in Cuba
- Liberia
- Libya
- Life (magazine)
- Life expectancy
- List of Caribbeans
- List of Cubans
- Literacy rate
- Little War (Cuba)
- Liturgical language
- Lucumi language
- Luis Posada Carriles
- Madagascar
- Mafia
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Maleconazo uprising
- Mali
- Mambo (music)
- Manuel Urrutia Lleó
- Manzanillo, Cuba
- Maraca
- Mariel boatlift
- Marimba
- Mario García Menocal
- Martinique
- Marx
- Matanzas
- Matanzas Province
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Mayabeque Province
- Mayohuacan
- Measles
- Media of Cuba
- Medical tourism
- Melanesian socialism
- Mestizo
- Mexico
- Meyer Lansky
- Miami
- Middle East
- Miguel Barnet
- Mining
- Moa, Cuba
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Mongolia
- Montenegro
- Montserrat
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Mulatto
- Music of Cuba
- Máximo Gómez
- Namibia
- Nationalist
- Navassa Island
- Nazi Germany
- Neo-Taíno nations
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New York
- NGO
- Nicaragua
- Nickel
- Nicolás Guillén
- Niger
- Nigeria
- Non-Aligned Movement
- North Africa
- North America
- North Korea
- North Vietnam
- Northern Caribbean
- Nuclear science
- Oman
- Omara Portuondo
- Operation Northwoods
- Operation Peter Pan
- Organopónicos
- Oshun
- Osmani García
- Outline of Cuba
- Pablo Milanés
- Pact of Zanjón
- Pakistan
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Paraguay
- Partido Auténtico
- Partido Ortodoxo
- Pedagogical
- Pedro Juan Gutiérrez
- Peru
- Philip Bonsal
- Philippines
- Pico Turquino
- Pinar del Río
- Pirate
- Planned economy
- Platt Amendment
- Politburo
- Politics of Cuba
- Pope John Paul II
- Portal Caribbean
- Portal Cuba
- Portal Geography
- Portal Latin America
- Portal New Spain
- Portal North America
- Portugal
- Portuguese language
- Portuguese people
- Premier of Cuba
- President of Bolivia
- President of Cuba
- Private property
- Private sector
- Provinces of Cuba
- PubMed Central
- PubMed Identifier
- Puerto Rico
- Qatar
- Radio Havana Cuba
- Rafael Trujillo
- Ramón Barquín
- Ramón Grau
- Rap
- Rationing in Cuba
- Raúl Castro
- Red Cross
- Redfield Proctor
- Reggaetón
- Reinaldo Arenas
- Religion in Cuba
- Republic
- Ricardo Alarcón
- Roberto Agramonte
- Roman Catholicism
- Romania
- Romanian language
- Ropa vieja
- Russia
- Russians
- Rwanda
- Saba
- Sabotage
- Sahrawi people
- Saint Barthélemy
- Saint Lucia
- Salsa music
- San Marino
- Santa Clara, Cuba
- Santería
- Santiago de Cuba
- Santo Domingo
- Saudi Arabia
- Secret ballot
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Serranilla Bank
- Seven Stories Press
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Sierra Maestra
- Silvio Rodríguez
- Simba Rebellion
- Singapore
- Single-party state
- Sint Eustatius
- Sint Maarten
- Slave rebellion
- Smallpox
- Socialism
- Socialism in India
- Socialist
- Socialist republic
- Socialist state
- Sociolismo
- Somalia
- Son (music)
- South Africa
- South Yemen
- Sovereign state
- Sovereignty
- Soviet Armed Forces
- Soviet Empire
- Soviet Union
- Spain
- Spanish cuisine
- Spanish Empire
- Spanish language
- Spanish State
- Spanish-American War
- Spanish–American War
- Special Period
- Special Upload
- Sport in Cuba
- Sri Lanka
- Standard of living
- Stomach cancer
- Straits of Florida
- Sudan
- Sugar
- Suriname
- Swaziland
- Sweden
- Syncretisms
- Syria
- Talk Cuba
- Tank
- Tanzania
- Taíno people
- Television in Cuba
- Television Serrana
- Template Cuba topics
- Template Latin Union
- Ten Years' War
- Thailand
- The Bahamas
- The Gambia
- The World Factbook
- Theodore Roosevelt
- Tobacco
- Togo
- Tomás Estrada Palma
- Torture in Cuba
- Tourism in Cuba
- Trade embargo
- Tres
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Trinidad, Cuba
- Tropical cyclone
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- U-boat
- Uganda
- Ukraine
- Unitary state
- United Arab Emirates
- United Nations
- United States
- United States dollar
- University of Havana
- Uruguay
- US dollar
- USS Maine (ACR-1)
- Uzbekistan
- Valeriano Weyler
- Vanuatu
- Varadero
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Vietnamese people
- Villa Clara Province
- Volleyball
- Washington, DC
- Western Caribbean
- Western Hemisphere
- Western Sahara
- White Latin American
- White people
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikitravel
- William McKinley
- William T. Sampson
- Women in Cuba
- Womens' suffrage
- World War I
- World War II
- WP IPA for Spanish
- WP NPOVD
- Yank tank
- Yemen
- Yoruba language
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
- Zoé Valdés
-
Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan -
Algeria
http://wn.com/Algeria -
Andorra
Andorra , officially the Principality of Andorra (), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, (), is a small country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of and an estimated population of 83,888 in 2009. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, being at an elevation of 1023 metres. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, French, and Portuguese are also commonly spoken.
http://wn.com/Andorra -
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (, ; ), is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has a border with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
http://wn.com/Angola -
Anguilla
Anguilla ( ) is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean, one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. It consists of the main island of Anguilla itself, approximately long by wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The island's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is , with a population of approximately 13,500 (2006 estimate).
http://wn.com/Anguilla -
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda (; Spanish for "ancient" and "bearded") is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden and York Islands). Separated by a few sea miles, the group is in the middle of the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north of the Equator. Being a former part of the British Empire has strongly influenced the country's governance, language, and culture.
http://wn.com/Antigua_and_Barbuda -
Arab League
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Arab_League -
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Armenia
http://wn.com/Armenia -
Aruba
http://wn.com/Aruba -
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan ( ; ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
http://wn.com/Azerbaijan -
Bahamas
http://wn.com/Bahamas -
Bahrain
Bahrain, officially Kingdom of Bahrain (, , literally: "Kingdom of the Two Seas"), is a small island country in the Persian Gulf ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. While Bahrain is an archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest (Bahrain Island) is long by wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Causeway, which was officially opened on 25 November 1986. Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain.
http://wn.com/Bahrain -
Baracoa
http://wn.com/Baracoa -
Barbados
Barbados ()or (Bar-bay-dos) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and north-east of Venezuela. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
http://wn.com/Barbados -
Bayamo
Bayamo is the capital city of the Granma Province of Cuba, and one of the largest cities in the Oriente region.
http://wn.com/Bayamo -
Belarus
Belarus, ( ; , ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of its is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
http://wn.com/Belarus -
Belize
Belize () (formerly British Honduras), is a democratic constitutional monarchy, and the northernmost Central American nation. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language. Belize is bordered by Mexico to its north, by Guatemala to its south and west, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east.
http://wn.com/Belize -
Benin
Benin (), officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. Its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin is where a majority of the population is located. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is located in the country's largest city of Cotonou. Benin covers an area of approximately 110,000 square kilometers (42,000 sq mi), with a population of approximately 8.8 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming.
http://wn.com/Benin -
Bermuda
Bermuda (; officially, the Bermudas or Somers Islands) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Located off the east coast of the United States, its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. It is about south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and northeast of Miami, Florida. Its capital city is Hamilton but the largest municipality is the town of Saint George's.
http://wn.com/Bermuda -
Bhutan
The Kingdom of Bhutan () (Dzongkha: ; Wylie: '' 'drug yul; Tibetan pinyin: ''), is a small landlocked country in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China . Bhutan is separated from the nearby state of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by West Bengal.
http://wn.com/Bhutan -
Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
http://wn.com/Bolivia -
Bonaire
http://wn.com/Bonaire -
Botswana
The Republic of Botswana () is a sub Saharan country located in Southern Africa. The citizens are referred to as "Batswana" (singular: Motswana). Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. It has held free and fair democratic elections since independence.
http://wn.com/Botswana -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
Brunei
http://wn.com/Brunei -
Burkina Faso
http://wn.com/Burkina_Faso -
Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
http://wn.com/Burma -
Camagüey
http://wn.com/Camagüey -
Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia -
Cameroon
http://wn.com/Cameroon -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Cape Verde
The Republic of Cape Verde (; , ; ) is an island country, spanning an archipelago of 15 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa. The islands, covering a combined area of slightly over , are of volcanic origin and while three of them (Sal, Boa Vista and Maio) are fairly flat, sandy and dry, the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation. Due to the infrequent occurrence of rainfall the overall landscape is not particularly green, as the country's name suggests (verde is Portuguese for "green"). The name of the country stems instead from the nearby Cap Vert, on the Senegalese coast.
http://wn.com/Cape_Verde -
Caribbean
The CaribbeanPronounced or . Both pronunciations are equally valid; indeed, they see equal use even within areas of the Caribbean itself. Cf. Royal Caribbean, which stresses the second syllable. In this case, as a proper noun, those who would normally pronounce it a different way may use the pronunciation associated with the noun when referring to it. More generic nouns such as the Caribbean Community are generally referred to using the speaker's preferred pronunciation.; Dutch ; or more commonly Antilles is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America.
http://wn.com/Caribbean -
Caribbean Sea
The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean situated in the tropics of the Western hemisphere. It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and southwest, to the north by the Greater Antilles, and to the east by the Lesser Antilles.
http://wn.com/Caribbean_Sea -
Cathedral of Havana
http://wn.com/Cathedral_of_Havana -
Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands ( or ) is a British Overseas Territory located in the western Caribbean Sea. The territory comprises the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman, located south of Cuba and northwest of Jamaica. It is considered a part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone. The territory is a major offshore financial centre in the Caribbean.
http://wn.com/Cayman_Islands -
Cayo Largo del Sur
Cayo Largo del Sur, also known simply as Cayo Largo, is a small resort island belonging to Cuba, in the Caribbean Sea no more than 25 kilometers (15.5 miles) long and 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) wide. It is the second-biggest island in Cuba's Canarreos Archipelago.
http://wn.com/Cayo_Largo_del_Sur -
Chad
http://wn.com/Chad -
Chile
http://wn.com/Chile -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Ciego de Ávila
http://wn.com/Ciego_de_Ávila -
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos is a city on the southern coast of Cuba, capital of the province of Cienfuegos. It is located about 250 km (155 miles) from Havana, and has a population of 150,000. The city is dubbed "La Perla del Sur" (Pearl of the South). Cienfuegos literally translates to "Hundred fires".
http://wn.com/Cienfuegos -
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia -
Comoros
this is an island with to people on it
http://wn.com/Comoros -
Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
http://wn.com/Costa_Rica -
Croatia
Croatia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska ), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast.
http://wn.com/Croatia -
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba -
Curaçao
http://wn.com/Curaçao -
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Côte d'Ivoire
The Republic of (; ), commonly known in English as Ivory Coast, is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 km2, and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population which was 15,366,672 in 1998, was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009.
http://wn.com/Côte_d'Ivoire -
Djibouti
http://wn.com/Djibouti -
Dominica
Dominica, ( ) officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. To the north-northwest lies Guadeloupe, to the southeast Martinique. Its size is and the highest point in the country is Morne Diablotins, which has an elevation of . The Commonwealth of Dominica has an estimated population of 72,500. The capital is Roseau.
http://wn.com/Dominica -
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (; , ) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with and an estimated 10 million people.
http://wn.com/Dominican_Republic -
East Germany
The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik or DDR), informally called East Germany by the West, was the socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany and in the East Berlin portion of the Allied-occupied capital city. The German Democratic Republic, which consisted geographically of northeast Germany rather than all of eastern Germany, had an area of 107,771 km2. (41,610 mi.2), bordering Czechoslovakia in the south, West Germany (officially: Federal Republic of Germany) in the south and west, the Baltic Sea to the north, and Poland in the east.
http://wn.com/East_Germany -
East Timor
http://wn.com/East_Timor -
Ecuador
http://wn.com/Ecuador -
Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt -
El Capitolio
El Capitolio, or National Capitol Building in Havana, Cuba, was the seat of government in Cuba until after the Cuban Revolution in 1959, and is now home to the Cuban Academy of Sciences. Its design and name recall the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., but it is only superficially similar. Completed in 1929, it was the tallest building in Havana until the 1950s and houses the world's third largest indoor statue.
http://wn.com/El_Capitolio -
El Salvador
El Salvador (; , literally meaning "Republic of The Savior") is the smallest and also the most densely populated country in Central America. It borders the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras. It lies on the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaragua further south.
http://wn.com/El_Salvador -
Equatorial Guinea
http://wn.com/Equatorial_Guinea -
Eritrea
http://wn.com/Eritrea -
Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Ethiopia -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Gabon
http://wn.com/Gabon -
Ghana
http://wn.com/Ghana -
Granma (yacht)
{|
http://wn.com/Granma_(yacht) -
Greater Antilles
The Greater Antilles are one of three island groups in the Caribbean. Comprising Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (containing the nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic) , and Puerto Rico, the Greater Antilles constitute almost 90% of the land mass of the entire West Indies.
http://wn.com/Greater_Antilles -
Greenland
Greenland ( meaning "Land of the Kalaallit people"; ) is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Physiographically, it is a part of the continent of North America. The largest island in Greenland is also named Greenland, and makes up most of the country's land area.
http://wn.com/Greenland -
Grenada
Grenada () is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
http://wn.com/Grenada -
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (; ; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an archipelago located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is the first overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. As with the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic since 2007.
http://wn.com/Guadeloupe -
Guam
http://wn.com/Guam -
Guantánamo
http://wn.com/Guantánamo -
Guatemala
http://wn.com/Guatemala -
Guinea
http://wn.com/Guinea -
Guinea-Bissau
The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (; , ) is located in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west.
http://wn.com/Guinea-Bissau -
Guyana
Guyana ( ), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is a state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana has been a former colony of the British, Dutch and for a brief period, the French. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a Republic on 23 February 1970.
http://wn.com/Guyana -
Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
http://wn.com/Haiti -
Haitians
http://wn.com/Haitians -
Havana
http://wn.com/Havana -
Holguín
http://wn.com/Holguín -
Honduras
Honduras (, , ) is a republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras (now Belize). The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
http://wn.com/Honduras -
Iceland
:
http://wn.com/Iceland -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran -
Isla de la Juventud
Isla de la Juventud
http://wn.com/Isla_de_la_Juventud -
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Jamaica
http://wn.com/Jamaica -
Jordan
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Jordan -
Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/Kazakhstan -
Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
http://wn.com/Kenya -
Key West, Florida
Key West is a city in Monroe County, Florida, United States. The city encompasses the island of Key West, the part of Stock Island north of U.S. 1 (the Overseas Highway) (east), Sigsbee Park (north, originally known as Dredgers Key), Fleming Key (north), and Sunset Key (west, originally known as Tank Island). Both Fleming Key and Sigsbee Park are part of Naval Air Station Key West and are inaccessible by civilians. Key West is the county seat of Monroe County. Key West is known as the southernmost city in the Continental United States. It is also the southern terminus of U.S. 1, State Road A1A, the East Coast Greenway and before 1935, the Florida East Coast Railway.
http://wn.com/Key_West_Florida -
Kingdom of Spain
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Spain -
Kuwait
The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
http://wn.com/Kuwait -
Laos
Laos (, , or ), officially the '''Lao People's Democratic Republic''', is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west.
http://wn.com/Laos -
Latin Union
The Latin Union is an international organization of nations that use Romance languages, with the aim of protecting, projecting, and promoting the common cultural heritage and unifying identities of the Latin, and Latin-influenced, world. It was created in 1954 in Madrid, Spain, and has existed as a functional institution since 1983. Its membership has risen from 12 to 37 states, including countries in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region.
http://wn.com/Latin_Union -
Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
http://wn.com/Lebanon -
Lesotho
http://wn.com/Lesotho -
Liberia
http://wn.com/Liberia -
Libya
http://wn.com/Libya -
Madagascar
Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, French: ), is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world.
http://wn.com/Madagascar -
Malawi
The Republic of Malawi (; Chichewa ) is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is over with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third large city is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area.
http://wn.com/Malawi -
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
http://wn.com/Malaysia -
Maldives
http://wn.com/Maldives -
Mali
http://wn.com/Mali -
Martinique
Martinique () is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of . Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The Island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1502.
http://wn.com/Martinique -
Matanzas
Matanzas is the capital of the Cuban province of Matanzas. It is famed for its Afro-Cuban folklore.
http://wn.com/Matanzas -
Mauritania
http://wn.com/Mauritania -
Mauritius
http://wn.com/Mauritius -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Miami
Miami ( or ) is a major city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida, and the eighth-most populous county in the United States, with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city in the United States, with a population of 433,136, it is the principal, central and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area. According to United Nations estimates, the Miami Urbanized Area was the fifth most populous urbanized area in the U.S. in 2000 with a population of 4,919,036, but in 2008 that number increased to 5,232,342, making it the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States, behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.
http://wn.com/Miami -
Moa, Cuba
http://wn.com/Moa_Cuba -
Moldova
Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/) is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
http://wn.com/Moldova -
Monaco
http://wn.com/Monaco -
Mongolia
Mongolia (; ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
http://wn.com/Mongolia -
Montenegro
http://wn.com/Montenegro -
Montserrat
Montserrat () is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It measures approximately 16 km (10 miles) long and 11 km (7 miles) wide, giving of coastline. Christopher Columbus gave Montserrat its name on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, after Montserrat mountain located in Catalonia. Montserrat is nicknamed the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean, both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish descent of its inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Montserrat -
Morocco
http://wn.com/Morocco -
Mozambique
http://wn.com/Mozambique -
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (, ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
http://wn.com/Namibia -
Nazi Germany
http://wn.com/Nazi_Germany -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York -
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
http://wn.com/Nicaragua -
Niger
Niger ( or ; ), officially named the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey.
http://wn.com/Niger -
Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
http://wn.com/Nigeria -
North Korea
http://wn.com/North_Korea -
North Vietnam
North Vietnam, also called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (), was a communist state that ruled the northern half of Vietnam from 1954 until 1976 following the Geneva Conference and laid claim to all of Vietnam from 1945 to 1954 during the First Indochina War, during which they controlled pockets of territory throughout the country.
http://wn.com/North_Vietnam -
Oman
Oman (pronounced ; '), officially the Sultanate of Oman''' ( ), is an Arab country in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates on the northwest, Saudi Arabia on the west and Yemen on the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The country also contains Madha and Musandam, two exclaves on the Gulf of Oman, south of the Strait of Hormuz and surrounded by the United Arab Emirates on the land side.
http://wn.com/Oman -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
http://wn.com/Panama -
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea ( , also or ; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
http://wn.com/Papua_New_Guinea -
Paraguay
http://wn.com/Paraguay -
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines -
Pinar del Río
http://wn.com/Pinar_del_Río -
Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
http://wn.com/Portugal -
Puerto Rico
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rico -
Qatar
Qatar ( ; ; local pronunciation: ), also known as the State of Qatar or locally , is an Arab country, known officially as an emirate, in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south; otherwise, the Persian Gulf surrounds the state. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island nation of Bahrain.
http://wn.com/Qatar -
Red Cross
http://wn.com/Red_Cross -
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
http://wn.com/Romania -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Rwanda
The Republic of Rwanda (, , or in English, or in Kinyarwanda) is a unitary republic of central and eastern Africa. It borders Uganda to the north; Tanzania to the east; Burundi to the south; and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Rwanda is landlocked but is noted for its lakes, particularly Lake Kivu, which occupies the floor of the Rift Valley along most of the country's western border. Although close to the equator, the country has a temperate climate due to its high elevation, with the highest point being Mount Karisimbi. The terrain consists of mountains and gently rolling hills, with plains and swamps in the east. Abundant wildlife, including rare mountain gorillas, have led to a fast-growing tourism sector. The largest cities in Rwanda are Kigali, Gitarama, and Butare. Unlike many African countries, Rwanda is home to only one significant ethnic and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda. The country is well known for its native styles of dance, particularly the Intore dance, and for its drummers. Kinyarwanda, English and French are the official languages.
http://wn.com/Rwanda -
Saba
Saba () is a Caribbean island and the smallest special municipality of the Netherlands, located at . It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Netherlands proper.
http://wn.com/Saba -
Saint Barthélemy
http://wn.com/Saint_Barthélemy -
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia (; ) is an island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 620 km2 (238 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 160,000. Its capital is Castries. The island nation has been the home of two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis and Derek Walcott. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after Faroe Islands.
http://wn.com/Saint_Lucia -
San Marino
San Marino, officially the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( ; ), is a country situated on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave, in Italy. Its size is just over with an estimated population of almost 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino. One of the European microstates, along with Liechtenstein, the Vatican, Monaco, Andorra, and Malta, San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.
http://wn.com/San_Marino -
Santa Clara, Cuba
Santa Clara is the capital city of the Cuban province of Villa Clara. It is located in the most central region of the province and almost in the most central region of the country.
http://wn.com/Santa_Clara_Cuba -
Santiago de Cuba
Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba, some east south-east of the Cuban capital of Havana.
http://wn.com/Santiago_de_Cuba -
Santo Domingo
http://wn.com/Santo_Domingo -
Saudi Arabia
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
Senegal
http://wn.com/Senegal -
Serbia
Serbia (pronounced: ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central- and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern lowlands of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; its border with Albania is disputed. Serbia's capital city, Belgrade, is among the most populous in Southeastern Europe.
http://wn.com/Serbia -
Seychelles
Seychelles ( ; French: ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
http://wn.com/Seychelles -
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone () (Krio: Sa Lone), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the north and east, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of and has a population estimated at 6.5 million. It is a former British Colony and now a constitutional republic comprising three provinces and the Western Area; which are further divided into fourteen districts.
http://wn.com/Sierra_Leone -
Sierra Maestra
:For the Cuban band,see Sierra Maestra (band).
http://wn.com/Sierra_Maestra -
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
Sint Eustatius
Sint Eustatius ( ), also known affectionately to the locals as Statia () or Statius, is a Caribbean island and a special municipality of the Netherlands. It lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands and immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis and to the southeast of Saba, at . The island is named after the legendary Christian martyr Saint Eustace. The regional capital is Oranjestad.
