- published: 29 May 2011
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Antarctica
Antarctica
This map uses an orthographic projection, near-polar aspect. The South Pole is near the center, where longitudinal lines converge.
Antarctica (
i/æntˈɑrtɨkə/ or /ænˈtɑːktɨkə/) is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.
Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra.
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Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it as one of the mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean.
Almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America, the Arctic Ocean is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year (and almost completely in winter). The Arctic Ocean's temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy freshwater inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years.
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Cairo
Cairo ( /ˈkaɪroʊ/ KYE-roh; Arabic: القاهرة al-Qāhira, literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror"), is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in the year 969 A.D. making it 1,043 years old. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life. Cairo was founded by the Fatimid dynasty in the 10th century AD.; but the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the ancient cities of Memphis, Giza and Fustat which are nearby to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza.
Egyptians today often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (Arabic: مصر), the Arabic pronunciation of the name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's continued role in Egyptian influence. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab World, as well as the world's second-oldest institution of higher learning, al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city, and the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence.
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Chicago
Chicago (i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, approximately 230 million years ago, and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for 135 million years, from the beginning of the Jurassic (about 200 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (65.5 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups at the close of the Mesozoic era. The fossil record indicates that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic, and consequently they are considered a type of dinosaur in modern classification systems. Some birds survived the extinction event that occurred 65 million years ago, and continue the dinosaur lineage to the present day.
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Galunggung
Mount Galunggung (Indonesian: Gunung Galunggung, formerly spelled Galoen-gong) is an active stratovolcano in West Java, Indonesia, around 80 km southeast of the West Java provincial capital, Bandung (or around 25 km to the east of the West Java town of Garut). Mount Galunggung is part of the Sunda Arc extending through Sumatra, Java and Bali, which has resulted from the subduction of the Australian plate beneath the Eurasian plate.
For the first time since 1982 after eruptions finished and conditions seemed normal, on February 12, 2012 the status was upgraded to Alert based on changes in conditions. On 28 May 2012 it was lowered from 2 back to 1 (On a scale of 1-4)
The last major eruption on Galunggung was in 1982, which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 4 and killed 72 people. This eruption also brought the dangers of volcanic ash to aviation to worldwide attention, after two Boeing 747 passenger jets flying downwind of the eruption suffered temporary engine failures and damage to exterior surfaces, both planes being forced to make emergency landings at Jakarta airport.
wn.com/Galunggung -
Harvard University
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Although never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became secular throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $32 billion as of September 2011.
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Hawaii
Coordinates: 21°18′41″N 157°47′47″W / 21.31139°N 157.79639°W / 21.31139; -157.79639
Hawaii (i/həˈwaɪ.iː/ or /həˈwaɪʔiː/; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [hɐˈvɐiʔi]) is the most recent of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.
Hawaii’s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.
The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaiʻi. The last is by far the largest and is often called "The Big Island" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
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Hopetoun Falls
Hopetoun Falls is located five kilometres south of Beech Forest, Victoria, Australia.
Much attention has been given to preserving the natural characteristics of Hopetoun Falls while allowing ample access for visitors.
The falls have a large set of well-built and maintained stairs that lead down a natural patio to a viewing platform very close to the foot of the waterfall. Hopetoun Falls plunges 30 m in a rectangular shape.
Many visitors come every year to look at its natural beauty.
Hopetoun Falls is right off Apollo Bay - Beech Forest Road about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the Beauchamp Falls turnoff and roughly 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of the coastal town of Apollo Bay.
Coordinates: 38°39′26″S 143°34′47″E / 38.65722°S 143.57972°E / -38.65722; 143.57972
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian Subcontinent and Arabian Peninsula (or, more generally, by southern and western Asia); on the west by eastern Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica). The ocean is named after the geographic location of India.
As one component of the interconnected global ocean, the Indian Ocean is delineated from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific by the meridian of 146°55' east. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in the Persian Gulf. This ocean is nearly 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) wide at the southern tips of Africa and Australia; its area is 73,556,000 square kilometres (28,350,000 sq mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
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Leblon
Coordinates: 22°59′0.82″S 43°13′19.78″W / 22.9835611°S 43.2221611°W / -22.9835611; -43.2221611
Leblon is the most affluent neighbourhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ipanema is regarded the second most affluent are in Rio de Janeiro. It is also the name of the local beach. The neighbourhood is located in the southern zone of the city, between Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, Morro Dois Irmãos and the Jardim de Alá channel, bordering the Gávea, Ipanema, Lagoa and Vidigal neighbourhoods.
The neighbourhood was named after a 19th century French businessman, Charles Leblon, who owned the area.
Is is located west of Ipanema. In the north, it is bordered by Gávea and, in the west, by a towering hill called Dois Irmãos, which translates as "two brothers", because of its split peak.