http://wn.com/Sint_Eustatius -
Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
http://wn.com/Somalia -
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa -
South Yemen
http://wn.com/South_Yemen -
Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Spanish Empire
http://wn.com/Spanish_Empire -
Spanish State
The Spanish State () was the formal name of Spain from 1939 to 1947 under the authoritarian dictatorship of Francisco Franco. In 1947, Spain was reconstituted as a kingdom, which changed the Spanish State into the Kingdom of Spain ().
http://wn.com/Spanish_State -
Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
http://wn.com/Sri_Lanka -
Straits of Florida
The Straits of Florida, Florida Straits, Florida Strait, or Strait of Havami is a strait located south-southeast of the North American mainland, generally accepted to be between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, and between the Florida Keys and Cuba. The strait carries the Florida Current, the beginning of the Gulf Stream, from the Gulf of Mexico.
http://wn.com/Straits_of_Florida -
Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
http://wn.com/Sudan -
Suriname
http://wn.com/Suriname -
Swaziland
The Kingdom of Swaziland (Umbuso weSwatini), sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique. The nation, as well as its people, are named after the 19th century king Mswati II.
http://wn.com/Swaziland -
Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Syria -
Tanzania
The United Republic of Tanzania (; phonetical: tan-zann-ei-a; or sometimes tan-zanneia; ) is a country in central East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern borders lie on the Indian Ocean.
http://wn.com/Tanzania -
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Thailand -
The Bahamas
The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 islets (rocks). It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its total land area is ; slightly larger than the US states of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined), with an estimated population of 330,000. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, the designation of the Bahamas refers normally to the commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
http://wn.com/The_Bahamas -
The Gambia
The Republic of the Gambia, commonly known as the Gambia, or Gambia, is a country in Western Africa. The Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, bordered to the north, east, and south by Senegal, with a small coast on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
http://wn.com/The_Gambia -
Togo
http://wn.com/Togo -
Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago () is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
http://wn.com/Trinidad_and_Tobago -
Tunisia
http://wn.com/Tunisia -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
Turkmenistan
The Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
http://wn.com/Turkmenistan -
Uganda
The Republic of Uganda ( or ) is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania.
http://wn.com/Uganda -
Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
http://wn.com/Ukraine -
United Arab Emirates
http://wn.com/United_Arab_Emirates -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
University of Havana
The University of Havana or UH (in Spanish, Universidad de La Habana) is a university located in the Vedado district of Havana, Cuba. Founded in 1728, the University of Havana is the oldest university in Cuba and one of the first to be founded in the Americas. Founded as a religious institution, today the University of Havana has 15 faculties (colleges) at its Havana campus and distance learning centers throughout Cuba.
http://wn.com/University_of_Havana -
Uruguay
Uruguay (, ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (sometimes rendered as the Eastern Republic of Uruguay in the English language; , ), is a country located in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.4 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European descent.
http://wn.com/Uruguay -
Uzbekistan
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan -
Vanuatu
Vanuatu ( or ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is some east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, west of Fiji, and southeast of the Solomon Islands, near New Guinea.
http://wn.com/Vanuatu -
Varadero
:This article is about the Cuban town. For the motorcycle, see Honda Varadero.
http://wn.com/Varadero -
Venezuela
http://wn.com/Venezuela -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
http://wn.com/Vietnam -
Washington, DC
http://wn.com/Washington_DC -
Western Hemisphere
The Western Hemisphere, also Western hemisphere or western hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian (which crosses Greenwich in London, England, United Kingdom), the other half being the eastern hemisphere. It is also used, mainly in North America, to specifically refer to the Americas (or the New World) and adjacent waters, while excluding other territories that lie geographically in Western Hemisphere (parts of Africa, Europe, Antarctica, and Asia); thus, it is sometimes referred to as the American hemisphere.
http://wn.com/Western_Hemisphere -
Western Sahara
http://wn.com/Western_Sahara -
Yemen
http://wn.com/Yemen -
Zambia
The Republic of Zambia () is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of the country. The population is concentrated mainly around the Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt to the northwest.
http://wn.com/Zambia -
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe ( ; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe and formerly Southern Rhodesia, the Republic of Rhodesia, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia) is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona (a Bantu language), and Ndebele (also a Bantu language).
http://wn.com/Zimbabwe
-
Afro-Cuban
The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of Sub Saharan African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community. The term can refer to the combining of African and other cultural elements found in Cuban society such as religion, music, language, the arts, and class culture.
http://wn.com/Afro-Cuban -
Afro-Cubans
http://wn.com/Afro-Cubans -
Andalusian people
The Andalusians are the people of the southern region in Spain. They are generally not considered an ethnically distinct people because they lack two of the most important markers of distinctiveness: their own language and an awareness of a presumed common origin. Andalusian Spanish is said to be a distinct dialect, although it is debatable. The Andalusians have a rich culture which includes the Semana Santa (see Holy Week in Spain), the Carnival of Cadiz and the famous flamenco style of music and dance. Andalusia's own statute of autonomy identifies the region as an "historic nationality" and grants it a high level of devolved political power.
http://wn.com/Andalusian_people -
Arawak peoples
http://wn.com/Arawak_peoples -
Asian people
Asian people or Asiatic people is a demonym for people from Asia. However, the use of the term varies by country and person, often referring to people from a particular region or subregion of Asia. Though usage may be based on residence, it is usually considered an ethnicity or race.
http://wn.com/Asian_people -
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
http://wn.com/Barack_Obama -
Blas Hernández
http://wn.com/Blas_Hernández -
British people
The British (also known as Britons, informally Brits, or archaically Britishers) are citizens of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories, and their descendants.: In a historical context, the term refers to the ancient Britons, the indigenous inhabitants of Great Britain south of the Forth. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which are acquired, for instance, by birth in the UK or by descent from British nationals.
http://wn.com/British_people -
Calixto García
http://wn.com/Calixto_García -
Camilo Cienfuegos
http://wn.com/Camilo_Cienfuegos -
Canarian people
The Canarians are an ethnic group living in the archipelago of the Canary Islands (an autonomous community of Spain), near the coast of Western Africa. The variety of the Spanish language spoken in the region is the Habla Canaria (Canary speech) or the Dialecto Canario (Canarian dialect), a distinctive dialect of Spanish spoken in the islands.
http://wn.com/Canarian_people -
Carlos Prío Socarrás
http://wn.com/Carlos_Prío_Socarrás -
Catalan people
The Catalans are the people from, or with origins in Catalonia, a historical Nation and today an Autonomous Community in Spain. The inhabitants of the adjacent portion of southern France (known in Catalonia proper as Catalunya Nord, and in France as the Pays Catalan) are sometimes included in this definition.
http://wn.com/Catalan_people -
Che Guevara
http://wn.com/Che_Guevara -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Chinese Cuban
A Chinese Cuban (, Cantonese Jyutping: Gu2 Baa1 Waa4 jan4; ) is a Cuban of Chinese ancestry who was born in or has immigrated to Cuba. They are part of the ethnic Chinese diaspora (or Overseas Chinese).
http://wn.com/Chinese_Cuban -
Chinese Cubans
http://wn.com/Chinese_Cubans -
Christopher Columbus
http://wn.com/Christopher_Columbus -
Ciboney people
The Ciboney were pre-Columbian indigenous inhabitants of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. The name Ciboney derives from the indigenous Taino people which means Cave Dwellers; evidence has shown that a number of the Ciboney people have lived in caves at some time. Over the years, many theories has been brought forth as to how the Ciboney people arrived to the Caribbean. Many of these theories have a weak foundation due to insufficient evidence. It is explained in the book Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems, "The most popular view now is that the Ciboney were from pre-farming cultures that entered the Antilles from South America, not as one ethnic group, but as waves of different migrants over a very long period of time."
http://wn.com/Ciboney_people -
Compay Segundo
http://wn.com/Compay_Segundo -
Conquistador
:This article is about the Spanish explorer soldiers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. For other uses see Conquistador (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/Conquistador -
Cuban American
A Cuban American () is a United States citizen who traces his or her "national origin" to Cuba. Cuban Americans are also considered native born Americans with Cuban parents or Cuban-born persons who were raised and educated in US. Cuban Americans form the third-largest Hispanic group in the United States and also the largest group of Hispanics of European ancestry as a percentage within the group in the US.
http://wn.com/Cuban_American -
Cuban Five
http://wn.com/Cuban_Five -
Cuban people
http://wn.com/Cuban_people -
Cubans
This article is about the native people of Cuba. For citizens of Cuban "national origin" inhabiting the United States of America, see Cuban American.
http://wn.com/Cubans -
Daína Chaviano
Daina Chaviano (born 1960. in Havana) is a Cuban writer.
http://wn.com/Daína_Chaviano -
Desi Arnaz
http://wn.com/Desi_Arnaz -
Dmitry Medvedev
Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (; born 14 September 1965) is the third and current President of the Russian Federation, inaugurated on 7 May 2008. He won the presidential election held on 2 March 2008 with 71.25% of the popular vote.
http://wn.com/Dmitry_Medvedev -
Dulce María Loynaz
http://wn.com/Dulce_María_Loynaz -
Dutch people
The Dutch people (Dutch: ) are the dominant ethnic group of the Netherlands. They share a common culture and speak the Dutch language.
http://wn.com/Dutch_people -
Ernesto Lecuona
Ernesto Lecuona y Casado (August 6, 1895 Guanabacoa, Havana, Cuba - November 29, 1963 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain) was a Cuban composer and pianist of Canarian father and Cuban mother, and worldwide fame. He composed over six hundred pieces, mostly in the Cuban vein, and was a pianist of exceptional quality.
http://wn.com/Ernesto_Lecuona -
Evo Morales
Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26, 1959), popularly known as Evo (), has been the President of Bolivia since 2006.
http://wn.com/Evo_Morales -
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban politician. One of the primary leaders of the Cuban Revolution, Castro served as the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then as the President of the Council of State of Cuba and the President of Council of Ministers of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He currently serves as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, a position he has held since 1965.
http://wn.com/Fidel_Castro -
Friedrich Engels
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Engels -
Fulgencio Batista
http://wn.com/Fulgencio_Batista -
Félix Varela
http://wn.com/Félix_Varela -
Galician people
The Galicians () are an ethnic group, a nationality whose historical homeland is Galicia, which is located in the north-west of Spain. Most Galicians are bilingual, speaking both their historic language, Galician, as well as Castilian.
http://wn.com/Galician_people -
García Lorca
http://wn.com/García_Lorca -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
http://wn.com/George_W_Bush -
German Cuban
http://wn.com/German_Cuban -
Greeks
Ethnic group
http://wn.com/Greeks -
Guanajatabey
The Guanajatabey (Guanahatabey) were indigenous inhabitants of Cuba, They numbered about 100,000 and had lived on the island since at least 1000 B.C. They are considered to be the earliest inhabitants of the island. Hunters, gatherers, and farmers, these native Cubans cultivated cohiba (tobacco), a crop upon which the island's economy would one day depend. They, like other Amerindians, likely migrated to Cuba from South America.
http://wn.com/Guanajatabey -
Hugh Thomas
Hugh Swynnerton Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton (born 21 October 1931 in Windsor), is a British historian, writer and Hispanist.
http://wn.com/Hugh_Thomas -
Hugo Chávez
http://wn.com/Hugo_Chávez -
Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either. Up to 80% of the food is obtained by gathering.
http://wn.com/Hunter-gatherer -
Hyman G. Rickover
http://wn.com/Hyman_G_Rickover -
Ibrahim Ferrer
http://wn.com/Ibrahim_Ferrer -
Irish people
http://wn.com/Irish_people -
Isleño
http://wn.com/Isleño -
Italian people
The Italian people () are a people that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of Jus Sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favorably in the Italian nationality law), and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and, historically, from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories adjacent to the Italian peninsula.
http://wn.com/Italian_people -
John F. Kennedy
http://wn.com/John_F_Kennedy -
José Lezama Lima
http://wn.com/José_Lezama_Lima -
José Martí
http://wn.com/José_Martí -
José Miguel Gómez
http://wn.com/José_Miguel_Gómez -
José Miró Cardona
http://wn.com/José_Miró_Cardona -
Juan José Sicre
http://wn.com/Juan_José_Sicre -
Koreans
The Korean people are an ethnic group originating in the Korean peninsula. Most Koreans know how to speak the Korean language.
http://wn.com/Koreans -
Leonardo Padura
http://wn.com/Leonardo_Padura -
Luis Posada Carriles
Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) (nicknamed Bambi by some Cuban exiles) is a Cuban-born Venezuelan anti-communist activist. A former Central Intelligence Agency agent, Posada has been convicted in absentia of involvement in various terrorist attacks and plots in the Western hemisphere, including: involvement in the 1976 bombing of a Cuban airliner that killed seventy-three people; admitted involvement in a string of bombings in 1997 targeting fashionable Cuban hotels and nightspots; involvement in the Bay of Pigs invasion; involvement in the Iran-Contra affair; and, according to conspiracy theorists, involvement in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In addition, he was jailed under accusations related to an assassination attempt on Fidel Castro in Panama in 2000, although he was later pardoned by Panamanian President Mireya Moscoso in the final days of her term.
http://wn.com/Luis_Posada_Carriles -
Manuel Urrutia Lleó
http://wn.com/Manuel_Urrutia_Lleó -
Mario García Menocal
http://wn.com/Mario_García_Menocal -
Marx
http://wn.com/Marx -
Meyer Lansky
Meyer Lansky (born Meyer Suchowljanski) (July 4, 1902 – January 15, 1983; known as the "Mob's Accountant") was a Jewish-American organized crime figure who, along with his associate Charles "Lucky" Luciano, was instrumental in the development of the "National Crime Syndicate" in the United States.
http://wn.com/Meyer_Lansky -
Miguel Barnet
http://wn.com/Miguel_Barnet -
Máximo Gómez
http://wn.com/Máximo_Gómez -
Nicolás Guillén
http://wn.com/Nicolás_Guillén -
Omara Portuondo
http://wn.com/Omara_Portuondo -
Pablo Milanés
http://wn.com/Pablo_Milanés -
Philip Bonsal
Philip Bonsal (1903-June 28, 1995) was a United States foreign diplomat and the last United States Ambassador to Cuba.
http://wn.com/Philip_Bonsal -
Pope John Paul II
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II -
Portuguese people
The Portuguese () are an ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.
http://wn.com/Portuguese_people -
Ramón Barquín
http://wn.com/Ramón_Barquín -
Raúl Castro
http://wn.com/Raúl_Castro -
Red Cross
http://wn.com/Red_Cross -
Reinaldo Arenas
http://wn.com/Reinaldo_Arenas -
Ricardo Alarcón
http://wn.com/Ricardo_Alarcón -
Roberto Agramonte
Dr. Roberto Agramonte (born Roberto Daniel Agramonte y Pichardo on May 3, 1904 in Villa Clara, Cuba - 12 December 1995 in Miami, Florida, USA) was a philosopher and Cuban politician.
http://wn.com/Roberto_Agramonte -
Silvio Rodríguez
http://wn.com/Silvio_Rodríguez -
Taíno people
http://wn.com/Taíno_people -
Theodore Roosevelt
http://wn.com/Theodore_Roosevelt -
Tomás Estrada Palma
http://wn.com/Tomás_Estrada_Palma -
Valeriano Weyler
http://wn.com/Valeriano_Weyler -
Vietnamese people
http://wn.com/Vietnamese_people -
William McKinley
William McKinley, Jr. (January 29, 1843 September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, and the last veteran of the American Civil War to be elected to that office.
http://wn.com/William_McKinley -
William T. Sampson
William Thomas Sampson (9 February 1840 – 6 May 1902) was a United States Navy rear admiral known for his victory in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba during the Spanish-American War.
http://wn.com/William_T_Sampson -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I -
Zoé Valdés
http://wn.com/Zoé_Valdés
Cuba Filmography
- Super Freaks Collection (2003)
- Black Carnal Coeds 5 (2002)
- Black Pussy Search 2 (2001)
- Hoochipalooza (2001)
- Gangland 20 (2001)
- White Trash Whore 21 (2001)
- White Trash Whore 20 (2001)
- 24/7 44: Men at Work (2001)
- Supa Dupa Black on Black (2001)
- 24/7 31: Snooper Man (2000)
- 24/7 39: Pumpin' Whitey 4 (2000)
- White Trash Whore 18 (2000)
- Gang Bang Angels 3 (2000)
- White Trash Whore 19 (2000)
- My Baby Got Back 21 (2000)
- White Trash Whore 16 (2000)
- Ass to Mouth 2 (2000)
- Chillin' with Jake Steed's Freaks Whoes & Flows 7 (2000)
- Submissive Little Sluts 3 (2000)
- White Trash Whore 17 (2000)
- Exploring the Fantasy (1999)
- 24/7 19: Pumpin' Whitey 3 (1999)
- 24/7 20: Motorhome Madness (1999)
- 24/7 22: Big Move (1999)
- 24/7 23: See No Evil (1999)
- Afro-Centrix Volume 52: Supa Freaks (1999)
- Booty Talk 5: Let's Get Buck Wild! (1999)
- Booty Talk 6: We Don't Ski... We Just Fuck! (1999)
- Bow Down Backstreet II (1999)
- Gentlemen Prefer Bronze (1999)
- India's Casting Call (1999)
- Kelly the Coed 3 (1999)
- Screw My Wife Please 6: And Make Her Cum! (1999)
- South Central Hookers 13 (1999)
- White Trash Whore 11 (1999)
- White Trash Whore 13 (1999)
- 24/7 10: Coolin' with da Hunnys (1998)
- Nasty Video Magazine Volume 3 (1998)
- Booty Talk 4: Jammin' at the Lake (1998)
- Black Carnal Coeds 2 (1998)
- Afro-Centrix Volume 42: Black Snatch Fever (1998)
- Afro-Centrix Volume 35: Just Say Blow (1998)
- 24/7 18: What's Crackin' (1998)
- White Trash Whore 7 (1998)
- White Trash Whore 8 (1998)
- White Trash Whore 10 (1998)
- White Trash Whore 9 (1998)
Cuba Filmography
- Loaded (Dawson's Cream Pie Video) (2007)
- Aggressive Bottoms from Hell: Bareback VII (2005)
- Jackhammered (2005)
Cuba Filmography
karaoke
Amigo, não insista,
desista
Eu não vou mudar.
O meu destino é certo
Prá Cuba, quero viajar! (2x)
Eu disse, outro lugar
Não tem Fidel,
Não tem aquele céu...
Não tem Guevara
Que é a minha cara.
Tudo foi pro beleléu...
Não tem Havana, sandália Havaiana,
Não tem calça Lee.
Parece Copacabana
Só que cada um por si!
Quer ir pra Aruba?
Não! Quero ir pra Cuba
Quer ir pra Miami, irmão?
Não! Quero ir pra Cuba.
Quer ir pro Japão, Japão?
Não! Quero ir pra Cuba.
E que tal, que tal Paris?
Não!
Quero ir pra Cuba.
Quero jantar no Bodeguita,
Fumar charuto cubano,
Pegar sol em Varadero,
Cantar com o Moncada
Que são meus hermanos
Gargalhar bem alto
Pois meu lar é a revolução.
Enquanto houver um cubano
no mundo, Cuba será nação! (2x)
Quer ir pra Aruba?
Não! Quero ir pra Cuba
Quer ir pra Miami, irmão?
Não! Quero ir pra Cuba.
Quer ir pro Japão, então?
Não! Quero ir pra Cuba
E que tal, que tal, que tal Paris?
Não! Quero ir pra Cuba!
Babe I'm leaving the country
You know I just gotta go
This record company bull-shit
They break my heart, they rape my soul
And they're only after the dollar
And they're dollars, they're dollars
They're house in the hills
I'm gonna break free of this saccharine sunshine
Go my way to where the blood can spill
So come on down to Cuba
Come play in the sand
We can drink and go scuba
We'll make love out on the beach
And then we'll run out
Away from the world
And I will be your jungle hero
And you, you, you can be my girl.
I'm gonna go down to Cuba
I'm gonna make me some brand new friends
I'm gonna wait for the country to open
And when the music-mother-fuckers try to move right in
I'm gonna be there already waiting
With my long-range rifle and a perfect plan
And when they're all walking on the guitar mat
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- In Between Things
- Second Thoughts
- Photography
- High Fidelity
- Folding Chair
- Thespian
- Family Tree
- Things Are Gonna Change
- For the Sake of the Cause
- We Never Cared
- Read Between the Lines
- Thirty Days
- Beneath the Lights
- Helps to Know Someone Who Knows
- Out of Place
- Time to Kill
- Skyscraper
- Good Start to a Bad End
- Akron
- Notice Me
- Marley's Song
- Circles
- Life
- Colorado
- Cross the Line
- Devil's Rock
- Black Island
- King of Kelty
- Starshiney
- Peak Flow
- Winter Hill
- Havana
- Hail Mary
- Urban Light
- Foxy's Den
- Fiery Cross
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Hurricane Sandy Hits Jamaica on Path Toward Cuba, Florida
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Sam Champion has the latest news on the devastating storm in the Atlantic.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Sandy_Hits_Jamaica_on_Path_Toward_Cuba,_Florida
Hurricane Sandy: Cubans clean up after parts of the island are devastated
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:04
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Residents in southeastern Cuba have been cleaning up their neighbourhoods after Hurricane Sandy damaged houses, felled trees and destroyed boats. Report by Lauren Hood. Coming soon: Truthloader, ITN's new citizen journalism channel on YouTube. Subscribe now at www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Subscribe to ITN News! www.youtube.com More on Hurricane Sandy: New York City flooded: youtu.be Powerful explosion at Con Edison power plant: youtu.be Dramatic sea rescue: youtu.be Crane collapses in Manhattan: youtu.be President Obama urges public to be prepared: youtu.be Satellite timelapse of Sandy's progress: youtu.be Thrillseekers head to the Jersey Shore: youtu.be 'Frankenstorm' threatens the East Coast: youtu.be New York City's Mayor Michael Bloomberg orders evacuation of parts of the city: youtu.be President Barack Obama warns Americans to take the storm 'very seriously': youtu.be Florida surfers ride Sandy's waves: youtu.be Sandy hits Cuba, Haiti and Barbados: youtu.be
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Sandy_Cubans_clean_up_after_parts_of_the_island_are_devastated
Gibson Brothers Cuba original Promo video 1979 rare !
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
another hot video rare disco: PRomO video Cuba original version!
http://wn.com/Gibson_Brothers_Cuba_original_Promo_video_1979_rare_!
People & Power - Cuba: The times are changing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:54
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Cuba has taken a dramatic step away from its socialist policies of the past, but how has this impacted ordinary Cubans?
http://wn.com/People_Power_Cuba_The_times_are_changing
Cuba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
The Republic of Cuba is an island country in the Caribbean. It consists of the island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city. Cuba is home to over 11 million people and is the most populous insular nation in the Caribbean. Its people, culture, and customs draw from diverse sources, including the aboriginal Taíno and Ciboney peoples; the period of Spanish colonialism; the introduction of African slaves; and its proximity to the United States. ( source Wikipedia )
http://wn.com/Cuba
Anthony Bourdain cuba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:01
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Cuba
http://wn.com/Anthony_Bourdain_cuba
Cuba customs tax skyrockets
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
Arriving in Cuba has just become a lot more expensive for both residents and tourists who carry more than 35kg. Customs tax has skyrocketed on some items from the equivalent of US $1.8 to $10 per kilo. Al Jazeera's Caroline Malone explains.
http://wn.com/Cuba_customs_tax_skyrockets
[Full documentary] CUBA: Defending Socialism, Resisting Imperialism [2010]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:07
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
See: www.ratb.org.uk Full-length documentary produced by RATB in 2010 explaining the role of socialist Cuba in the world and the modern challenges it faces in its development amidst world capitalist crisis. PRESS: "An insightful and provocative study of major changes taking place in Cuba today. The Cuban economist interviewed explains things extremely well. Necessary viewing for all seeking to understand contemporary Cuba." John Kirk - professor of Latin American Studies at Dalhousie University, Canada. He has published several books about Cuban international relations, history and culture. His most recent publication, co-authored with Professor Michael Erisman, 'Cuba's Medical Internationalism: Origins, Evolution and Goals', was published in 2009 by Palgrave Macmillan. "A great little film with a lot of food for thought and a good corrective to all the anti-Cuban stuff in the media, the interviews are fascinating and say a lot about the difficulties the country continues to face... very interesting in terms of Cuban ideas of grassroots democracy and the problems of running an economy with a blockade." Derek Wall - former Principal Speaker of the Green Party (another-green-world.blogspot.com 'This film was summed up by the quote " I thought when i went to Cuba I could say if it was socialist or capitalist; having been I now say its a society trying to build socialism". A very realistic appraisal of Cuba which has not airbrushed out the difficulties there.' Steve Hedley ...
http://wn.com/_Full_documentary_CUBA_Defending_Socialism,_Resisting_Imperialism_2010_
Significance of Cuba's municipal elections
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
This weekend more than eight million Cubans will vote in municipal elections. Turnout is likely to be close to 100 per cent. But there is little in the way of campaigning. Angela Castillo has been a delegate since 2007. She explains what the election means to her and how the system works.
http://wn.com/Significance_of_Cuba's_municipal_elections
Cuba: Open for American tourists
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Cuba is becoming the latest tourist attraction for Americans as travel restrictions between the two countries loosen for the first time in 7 years. CBS News travel editor Peter Greenberg explores this "new" destination and discusses the changes in travel policy.
http://wn.com/Cuba_Open_for_American_tourists
Fascination Cuba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:40
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Basking in the Caribbean sun, the island of Cuba lies between sun and socialism, rumba and revolution. Havana is the capital. In 1553, the Spanish conquerors designated Havana's harbour as a collection point for ships loaded with gold and silver from the new Spanish colonies and named the settlement, San Cristobal De La Habana. La Bodeguita Del Medio was once Hemmingway`s local and nowhere else is the 'Mojito' mixed better: three years old white rum, lime juice, soda, sugar, ice and mint. Whether it be the Teatro Marti, the Old Tobacco Factory, the famous Bacardi house, or the Floridita Bar, everywhere there is a feeling of nostalgia. Pinar Del Rio is a small but busy town in which the Red Star and portraits of Che Guevara are displayed for all to see. In the old town, colourful houses with beautiful pillared corridors demonstrate the former wealth of the country's independent tobacco growers. Time means little here. While observing life on the streets, one begins to think in the same relaxed tempo of the leisurely-smoked cigars. A visit to a tobacco factory is a must. Cuba's cigars are world famous. Together with sugar, tobacco is the country's most important export. The oldest geological formation in Cuba are the Mogotes, well-weathered limestone peaks which, supported by pillars, once covered a large complex of caves. Over many decades, subterranean rivers flooded the earth below and thus created these gigantic grottos. On seven manmade islands in the centre of the ...
http://wn.com/Fascination_Cuba
Cuba, as time goes. Documental.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 79:14
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
CUBA DOCUMENTAL: "Cuba, As Time Goes By". Director: Eduardo Lamora. Producer: Paco Fernández. 23-09-2011 Synopsis: Havana 1977: One day I decided to go into exile. This film relates the return to my home town thirty years later. My clandestine camera goes at the bottom of the Cuban society, just as Fidel Castro has officially given the power to his brother Raul. He has held the reins during forty-eight years of absolute power. The children of the Cuban revolution are now facing a bitter day-to-day life while a new upper class lead by the old generation in power is desperately hanging at it.
http://wn.com/Cuba,_as_time_goes_Documental
Havana, Cuba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Tour of Havana, Cuba
http://wn.com/Havana,_Cuba
National Geographic Live! - Christopher Baker: The Soul of Cuba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:47
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Award-winning travel writer Christopher Baker takes us on a tour of Cuba — and an unexpected encounter with the saints of Santería. Upcoming Events at National Geographic Live! events.nationalgeographic.com
http://wn.com/National_Geographic_Live!_Christopher_Baker_The_Soul_of_Cuba
Inside Castro's Cuba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
NDTV spent four days in Havana to get a sense of what the quality of life is for ordinary Cubans, 50 years after the revolution. Fidel Castro has handed over the reins to his younger brother Raul, and the last few years have seen change, slowly but surely.
http://wn.com/Inside_Castro's_Cuba
Part 1: Study trip CUBA 2011: art, culture, drumming
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:31
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Photo documentary of Annelies Gentile and Greg Whitt's research trip in Havana and Matanzas Cuba 2011. Our focus was on art and creativity as it relates to social change and sustainability, and folkloric music and drumming. All photos by Annelies Gentile
http://wn.com/Part_1_Study_trip_CUBA_2011_art,_culture,_drumming
Robert Abigail & Dj Rebel Feat. The Gibson Brothers - Cuba (Official Music Video) (HD) (HQ)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Buy the 2011 summerhit now @ iTunes: itunes.apple.com (P) + (C) 2011 BIP RECORDS BELGIUM Director and DOP: Nicolas Caeyers Camera: Wesley Versteeg Editing: Nicolas Caeyers, Fien Wolfs & Pjotr Wolfs Production by: Invisible Pictures
http://wn.com/Robert_Abigail_Dj_Rebel_Feat_The_Gibson_Brothers_Cuba_Official_Music_Video_HD_HQ
Havana Centro Cuba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Just a Friday afternoon in Centro neighbourhood of Havana, Cuba, late Dec. 2008. People living life. For a look at some beautiful Cuban art available in the US and Canada, please visit cubanocanadian.ca or http
http://wn.com/Havana_Centro_Cuba
Represent Cuba - Dirty Dancing Havana Nights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
A tribute to "Havana Nights" set to Orishas' Represent Cuba, from the film itself [I do not own the movie and I didn't create it.No copyright infringement]
http://wn.com/Represent_Cuba_Dirty_Dancing_Havana_Nights
What Cuba's Travel Move Means for Its Citizens
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:24
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Ray Suarez talks to Mar�a de Los Angeles Torres of the University of Illinois at Chicago about the different ideological factions in Cuba and the different debates about the possible economic, cultural and security effects, as well as analysis of the promises by Raoul Castro to reform his country.
http://wn.com/What_Cuba's_Travel_Move_Means_for_Its_Citizens
Hurricane Sandy hits Cuba after Haiti and Barbados
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Florida is preparing for Hurricane Sandy after Cuba, Haiti and Barbados have been hit with storms. Report by Louise Hulland. Coming soon: Truthloader, ITN's new citizen journalism channel on YouTube. Subscribe now at www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Subscribe to ITN News! www.youtube.com More on Hurricane Sandy: More on Hurricane Sandy: New York City flooded: youtu.be Powerful explosion at Con Edison power plant: youtu.be Dramatic sea rescue: youtu.be Crane collapses in Manhattan: youtu.be President Obama urges public to be prepared: youtu.be Satellite timelapse of Sandy's progress: youtu.be Thrillseekers head to the Jersey Shore: youtu.be 'Frankenstorm' threatens the East Coast: youtu.be New York City's Mayor Michael Bloomberg orders evacuation of parts of the city: youtu.be President Barack Obama warns Americans to take the storm 'very seriously': youtu.be Cubans pick up the pieces after Sandy passes through: youtu.be Florida surfers ride Sandy's waves: youtu.be
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Sandy_hits_Cuba_after_Haiti_and_Barbados
Routine repression in Cuba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Harassment and detention of political dissidents, human rights activists, journalists and bloggers across Cuba has risen sharply over the past 24 months. This short news video features Javier Zuniga, Amnesty International Cuba Expert. He reveals new tactics by the Cuban authorities to punish individuals seen as opposed to the regime.
http://wn.com/Routine_repression_in_Cuba
Cuba to end exit permits
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Cubans could soon find it much easier to travel abroad. The government says that starting in January, citizens will no longer need an exit permit lo leave the country. It's the latest in a series of reforms under President Raul Castro.Al Jazeera's Lucia Newman reports from Buenos Aires.
http://wn.com/Cuba_to_end_exit_permits
Photo: AP / Salisu Rabiu
01 Nov 2012
Nigerian security forces have carried out widespread abuses in their campaign against the Islamist militant group Boko Haram, . The rights group says in a report that abuses include extrajudicial...
Photo: USAF / Master Sgt. Mark C. Olsen
02 Nov 2012
NEW YORK (Reuters) - From New York City's Staten Island to the popular beach towns of the Jersey Shore, rescuers and officials on Friday faced growing evidence of widespread destruction wrought by...
Photo: AP / Syrian Observatory for Human Rights via AP video
02 Nov 2012
GENEVA (Reuters) - A video that appears to show Syrian rebels killing soldiers who had surrendered probably constitutes a war crime that should be prosecuted, the United Nations human rights office...
Photo: AP / Mike Groll
31 Oct 2012
TEHRAN — Iranian rescuers and aid workers are on standby to fly to New York City to provide assistance to those affected by Hurricane Sandy, the head of Iran’s Red Crescent Organization...
Photo: AP / Shaam News Network via AP video
01 Nov 2012
Syrian warplanes fired missiles at opposition strongholds around Damascus and in the north as Turkey, a key backer of the anti-regime rebels, appeared to distance itself from an earlier call to impose...
Austin American Statesman
Imagine a presidential candidate who spoke with blunt honesty about American problems, dwelling on measures by which the United States lags its economic peers. What might this mythical candidate talk about on the stump? He might vow to turn around the dismal statistics on child poverty, declaring it...(size: 7.2Kb)
Deaths toll blamed on Sandy rises to 102
03 Nov 2012
Xinhua
BEIJING, Nov. 3 (Xinhuanet) -- Deaths in the United States and Canada blamed on superstorm Sandy, that tore across the U.S. East Coast earlier this week, has risen to at least 102....(size: 1.2Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Florida Keys TravelFlorida travelliterary travelFlorida festivalsBooksWriting Advertisement My name is Ernest Miller Hemingway … I intend to travel and write. – Ernest Hemingway, in an essay, age 9 Key West, Florida, has long been a haven for writers. The island’s long literary legacy...(size: 10.7Kb)
Tampa Bay Online
I voted early and chose "yes" to retain the three Florida Supreme Court justices up for merit retention. Here is why: "Merit retention" was wisely put into place so voters could get rid of justices who dishonor their office, not to mock our system of checks and balances. Years ago our state...(size: 4.5Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics WeathermeteorologyHistoryScienceweather history Advertisement Meteorological events that happened on November 3rd: 1922 A northwesterly gale spawned huge waves that caused severe damage along the northern coast around Cape Breton, Nova Scotia Canada. Winds exceed 80 mph during the...(size: 14.7Kb)
World news briefs — Nov. 2
03 Nov 2012
Ohio
NIGERIA At least 40 die in attack Soldiers in northeast Nigeria shot dead more than 40 people, likely civilians, during an operation in a city long under attack by a radical Islamist sect, a hospital official said Friday. An official at Maiduguri General Hospital said soldiers brought the corpses,...(size: 2.0Kb)
Mashable
Those of you who felt Hurricane Sandy this week were reminded, yet again, of nature’s ferocity. At our home, about 100 miles north of New York City, on the banks of the Hudson River, the tides and wind speeds were our biggest concern. The Internet was our constant companion with a shout-out to...(size: 34.2Kb)
Anger mounts in US storm zone
03 Nov 2012
New Straits/Business Times
NEW YORK: New York commuters fought for car fuel at gas station forecourts Friday while mayor Michael Bloomberg faced pressure to call off his city’s famed marathon as it struggles to recover from superstorm Sandy. The storm, one of the most severe in US history, has left at least 95 dead...(size: 5.5Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
(Reuters) - Deaths in the United States and Canada blamed on Sandy, the mega-storm that tore across the U.S. East Coast this week, rose to at least 102 on Friday. In New York City, 40 people have been found dead, half of them on Staten Island, the borough that lies across New York Harbor from lower...(size: 6.4Kb)
Imbecile test updated answers 16
03 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by nacasnatora1983 on Fri, 2012-11-02 21:34 http://vn3.one.pl/Kahw.html Bigcock http://41rbeo1.one.pl/Skyo.html Sexies urdu story and urdu http://yk0.one.pl/Uhll.html Anatomy and physiology coloring workbook chapter 7 central nervous system key http://fbszei.one.pl/Upki.html Mai thien van...(size: 256.0Kb)
Scoop
Saturday, 3 November 2012, 2:11 pm Press Release: United Nations UN Relief Agency Estimates 1.8 Million Haitians Have Been Affected by Hurricane Sandy New York, Nov 2 2012 3:10PM Some 1.8 million Haitians have been affected by Hurricane Sandy, the United Nations relief agency said today after its...(size: 4.0Kb)
The Miami Herald
To 8-year-old Francisco âPacoââ PrÃo, success is measured not by Ferraris but by âhow much you make a difference in your community.â His grandmother taught him that. On Friday, his grandmother, Elisa Vilano Chovel, was honored for her legacy of service, which included founding Operation...(size: 4.6Kb)
Haitian TV network launching in South Florida
03 Nov 2012
Sun Sentinel
A new Haitian TV network is debuting in South Florida, broadcasting mainly in Creole to fast-growing Haitian communities from Delray Beach to Florida City. Haitian Digital Television is targeting the thousands of Haitians living in Broward, Palm Beach and Miami-Dade is the brainchild of film...(size: 4.1Kb)
This article is about the country. For other uses, see Cuba (disambiguation).
 |
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (May 2012) |
| Republic of Cuba
República de Cuba (Spanish)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: Patria o Muerte (Spanish) "Homeland or Death"[1] |
||||||
Anthem: La Bayamesa ("The Bayamo Song")[2]
 |
||||||
 |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Havana 23°8′N 82°23′W / 23.133°N 82.383°W / 23.133; -82.383 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | Spanish | |||||
| Ethnic groups | 65.1% White, 10.1% African, 24.8% Mulatto and Mestizo[3] | |||||
| Demonym | Cuban | |||||
| Government | Unitary republic, Socialist state | |||||
| - | President & Premier | Raúl Castro | ||||
| - | First Vice President | J. R. M. Ventura | ||||
| - | First Secretary of Communist Party | Raúl Castro | ||||
| - | President of the National Assembly | Ricardo Alarcón | ||||
| Legislature | National Assembly | |||||
| Independence | from Spain/U.S. | |||||
| - | Declared | October 10, 1868 from Spain |
||||
| - | Republic declared | May 20, 1902 from the United States |
||||
| - | Cuban Revolution | January 1, 1959 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 109,884 km2 (105th) 42,426 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | negligible[4] | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 census | 11,241,161[5] | ||||
| - | Density | 102.3/km2 (106th) 265.0/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2010 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $114.1 billion[6] (63rd) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $9,900 (86th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2010 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $57.49 billion[3] (68th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $5,100[3][4][7] (90th) | ||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.776[8] (high) (51st) |
|||||
| Currency | Cuban peso(CUP)Cuban convertible peso[9] ( CUC) |
|||||
| Time zone | CST (UTC−5) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC−4) | ||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | CU | |||||
| Internet TLD | .cu | |||||
| Calling code | +53 | |||||
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, (
i/ˈkjuːbə/; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] (
listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city.[10][11] To the north of Cuba lies the United States (140 km or 90 mi away) and the Bahamas, Mexico is to the west, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are to the south, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic are to the southeast.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on and claimed the island now occupied by Cuba, for the Kingdom of Spain. Cuba remained a territory of Spain until the Spanish–American War ended in 1898, and gained formal independence from the U.S. in 1902. A fragile democracy, increasingly dominated by radical politics eventually evolved, solidified by the Cuban Constitution of 1940, but was definitely quashed in 1952 by former president Fulgencio Batista, and an authoritarian regime was set up, intensifying and catalyzing already rampant corruption, political repression and crippling economic regulations.[12][13][14] Batista was ousted in January 1959 by the July 26 movement, and a new administration under Fidel Castro established, which had by 1965 evolved into a single-party state under the revived Communist Party of Cuba, which holds power to date.
Cuba is home to over 11 million people and is the most populous island nation in the Caribbean, as well as the largest by area. Its people, culture, and customs draw from diverse sources, such as the aboriginal Taíno and Ciboney peoples, the period of Spanish colonialism, the introduction of African slaves and its proximity to the United States.
Cuba has a 99.8% literacy rate,[3][15] an infant death rate lower than some developed countries,[16] and an average life expectancy of 77.64.[3] In 2006, Cuba was the only nation in the world which met the WWF's definition of sustainable development; having an ecological footprint of less than 1.8 hectares per capita and a Human Development Index of over 0.8 for 2007.[17]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The name Cuba comes from the Taíno language. The exact meaning of the name is unclear but it may be translated either as where fertile land is abundant (cubao),[18] or great place (coabana).[19] Authors who believe that Christopher Columbus was Portuguese state that Cuba was named by Columbus for the ancient town of Cuba in the district of Beja in Portugal.[20][21]
History[link]
Main articles: History of Cuba and Timeline of Cuban history
Pre-Columbian era[link]
Cuba was inhabited by Native American people known as the Taíno, also called Arawak by the Spanish, and Guanajatabey and Ciboney people before the arrival of the Spanish. The ancestors of these Native Americans migrated from the mainland of North, Central and South America several centuries earlier.[22] The native Taínos called the island Caobana.[23] The Taíno were farmers and the Ciboney were farmers, fishers and hunter-gatherers.
Spanish colonization[link]
After first landing on an island then called Guanahani on October 12, 1492,[24] Christopher Columbus landed on Cuba's northeastern coast near what is now Baracoa on October 27[24] or 28.[25][26] He claimed the island for the new Kingdom of Spain[27] and named Isla Juana after Juan, Prince of Asturias.[28] In 1511, the first Spanish settlement was founded by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar at Baracoa; other towns soon followed including the future capital of San Cristobal de la Habana which was founded in 1515. The native Taínos were working under the encomienda system,[29] which resembled a feudal system in Medieval Europe.[30] Within a century the indigenous people were virtually wiped out due to multiple factors, including Eurasian infectious diseases aggravated in large part by a lack of natural resistance as well as privation stemming from repressive colonial subjugation.[31] In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two-thirds of the natives who had previously survived smallpox.[32][33]
Cuba remained a Spanish possession for almost 400 years (1511–1898), with an economy based on plantation agriculture, mining, and the export of sugar, coffee, and tobacco to Europe and later to North America. The work was done primarily by African slaves brought to the island.
The small land-owning elite of Spanish settlers held social and economic powers supported by a population of Spaniards born on the island (Criollos), other Europeans, and African-descended slaves. The population in 1817 was 630,980, of which 291,021 were white, 115,691 free black, and 224,268 black slaves.[34]
Independence wars[link]
In the 1820s, when the rest of Spain's empire in Latin America rebelled and formed independent states, Cuba remained loyal. Although there was agitation for independence, the Spanish Crown gave Cuba the motto La Siempre Fidelísima Isla ("The Always Most Faithful Island"). This loyalty was due partly to Cuban settlers' dependence on Spain for trade, their desire for protection from pirates and against a slave rebellion, and partly because they feared the rising power of the United States more than they disliked Spanish rule.[citation needed]
Ten Years' War[link]
Independence from Spain was the motive for a rebellion in 1868 led by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. De Céspedes, a sugar planter, freed his slaves to fight with him for a free Cuba. On 27 December 1868, he issued a decree condemning slavery in theory but accepting it in practice and declaring free any slaves whose masters present them for military service.[35] The 1868 rebellion resulted in a prolonged conflict known as the Ten Years' War. The United States declined to recognize the new Cuban government, although many European and Latin American nations did so.[36] In 1878, the Pact of Zanjón ended the conflict, with Spain promising greater autonomy to Cuba. In 1879–1880, Cuban patriot Calixto García attempted to start another war known as the Little War but received little support.[37]
Period between wars[link]
In Cuba, a sophisticated and prosperous sugar industry had employed chattel slavery until the final third of the 19th century. Cuba produced 720,250 metric tons of sugar in 1868, more than forty percent of cane sugar reaching the world market that year. Slavery had been maintained in Cuba, however, while abolition was underway elsewhere. Abolition in Cuba began the final third of the 19th century, and was completed in the 1880s.[38][39]
War of 1895[link]
An exiled dissident named José Martí founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York in 1892. The aim of the party was to achieve Cuban independence from Spain.[40] In January 1895 Martí traveled to Montecristi and Santo Domingo to join the efforts of Máximo Gómez.[40] Martí recorded his political views in the Manifesto of Montecristi.[41] Fighting against the Spanish army began in Cuba on 24 February 1895, but Martí was unable to reach Cuba until 11 April 1895.[40] Martí was killed in the battle of Dos Rios on 19 May 1895.[40] His death immortalized him as Cuba's national hero.[41]
Around 200,000 Spanish troops outnumbered the much smaller rebel army which relied mostly on guerrilla and sabotage tactics. The Spaniards began a campaign of suppression. General Valeriano Weyler, military governor of Cuba, herded the rural population into what he called reconcentrados, described by international observers as "fortified towns". These are often considered the prototype for 20th-century concentration camps.[42] Between 200,000 and 400,000 Cuban civilians died from starvation and disease in the camps, numbers verified by the Red Cross and United States Senator and former Secretary of War Redfield Proctor. American and European protests against Spanish conduct on the island followed.[43]
Spanish–American War[link]
Main article: Spanish–American War
USS Maine[link]
The U.S. battleship Maine arrived in Havana on 25 January 1898 to offer protection to the 8,000 American residents on the island, but the Spanish saw this as intimidation. On the evening of 15 February 1898, the Maine blew up in the harbor, killing 252 crew. Another eight crew members died of their wounds in hospital over the next few days.[44] A Naval Board of Inquiry headed by Captain William T. Sampson was appointed to investigate the cause of the explosion on the Maine. Having examined the wreck and taken testimony from eyewitnesses and experts, the board reported on 21 March 1898 that the Maine had been destroyed by "a double magazine set off from the exterior of the ship, which could only have been produced by a mine."[44]
The facts remain disputed today, although an investigation by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover published in 1976 established that the blast was most likely a large internal explosion. Rickover believes the explosion was caused by a spontaneous combustion in inadequately ventilated bituminous coal which ignited gunpowder in an adjacent magazine.[45][46] The original 1898 board was unable to fix the responsibility for the disaster, but a furious American populace, fueled by an active press— notably the newspapers of William Randolph Hearst— concluded that the Spanish were to blame and demanded action.[44] The U.S. Congress passed a resolution calling for intervention, and President William McKinley complied.[47] Spain and the United States declared war on each other in late April.