Leblon is similar to Ipanema but even more exclusive, being the home of rich and famous people. The beach is quieter and more relaxed than the hip and trendy beach of Ipanema.
Leblon is known for being a very cosmopolitan neighbourhood, with a lively nightlife across its bars, restaurants and nightclubs. Leblon has been either referenced or depicted in the following media:
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Montenegro
Montenegro (i/ˌmɒntɨˈneɪɡroʊ/ or /ˌmɒntɨˈniːɡroʊ/; or /ˌmɒntɨˈnɛɡroʊ/; Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора [tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡɔ̌ra] (
listen), meaning "Black Mountain") is a country in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the southeast. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as the Prijestonica (Пријестоница), meaning the former Royal Capital City.
In the 10th century, there existed three Slavic principalities on the territory of Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half, Travunia, the west, and Rascia, the north. In 1042, archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in independence of Duklja and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–81), and his son Bodin (1081–1101). By the 13th century, Zeta had replaced Duklja when referring to the realm, which at the time was part of the Serbian Grand Principality of the Nemanjić dynasty.
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NASA
Coordinates: 38°52′59″N 77°0′59″W / 38.88306°N 77.01639°W / 38.88306; -77.01639
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's mission statement has been to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research." On September 14, 2011, NASA announced that it had selected the design of a new Space Launch System that it said would take the agency's astronauts farther into space than ever before and provide the cornerstone for future human space exploration efforts by the U.S.
NASA was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The agency became operational on October 1, 1958. U.S. space exploration efforts have since been led by NASA, including the Apollo moon-landing missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and Commercial Crew vehicles. The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program (LSP) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches.
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Northern Hemisphere
Coordinates: 45°0′0″N 0°0′0″E / 45°N 0°E / 45; 0
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of its equator—the word hemisphere literally means “half sphere”. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator. Earth's northern hemisphere contains most of the planet's land, and roughly 90% of its human population. See also Arctic, Temperate zone, Tropics, Seasons and Climate
Due to the Earth's axial tilt, winter lasts from the winter solstice (typically December 22) to the vernal equinox (typically March 20), while summer lasts from the summer solstice (typically June 21) through to the autumnal equinox (typically September 21).
The Arctic is the region north of the Arctic Circle. Its climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow. The Arctic experiences some days in summer when the Sun never sets, and some days during the winter when it never rises. The duration of these phases varies from one day for locations right on the Arctic Circle to several months near the North Pole.
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Northern hemisphere
Coordinates: 45°0′0″N 0°0′0″E / 45°N 0°E / 45; 0
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of its equator—the word hemisphere literally means “half sphere”. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator. Earth's northern hemisphere contains most of the planet's land, and roughly 90% of its human population. See also Arctic, Temperate zone, Tropics, Seasons and Climate
Due to the Earth's axial tilt, winter lasts from the winter solstice (typically December 22) to the vernal equinox (typically March 20), while summer lasts from the summer solstice (typically June 21) through to the autumnal equinox (typically September 21).
The Arctic is the region north of the Arctic Circle. Its climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow. The Arctic experiences some days in summer when the Sun never sets, and some days during the winter when it never rises. The duration of these phases varies from one day for locations right on the Arctic Circle to several months near the North Pole.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (i/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/) (Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people", and it is known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State. Formed by the combination of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory on November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans or, informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agriculture, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. It has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly 60 percent of Oklahomans living in their metropolitan statistical areas.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
At 165.2 million square kilometres (64.1 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).
The eastern Pacific Ocean was first sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and named it Mar del Sur (South Sea). The ocean's current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered favourable winds as he reached the ocean and called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning "peaceful sea".
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ deɪ ʒəˈnɛəroʊ/ or /ˈriːoʊ deɪ dʒəˈnɛəroʊ/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒaˈnejɾu],River of January), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th largest in the Americas, and 26th in the world.
The city was the capital of Brazil for nearly two centuries, from 1763 to 1815 during the Portuguese colonial era, 1815 to 1821 as the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, and 1822 to 1960 as an independent nation. Rio is nicknamed the Cidade Maravilhosa or "Marvelous City."
Rio de Janeiro represents the second largest GDP in the country (and 30th largest in the world in 2008), estimated at about R$ 343 billion (IBGE/2008) (nearly US$ 201 billion), and is the headquarters of two major Brazilian companies – Petrobras and Vale, and major oil companies and telephony in Brazil, besides the largest conglomerate of media and communications companies in Latin America, the Globo Organizations. The home of many universities and institutes, it is the second largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific production – according to 2005 data.