Early 20th century[link]
Main article: History of Cuba (1902–1959)
After the Spanish-American War, Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (1898), by which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States for the sum of $20 million.[48] Under the same treaty, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba. Theodore Roosevelt, who had fought in the Spanish-American War and had some sympathies with the independence movement, succeeded McKinley as U.S. President in 1901 and abandoned the treaty. Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on May 20, 1902, as the Republic of Cuba. Under Cuba's new constitution, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the Platt Amendment, the U.S. leased the Guantánamo Bay naval base from Cuba.
Following disputed elections in 1906, the first president, Tomás Estrada Palma, faced an armed revolt by independence war veterans who defeated the meager government forces.[49] The U.S. intervened by occupying Cuba and named Charles Edward Magoon as Governor for three years. Cuban historians have attributed Magoon's governorship as having introduced political and social corruption.[50] In 1908, self-government was restored when José Miguel Gómez was elected President, but the U.S. continued intervening in Cuban affairs. In 1912, the Partido Independiente de Color attempted to establish a separate black republic in Oriente Province,[51] but was suppressed by General Monteagudo with considerable bloodshed.
During World War I, Cuba exported considerable quantities of sugar to Britain. Cuba was able to avoid U-boat attacks by the subterfuge of shipping the sugar to Sweden. The Menocal government declared war on Germany very soon after the United States.
A constitutional government was maintained until 1930 when Gerardo Machado y Morales suspended the constitution. During Machado's tenure, a nationalistic economic program was pursued with several major national development projects which included the Carretera Central and El Capitolio. Machado's hold on power was weakened following a decline in demand for exported agricultural produce due to the Great Depression, attacks by independence war veterans, and attacks by covert terrorist organizations, principally the ABC.[citation needed]
During a general strike in which the Communist Party sided with Machado,[52] the senior elements of the Cuban army forced Machado into exile. The Party then installed Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada, son of Cuba's founding father (Carlos Manuel de Céspedes), as President. During 4–5 September 1933, a second coup overthrew Céspedes which led to the formation of the first Ramón Grau government. Notable events in this violent period include the separate sieges of Hotel Nacional de Cuba and Atares Castle. This government lasted 100 days but engineered radical socialist changes in Cuban society, including the abolishment of the Platt Amendment and instating of womens' suffrage in Cuba. In 1934, Grau was ousted in favor of Carlos Mendieta, the first in a series of puppet presidents subordinate to the army and its young chief of staff, Fulgencio Batista.
Fulgencio Batista was democratically elected President in the elections of 1940, so far the only non-white Cuban endorsed for the nation's highest office.[53][54][13] His government carried out major social reforms. Several members of the Communist Party held office under his administration[55] and established numerous economic regulations and pro-union policies, as well as the Cuban Constitution of 1940, which engineered radical progressive ideas, including the right to labour and health care.[56] Batista's administration formally took Cuba to the Allies of World War II camp in World War II. Cuba declared war on Japan on December 9, 1941, then on Germany and Italy on December 11, 1941. Cuban armed forces were not greatly involved in combat during World War II, although president Batista suggested a joint U.S.-Latin American assault on Francoist Spain in order to overthrow its authoritarian regime.[57]
Ramón Grau, who lost in 1940 to Batista, finally returned in the 1944 elections by defeating Batista's preferred successor, Carlos Saladrigas Zayas. In 1948, his Revolutionary Authentic Party won again when Carlos Prío Socarrás won, the last person elected to the presidency by free and fair elections. The two terms of the Auténtico Party saw an influx of investment fueled a boom which raised living standards for all segments of society and created a prosperous middle class in most urban areas.[58]
The 1952 election was a three-way race. Roberto Agramonte of the Ortodoxos party led in all the polls, followed by Dr. Aurelio Hevia of the Auténtico party, and Fulgencio Batista, seeking a return to office, as a distant third. Both Agramonte and Hevia had decided to name Col. Ramón Barquín to head the Cuban armed forces after the elections. Barquín, then a diplomat in Washington, DC, was a top officer. He was respected by the professional army and had promised to eliminate corruption in the ranks. Batista feared that Barquín would oust him and his followers. When it became apparent that Batista had little chance of winning, he staged a coup on 10 March 1952. Batista held on to power with the backing of a nationalist section of the army as a "provisional president" for the next two years.
In March 1952 Justo Carrillo informed Barquín in Washington that the inner circles knew that Batista had plotted the coup. They immediately began to conspire to oust Batista and restore democracy and civilian government in what was later dubbed La Conspiracion de los Puros de 1956 (Agrupacion Montecristi). In 1954, Batista agreed to elections. The Partido Auténtico put forward ex-President Grau as their candidate, but he withdrew amid allegations that Batista was rigging the elections in advance.
At the beginning of 1959 United States companies owned about 40 percent of the Cuban sugar lands – almost all the cattle ranches – 90 percent of the mines and mineral concessions – 80 percent of the utilities – practically all the oil industry – and supplied two-thirds of Cuba's imports.
In April 1956 Batista ordered Barquín to become General and chief of the army, but Barquín decided to move forward with his coup to secure total power. On 4 April 1956, a coup by hundreds of career officers led by Barquín was frustrated by Rios Morejon. The coup broke the back of the Cuban armed forces. The officers were sentenced to the maximum terms allowed by Cuban Martial Law. Barquín was sentenced to solitary confinement for eight years. La Conspiración de los Puros resulted in the imprisonment of the commanders of the armed forces and the closing of the military academies.
Cuba had Latin America's highest per capita consumption rates of meat, vegetables, cereals, automobiles, telephones and radios, though about one third of the population was considered poor and enjoyed relatively little of this consumption.[60] In 1958, Cuba was a relatively well-advanced country by Latin American standards, and in some cases by world standards.[61] Cuba attracted more immigrants, primarily from Europe, as a percentage of population than the U.S. The United Nations noted Cuba for its large middle class.[citation needed] On the other hand, Cuba was affected by perhaps the largest labor union privileges in Latin America, including bans on dismissals and mechanization. They were obtained in large measure "at the cost of the unemployed and the peasants", leading to disparities.[62]
Between 1933 and 1958, Cuba extended economic regulations enormously, causing economic problems.[13][63] Unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs.[13] The middle class, which was comparable to the United States, became increasingly dissatisfied with unemployment and political persecution. The labor unions supported Batista until the very end.[53][13]
Revolution[link]
Main article: Cuban Revolution
On 2 December 1956 a party of 82 people on the yacht Granma landed in Cuba. The party, led by Fidel Castro, had the intention of establishing an armed resistance movement in the Sierra Maestra. While facing armed resistance from Castro's rebel fighters in the mountains, Fulgencio Batista's regime was weakened and crippled by a United States arms embargo imposed on 14 March 1958. By late 1958, the rebels broke out of the Sierra Maestra and launched a general popular insurrection. After the fighters captured Santa Clara, Batista fled from Havana on 1 January 1959 to exile in Portugal. Barquín negotiated the symbolic change of command between Camilo Cienfuegos, Che Guevara, Raúl Castro, and his brother Fidel Castro after the Supreme Court decided that the Revolution was the source of law and its representatives should assume command.
Fidel Castro's forces entered the capital on 8 January 1959. Shortly afterward, a liberal lawyer, Dr Manuel Urrutia Lleó became president. He was backed by Castro's 26th of July Movement because they believed his appointment would be welcomed by the United States.[citation needed] Disagreements within the government culminated in Urrutia's resignation in July 1959. He was replaced by Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado, who served as president until 1976. Castro became prime minister in February 1959, succeeding José Miró in head of the state.
In its first year, the new revolutionary government expropriated private property with little or no compensation, nationalized public utilities, tightened controls on the private sector, and closed down the mafia-controlled gambling industry. The CIA conspired with the Chicago mafia in 1960 and 1961 to assassinate Fidel Castro, according to documents declassified in 2007.[64][65]
Some of these measures were undertaken by Fidel Castro's government in the name of the program outlined in the Manifesto of the Sierra Maestra.[66] The government nationalized private property totaling about USD $25 billion,[67] of which American property made up around USD $1 billion.[67][68]
By the end of 1960, the coletilla made its appearance, and most newspapers in Cuba had been expropriated, taken over by the unions, or had been abandoned.[60][69] All radio and television stations were in state control.[60] Moderate teachers and professors were purged.[60] In any year, about 20,000 dissenters were imprisoned.[60] Some homosexuals, religious practitioners, and others were sent to labor camps where they were subject to political "re-education".[70] One estimate is that 15,000 to 17,000 people were executed,[71] although the U.S. State Department estimates that 3,200 people were executed from 1959 to 1962.[72]
The Communist Party strengthened its one-party rule, with Castro as ultimate leader.[60] Fidel's brother, Raúl Castro, became the army chief.[60] Loyalty to Castro became the primary criterion for all appointments.[73] In September 1960, the revolutionary government created a system known as Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDR), which provided neighborhood spying.[60]
In the 1961 New Year's Day parade, the administration exhibited Soviet tanks and other weapons.[73] Eventually, Cuba built up the second largest armed forces in Latin America, second only to Brazil.[74] Cuba became a privileged client-state of the Soviet Union.[75]
By 1961, hundreds of thousands of Cubans had left for the United States.[76] The 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion (La Batalla de Girón) was an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Cuban government by a U.S.-trained force of Cuban exiles with U.S. military support. The plan was launched in April 1961, less than three months after John F. Kennedy became the U.S. President. The Cuban armed forces, trained and equipped by Eastern Bloc nations, defeated the exiles in three days. Cuban-American relations were exacerbated the following year by the Cuban Missile Crisis, when the Kennedy administration demanded the immediate withdrawal of Soviet nuclear missiles placed in Cuba placed in response to U.S. nuclear missiles in Turkey and the Middle East. The Soviets and Americans soon came to an agreement. The Soviets would remove Soviet missiles from Cuba and the Americans would remove missiles from Turkey and the Middle East. Kennedy also agreed not to invade Cuba in the future. Cuban exiles captured during the Bay of Pigs Invasion were exchanged for a shipment of supplies from America.[53]
In January 1962, Cuba was suspended from the Organization of American States (OAS), and later the same year the OAS started to impose sanctions against Cuba of similar nature to the US sanctions.[77]
By 1963, Cuba was moving towards a full-fledged Communist system modeled on the USSR.[78] The U.S. imposed a complete diplomatic and commercial embargo on Cuba and began Operation Mongoose, a program of covert CIA operations.
In 1965, Castro merged his revolutionary organizations with the Communist Party, of which he became First Secretary; Blas Roca was named Second Secretary. Roca was succeeded by Raúl Castro, who, as Defense Minister and Fidel's closest confidant, became and remained the second most powerful figure in Cuba until his brother's retirement. Raúl's position was strengthened by the departure of Che Guevara to launch unsuccessful insurrections in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and then Bolivia, where he was killed in 1967.
During the 1970s, Fidel Castro dispatched tens of thousands of troops in support of Soviet-supported wars in Africa, particularly the MPLA in Angola and Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia.[79]
The standard of living in 1970s was "extremely spartan" and discontent was rife.[80] Fidel Castro admitted the failures of economic policies in a 1970 speech.[80] By the mid-1970s, Castro started economic reforms.
In 1975 the OAS lifted its sanctions against Cuba, with the approval of 16 member states, including the U.S. The U.S., however, maintained its own sanctions.[77]
Recent affairs[link]
As of 2002, some 1.2 million persons of Cuban background (about 10% of the current population of Cuba) reside in the U.S.[81][82] Many of them left the island for the United States, often by sea in small boats and fragile rafts. On 6 April 1980, 10,000 Cubans stormed the Peruvian embassy in Havana seeking political asylum. The following day, the Cuban government granted permission for the emigration of Cubans seeking refuge in the Peruvian embassy.[citation needed] On 16 April, 500 Cubans left the Peruvian Embassy for Costa Rica. On 21 April, many of those Cubans started arriving in Miami via private boats and were halted by[clarification needed] the U.S. State Department, but the emigration continued, because Castro allowed anyone who desired to leave the country to do so through the port of Mariel. Over 125,000 Cubans emigrated to the U.S. before the flow of vessels ended on 15 June.[citation needed]
Castro's rule was severely tested in the aftermath of the Soviet collapse (known in Cuba as the Special Period), with effects such as food shortages.[83][84] The government did not accept American donations of food, medicines, and cash until 1993.[83] On 5 August 1994, state security dispersed protesters in a spontaneous protest in Havana.[85]
Cuba has found a new source of aid and support in the People's Republic of China, and new allies in Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela and Evo Morales, President of Bolivia, both major oil and gas exporters. In 2003, the government arrested and imprisoned a large number of civil activists, a period known as the "Black Spring".[86][87]
On July 31, 2006, Fidel Castro temporarily delegated his major duties to his brother, First Vice President, Raúl Castro, while Fidel recovered from surgery for an "acute intestinal crisis with sustained bleeding".[citation needed] On 2 December 2006, Fidel was too ill to attend the 50th anniversary commemoration of the Granma boat landing, fuelling speculation that he had stomach cancer,[88] although there was evidence his illness was a digestive problem and not terminal.[89]
In January 2007, footage was released of Fidel Castro meeting Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, in which Castro "appeared frail but stronger than three months ago".[90] In February 2008, Fidel Castro announced his resignation as President of Cuba,[91] and on 24 February Raúl was elected as the new President.[92] In his acceptance speech, Raúl promised that some of the restrictions that limit Cubans' daily lives would be removed.[93] In March 2009, Raúl Castro removed some of Fidel Castro's officials.[94]
On 3 June 2009, the OAS adopted a resolution to end the 47-year ban on Cuban membership of the group.[95] The meetings were contentious, with the U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton walking out at one point. However, in the end, the U.S. delegation agreed with the other members and approved the resolution. The resolution stated, however, that full membership would be delayed until Cuba was “in conformity with the practices, purposes, and principles of the OAS.”[77] Cuban leaders have repeatedly announced they are not interested in rejoining the OAS, and Fidel Castro restated this after the OAS resolution had been announced.[96]
Human rights[link]
.JPG)
The Cuban government has been accused of numerous human rights abuses including torture, arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial executions (also known as "El Paredón").[97][98] The Human Rights Watch alleges the government "represses nearly all forms of political dissent" and that "Cubans are systematically denied basic rights to free expression, association, assembly, privacy, movement, and due process of law".[99]
Cuba had the second-highest number of imprisoned journalists of any nation in 2008 (the People's Republic of China had the highest) according to various sources, including the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), an international NGO, and Human Rights Watch.[100][101] As a result of ownership restrictions, computer ownership rates are among the world's lowest.[102] The right to use the Internet is granted only to selected locations and they may be monitored.[102][103] Connecting to the Internet illegally can lead to a five-year prison sentence.[citation needed]
Cuban dissidents who commit crimes face arrest and imprisonment. In the 1990s, Human Rights Watch reported that Cuba's extensive prison system, one of the largest in Latin America, consists of some 40 maximum-security prisons, 30 minimum-security prisons, and over 200 work camps.[104] According to Human Rights Watch, political prisoners, along with the rest of Cuba's prison population, are confined to jails with substandard and unhealthy conditions.[104]
Citizens cannot leave or return to Cuba without first obtaining official permission in addition to their passport and the visa requirements of their destination.[99]
Economy[link]
The Cuban state adheres to socialist principles in organizing its largely state-controlled planned economy. Most of the means of production are owned and run by the government and most of the labor force is employed by the state. Recent years have seen a trend toward more private sector employment. By 2006, public sector employment was 78% and private sector 22%, compared to 91.8% to 8.2% in 1981.[105] Capital investment is restricted and requires approval by the government. The Cuban government sets most prices and rations goods. Any firm wishing to hire a Cuban must pay the Cuban government, which in turn will pay the employee in Cuban pesos.[106] Cubans cannot change jobs without government permission.[13] The average wage at the end of 2005 was 334 regular pesos per month ($16.70 per month) and the average pension was $9 per month.[107]
Cuba relied heavily on trade with the Soviet Union. From the late 1980s, Soviet subsidies for Cuban goods started to dry up. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba depended on Moscow for substantial aid and sheltered markets for its exports. The removal of these subsidies (for example the oil [108][109] ) sent the Cuban economy into a rapid depression known in Cuba as the Special Period. In 1992 the United States tightened the trade embargo, hoping to see democratisation of the sort that took place in Eastern Europe.
Like some other Communist and post-Communist states following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba took limited free market-oriented measures to alleviate severe shortages of food, consumer goods, and services. These steps included allowing some self-employment in certain retail and light manufacturing sectors, the legalization of the use of the US dollar in business, and the encouragement of tourism. Cuba has developed a unique urban farm system (the organopónicos) to compensate for the end of food imports from the Soviet Union. In recent years, Cuba has rolled back some of the market oriented measures undertaken in the 1990s. In 2004 Cuban officials publicly backed the Euro as a "global counter-balance to the US dollar", and eliminated U.S. currency from circulation in its stores and businesses.[citation needed]
Tourism was initially restricted to enclave resorts where tourists would be segregated from Cuban society, referred to as "enclave tourism" and "tourism apartheid".[110] Contacts between foreign visitors and ordinary Cubans were de facto illegal until 1997.[111] In 1996 tourism surpassed the sugar industry as the largest source of hard currency for Cuba. Cuba has tripled its market share of Caribbean tourism in the last decade; as a result of significant investment in tourism infrastructure, this growth rate is predicted to continue.[112] 1.9 million tourists visited Cuba in 2003, predominantly from Canada and the European Union, generating revenue of $2.1 billion.[113] The rapid growth of tourism during the Special Period had widespread social and economic repercussions in Cuba, and led to speculation about the emergence of a two-tier economy.[114] The Medical tourism sector caters to thousands of European, Latin American, Canadian, and American consumers every year.
The communist agricultural production system was ridiculed by Raúl Castro in 2008.[115] Cuba now imports up to 80% of food used for rations.[115] Before 1959, Cuba boasted as many cattle as people.
For some time, Cuba has been experiencing a housing shortage because of the state's failure to keep pace with increasing demand.[116] The government instituted food rationing policies in 1962, which were exacerbated following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the tightening of the U.S. embargo. Studies have shown that, as late as 2001, the average Cuban's standard of living was lower than before the downturn of the post-Soviet period. Paramount issues have been state salaries failing to meet personal needs under the state rationing system, chronically plagued with shortages. The variety and quantity of available rationed goods declined.
Under Venezuela's Mission Barrio Adentro, Hugo Chávez has supplied Cuba with up to 80,000 barrels (13,000 m3) of oil per day in exchange for 30,000 doctors and teachers.
In 2005 Cuba had exports of $2.4 billion, ranking 114 of 226 world countries, and imports of $6.9 billion, ranking 87 of 226 countries.[117] Its major export partners are China 27.5%, Canada 26.9%, Netherlands 11.1%, Spain 4.7% (2007).[6] Cuba's major exports are sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, and coffee;[6] imports include food, fuel, clothing, and machinery. Cuba presently holds debt in an amount estimated to be $13 billion,[118] approximately 38% of GDP.[119] According to the Heritage Foundation, Cuba is dependent on credit accounts that rotate from country to country.[120] Cuba's prior 35% supply of the world's export market for sugar has declined to 10% due to a variety of factors, including a global sugar commodity price drop that made Cuba less competitive on world markets.[121] At one time, Cuba was the world's most important sugar producer and exporter. As a result of diversification, underinvestment, and natural disasters, Cuba's sugar production has seen a drastic decline. In 2002 more than half of Cuba's sugar mills were shut down. Cuba holds 6.4% of the global market for nickel,[122] which constitutes about 25% of total Cuban exports.[123] A 2005 US Geological Survey report estimates that the North Cuba Basin could contain 4.6 billion barrels of oil and 9.8 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.[124]
In 2010[update], Cubans were allowed to build their own houses. According to Raul Castro, they will be able to improve their houses with this new permission, but the government will not endorse these new houses or improvements.[125]
On August 2, 2011, The New York Times reported Cuba as reaffirming their intent to legalize "buying and selling" of private property before the year ends. According to experts, the private sale of property could "transform Cuba more than any of the economic reforms announced by President Raúl Castro’s government".[126] It will cut more than one million state jobs including party bureaucrats which resist the changes.[127]
Government and politics[link]
The Constitution of 1976, which defined Cuba as a socialist republic, was replaced by the Constitution of 1992, which is guided by the ideas of José Martí, Marx, Engels and Lenin.[129] The constitution describes the Communist Party of Cuba as the "leading force of society and of the state".[129] The First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba is concurrently President of the Council of State (President of Cuba) and President of the Council of Ministers (sometimes referred to as Premier of Cuba).[130] Members of both councils are elected by the National Assembly of People's Power.[129] The President of Cuba, who is also elected by the Assembly, serves for five years and there is no limit to the number of terms of office.[129]
The Supreme Court of Cuba serves as the nation's highest judicial branch of government. It is also the court of last resort for all appeals against the decisions of provincial courts.
Cuba's national legislature, the National Assembly of People's Power (Asamblea Nacional de Poder Popular), is the supreme organ of power; 609 members serve five-year terms.[129] The assembly meets twice a year; between sessions legislative power is held by the 31 member Council of Ministers. Candidates for the Assembly are approved by public referendum. All Cuban citizens over 16 who have not been convicted of a criminal offense can vote. Article 131 of the Constitution states that voting shall be "through free, equal and secret vote".[129] Article 136 states: "In order for deputies or delegates to be considered elected they must get more than half the number of valid votes cast in the electoral districts".[129] Votes are cast by secret ballot and counted in public view. Nominees are chosen at local gatherings from multiple candidates before gaining approval from election committees. In the subsequent election, there is only one candidate for each seat, who must gain a majority to be elected.[citation needed]
No political party is permitted to nominate candidates or campaign on the island, including the Communist Party. The Communist Party of Cuba has held six party congress meetings since 1975. In 2011, the party stated that there were 800,000 members, and representatives generally constitute at least half of the Councils of state and the National Assembly. The remaining positions are filled by candidates nominally without party affiliation. Other political parties campaign and raise finances internationally, while activity within Cuba by opposition groups is minimal.
The country is subdivided into 15 provinces and one special municipality (Isla de la Juventud). These were formerly part of six larger historical provinces: Pinar del Río, Habana, Matanzas, Las Villas, Camagüey and Oriente. The present subdivisions closely resemble those of the Spanish military provinces during the Cuban Wars of Independence, when the most troublesome areas were subdivided. The provinces are divided into municipalities.
 |
Military[link]
Main article: Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces
Cuba devoted 9–13% of its GDP to military expenditures.[131] Under the leadership of Fidel Castro, Cuba built up one of the largest armed forces in Latin America; second only to that of Brazil.[74] From 1975 until the late 1980s, Soviet military assistance enabled Cuba to upgrade its military capabilities. Since the loss of Soviet subsidies, Cuba has scaled down the numbers of military personnel, from 235,000 in 1994 to about 60,000 in 2003.[132]
Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign relations of Cuba
From its inception, the Cuban Revolution defined itself as internationalist, joining Comecon in 1972. Cuba was a major contributor to anti-imperialist wars in Africa, Central America and Asia. In Africa, the largest war was in Angola, where Cuba sent tens of thousands of troops. Cuba was a friend of the Ethiopian leader Mengistu Haile Mariam.[133] In Africa, Cuba supported 17 leftist governments. In some countries it suffered setbacks, such as in eastern Zaire, but in others Cuba had significant success. Major engagements took place in Algeria, Zaire, Yemen,[134] Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique.
The Cuban government's military involvement in Latin America—mostly with the aim of overthrowing U.S. backed right wing regimes, many of them dictatorial—has been extensive. One of the earliest interventions was the Marxist militia led by Che Guevara in Bolivia in 1967, though a modicum of funds and troops were sent. Lesser known actions include the 1959 missions to the Dominican Republic[135] and Panama.[citation needed] In the former, the Cuban government provided military assistance to a group of Dominican exiles with the intention of overthrowing the tyrannical dictator Rafael Trujillo. Although the expedition failed and most of its members were murdered by the government, today they are recognized as martyrs and a prominent monument was erected in their memory in Santo Domingo by the Dominican government. The Museo Memorial de la Resistencia Dominicana ("Memorial Museum of the Dominican Resistance,") where the heroes of 1959 feature prominently, is being built by the Dominican Government.[136] The socialist government in Nicaragua was openly supported by Cuba and can be considered its greatest success in Latin America.[citation needed] Cuba is a founding member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas. More than 30,000 Cuban doctors currently work abroad, in countries such as Venezuela and Zimbabwe.[137] The membership of Cuba in the United Nations Human Rights Council has received criticism.[138]
The European Union in 2003 accused the Cuban government of "continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms".[139] In 2008, the EU and Cuba agreed to resume full relations and cooperation activities.[140] The United States continues an embargo against Cuba "so long as it continues to refuse to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights".[141] United States President Barack Obama stated on April 17, 2009, in Trinidad and Tobago that "the United States seeks a new beginning with Cuba",[142] and reversed the Bush Administration's prohibition on travel and remittances by Cuban-Americans from the United States to Cuba.[143]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Cuba
Cuba is an archipelago of islands located in the northern Caribbean Sea at the confluence with the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between latitudes 19° and 24°N, and longitudes 74° and 85°W. The United States lies 90 miles across the Straits of Florida to the north and northwest (to the closest tip of Key West, Florida), the Bahamas to the north, Haiti to the east, Jamaica and the Cayman Islands to the south, and Mexico to the west. Cuba is the principal island, surrounded by four smaller groups of islands: the Colorados Archipelago on the northwestern coast, the Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago on the north-central Atlantic coast, the Jardines de la Reina on the south-central coast and the Canarreos Archipelago on the southwestern coast.
The main island is 1,199 km (745 mi) long, constituting most of the nation's land area (105,006 km2 (40,543 sq mi)) and is the largest island in the Caribbean and 16th-largest island in the world by land area. The main island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains apart from the Sierra Maestra mountains in the southeast, whose highest point is Pico Turquino (1,975 m (6,480 ft)). The second-largest island is Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth) in the Canarreos archipelago, with an area of 3,056 km2 (1,180 sq mi). Cuba has a total land area of 110,860 km2 (42,803 sq mi).
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Cuba
The local climate is tropical, moderated by northeasterly trade winds that blow year-round. In general (with local variations), there is a drier season from November to April, and a rainier season from May to October. The average temperature is 21 °C (69.8 °F) in January and 27 °C (80.6 °F) in July. The warm temperatures of the Caribbean Sea and the fact that Cuba sits across the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico combine to make the country prone to frequent hurricanes. These are most common in September and October.
Resources[link]
The most important mineral resource is nickel, of which Cuba has the world's second largest reserves (after Russia).[144] Sherritt International of Canada operates a large nickel mining facility in Moa. Cuba is the world's fifth-largest producer of refined cobalt, a byproduct of nickel mining operations.[144] Recent oil exploration has revealed that the North Cuba Basin could produce approximately 4.6 billion barrels (730,000,000 m3) to 9.3 billion barrels (1.48×109 m3) of oil. In 2006, Cuba started to test-drill these locations for possible exploitation.[145]
Demographics[link]
| Race % | 1899 | 1907 | 1919 | 1931 | 1943 | 1953 | 1981 | 2002 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 66.9 | 69.7 | 72.2 | 72.1 | 74.3 | 72.8 | 66.0 | 65.05 |
| Black | 14.9 | 13.4 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 9.7 | 12.4 | 12.0 | 10.08 |
| Mulatto | 17.2 | 16.3 | 16.0 | 16.2 | 15.6 | 14.5 | 21.9 | 24.86 |
| Asian | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | ? |
Largest cities[link]
|
Largest cities or towns of Cuba http://www.geonames.org/CU/largest-cities-in-cuba.html |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City name | Province | Pop. | ||||||
 Havana |
1 | Havana | Havana | 2,201,610 |  Camagüey |
||||
| 2 | Santiago de Cuba | Santiago de Cuba | 423,392 | ||||||
| 3 | Camagüey | Camagüey | 301,574 | ||||||
| 4 | Holguín | Holguín | 269,618 | ||||||
| 5 | Santa Clara | Villa Clara | 210,220 | ||||||
| 6 | Guantánamo | Guantánamo | 208,145 | ||||||
| 7 | Bayamo | Granma | 144,664 | ||||||
| 8 | Victoria de Las Tunas | Las Tunas | 143,582 | ||||||
| 9 | Cienfuegos | Cienfuegos | 140,734 | ||||||
| 10 | Manzanillo | Granma | 132,789 | ||||||
Immigration to Cuba[link]
Between 1882 and 1898, a total of 508,455 people left Spain, and more than 750,000 Spanish immigrants left for Cuba between 1899 and 1923, with many returning to Spain.[149]
Current demographics[link]
According to the census of 2010, the population was 11,241,161, including 5,628,996 men and 5,612,165 women.[5] The population of Cuba has very complex origins and intermarriage between diverse groups is general. There is disagreement about racial statistics. The Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami says that 62% is black,[150] whereas statistics from the Cuban census state that 65.05% of the population was white in 2002. The Minority Rights Group International says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 33.9 per cent to 62 per cent".[151]
Immigration and emigration have played a prominent part in the demographic profile of Cuba during the 20th century. During the 18th, 19th, and the early part of the 20th century large waves of Canarian, Catalan, Andalusian, Galician, and other Spanish people immigrated to Cuba. Between 1900 and 1930 close to a million Spaniards arrived from Spain. Other foreign immigrants include: French,[152] Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Dutch, Greek, British, Irish, and other ethnic groups, including a small number of descendants of U.S. citizens who arrived in Cuba in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Cuba has a sizable number of Asian people who comprise 1% of the population. They are primarily of Chinese descent (see Chinese Cubans), followed by Filipino, Koreans and Vietnamese people. They are descendants of farm laborers brought to the island by Spanish and American contractors during the 19th and early 20th century.[citation needed] Afro-Cubans are descended primarily from the Kongo people.[citation needed], as well as several thousand North African refugees, most notably the Sahrawi Arabs of Western Sahara under Moroccan occupation since 1976.[153]
Cuba's birth rate (9.88 births per thousand population in 2006)[154] is one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere. Its overall population increased continuously from around 7 million in 1961 to over 11 million now, but the increase has stopped in the last few decades, and a decrease began in 2006, with a fertility rate of 1.43 children per woman.[155] This drop in fertility is among the largest in the Western Hemisphere.[156] Cuba has unrestricted access to legal abortion and an abortion rate of 58.6 per 1000 pregnancies in 1996, compared to an average of 35 in the Caribbean, 27 in Latin America overall, and 48 in Europe. Contraceptive use is estimated at 79% (in the upper third of countries in the Western Hemisphere).[157]
Cuba is officially a secular state. After having long maintained that churches were fronts for subversive political activity, the government reversed course in 1992, amending the constitution to characterize the state as secular instead of atheist.[citation needed] It has many faiths representing the widely varying culture. Roman Catholicism was the largest religion; it was brought to the island by the Spanish and remains the dominant faith,[120] with 11 dioceses, 56 orders of nuns, and 24 orders of priests. In January 1998, Pope John Paul II paid a historic visit to the island, invited by the Cuban government and Catholic Church. The religious landscape of Cuba is also strongly marked by syncretisms of various kinds. Catholicism is often practiced in tandem with Santería, a mixture of Catholicism and other, mainly African, faiths that include a number of cults. La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre (the Virgin of Cobre) is the Catholic patroness of Cuba, and a symbol of Cuban culture. In Santería, she has been syncretized with the goddess Oshun.
| Year of Immigration |
White | Black | Other | Asian | Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1959–64 | 93.3 | 1.2 | 5.3 | 0.2 | 144,732 |
| 1965–74 | 87.7 | 2.0 | 9.1 | 0.2 | 247,726 |
| 1975–79 | 82.6 | 4.0 | 13.3 | 0.1 | 29,508 |
| 1980 | 80.9 | 5.3 | 13.7 | 0.1 | 94,095 |
| 1981–89 | 85.7 | 3.1 | 10.9 | 0.3 | 77,835 |
| 1990–93 | 84.7 | 3.2 | 11.9 | 0.2 | 60,244 |
| 1994–2000 | 85.8 | 3.7 | 10.4 | 0.7 | 174,437 |
| Total | 87.2 | 2.9 | 10.7 | 0.2 | 828,577 |
Three hundred thousand Cubans belong to the island's 54 Protestant denominations. Pentecostalism has grown rapidly in recent years, and the Assemblies of God alone claims a membership of over 100,000 people. Cuba has small communities of Jews, Muslims and members of the Bahá'í Faith.[158] Most Jewish Cubans are descendants of Polish and Russian Ashkenazi Jews who fled pogroms at the beginning of the 20th century. There is a sizeable number of Sephardic Jews in Cuba who trace their origin to Turkey. Most of these Sephardic Jews live in the provinces, although they maintain a synagogue in Havana.
Cuban migration[link]
In the last half-century, several hundred thousand Cubans of all social classes have emigrated to the United States,[159] Spain, the United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico, and other countries. On 9 September 1994, the U.S. and Cuban governments agreed that the U.S. would grant at least 20,000 visas annually in exchange for Cuba's pledge to prevent further unlawful departures on boats.[160]
Languages[link]
The official language of Cuba is Spanish and the vast majority of Cubans speak it. Spanish as spoken in Cuba is known as Cuban Spanish and is a form of Caribbean Spanish. Lucumi, a dialect of the West African language Yoruba, is also used as a liturgical language by practitioners of Santería,[161] and so only as a second language.[162] Haitian Creole is the second largest language in Cuba, and is spoken by Haitian immigrants and their descendants.[163] Other languages spoken by immigrants include Catalan and Corsican.[164]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Cuba
The University of Havana was founded in 1728 and there are a number of other well-established colleges and universities. In 1957, just before Castro came to power, the literacy rate was fourth in the region at almost 80% according to the United Nations, higher than in Spain.[61][165] Castro created an entirely state-operated system and banned private institutions. School attendance is compulsory from ages six to the end of basic secondary education (normally at age 15), and all students, regardless of age or gender, wear school uniforms with the color denoting grade level. Primary education lasts for six years, secondary education is divided into basic and pre-university education.[166]
Higher education is provided by universities, higher institutes, higher pedagogical institutes, and higher polytechnic institutes. The Cuban Ministry of Higher Education operates a scheme of distance education which provides regular afternoon and evening courses in rural areas for agricultural workers. Education has a strong political and ideological emphasis, and students progressing to higher education are expected to have a commitment to the goals of Cuba.[166] Cuba has provided state subsidized education to a limited number of foreign nationals at the Latin American School of Medicine.[167][168] Internet access is limited.[169] The sale of computer equipment is strictly regulated. Internet access is controlled, and e-mail is closely monitored.[102]
The Higher Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences is a Cuban educational institution that prepares students in the fields of nuclear and environmental sciences. It is the only institution in Cuba that provides the opportunities of studies in these topics and one of the few in Latin America. Its headquarters is in Havana, inside the territory of the “Quinta de los Molinos”.
Health[link]
Main article: Healthcare in Cuba
Historically, Cuba has ranked high in numbers of medical personnel and has made significant contributions to world health since the 19th century.[61] Today, Cuba has universal health care and although shortages of medical supplies persist, there is no shortage of medical personnel.[170] Primary care is available throughout the island and infant and maternal mortality rates compare favorably with those in developed nations.[170]
Post-Revolution Cuba initially experienced an overall worsening in terms of disease and infant mortality rates in the 1960s when half its 6,000 doctors left the country.[171] Recovery occurred by the 1980s.[53] The Communist government asserted that universal health care was to become a priority of state planning and progress was made in rural areas.[172] Like the rest of the Cuban economy, Cuban medical care suffered from severe material shortages following the end of Soviet subsidies in 1991, followed by a tightening of the U.S. embargo in 1992.[173]
Challenges include low pay of doctors (only $15 a month[174]), poor facilities, poor provision of equipment, and frequent absence of essential drugs.[175] Cuba has the highest doctor-to-population ratio in the world and has sent thousands of doctors to more than 40 countries around the world.[176]
According to the UN, the life expectancy in Cuba is 78.3 years (76.2 for males and 80.4 for females). This ranks Cuba 37th in the world and 3rd in the Americas, behind only Canada and Chile, and just ahead of the United States. Infant mortality in Cuba declined from 32 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 1957, to 10 in 1990–95.[177] Infant mortality in 2000–2005 was 6.1 per 1,000 live births (compared to 6.8 in the United States).
The quality of public healthcare offered to citizens is regarded as the "greatest triumph" of Cuba's socialist system.[178]
Culture[link]
Main articles: Culture of Cuba and Sport in Cuba
Cuban culture is influenced by its melting pot of cultures, primarily those of Spain and Africa. Sport is Cuba's national passion. Due to historical associations with the United States, many Cubans participate in sports which are popular in North America, rather than sports traditionally promoted in other Spanish-speaking nations. Baseball is by far the most popular; other sports and pastimes include basketball, volleyball, cricket, and athletics. Cuba is a dominant force in amateur boxing, consistently achieving high medal tallies in major international competitions.
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Cuba
Cuban music is very rich and is the most commonly known expression of culture. The central form of this music is Son, which has been the basis of many other musical styles like salsa, rumba and mambo and an upbeat derivation of the rumba, the cha-cha-cha. Rumba music originated in early Afro-Cuban culture. The Tres was also invented in Cuba, but other traditional Cuban instruments are of African origin, Taíno origin, or both, such as the maracas, güiro, marimba and various wooden drums including the mayohuacan. Popular Cuban music of all styles has been enjoyed and praised widely across the world. Cuban classical music, which includes music with strong African and European influences, and features symphonic works as well as music for soloists, has received international acclaim thanks to composers like Ernesto Lecuona. Havana was the heart of the rap scene in Cuba when it began in the 1990s. During that time, reggaetón was growing in popularity. Dance in Cuba has taken a major boost over the 1990s.
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Cuban cuisine
Cuban cuisine is a fusion of Spanish and Caribbean cuisines. Cuban recipes share spices and techniques with Spanish cooking, with some Caribbean influence in spice and flavor. Food rationing, which has been the norm in Cuba for the last four decades, restricts the common availability of these dishes.[179] The traditional Cuban meal is not served in courses; all food items are served at the same time. The typical meal could consist of plantains, black beans and rice, ropa vieja (shredded beef), Cuban bread, pork with onions, and tropical fruits. Black beans and rice, referred to as Platillo Moros y Cristianos (or moros for short), and plantains are staples of the Cuban diet. Many of the meat dishes are cooked slowly with light sauces. Garlic, cumin, oregano, and bay leaves are the dominant spices.
Literature[link]
Main article: Cuban literature
Cuban literature began to find its voice in the early 19th century. Dominant themes of independence and freedom were exemplified by José Martí, who led the Modernist movement in Cuban literature. Writers such as Nicolás Guillén and Jose Z. Tallet focused on literature as social protest. The poetry and novels of Dulce María Loynaz and José Lezama Lima have been influential. Romanticist Miguel Barnet, who wrote Everyone Dreamed of Cuba, reflects a more melancholy Cuba.[180] Writers such as Reinaldo Arenas, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, and more recently Daína Chaviano, Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, Zoé Valdés, Guillermo Rosales and Leonardo Padura have earned international recognition in the post-revolutionary era, though many of these writers have felt compelled to continue their work in exile due to ideological control of media by the Cuban authorities.
See also[link]
 |
Geography portal |
 |
North America portal |
 |
Caribbean portal |
 |
Latin America portal |
 |
Cuba portal |
 |
New Spain portal |
- Outline of Cuba
- Index of Cuba-related articles
- Greater Antilles
- International rankings of Cuba
- List of Well Known/Famous Cubans
- List of places in Cuba
- Television Serrana
References[link]
- ^ "Cuban Peso Bills". Central Bank of Cuba. http://www.bc.gov.cu/English/cuban_bills.asp. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ "National symbols". Government of Cuba. http://mipais.cuba.cu/cat_en.php?idcat=91&idpadre=83&nivel=2. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ a b c d e "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
- ^ a b Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2010, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, República de Cuba. Accessed on September 30, 2011.
- ^ a b "ANUARIO DEMOGRAFICO DE CUBA 2010". Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas (ONE). one.cu. http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/anuario_2010/anuario_demografico_2010.pdf.
- ^ a b c "Cuba". The World Factbook. CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
- ^ Value was rounded down to the nearest hundred.
- ^ http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Tables.pdf
- ^ From 1993 to 2004 the United States dollar was used alongside the peso until the dollar was replaced by the convertible peso
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (March 1971). Cuba; the Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-014259-6.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (1997). The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83565-7.
- ^ "Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum – Jfklibrary.org. 1960-10-06. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/JFK+Pre-Pres/1960/002PREPRES12SPEECHES_60OCT06b.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ a b c d e f Horowitz, Irving Louis (1988). Cuban communism. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books. p. 662. ISBN 0-88738-672-5. http://books.google.com/?id=hx2_y7Vu-PUC&pg=PA463.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (March 1971). Cuba; the Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row. p. 1173. ISBN 0-06-014259-6.
- ^ "unstats | Millennium Indicators". Mdgs.un.org. 2010-06-23. http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=656&crid=192. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ "CIA World Factbook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
- ^ untitled
- ^ Alfred Carrada, The Dictionary of the Taino Language (plate 8)[unreliable source?]
- ^ Dictionary – Taino indigenous peoples of the Caribbean Dictionary --[unreliable source?]
- ^ Augusto Mascarenhas Barreto: O Português. Cristóvão Colombo Agente Secreto do Rei Dom João II. Ed. Referendo, Lissabon 1988. English: The Portuguese Columbus: secret agent of King John II, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-56315-8
- ^ da Silva, Manuel L. and Silvia Jorge da Silva. (2008). Christopher Columbus was Portuguese, Express Printing, Fall River, MA. 396pp. ISBN 978-1-60702-824-6.
- ^ Ramón Dacal Moure, Manuel Rivero de la Calle (1996). Art and archaeology of pre-Columbian Cuba. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-8229-3955-X. http://books.google.com/?id=PEE9oipDYksC&pg=PA22.
- ^ "Taino Name for the Islands". Indio.net. http://www.indio.net/taino/main/language/Tisland.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ a b Ted Henken (2008). Cuba: a global studies handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-85109-984-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=Mv7anQoCbzgC. (gives the landing date in Cuba as October 27)
- ^ Cuba Oficina Del Censo (2009). Cuba: Population, History and Resources 1907. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-110-28818-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=E0iIQ1nxJB4C. (gives the landing date in Cuba as October 28)
- ^ These are Julian calendar dates.
- ^ Gott, Richard (2004). Cuba: a new history. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-300-10411-1.
- ^ Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (2005). "Letter by Christopher Columbus concerning recently discovered islands". The Human Record. 1. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 8. ISBN 0-618-37040-4.
- ^ "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America." (PDF). Latin American Studies.
- ^ Lyle N. McAlister (1984). "Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700". University of Minnesota Press. p.164. ISBN 0816612188.
- ^ Diamond, Jared M. (1998). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-03891-2. http://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/variables/smallpox.html.
- ^ Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M. ABC-CLIO. p. 413. ISBN 0-313-34102-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA413&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ J. N. Hays (2005). "Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history". p.82. ISBN 1-85109-658-2
- ^ Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791–1899. Robert L. Scheina (2003). p.352. ISBN 1-57488-450-6
- ^ Chomsky, Carr & Smorkaloff 2003, pp. 115–117
- ^ "Historia de las Guerras de Liberación de Cuba". http://www.cubagenweb.org/mil/e-war-hist.htm. [unreliable source?]
- ^ "The Little War (La Guerra Chiquita)". http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/funfacts/lilwar.htm. [unreliable source?]
- ^ Rebecca Jarvis Scott (2000). Slave emancipation in Cuba: the transition to free labor, 1860–1899. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. pg=PA3 3. ISBN 978-0-8229-5735-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=-mMBmhYxg8sC.
- ^ Chomsky, Aviva; Carr, Barry; Smorkaloff, Pamela María (2003). The Cuba reader: history, culture, politics. Duke University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-8223-3197-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=Sr2hQkCIihMC.
- ^ a b c d Stanley Sandler, ed. (2002). Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia. Part 25, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 549. ISBN 1-57607-344-0. http://books.google.com/?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PP1. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ a b David Arias (2005). Spanish-americans: Lives And Faces. Victoria, BC, Canada: Trafford Publishing. p. 171. ISBN 1-4120-4717-X. http://books.google.com/?id=7AlqghmzQVUC&pg=PA171. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ Robert K. Home (1997). Of Planting and Planning: The Making of British Colonial Cities. Chapman and Hall. p. 195. ISBN 0-419-20230-7. http://books.google.com/?id=1ovC4TylXNkC&pg=PA195. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ The Spanish-American War. "Cuban Reconcentration Policy and its Effects". http://www.spanamwar.com/proctorspeech.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-29. [unreliable source?]
- ^ a b c Morison, Samuel Loring; Morison, Samuel Eliot; Polmar, Norman Polmar (2003). The American Battleship. St. Paul, Minn.: MBI Publishing Company. p. 18. ISBN 0-7603-0989-2. http://books.google.com/?id=SYurkGIlgLMC&pg=PA18. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
- ^ Rickover, Hyman George (1994). How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-717-1.
- ^ Potter, Elmer Belmont; Fredland, Roger; Adams, Henry Hitch (1981). Sea Power: a Naval History. Annapolis, Md.: United States Naval Institute. p. 176. ISBN 0-87021-607-4. http://books.google.com/?id=zql2rWh6QAsC&pg=PA176. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
- ^ Macdonald, William (1908). Documentary Source Book of American History, 1606–1898. New York, NY: Macmillan Co. p. 597. ISBN 978-1-4067-6345-4. http://books.google.com/?id=zaUmd7uAuFsC&pg=PA597. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ "Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. December 10, 1898. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp.
- ^ Diaz-Briquets, Sergio; Jorge F Pérez-López (2006). Corruption in Cuba: Castro and Beyond. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-292-71321-5. http://books.google.com/?id=Fiquofr8LSoC&pg=PA63. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (March 1971). Cuba: the Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 283–287. ISBN 0-06-014259-6.
- ^ Benjamin Beede, ed. (1994). The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland. p. 134. ISBN 0-8240-5624-8. http://books.google.com/?id=48g116X9IIwC&pg=PA134. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ Argote-Freyre, Frank (2006). Fulgencio Batista. 1. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-8135-3701-0.
- ^ a b c d Bethell, Leslie (1993). Cuba. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43682-3.
- ^ Julia E. Sweig (2004). Inside the Cuban Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01612-5.
- ^ Julia E. Sweig (2004). Inside the Cuban Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01612-5.
- ^ Jorge I. Domínguez. Cuba. ISBN 0-674-17925-0.
- ^ "Batista's Boost", Time, January 18, 1943. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
- ^ José Alvarez (2004). "Cuban Agriculture Before 1959: The Social Situation". Cuba's Agricultural Sector. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2754-3. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FE/FE48000.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
- ^ Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 6, 1960 from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h Paul H. Lewis (2006). Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America. Oxford, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 186. ISBN 0-7425-3739-0. http://books.google.com/?id=LAvw-YXm4TsC&pg=PA186. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ a b c Smith, Kirby; Llorens, Hugo (6–8 August 1998). "Renaissance and decay: A comparison of socioeconomic indicators in pre-Castro and current-day Cuba". Cuba in Transition (Miami, Florida: Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, University of Texas at Austin) 8. http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/ca/cuba/asce/cuba8/30smith.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ Eric N. Baklanoff. "Cuba on the eve of the socialist transition: A reassessment of the backwardness-stagnation thesis". Cuba in Transition. http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/ca/cuba/asce/cuba8/31baklanoff.pdf. [dead link]
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (March 1971). Cuba; the Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row. p. 1173. ISBN 0-06-014259-6.
- ^ Tisdall, Simon (27 June 2007). "CIA conspired with mafia to kill Castro". London: Guardian News and Media. http://www.guardian.co.uk/cuba/story/0,,2112303,00.html. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ Batista had given mafia boss Meyer Lansky a monopoly on gambling in Havana in return for half the profits. Meyer Lansky[unreliable source?]
- ^ Familia Chibás > Raul Antonio Chibás > Manifiesto Sierra Maestra[unreliable source?]
- ^ a b Lazo, Mario (1970). American Policy Failures in Cuba—Dagger in the Heart. New York, NY: Twin Circle Publishing. pp. 198–200, 240.
- ^ Faria, Miguel A. Cuba in Revolution—Escape from a Lost Paradise, 2002, Hacienda Publishing, Macon, Georgia, pp.105,182,248
- ^ Philip Bonsal (1971). Cuba, Castro, and the United States. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-8229-3225-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=tzyj2oOqZFkC&pg=PA140. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ Katherine Hirschfeld. Health, Politics, and Revolution in Cuba Since 1898. ISBN 0-7658-0344-5.
- ^ Black Book of Communism. p. 664.
- ^ Background Note: Cuba
- ^ a b Clifford L. Staten. The history of Cuba. ISBN 0-313-31690-2.
- ^ a b "Cuban armed forces and the Soviet military presence". http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Vol%205-2/Cuban.pdf.
- ^ Edward Gonzalez, Kevin F. McCarthy (2004). "Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments". http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2004/RAND_MG111.pdf.
- ^ Ted Henken. Cuba. ISBN 1-85109-984-0.
- ^ a b c Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism: Case 60-3, US v. Cuba, Peterson Institute for International Economics.
- ^ Faria, Miguel A. Cuba in Revolution – Escape From a Lost Paradise, 2002, Hacienda Publishing, Inc., Macon, Georgia, pp. 163–228
- ^ Jorge I. Domínguez, Harvard University. Center for International Affairs. To Make a World Safe for Revolution.
- ^ a b Bethell, Leslie. The Cambridge History of Latin America. ISBN 0-521-62327-8. [page needed]
- ^ Census 2000 Paints Statistical Portrait of the Nation's Hispanic Population[dead link], U.S. Census Bureau, May 10, 2001.
- ^ Hispanic Heritage Month 2002[dead link], U.S. Census Bureau, September 3, 2002.
- ^ a b "Health consequences of Cuba's Special Period". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association (Canadian Medical Association Journal) 179 (3): 257. 2008. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.1080068. PMC 2474886. PMID 18663207. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2474886.
- ^ "Cuba's Food & Agriculture Situation Report". http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/cuba/CubaSituation0308.pdf.
- ^ Carl Gershman and Orlando Gutierrez. "Can Cuba Change?". Journal of Democracy January 2009 20 (1). http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/gratis/Gutierrez-20-1.pdf.
- ^ Carlos Lauria, Monica Campbell, and María Salazar (March 18, 2008). "Cuba's Long Black Spring". The Committee to Protect Journalists. http://cpj.org/reports/2008/03/cuba-press-crackdown.php.
- ^ "Cuba – No surrender by independent journalists, five years on from "black spring"". Reporters Without Borders. March 2008. http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/Cuba_report.pdf.
- ^ "Castro not dying, US envoys told". BBC News. 18 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6188591.stm. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ "Castro does not have cancer, says Spanish doctor". London: Times Online. 2006-12-26. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-2519372,00.html. Retrieved 2006-12-26. [dead link]
- ^ "Cuban TV shows 'stronger' Castro". BBC NEWS (British Broadcasting Corporation). 31 January 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6315783.stm. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- ^ "Castro resigns as Cuban president: official media". Agence France-Presse. 2008-02-19. http://www.afp.com/english/news/stories/newsmlmmd.fce074e0275fae2a0c16383ec4973c96.191.html. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
- ^ "Raul Castro named Cuban president". BBC News. 2008-02-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7261204.stm. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
- ^ "Byte by byte". The Economist. 2008-03-19. http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10881009. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "Raúl Castro replaces top Cuban officials". London: Guardian News and Media. 2 March 2009. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/02/raul-castro-fidel-cuba-officials. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
- ^ China View 2009-06-04: OAS plenary votes to end Cuba's exclusion Retrieved 2012-04-12
- ^ China View 2009-06-04: Cuba's Fidel Castro calls OAS a "U.S. Trojan horse" Retrieved 2012-04-12
- ^ "Information about human rights in Cuba" (in español). Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. April 7 1967. http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Cuba67sp/indice.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
- ^ Bureau of Public Affairs (25 March 2010). "Cuba". United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2886.htm. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
- ^ a b "Cuba". Human Rights Watch. 2006. http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/cuba12207.htm.
- ^ "CPJ's 2008 prison census: Online and in jail". Committee to Protect Journalists. http://cpj.org/reports/2008/12/cpjs-2008-prison-census-online-and-in-jail.php.
- ^ Human Rights Watch (2008). World Report 2008: Events of 2007. Seven Stories Press. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-58322-774-9.
- ^ a b c "Internet in Cuba". Reporters Without Borders. http://arabia.reporters-sans-frontieres.org/article.php3?id_article=10611.
- ^ "Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance". Reporters Without Borders. 2006. http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf.
- ^ a b "Cuba's Repressive Machinery: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution". Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-05.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
- ^ "Social Policy at the crossroads" (PDF). oxfamamerica.org. http://www.oxfamamerica.org/newsandpublications/publications/research_reports/art3670.html/OA-Cuba_Social_Policy_at_Crossroads-en.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-05. [dead link]
- ^ "Cuba's repressive machinery: Summary and recommendations". Human Rights Watch. 1999. http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-01.htm#P392_35421.
- ^ Mesa-Lago, Carmelo (September 22, 2006). "The end of rationing?". http://www.allbusiness.com/public-administration/national-security-international/3974438-1.html. [unreliable source?]
- ^ The power of community
- ^ The official site of the documentum film called The power of community
- ^ Espino, María Dolores (3–5 August 2000). "Cuban Tourism During the Special Period". Cuba in Transition (Miami, Florida: Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, University of Texas at Austin) 10. http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/asce/cuba10/espino.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ Corbett, Ben (2004). This Is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives. Westview Press. p. 33. ISBN 0-8133-3826-3.
- ^ Crespo, Nicolás; Negrón, Santos (7–9 August 1997). "Cuban tourism in 2007: economic impact". Cuba in Transition (Miami, Florida: Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, University of Texas at Austin) 7. http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/asce/cuba7/crespo.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ "Background Note: Cuba". U.S. Department of State. December 2005. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2886.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
- ^ Facio, Elisa; Maura Toro-Morn, and Anne R. Roschelle (Spring 2004). "Tourism in Cuba During the Special Period". Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems (University of Iowa College of Law) 14: 119. http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/conferences/cuba/TLCP/Volume%201/Facio.pdf. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Cuban leader looks to boost food production". CNN. 17 April 2008. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/04/16/cuba.farming/index.html. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ Eric Driggs (14 October 2004). "Deteriorating living conditions in Cuba". Focus on Cuba. Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami. http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/FOCUS_Web/Issue59.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
- ^ "Rank Order Exports". The World Factbook. CIA. June 29 2006. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
- ^ Calzon, Frank (13 March 2005). "Cuba makes poor trade partner for Louisiana". Center for a Free Cuba. http://www.cubacenter.org/media/calzon/cuba_makes_poor_trade.html. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ "Rank Order – GDP (purchasing power parity)". CIA Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
- ^ a b David Einhorn (31 March 2006). "Catholic church in Cuba strives to re-establish the faith". National Catholic Reporter. http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2006a/033106/033106o.php. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ "Cuba's Sugar Industry and the Impact of Hurricane Michele". International Agricultural Trade Report. 6 December 2001. http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/highlights/2001/IATR/cubaiatr.pdf. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
- ^ "Global Nickel Mine Production 2002". 2002. Archived from the original on 2006-08-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20060823090044/http://www.em.csiro.au/em/commodities/nickel/nickel_production/images/global_mine_prod.gif. Retrieved 2006-08-23.
- ^ Frank, Marc (December 18 2002). "Cuba's 2002 nickel exports top 70,000 tonnes". Center for International Policy. http://www.ciponline.org/cuba/cubainthenews/newsarticles/rt121802frank.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-09. [dead link]
- ^ Smith-Spark, Laura (11 September 2006). "Cuba oil prospects cloud US horizon". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5321594.stm. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Gobierno de Castro otorga a cubanos permiso para construir viviendas "por esfuerzo propio" en". Noticias24.com. http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/152868/gobierno-de-castro-otorga-a-cubanos-permiso-para-construir-viviendas-por-esfuerzo-propio/. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ Cave, Damien (2011-08-02). "Cuba Prepares for Private Property". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/03/world/americas/03cuba.html?ref=todayspaper.
- ^ "Cuba National Assembly approves economic reforms". BBC News. August 2, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14368316.
- ^ "José Martí and Juan José Sicre: The Model and the Artist". The LatinAmericanist (University of Florida, Center for Latin American Studies) 37 (2). Fall/Winter 2006. http://www.latam.ufl.edu/News/content/fall2006.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Constitution of the Republic of Cuba". National Assembly of People's Power. http://www.parlamentocubano.cu/ingles/constitution.html. Retrieved 2007-01-29. [dead link]
- ^ "Country profile: Cuba". BBC News. 20 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1203299.stm. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ "Cuban Military Expenditures: Concepts, Data and Burden Measures". http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/asce/cuba6/23perlopez.fm.pdf. [dead link]
- ^ Cuban army called key in any post-Castro scenario Anthony Boadle Reuters 2006[unreliable source?]
- ^ Samuel M. Makinda (1987). Superpower diplomacy in the Horn of Africa. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm Ltd. p. 207. ISBN 0-7099-4662-7. http://books.google.com/?id=5cYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ Ramazani, Rouhollah K. (1975). The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. 3. Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoof. ISBN 90-286-0069-8.
- ^ "AP 1950 Invasion Wiped Out Says Trujillo". Waterloo, Iowa: Waterloo Daily Courier. 1959-06-24. p. 7. [unreliable source?]
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Christopher P. Baker (2006). Moon Cuba. Avalon Travel Publishing. p. 636. ISBN 1-56691-802-2.
- ^ Hoge, Warren (2006-02-03). "Human Rights Council is now on UN agenda". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/03/world/americas/03iht-rights.html. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ "EU-Cuba relations". European Communities. 2003-09-04. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2004:076E:0384:0386:EN:PDF. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ "Joint declarations concerning areas and modalities provisionally identified for cooperation". European Commission. 2008-11-26. http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/EU-Cuba-Joint%20declaration-261108_EN.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ "Cuban Democracy Act". U.S. Department of State. 1992. http://www.state.gov/www/regions/wha/cuba/democ_act_1992.html. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ "Obama Says U.S., Cuba Taking Critical Steps Toward a New Day". Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. 2009-04-21. http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2009/April/20090421102201dmslahrellek0.4116632.html?CP.rss=true. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ "U.S. Administration Announcement on U.S. Policy Toward Cuba". Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. 2009-04-13. http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2009/April/20090413170610eaifas0.2033502.html. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ a b Ivette E. Torres (1997). "The Mineral Industry of Cuba". U.S. Geological Survey. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9509097.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ Wayne S. Smith (1 November 2006). "After 46 years of failure, we must change course on Cuba". London: Guardian News and Media. http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1936186,00.html. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ "Census of population and homes" (in Spanish). Government of Cuba. 16 September 2002. http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ a b "Cuba 1953 UN Statistics; Ethnic composition. Page: 260. May take time to load page" (PDF). http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1956%20DYB.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ a b Pedraza, Silvia (2007). Political disaffection in Cuba's revolution and exodus. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-86787-0. http://books.google.com/?id=QCSJ61F4j34C&pg=PA156. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ "La inmigración entre 1902 y 1920". Tau.ac.il. http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/IV_2/bejarano.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ "A barrier for Cuba's blacks". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/afrolatin/part4/index.html.
- ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Cuba: Afro-Cubans". http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49749d342c.html.
- ^ Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba from http://www.cubagenweb.org Cuban Genealogy Center]
- ^ "Sahrawi children inhumanely treated in Cuba, former Cuban official". MoroccoTimes.com. 31 March 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-11-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20061125161820/http://www.moroccotimes.com/Paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=13816. Retrieved 2006-07-09. (archived from the original on 2006-11-25)
- ^ thepeninsulaqatar.com[dead link]
- ^ Population Decrease Must be Reverted[dead link]
- ^ "United Nations World Fertility Patterns 1997". United Nations. 1997. http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/fer/ffer.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
- ^ Stanley K. Henshaw, Susheela Singh and Taylor Haas. "The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide". International Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 25(Supplement):S30 – S38. http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/25s3099.html. Retrieved May 11, 2006.
- ^ "Government officials visit Baha'i center". Baha'iWorldNewsService.com. June 13 2005. http://news.bahai.org/story.cfm?storyid=377.
- ^ Pedraza, Silvia (2007). Political disaffection in Cuba's revolution and exodus. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-521-86787-0. http://books.google.com/?id=QCSJ61F4j34C&pg=PA5. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ "CUBA: U.S. Response to the 1994 Cuban Migration Crisis". U.S. General Accounting Office. September 1995. http://www.gao.gov/archive/1995/ns95211.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ George Brandon (1997-03-01). Santeria from Africa to the New World. Indiana University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-253-21114-9. http://books.google.com/?id=Tndbo3yLEdcC&dq=lucumi+language.
- ^ "Lucumi: A Language of Cuba (Ethnologue)". http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=luq. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ "Cuban Creole choir brings solace to Haiti's children". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10130814. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ "Languages of Cuba". http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CU. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
- ^ "Still Stuck on Castro – How the press handled a tyrant's farewell". http://www.reason.com/news/show/125095.html. [unreliable source?]
- ^ a b "The Cuban Education System: Lessons and Dilemmas. Human Development Network Education. World Bank" (PDF). http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099080026826/The_Cuban_education_system_lessonsEn00.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ "Students graduate from Cuban school – Americas – MSNBC.com". MSNBC. 2007-07-25. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19942866/. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ "Cuba-trained US doctors graduate". BBC News. 25 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6914265.stm. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- ^ Resolución 120 del 2007 del Ministro del MIC la cual está vigente desde el ·0 de Septiembre de 2007
- ^ a b Whiteford, Linda M.; Branch, Laurence G. (2008). Primary Health Care in Cuba: The Other Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 2. ISBN 0-7425-5994-7. http://books.google.com/?id=lJe7uc7X3pYC&pg=PA2. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ Cuba: A Different America, By Wilber A. Chaffee, Gary Prevost, Rowland and Littlefield, 1992, p. 106
- ^ Lundy, Karen Saucier. Community Health Nursing: Caring for the Public's Health. Jones and Bartlett: 2005, p. 377.
- ^ Whiteford, Linda M.; Manderson, Lenore, eds. (2000). Global Health Policy, Local Realities: The Fallacy of the Level Playing Field. Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 69. ISBN 1-55587-874-1. http://books.google.com/?id=gYc_LgzsRDMC&pg=PA69. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ Jacob Laksin. "Castro's Doctors Plot". http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=C2F78A4B-8F88-4E8C-97CE-16C9CFE35473. [unreliable source?]
- ^ Cuban Health Care Systems and its implications for the NHS Plan. Select Committee on Health.
- ^ Mignonne Breier; Angelique Wildschut; Education, Science and Skills Development Research Programme (2007). Doctors in a Divided Society: The Profession and Education of Medical Practitioners in South Africa. HSRC Press. pp. 16, 81. ISBN 978-0-7969-2153-6. http://books.google.com/?id=WtuiTYThR7sC&pg=PP1.
- ^ World population Prospects: The 2006 Revision: Highlights, United Nations.
- ^ Foreign Affairs, July/August 2010.
- ^ José Alvarez (2001). "Rationed Products and Something Else: Food Availability and Distribution in 2000 Cuba". Cuba in Transition. University of Texas at Austin. pp. 305–322. http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/asce/pdfs/volume11/alvarez.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-06. [dead link]
- ^ Costa Rica – Journey into the Tropical Garden of Eden[dead link], Tobias Hauser.[unreliable source?]
External links[link]
| Find more about Cuba on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Government of Cuba
- Wikimedia Atlas of Cuba
- Cuba travel guide from Wikitravel
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members
- Cuba entry at The World Factbook
- Cuba from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Cuba at the Open Directory Project
- Map of Cuba (Political) 1994 C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin
- Welcome To Cuba – slideshow by Life magazine
- fotopedia.com, Selected photos of Cuba
- "Latin American Studies: United States-Cuba Relations". http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba.htm. , a comprehensive resource part of a website created by Dr. Antonio Rafael de la Cova of Indiana University.
- Key Development Forecasts for Cuba from International Futures
- Salim Lamrani, an interview with Ricardo Alarcón, President of the Cuban Parliament, Huffington Post, Spring, 2012:
Coordinates: 22°00′N 79°30′W / 22°N 79.5°W / 22; -79.5
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Cuba
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Kuba
http://es.wn.com/Cuba
http://ru.wn.com/Куба
http://cs.wn.com/Kuba
http://pt.wn.com/Cuba
http://pl.wn.com/Kuba
http://hi.wn.com/क्यूबा
http://it.wn.com/Cuba
http://id.wn.com/Kuba
http://nl.wn.com/Cuba (land)
http://fr.wn.com/Cuba
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Times" redirects here. For the mathematical operation, see multiplication.
This article is about the British newspaper. For other uses, see The Times (disambiguation).
| 240px The 21 April 2011 front page of The Times |
|
| Type | Daily newspaper |
|---|---|
| Format | Compact |
| Owner | News Corporation |
| Editor | James Harding |
| Founded | 1 January 1785 (&10000000000000227000000227 years, &10000000000000177000000177 days) |
| Political alignment | Centre-right |
| Headquarters | Wapping, London, England |
| Circulation | 394,102 (March 2012)[1] |
| Sister newspapers | The Sunday Times |
| ISSN | 0140-0460 |
| Official website | www.thetimes.co.uk |
The Times is a British daily national newspaper, first published in London in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register (it became The Times on 1 January 1788). The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News International, itself wholly owned by the News Corporation group headed by Rupert Murdoch. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967.
The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, including The Times of India (1838), The Straits Times (1845), The New York Times (1851), The Irish Times (1859), the Los Angeles Times (1881), The Seattle Times (1891), The Daily Times (Malawi) (1900), The Canberra Times (1926), and The Times (Malta) (1935). For distinguishing purposes it is therefore sometimes referred to, particularly in North America, as the "London Times" or "The Times of London".[2][3]
The Times is the originator of the ubiquitous Times Roman typeface, originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing. In November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and commuters using public transport. The Sunday Times remains a broadsheet.
Though traditionally a moderate newspaper and sometimes a supporter of the Conservatives, it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections.[4] In 2004, according to MORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for the Liberal Democrats, and 26% for Labour.[5] The Times had an average daily circulation of 394,102 in March 2012.[1] An American edition has been published since 6 June 2006.[2]
Contents |
History[link]
1785 to 1890[link]
The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, with Walter in the role of editor. Walter changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name. Walter senior had spent sixteen months in Newgate prison for libel printed in The Times, but his pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's reputation among policy makers and financiers.
The Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its early life, the profits of The Times were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers.
In 1809, John Stoddart was appointed general editor, replaced in 1817 by Thomas Barnes. Under Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for The Times the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform.").The increased circulation and influence of the paper was based in part to its early adoption of the steam-driven rotary printing press. Distribution via steam trains to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.[6]
The Times was the first newspaper to send war correspondents to cover particular conflicts. W. H. Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War, was immensely influential[7] with his dispatches back to England.
File:Peace concluded.jpg
A wounded British officer reading The Times's report of the end of the Crimean war, in John Everett Millais' painting Peace Concluded.
In other events of the nineteenth century, The Times opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws[citation needed] until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise, and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine. It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832, which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400 000 people to 800 000 people (still a small minority of the population). During the American Civil War, The Times represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery.
The third John Walter, the founder's grandson, succeeded his father in 1847. The paper continued as more or less independent, but from the 1850s The Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from the penny press, notably The Daily Telegraph and The Morning Post.
During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.[8]
1890 to 1981[link]
The Times faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911), The Times became associated with selling the Encyclopædia Britannica using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. Due to legal fights between the Britannica's two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson, The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.
In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914, Wickham Steed, the Times's Chief Editor, argued that the British Empire should enter World War I.[9] On 8 May 1920, also under the editorship of Steed, The Times in an editorial endorsed the anti-Semitic forgery The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a genuine document, and called Jews the world's greatest danger. In the leader entitled "The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry", Steed wrote about The Protocols of the Elders of Zion:
What are these 'Protocols'? Are they authentic? If so, what malevolent assembly concocted these plans and gloated over their exposition? Are they forgery? If so, whence comes the uncanny note of prophecy, prophecy in part fulfilled, in part so far gone in the way of fulfillment?".[10]
The following year, when Philip Graves, the Constantinople (modern Istanbul) correspondent of The Times, exposed The Protocols as a forgery, 'The Times retracted the editorial of the previous year.
In 1922, John Jacob Astor, son of the 1st Viscount Astor, bought The Times from the Northcliffe estate. The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement; then-editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement[citation needed], most notably Neville Chamberlain.
Kim Philby, a Soviet double agent, was a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined MI6 during World War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, then eventually defected to the Soviet Union in 1963.[11]
Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historian E.H. Carr was Assistant Editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials.[12] In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a Times editorial sided with the Communists, leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and that leader in a speech to the House of Commons.[13] As a result of Carr's editorial, The Times became popularly known during World War II as the threepenny Daily Worker (the price of the Daily Worker was one penny)[14]
On 3 May 1966 it started printing news on the front page for the first time - previously the front page featured small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society.[citation needed] In 1967, members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson, The Thomson Corporation merged it with The Sunday Times to form Times Newspapers Limited.
An industrial dispute prompted the management to shut the paper for nearly a year (1 December 1978 – 12 November 1979).
The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 Energy Crisis and union demands. Management were left with no choice but to save both titles by finding a buyer who was in a position to guarantee the survival of both titles, and also one who had the resources and was committed to funding the introduction of modern printing methods.
Several suitors appeared, including Robert Maxwell, Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit, Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch.
1981 to present: Murdoch-era[link]
In 1981, The Times and The Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News International.[15] The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators, John Collier and Bill O'Neill.
After 14 years as editor, William Rees-Mogg resigned the post upon the completion of the change of ownership.[16] Murdoch began to make his mark on the paper by appointing Harold Evans as his replacement.[17] One of his most important changes was the introduction of new technology and efficiency measures. In March–May 1982, following agreement with print unions, the hot-metal Linotype printing process used to print The Times since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photo-composition. This allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times to be reduced by half.[citation needed] However, direct input of text by journalists ("single stroke" input) was still not achieved, and this was to remain an interim measure until the Wapping dispute of 1986, when The Times moved from New Printing House Square in Gray's Inn Road (near Fleet Street) to new offices in Wapping.[18]
Robert Fisk,[19] seven times British International Journalist of the Year,[20] resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as "political censorship" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the paper's pro-Israel stance.[21]
In June 1990, The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles ("Mr", "Mrs", or "Miss" prefixes) for living persons before full names on first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. The more formal style is now confined to the "Court and Social" page, though "Ms" is now acceptable in that section, as well as before surnames in news sections.
In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes. On 13 September 2004, the weekday broadsheet was withdrawn from sale in Northern Ireland. Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.
The Conservative Party announced plans to launch litigation against The Times over an incident in which the newspaper claimed that Conservative election strategist Lynton Crosby had admitted that his party would not win the 2005 General Election. The Times later published a clarification, and the litigation was dropped.
On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. Author/solicitor David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire has had more letters published on the main letters page than any other known contributor – 158 by 31 January 2008. According to its leading article, "From Our Own Correspondents", removal of full postal addresses was in order to fit more letters onto the page.
In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.[22]
In May 2008 printing of The Times switched from Wapping to new plants at Broxbourne on the outskirts of London, and Merseyside and Glasgow, enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time.
Some[who?] allege that The Times' partisan opinion pieces also damage its status as 'paper of record,' particularly when attacking interests that go against those of its parent company – News International. In 2010 it published an opinion piece attacking the BBC for being 'one of a group of' signatories to a letter criticising BSkyB share options in October 2010.[23]
In March 2012, it became the first British newspaper to formally endorse same-sex marriage.
Content[link]
The Times features news for the first half of the paper with the leading articles on the second page, the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section with world news normally following this. The business pages begin on the centre spread, and are followed by The Register, containing obituaries, Court & Social section, and related material. The sport section is at the end of the main paper.
[edit] Times2
The Times's main supplement is the times2, featuring various lifestyle columns.[clarification needed] It was discontinued on 1 March 2010 but reintroduced on 11 October 2010 after negative feedback. Its regular features include a puzzles section called Mind Games. Its previous incarnation began on 5 September 2005, before which it was called T2 and previously Times 2. Regular features include columns by a different columnist each weekday. There was a column by Marcus du Sautoy each Wednesday, for example. The back pages are devoted to puzzles and contain sudoku, "Killer Sudoku", "KenKen", word polygon puzzles, and a crossword simpler and more concise than the main "Times Crossword".
The supplement contains arts and lifestyle features, TV and radio listings and reviews.
[edit] The Game
The Game is included in the newspaper on Mondays, and details all the weekend's football activity (Premier League and Football League Championship, League One and League Two.) The Scottish edition of The Game also includes results and analysis from Scottish Premier League games.
Saturday supplements[link]
The Saturday edition of The Times contains a variety of supplements. These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as: Sport, Weekend (including travel and lifestyle features), Saturday Review (arts, books, and ideas), The Times Magazine (columns on various topics), and Playlist (an entertainment listings guide).
Saturday Review is the first regular supplement published in broadsheet format since the paper switched to a compact size in 2004.
At the beginning of summer 2011 Saturday Review switched to the tabloid format
The Times Magazine features columns touching on various subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and gardens or simply writers' anecdotes. Notable contributors include Giles Coren, Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005.
Online presence[link]
The Times and The Sunday Times have had an online presence since March 1999, originally at the-times.co.uk and sunday-times.co.uk, and later at timesonline.co.uk.[24] There are now two websites: thetimes.co.uk is aimed at daily readers, and the thesundaytimes.co.uk site at providing weekly magazine-like content. There are also iPad and Android editions of both newspapers. Since July 2010, News International has required readers who do not subscribe to the print edition to pay £2 per week to read The Times and The Sunday Times online.[25]
Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million.[26] In April 2009, the timesonline site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day.[27] As of October 2011, there were around 111,000 subscribers to the Times' digital products [28]
Ownership[link]
The Times has had the following eight owners since its foundation in 1785:
- 1785 to 1803 - John Walter;
- 1803 to 1847 - John Walter, 2nd;
- 1847 to 1894 - John Walter, 3rd;
- 1894 to 1908 - Arthur Fraser Walter;
- 1908 to 1922 - Lord Northcliffe;
- 1922 to 1966 - Astor family;
- 1966 to 1981 - Roy Thomson; and
- 1981 to present - News International (a wholly owned subsidiary of News Corporation, run by Rupert Murdoch).
Readership[link]
At the time of Harold Evans' appointment as editor in 1981, The Times had an average daily sale of 282,000 copies, in comparision to the 1.4 million daily sales of its traditional rival The Daily Telegraph.[29] By November 2005 The Times sold an average of 691,283 copies per day, the second-highest of any British "quality" newspaper (after The Daily Telegraph, which had a circulation of 903,405 copies in the period), and the highest in terms of full-rate sales.[30] By March 2012 The Times' average daily circulation had fallen to 394,102 copies, compared to The Daily Telegraph's 576,378, with the two retaining respectively the second-highest and highest circulations among British "quality" newspapers.[1] In contrast The Sun, the highest-selling "tabloid" daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, sold an average of 2,614,725 copies in March 2012, and the Daily Mail, the highest-selling "middle market" British daily newspaper, sold an average of 1,952,524 copies in the period.[1]
In a 2009 national readership survey The Times was found to have the highest number of ABC1 25–44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers.[31]
Typeface[link]
In 1908 The Times started using the Monotype Modern typeface.[32]
The Times commissioned the serif typeface Times New Roman, created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931.[33] It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated.[34] The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. Times New Roman made its debut in the 3 October 1932 issue of The Times newspaper.[35] After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. The Times stayed with Times New Roman for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch font five times since 1972. However, all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman font:
- Times Europa was designed by Walter Tracy in 1972 for The Times, as a sturdier alternative to the Times font family, designed for the demands of faster printing presses and cheaper paper. The typeface features more open counter spaces.
- Times Roman replaced Times Europa on 30 August 1982.[36]
- Times Millennium was made in 1991,[36] drawn by Gunnlaugur Briem on the instructions of Aurobind Patel, composing manager of News International.
- Times Classic first appeared in 2001.[37] Designed as an economical face by the British type team of Dave Farey and Richard Dawson, it took advantage of the new PC-based publishing system at the newspaper, while obviating the production shortcomings of its predecessor Times Millennium. The new typeface included 120 letters per font. Initially the family comprised ten fonts, but a condensed version was added in 2004.
- Times Modern was unveiled on 20 November 2006, as the successor of Times Classic.[36] Designed for improving legibility in smaller font sizes, it uses 45-degree angled bracket serifs. The font was published by Elsner + Flake as EF Times Modern; it was designed by Research Studios, led by Ben Preston (deputy editor of The Times) and designer Neville Brody.[38]
Political allegiance[link]
The Times had declared its support for Clement Attlee's Labour at the 1945 general election; the party went on to win the election by a landslide over Winston Churchill's Conservative government. However, the newspaper reverted to the Tories for the next election five years later. It supported the Conservatives for the subsequent three elections, followed by support for both the Conservatives and the Liberal Party for the next five elections, expressly supporting a Con-Lib coalition in 1974. The paper then backed the Conservatives solidly until 2001.
For the 2001 general election The Times declared its support for Tony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide. It supported Labour again in 2005, when Labour achieved a third successive win, though with a reduced majority.[39] For the 2010 general election, however, the newspaper declared its support for the Tories once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority.[40]
| Year | Party Supported |
|---|---|
| 1945 | Labour |
| 1950 | Conservatives |
| 1955 | Conservatives, Liberal |
| 1974 | Conservatives-Liberal Coalition |
| 1979 | Conservatives |
| 2001 | Labour |
| 2010 | Conservatives |
This makes it the most varied newspaper in terms of political support in British history.[41]
Sponsorships[link]
The Times, along with the British Film Institute, sponsors the "The Times" bfi London Film Festival.
The Times sponsors the Cheltenham Literature Festival and the Asia House Festival of Asian Literature at Asia House, London.
Notable people[link]
Editors[link]
| Name[42] | Tenure |
|---|---|
| John Walter | 1785 to 1803 |
| John Walter, 2nd | 1803 to 1812 |
| John Stoddart | 1812 to 1816 |
| Thomas Barnes | 1817 to 1841 |
| John Delane | 1841 to 1877 |
| Thomas Chenery | 1877 to 1884 |
| George Earle Buckle | 1884 to 1912 |
| George Geoffrey Dawson | 1912 to 1919 |
| Henry Wickham Steed | 1919 to 1922 |
| George Geoffrey Dawson | 1923 to 1941 |
| Robert McGowan Barrington-Ward | 1941 to 1948 |
| William Francis Casey | 1948 to 1952 |
| William Haley | 1952 to 1966 |
| William Rees-Mogg | 1967 to 1981 |
| Harold Evans | 1981 to 1982 |
| Charles Douglas-Home | 1982 to 1985 |
| Charles Wilson | 1985 to 1990 |
| Simon Jenkins | 1990 to 1992 |
| Peter Stothard | 1992 to 2002 |
| Robert Thomson | 2002 to 2007 |
| James Harding | 2007 to present |
Notable columnists and journalists[link]
|
Related publications[link]
[edit] Times Literary Supplement
Main article: The Times Literary Supplement
The Times Literary Supplement (TLS) is a separately-paid-for weekly literature and society magazine.
[edit] The Times Science Review
Main article: The Times Science Review
Between 1951 and 1966 The Times published a separately-paid-for quarterly science review, The Times Science Review. Remarkably, in 1953 both the newspaper and its science supplement failed to report on the discovery of the structure of DNA in Cambridge, which was reported on by both the News Chronicle and The New York Times.
The Times started a new (but free) monthly science magazine, Eureka, in October 2009.
Times Atlases[link]
(Times Books Group Ltd)
- The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World, 2007 ISBN 978-0-00-780150-3
In fiction[link]
- In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements.
- Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London Times' crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.
- In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads The Times. As described by Fleming in From Russia, with Love: "The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read."
See also[link]
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d "ABCs: National daily newspaper circulation March 2012". The Guardian (UK). 13 April 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/table/2012/apr/13/abcs-national-newspapers. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ^ a b Pfanner, Eric (27 May 2006). "Times of London to Print Daily U.S. Edition". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/27/business/media/27paper.html. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
- ^ Meyers, Jeffrey (26 May 2000). "Fighting, fornication and fiction". Times Higher Education (London). http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=156212§ioncode=26.
- ^ Hall, Ben; Burt, Tim; Symon, Fiona (3 May 2005). "Election 2005: What the papers said". Financial Times (London). Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605162948/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/417fa1a2-ab60-11d9-893c-00000e2511c8,dwp_uuid=fdb2b318-aa9e-11d9-98d7-00000e2511c8.html.
- ^ "Voting intention by newspaper readership". Ipsos Mori. 9 March 2005. http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/755/Voting-Intention-by-Newspaper-Readership.aspx. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ Lomas, Claire. "The Steam Driven Rotary Press, The Times and the Empire"
- ^ Knightley, Philip. The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and Myth-maker from the Crimea to the Gulf War II
- ^ Weller, Toni (June 2010). "The Victorian information age: nineteenth century answers to today's information policy questions?". United Kingdom: History & Policy. http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-104.html. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ Ferguson, Niall (1999). The Pity of War London: Basic Books. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-465-05711-5
- ^ Friedländer, Saul (1997). Nazi Germany and the Jews. New York: HarperCollins. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-06-019042-2
- ^ Cave Brown, Anthony (1995). Treason in the blood: H. St. John Philby, Kim Philby, and the spy case of the century. London: Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-5582-2.
- ^ Beloff, Max. "The Dangers of Prophecy" pages 8–10 from History Today, Volume 42, Issue # 9, September 1992 page 9
- ^ Davies, Robert William. "Edward Hallett Carr, 1892–1982" pages 473–511 from Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 69, 1983 page 489
- ^ Haslam, Jonathan. "We Need a Faith: E.H. Carr, 1892–1982" pages 36–39 from History Today, Volume 33, August 1983 page 37
- ^ Stewart, Graham (2005). The History of the Times: The Murdoch years, 1981-2002. HarperCollins. p. 45. ISBN 0-00-718438-7, 9780007184385. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eZZZAAAAMAAJ&q=The+History+of+the+Times:+The+Murdoch+years,+1981-2002&dq=The+History+of+the+Times:+The+Murdoch+years,+1981-2002&hl=en&sa=X&ei=T5emT-GKCNSD8gP34P2DBQ&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA.
- ^ Stewart, p 45
- ^ Stewart, p 51
- ^ Hamilton, Alan. "The Times bids farewell to old technology". The Times, 1 May 1982, p. 2, col. C.
- ^ Fisk, Robert (2005). The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East. London: Fourth Estate. pp. 329–334. ISBN 1-84115-007-X.
- ^ "Viewpoint: UK war reporter Robert Fisk". BBC News. 3 December 2005. Archived from the original on 8 December 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051208212035/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4393358.stm.
- ^ Robert Fisk, Why I had to leave The Times, The Independent, 11 July 2011.
- ^ "Minute of the meeting with Mr Rupert Murdoch, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, News Corporation". Inquiry into Media Ownership and the News. House of Commons Select Committee on Communications. 17 September 2007. p. 10. http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/us.doc.
- ^ Robinson, James (13 October 2010). "The Times hits out at BBC over BSkyB takeover letter". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/oct/13/the-times-bbc-bskyb.
- ^ "Timesonline.co.uk Site Info". Alexa. http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
- ^ "Times and Sunday Times websites to charge from June". BBC News. 26 March 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8588432.stm.
- ^ "Times and Sunday Times readership falls after paywall". BBC News. 2 November 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11671984. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- ^ Hindle, Debbie (6 April 2009). "Times Online travel editor insight". BGB. http://www.bgb.co.uk/times-online-travel-editor-insight/. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
- ^ "Digital subscribers to The Times and The Sunday Times continue to grow". News International. 14 October 2011. http://www.newsint.co.uk/press_releases/digital_subs.html.
- ^ Stewart, p 51
- ^ "National daily newspaper circulation November 2005". The Guardian. http://media.guardian.co.uk/presspublishing/tables/0,,1665378,00.html. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
- ^ An analysis of The Times reader demographic (based on NMA figures, news agenda and advertising in the paper) can be seen in this study.
- ^ Morison (1953). A Tally of Types. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
- ^ Loxley, Simon (2006). Type: the secret history of letters. I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. 130–131. ISBN 1-84511-028-5.
- ^ Carter, H. G. (2004). 'Morison, Stanley Arthur (1889–1967)'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. rev. David McKitterick. Oxford University Press,.
- ^ TYPOlis: Times New Roman
- ^ a b c After 221 years, the world's leading newspaper shows off a fresh face(Subscription required)
- ^ Typography of News Bigger, faster, better
- ^ Neville Brody's Research Studios Creates New Font and Design Changes for The Times as Compact Format Continues to Attract Loyal Readership
- ^ "Which political parties do the newspapers support?". Supanet.com. http://www.supanet.com/business--money/which-political-parties-do-the-newspapers-support--25923p1.html. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
- ^ Stoddard, Katy (4 May 2010). "Newspaper support in UK general elections". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/may/04/general-election-newspaper-support. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
- ^ Stoddard, Katy (4 May 2010). "Newspaper support in UK general elections". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/may/04/general-election-newspaper-support.
- ^ [1]
Further reading[link]
- Evans, Harold (1983). Good Times, Bad Times. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-78295-9 - includes sections of black-and-white photographic plates, plus a few charts and diagrams in text pages.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: The Times |
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: The Times |
- Official website (Mobile)
- The Sunday Times site
- Times World Atlases official website including a History and Heritage section detailing landmark Times atlases
- Archive from 1785 to 2006 – full text and original layout, searchable (not free of charge, registration required)
- Neil, Andrew; Griffiths, Ian; Fitzpatrick, Barry (15 January 2006). "Three views of the industrial dispute twenty years on". The Observer (UK). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,,1686500,00.html.
- The Times editor Robert Thomson lecture online: From the editorial desk of The Times, RMIT School of Applied Communication Public Lecture series
- Anthony Trollope's satire on the mid-nineteenth century Times
- Journalism Now: The Times Winchester University Journalism History project on the Times in the nineteenth century
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/The_Times
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/The Times
http://cs.wn.com/The Times
http://id.wn.com/The Times
http://es.wn.com/The Times
http://ru.wn.com/The Times
http://nl.wn.com/The Times
http://pl.wn.com/The Times
http://fr.wn.com/The Times
http://de.wn.com/The Times
http://pt.wn.com/The Times
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Gibson" redirects here. For other uses, see Gibson (disambiguation).
 |
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
|
 |
|
| Type | Private |
|---|---|
| Industry | Musical instruments |
| Founded | 1902[1], Kalamazoo, Michigan |
| Founder(s) | Orville Gibson |
| Headquarters | Nashville, Tennessee, USA |
| Area served | Global |
| Key people | Orville Gibson, Ted McCarty, Les Paul, Seth Lover |
| Subsidiaries | Aeolian, Baldwin, Chickering, Electar, Epiphone, Garrison, Gibson Amphitheatre, Hamilton, Kramer, Maestro, MaGIC, Slingerland, Steinberger, Tobias, Valley Arts Guitar, Wurlitzer |
| Website | Gibson.com |
The Gibson Guitar Corporation is a Nashville, Tennessee-based guitar and instrument manufacturer. It was founded in 1902 in Kalamazoo, Michigan by Orville Gibson as "The Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Mfg. Co., Ltd." and was a maker of mandolin instruments[1]. Gibson invented archtop guitars by using the same type of carved, arched tops found on violins. By the 1930s, the company was also making flattop acoustic guitars, as well as one of the first commercially available hollow-body electric guitars, used and popularized by Charlie Christian. It was bought by Chicago Musical Instruments in 1944, which was then acquired by the E.C.L. conglomerate that changed its name to Norlin Inc. This was seen as the beginning of an era of mismanagement.
Gibson sells guitars under a variety of brand names[2] and built one of the world's most iconic guitars, the Gibson Les Paul. Many Gibson instruments are among the most collectible guitars. Gibson was at the forefront of innovation in acoustic guitars, especially in the big band era of the 1930s; the Gibson Super 400 was widely imitated. In the early 1950s, Gibson introduced its first solid-body electric guitar and in 1952 began producing its most popular guitar to date—the Les Paul, designed by Ted McCarty and Les Paul. After being purchased by the Norlin corporation in the late 1960s Gibson's quality and fortunes took a steep decline until early 1986, when the company was acquired by its present owners. Gibson Guitar is a privately held corporation owned by its chief executive officer Henry Juszkiewicz and its president David H. Berryman.
Gibson has pursued legal action against manufacturers selling similar guitars and been active in environmental issues. In the late 2000s the company came under scrutiny for potential violations of the Lacey law. Authorities say wood was mislabeled to hide illegal ebony wood exports from India and that emails show an intent to illegally import rosewood and ebony wood from Madagascar. Gibson claims authorities are bullying him without filing charges. The issues has raised concerns among guitar owners on whether they could be punished for unknowingly owning guitars with illegally obtained wood, which led to some initiatives to protect individual consumers from the Lacey law.
Contents |
History[link]
Gibson mandolin orchestra:
• 1920 F-4 • 1917 H-2
• 1924 K-4 mando-cello
Orville Gibson
(pre 1910)
(pre 1910)
Orville Gibson (born 1856, Chateaugay, New York) started making mandolins in Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States. The mandolins were distinctive in that they featured a carved, arched solid wood top and back and bent wood sides. Prior to this, mandolins had a flat solid wood top and a bowl-like back similar to a lute. These bowl-back mandolins were very fragile and unstable. Disdainful of the shape, Orville Gibson characterized them as "potato bugs". Gibson's innovation made a distinctive, darker-sounding mandolin that was easier to manufacture in large numbers. Orville Gibson's mandolin design, with its single-pieced carved sides and a single-pieced neck, was patented in 1898; it would be the only innovation he patented. Orville Gibson died in 1918 of endocarditis (inflammation of the inside lining of the heart chambers and valves).[3]
Orville Gibson began to sell his unique instruments in 1894 out of a one-room workshop in Kalamazoo Michigan. In 1902 Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Mfg. Co, Ltd. was incorporated to market the instruments. Initially, the company produced only Orville Gibson's original designs. Aware of changing trends, the company hired designer Lloyd Loar in 1919 to create newer instruments.[4]
During the 1920s Gibson was responsible for many innovations in banjo, guitar and mandolin design. In 1922, the Gibson F5 mandolin model was introduced. That particular model later became known as the ultimate bluegrass mandolin. Gibson soon became the leading manufacturer of archtop guitars, particularly the L-5 model, also a Loar design. Loar left the company in 1924.[5]
In the 1930s, Gibson began exploring the concept of an electric guitar. In 1936 they introduced their first "Electric Spanish" model, the ES-150. Other companies were producing electric guitars but the Gibson is generally recognized as the first commercially successful electric guitar. Other instruments were also "electrified"; such as steel guitars, banjos and mandolins.
During World War II, instrument manufacturing basically stopped at Gibson due to shortages of wood and metal. Only a few instruments were made with whatever parts were at hand. Gibson did war production instead, making wood parts for various military needs. Such shortages continued for a few years after the war and the only notable change occurred in 1946 when the Gibson name on the instrument headstock changed from a cursive script to the block style used to this day. This is seen at the head of the information block at top.
In 1944 Gibson was purchased by Chicago Musical Instruments, which took over marketing and sales of Gibson products while allowing the Kalamazoo factory to operate largely independently.
The ES-175 was introduced in 1949. The model has seen some variations over the years but it is still in production.
.png)
Gibson and Ted McCarty[link]
In 1948, Gibson hired music industry veteran Ted McCarty, who was promoted to company president in 1950. During his tenure (1950–1966), Gibson greatly expanded and diversified its line of instruments. The first notable addition was the "Les Paul" guitar. McCarty was well aware of the strong sales of the Fender Telecaster. In 1950, Gibson decided to make a solid-body guitar of its own according to its own design philosophy despite the fact many other guitar manufacturers were contemptuous of the concept of a solid-body guitar. Designed by the guitarist Les Paul, it was released as his signature model in 1952. The "Les Paul" was offered in several models, including the Custom, the Standard, the Special, and the Junior.[6]
In the mid-50s, the Thinline series was produced. Many guitarists did not like the bulk of a full-size archtop and wanted a thinner guitar. TheByrdland was the first produced. The first Byrdlands were slim, custom built, L-5 models for guitarists Billy Byrd and Hank Garland. Later, a shorter neck was added. Other guitarists who tried Gibson samples liked the idea and the model went into production. Other models such as the ES-350T and the ES-225T were introduced as less costly alternatives.[7]
In 1958, Gibson introduced the ES-335T model. Similar in size to the hollow-body Thinlines, the ES-335 family had a solid center, giving the string tone a longer sustain.
In the late 50s, McCarty was aware that Gibson was perceived as a "conservative" company, generally making traditionally shaped instruments. He decided to change that. In 1958, Gibson produced two new designs: the eccentrically shaped Explorer and Flying V. These "modernistic" guitars did not sell initially. It was only in the late 1960s and early 70s when the two guitars were reintroduced to the market that they sold very well. The Firebird, in the early 60s, was a reprise of the modernistic idea, though less extreme. In the 1950s, Gibson also produced the Tune-o-matic bridge system and its version of the humbucking pickup, the PAF ("Patent Applied For"), first released in 1957 and still sought after for its sound.[citation needed]
In 1961 the body design of the Les Paul was changed due to the demand for a double-cutaway body design.[8] Les Paul did not care for the new body style and let his endorsement lapse. The new body design then became known as the SG (for "solid guitar"). The Les Paul returned to the Gibson catalog in 1968 due to the influence of players such as Keith Richards, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Peter Green. Both the Les Paul and the SG became very popular with rock and roll and blues guitar players.
The 70s to today[link]
On December 22nd 1969 Gibson parent company, Chicago Musical Instruments, was taken over by a South American brewing conglomerate, E.C.L. Gibson, Inc. remained under the control of CMI until 1974, when it became a subsidiary of Norlin Musical Instruments (a member of Norlin Industries - named for ECL president Norton Stevens and CMI president Maurice Berlin). This began an era widely perceived as being characterized by corporate mismanagement and decreasing product quality similar to Fender's period under CBS ownership.
Gibson left Kalamazoo in 1984, then previous factory became Heritage Guitars
Gibson Showcase at Nashville
Gibson Factory at Memphis
Between 1974 and 1984 production of Gibson guitars was shifted from Kalamazoo to Nashville, Tennessee. Early Nashville-built guitars suffered from both inexperienced workers and climate-control problems in the humid South.[citation needed] The Kalamazoo plant was kept going for a few years as a custom-instrument shop, but was closed in 1984; several Gibson employees led by plant manager Jim Duerloo established Heritage Guitars in the old factory, building versions of classic Gibson designs. The company was within three months of going out of business before it was bought by Henry E. Juszkiewicz, David H. Berryman, and Gary A. Zebrowski in January 1986.[9] The survival and success of Gibson today is largely attributed[by whom?] to this change in ownership.[citation needed] Currently, Juszkiewicz is CEO and Berryman is president. More recently new production plants have been opened, such as Memphis, Tennessee, as well as Bozeman, Montana. The Memphis facility is used for semi-hollow and custom shop instruments, while the Bozeman facility is dedicated to acoustic instruments.
In mid 2009 Gibson reduced its work force to adjust for a decline in guitar industry sales in the United States.[10]
In 2011, Gibson acquired the Stanton Group, including Cerwin Vega!, KRK Systems and Stanton DJ. Gibson then formed a new division, Gibson Pro Audio, which will deliver professional grade audio items, including headphones, loudspeakers and DJ equipment.[11]
Gibson announced a partnership with the Japanese-based Onkyo Corporation in 2012. Onkyo, known for audio equipment and home theater systems, became part of the Gibson Pro Audio division.[12]
Instruments[link]
Further information: Gibson Guitar Corporation product list
Brand names[link]
Gibson also owns and makes instruments under such brands as Baldwin,[2] Epiphone,[13] Kalamazoo,[citation needed] Kramer,[14] Maestro,[15] Slingerland,[2] Steinberger,[16] Tobias,[17] Valley Arts[citation needed] and Wurlitzer.[2]
Gibson purchased Garrison Guitars in 2007.[18]
Gibson serial numbers[link]
Gibson models may not be easily identified by serial number alone,[19][20] and as of 1999 the company has used six distinct serial numbering systems.[19] By 2006, that number had risen to seven.[20]
In 1977, Gibson introduced the serial numbering system in use until 2006.[20] An eight digit number on the back shows the date on which the instrument was produced, where it was produced and its order of production that day (e.g. first instrument stamped that day, second, etc.).[19]
An exception is the year 1994, Gibson's centennial year; many 1994 serial numbers start with "94", followed by a 6-digit production number[citation needed].
The Gibson website provides a book to help with serial number deciphering.[19]
After 2006[link]
In 2006 Gibson introduced a 9 digit serial number system.[20] The system is largely the same as the 8 digit system used since 1977,[19] but the 6th digit now represents a batch number.[20]
Recent innovation[link]
MaGIC[link]
Main article: Gibson MaGIC
In 2003,[21] Gibson debuted its ethernet-based[22] communications protocol, MaGIC, which it had developed in partnership with 3COM, Advanced Micro Devices and Xilinx.[21] Replacing traditional analog hook-ups with a digital connection that would, "satisfy the unique requirements of live audio performances" may have been the goal of this project.[22]
This system may require a special pickup,[21] but cabling is provided by standard Cat-5 ethernet cord.[21][22]
Self-tuning guitar[link]
Main article: Gibson Robot Guitar
The Gibson "self-tuning guitar", also known as a "robot model", an option on some newer Les Paul, SG, Flying V and Explorer instruments,[citation needed] will tune itself in little more than two seconds using robotics technology developed by Tronical GmbH.[23]
Corporate social responsibility[link]
Gibson's corporate social responsibility efforts include a participation in Music Rising, which facilitated the replacement of tens of thousands of privately owned, hurricane-damaged instruments.[2]
Unauthorized copies[link]
Gibson has sought legal action against those that make and sell guitars too-similar to their own.
In 1977 Gibson sued Hoshino/Elger for copying the Gibson Les Paul.[citation needed]
In 2000, Gibson sued Fernandes Guitars in a Tokyo court for allegedly copying Gibson designs. Gibson did not prevail.[24]
Gibson also sued PRS Guitars in 2005, to stop them from making their Singlecut model. The lawsuit against PRS was initially successful.[25] However, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed the lower court decision and ordered the dismissal of Gibson's suit against PRS.[26]
Authorized Gibson designs[link]
Gibson makes authorized copies of its most successful guitar designs. They are less expensive than those bearing the Gibson name. A former competitor, Epiphone was purchased by Gibson and now makes competitively priced Gibson models, such as the Les Paul, sold under the Epiphone brand,[27] while continuing to make Epiphone-specific models like the Sheraton and Casino. In Japan, Orville by Gibson once made Gibson designs sold in that country.[28]
Recent criticism and controversy[link]
Gibson has come under scrutiny for allegedly importing illegal rare wood in potential violations of the Lacey Act.[29] Though no charges have been filed, two police raids of Gibson factories found ebony wood from India with misleading labels authorities say were used to hide violations of Indian export law.[29] Gibson claims the labeling was a mistake and that the transaction was approved by Indian authorities.[29]
On November 17, 2009 federal authorities seized six guitars and several pallets of alleged endangered and illegal, rare ebony wood that Gibson had purchased and stored at their factory.[30][31] Until the investigation has been concluded, Henry E. Juszkiewicz, CEO and Chairman of Gibson Guitar Corporation, has taken a leave of absence as a board member of the Rainforest Alliance.[32]
On June 2011, the United States Department of Justice filed a civil case against Gibson. Authorities said Gibson sourced unfinished ebony wood, in the form of blanks, from Nagel, Germany, which obtained it exclusively from a supplier in Madagascar. Gibson acquired the ebony to manufacture fingerboards. Madagascar prohibits the logging of ebony wood and export of unfinished ebony. The filing also made mentioned internal e-mails from 2008 and 2009 that discussed plans to harvest ebony wood and rosewood in Madagascar.[33][34] The case against Gibson Guitar was the first under the amended Lacey Act, which requires importing companies to purchase legally harvested wood and follow the environmental laws of the producing countries.[34]
In January 2011, Gibson Guitar filed a motion to recover the materials seized in the raid and to overturn the charges made by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[35][36] The court denied the motion. According to reports that quote a special agent on the case, the prosecution expects to use the material as evidence.[36]
Gibson Guitar's offices and factories in Nashville and Memphis were raided again by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife on August 24, 2011. Details were not released about the nature of the raid or what was found due to the ongoing legal proceedings.[30] According to a statement issued by Gibson Guitar the following day, these raids focused on rare wood imported from India.[37][38] In the release, Gibson said authorities were "bullying Gibson without filing charges" and stating further: "Gibson has complied with foreign laws and believes it is innocent of any wrong doing. We will fight aggressively to prove our innocence." He also criticized the government's use of the Lacey Act because it interprets and enforces the laws of other nations.[37][39]
If the prosecution is successful, Gibson would face felony charges that could result in large fines or jail terms for executives involved.[40] Gibson Guitar is considered a progressive company for its promotion of sustainability and forest certification.[40] Although the Rainforest Alliance certified the wood used by Gibson Guitar,[34] its FSC certificates only applied to specific product lines. If wood was sourced from Madagascar, the wood could not have been used in products labeled or sold as FSC-certified.[40]
The case has also raised concerns for musicians who lack documentation of vintage instruments made of traditional, non-sustainable materials.[29][41] However, senior officials from the Justice Department and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have stated that musicians who unknowingly possess instruments made from illegal wood would not be treated as criminals. Instead, they insisted that the government's aim is to target individuals and businesses that profit from the trafficking of these protected species. Despite these assurances, lobbying efforts by Juszkiewicz resulted in a proposed bill that would protect musicians who unknowingly possess materials that violate the Lacey Act, while also exempting wood supplies purchased by companies before May 22, 2008 and requiring the government publish a database of illegal wood sources for the public.[42]
See also[link]
- David Harvey (luthier)
- Jim Triggs (luthier)
- List of Gibson players
References[link]
- ^ a b "Gibson History". Gibson Corporate Press Kit. Gibson Guitar Corporation. http://www.gibson.com/press/press_history.asp. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Gibson Guitar embraces China, Latin markets reuters.com, Mon Apr 9, 2007 12:07am EDT
- ^ "Orville H. Gibson, 1856–1918". Siminoff.net. http://www.siminoff.net/pages/gibson_background.html. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
- ^ "Gibson Dusk Tiger". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. http://www2.gibson.com/Products/Electric-Guitars/Les-Paul/Gibson-USA/Dusk-Tiger/Next-Generation.aspx. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
- ^ Wheeler, Tom. American Guitars. HarperCollins. 1992.pp 100–1 ISBN 978-0-06-273154-8
- ^ Hembry, Gil;Gibson Guitars: Ted McCarty's Golden Era 1948–1966; GH Books; Austin, TX; 2007. p 74–85.
- ^ Duchossoir, Andre. Gibson Electrics:The Classic Years. Hal Leonard Corp. 1998 pp 55–62
- ^ Hembry, Gil;Gibson Guitars: Ted McCarty's Golden Era 1948–1966; GH Books; Austin, TX; 2007. p 110.
- ^ Hembry, Gil;Gibson Guitars: Ted McCarty's Golden Era 1948–1966; GH Books; Austin, TX; 2007. p 306.
- ^ Email (2009-03-23). "Sources: Gibson adds to layoff tally | Make and Buy | NashvillePost.com: Nashville Business News + Nashville Political News". NashvillePost.com. http://www.nashvillepost.com/news/2009/3/23/sources_gibson_adds_to_layoff_tally. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
- ^ "Gibson Guitar increases high-tech lineup with purchase". Tennessean.com. 2011-12-06. http://www.tennessean.com/article/20111206/BUSINESS06/312060036/Gibson-Guitar-increases-high-tech-lineup-purchase. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ "Gibson Expands Pro Audio Division". Gibson.com. 2012-01-04. http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/News/gibson-pro-audio-0104-2012%5C. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ "Home". Epiphone. http://www.epiphone.com. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
- ^ kramerguitars.com Kramer Official Site
- ^ Maestro by Gibson Gibson Official Site
- ^ steinberger.com Steinberger Official Site
- ^ Tobias Gibson Official Site
- ^ Garrison Guitars sold to Gibson thetelegram.com, July 4th, 2007
- ^ a b c d e Blue Book of Electric Guitars. Sixth Edition: Gibson Serialization. Edited by S.P. Fjestad Gibson Official Site
- ^ a b c d e Gibson Serial Numbers: What a serial number can and can't tell you about your Gibson Gibson Official Site, 7.17.2007
- ^ a b c d The MaGIC of Gibson's Digital Guitars Maximum PC magazine, April 2003
- ^ a b c This Is MaGIC Gibson Official Site
- ^ Yuri Kageyama (The Associated Press) (December 3, 2007). "World's first robot guitar takes care of the tuning". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2004051225_guitar04.html. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
- ^ "Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property | Vol 4 | Iss 2". Law.northwestern.edu. 2010-08-19. http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/njtip/v4/n2/5/Port.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
- ^ Gibson Guitar Corp. v. Paul Reed Smith Guitars, L.P., 325 F. Supp. 2d 841 (M.D. Tenn., 2004)
- ^ Gibson Guitar Corp. v. Paul Reed Smith Guitars, LP, 423 F.3d 539 (6th Cir. 2005).
- ^ "Epiphone Les Paul Standard". Epiphone.com. http://www.epiphone.com/Products/Les-Paul/Les-Paul-Standard.aspx.
- ^ "Epiphone: A History – Epiphone and Gibson". Epiphone.com. http://www.epiphone.com/History.aspx#EpiphoneAndGibson.
- ^ a b c d Felten, E. (26 August 2011). "Guitar frets: Environmental enforcement leaves musicians in fear". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904787404576530520471223268.html. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ a b Wadhwani, A.; Paine, A. (25 August 2011). "Gibson Guitar raided but lips zipped". The Tennessean. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. http://www.tennessean.com/article/20110825/NEWS01/308250049/Gibson-Guitar-raided-but-lips-zipped. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ Lind, J.R. (29 December 2010). "Federal agent: Gibson wood investigation likely to result in indictments". NashvillePost.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. http://nashvillepost.com/news/2010/12/29/federal_agent_gibson_wood_investigation_likely_to_result_in_indictments.
- ^ "Statement in Response to the United States Fish & Wildlife Service's Investigation of Gibson Guitar Corporation". Rainforest Alliance. 2010. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/forestry/gibson-usfws.
- ^ "Gibson/Lacey Act Update". Home Furnishings Business. 6 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. http://www.hfbusiness.com/article/doj-says-gibson-lacks-legal-standing-claim-ownership-ebony#utm_source=hfbusiness.com&utm_medium=article_page&utm_campaign=tools.
- ^ a b c "Endangered species trafficking: What did Gibson Guitar know?". mongabay.com. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. http://news.mongabay.com/2011/0706-ebony_gibson.html. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ "Update: CEO's Outrage Gets Media Buzzing". Gibson Guitar Corp.. 26 August 2011. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/News/ceo-outrage-0826-2011/. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Gibson Guitars fails to squash illegal wood investigation". Sound & Fair. 19 January 2011. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. http://soundandfair.org/gibson-guitars-fails-to-overturn-illegal-madagascan-rosewood-and-ebony-charge. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Gibson Guitar Corp. responds to federal raid". Gibson Guitar Corp.. 25 August 2011. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/News/gibson-0825-2011/. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ Trotter, J. (25 August 2011). "Endangered lemurs could be connected to Gibson raid". WMCTV.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. http://downtown.wmctv.com/news/news/58234-endangered-lemurs-could-be-connected-gibson-raid. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ Stern, Andrew (25 August 2011). "Gibson Guitar to fight U.S. probe of its wood imports". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/25/industry-us-gibsonguitar-probe-idUSTRE77O7KC20110825. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ a b c Clarke, C.; Grant, A. (4 May 2011). "Are your wood products really certified?". wri.org. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. http://www.wri.org/stories/2011/05/are-your-wood-products-really-certified. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ Simmons, L. (31 August 2011). "Raid highlights music manufacturers' environmental risks". bizmology.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. http://www.bizmology.com/2011/08/31/raid-highlights-music-manufacturers-environmental-risks/. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ Eilperin, J. (13 November 2011). "Gibson Guitar ignites debate over environmental protections". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 November 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/gibson-guitar-ignites-debate-over-environmental-protections/2011/11/11/gIQAACDtIN_print.html. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gibson guitars |
http://wn.com/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Gibson Guitar Corporation
http://cs.wn.com/Gibson Guitar Corporation
http://es.wn.com/Gibson Guitar Corporation
http://ru.wn.com/Gibson
http://nl.wn.com/Gibson Guitar Corporation
http://pt.wn.com/Gibson
http://pl.wn.com/Gibson Guitar Corporation
http://fr.wn.com/Gibson Guitar Corporation
http://de.wn.com/Gibson Guitar Corporation
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