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Sochi
Sochi (Russian: Сочи; IPA: [ˈsotɕɪ]) is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, situated just north of Russia's border with the de facto independent republic of Abkhazia, on the Black Sea coast. Greater Sochi sprawls for 145 kilometers (90 mi) along the shores of the Black Sea near the Caucasus Mountains. According to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, the city had a permanent population of 343,285; up from 328,809 recorded in the 2002 Census, making it Russia's largest resort city.
Sochi will host the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014, as well as the Russian Formula 1 Grand Prix from 2014 until at least 2020. It is also one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Sochi has a humid subtropical climate with mild winters (average +11 °C (52 °F) during the day and +4 °C (39 °F) at night in the period from December to March) and comfortable summers (average +24 °C (75 °F) during the day and +16 °C (61 °F) at night period from May to October).
At 145 kilometers (90 mi), Greater Sochi claims to be the longest city in Europe. Other sources using the Caucasus Mountains as the Europe-Asia divide place Sochi in Southwest Asia as it falls on the southern (Asian) side of the Greater Caucasus.
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Southern hemisphere
Coordinates: 45°0′0″S 0°0′0″E / 45°S 0°E / -45; 0
The Southern Hemisphere is the part of Earth that lies south of the equator. The word hemisphere (from the Greek word σφαιρα (sphere) +ημι (half)) literally means 'half ball' or "half sphere". It is also that half of the celestial sphere south of the celestial equator.
The Southern Hemisphere contains all or parts of four continents (Antarctica, Australia, most parts of South America and southern half of Africa), four oceans (South Atlantic, Indian, South Pacific, and Southern) and most of Oceania. Several islands off the Asian continental mainland are also in the Southern Hemisphere. Due to the tilt of Earth's rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane, summer is December to March and winter is June to September. September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21 is the autumnal equinox.
Climates in the Southern Hemisphere overall tend to be slightly milder than those in the Northern Hemisphere at similar latitudes except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic. This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much less land. Water heats up and cools down more slowly than land.
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Steam
Steam is the technical term for water vapor, the gaseous phase of water, which is formed when water boils. In common language it is often used to refer to the visible mist of water droplets formed as this water vapor condenses in the presence of cooler air. At lower pressures, such as in the upper atmosphere or at the top of high mountains water boils at a lower temperature than the nominal 100 °C (212 °F) at standard temperature and pressure. If heated further it becomes superheated steam.
The enthalpy of vaporization is the energy required to turn water into the gaseous form when it increases in volume by 1,600 times at standard temperature and pressure; this change in volume can be converted into mechanical work by steam engines and steam turbines. Steam engines played a central role to the Industrial Revolution and modern steam turbines are used to generate electricity. If liquid water comes in contact with a very hot substance (such as lava, or molten metal) it can create a steam explosion. Steam explosions have been responsible for many foundry accidents and may also have been responsible for much of the damage to the plant in the Chernobyl accident.
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Swiss Alps
The Swiss Alps (German: Schweizer Alpen, French: Alpes suisses, Italian: Alpi svizzere, Romansh: Alps svizras) are the portion of the Alps mountain range that lies within Switzerland. Because of their central position within the entire Alpine range, they are also known as the Central Alps. The highest summit in the Swiss Alps is Monte Rosa (4,634 metres) near the Swiss-Italian border. The highest mountain which lies entirely on Swiss territory is the Dom (4,545 metres). Other main summits can be found in the list of mountains in Switzerland.
Since the Middle Ages, transit across the Alps played an important role in history. The region north of the St. Gotthard Pass became the nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the early 14th century.
The Alps cover 65% of Switzerland's surface area (41,285 km²), making it one of the most alpine countries. Despite the fact that Switzerland covers only 14% of the Alps total area (192,753 km²), many alpine four-thousanders (48 of 82) are located in the Swiss Alps and the remaining few are within 20 km of the country's border.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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West Java
West Java (Indonesian: Jawa Barat; Sundanese: Jawa Kulon; acronym: Jabar), with a population of over 43 million, is the most populous and most densely populated province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, it is slightly smaller in area than densely populated Taiwan, but with nearly double the population. Its capital city is Bandung.
The oldest human inhabitant archaeological findings in the region were unearthed in Anyer (the western coast of Java) with evidence of bronze and iron metallurgical culture dating to the first millennium AD. The prehistoric Buni culture (near present-day Bekasi) clay pottery were later developed with evidence found in Anyer to Cirebon. Artefacts (dated from 400 BC — AD 100) such as food and drink containers were found mostly as burial gifts. There is also archeological evidence in Batujaya Archaeological Site dating from the 2nd century,[citation needed] and according to Dr Tony Djubiantono, the head of Bandung Archeology Agency, Jiwa Temple in Batujaya, Karawang, West Java was also built around this time.[citation needed]
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.
Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic. In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"), it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.
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Carolus Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (Swedish original name Carl Nilsson Linnæus, 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (help·info), was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus (after 1761 Carolus a Linné).
Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. Linnaeus received most of his higher education at Uppsala University, and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published a first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden, where he became professor of botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 60s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, and published several volumes. At the time of his death, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Civilization
Civilization (or civilisation) is a sometimes controversial term that has been used in several related ways. Primarily, the term has been used to refer to the material and instrumental side of human cultures that are complex in terms of technology, science, and division of labor. Such civilizations are generally hierarchical and urbanized. In a classical context, people were called "civilized" to set them apart from barbarians, while in a modern-day context, "civilized peoples" have been contrasted with primitive peoples.
There is a tendency to use the term in a less strict way, to mean approximately the same thing as "culture" and therefore, the term can more broadly refer to any important and clearly defined human society.[citation needed] Still, even when used in this second sense, the word is often restricted to apply only to societies that have attained a particular level of advancement-especially the founding of cities.
The level of advancement of a civilization is often measured by its progress in agriculture, long-distance trade, occupational specialization, a special governing class and urbanism. Aside from these core elements, a civilization is often marked by any combination of a number of secondary elements, including a developed transportation system, writing, standardized measurement, currency, contractual and (tort-based) legal systems, characteristic art and architecture, mathematics, enhanced scientific understanding, metallurgy, political structures, and an astronomical understanding.
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E. O. Wilson
Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929) is an American biologist, researcher (sociobiology, biodiversity), theorist (consilience, biophilia), naturalist (conservationist) and author. His biological specialty is myrmecology, the study of ants.
Wilson is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. He is known for his scientific career, his role as "the father of sociobiology", his environmental advocacy, and his secular-humanist and deist ideas pertaining to religious and ethical matters.
As of 2007, he is Pellegrino University Research Professor in Entomology for the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University and a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. He is a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism.
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Homer
In the Western classical tradition, Homer ( /ˈhoʊmər/; Ancient Greek: Ὅμηρος, Hómēros) is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics lie at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature.
When he lived is unknown. Herodotus estimates that Homer lived 400 years before Herodotus' own time, which would place him at around 850 BC; while other ancient sources claim that he lived much nearer to the supposed time of the Trojan War, in the early 12th century BC. Modern researchers appear to place Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC.
The formative influence played by the Homeric epics in shaping Greek culture was widely recognized, and Homer was described as the teacher of Greece. Homer's works, which are about fifty percent speeches, provided models in persuasive speaking and writing that were emulated throughout the ancient and medieval Greek worlds. Fragments of Homer account for nearly half of all identifiable Greek literary papyrus finds.
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J. M. W. Turner
Joseph Mallord William Turner RA (23 April 1775 – 19 December 1851) was an English Romantic landscape painter, watercolourist and printmaker. Turner was considered a controversial figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivaling history painting. Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape painting. He is commonly known as "the painter of light" and his work is regarded as a Romantic preface to Impressionism.
Joseph Mallord William Turner was born on or around the 23 April 1775 in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London, England. His father, William Turner (1738–7 August 1829), was a barber and wig maker, His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers. A younger sister, Mary Ann Turner, was born in September 1778 but died aged four in August 1783.
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John Constable
John Constable (11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English Romantic painter. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for his landscape paintings of Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home—now known as "Constable Country"—which he invested with an intensity of affection. "I should paint my own places best", he wrote to his friend John Fisher in 1821, "painting is but another word for feeling".
His most famous paintings include Dedham Vale of 1802 and The Hay Wain of 1821. Although his paintings are now among the most popular and valuable in British art, he was never financially successful and did not become a member of the establishment until he was elected to the Royal Academy at the age of 52. He sold more paintings in France than in his native England.
John Constable was born in East Bergholt, a village on the River Stour in Suffolk, to Golding and Ann (Watts) Constable. His father was a wealthy corn merchant, owner of Flatford Mill in East Bergholt and, later, Dedham Mill in Essex. Golding Constable also owned his own small ship, The Telegraph, which he moored at Mistley on the Stour estuary and used to transport corn to London. He was a cousin of the London tea merchant, Abram Newman. Although Constable was his parents' second son, his older brother was mentally handicapped and so John was expected to succeed his father in the business, and after a brief period at a boarding school in Lavenham, he was enrolled in a day school in Dedham. Constable worked in the corn business after leaving school, but his younger brother Abram eventually took over the running of the mills.
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Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – August 25, 79 AD), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, which became a model for all such works written subsequently. Pliny the Younger, his nephew, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus:
Pliny is referring to the fact that Tacitus relied on his uncle's now missing work on the History of the German Wars. Pliny the Elder died on August 25, 79 AD, while attempting the rescue by ship of a friend and his family from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that had just destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The prevailing wind would not allow his ship to leave the shore. His companions attributed his collapse and death to toxic fumes; but they were unaffected by the fumes, suggesting natural causes.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.
Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Following this ground-breaking work, he gave a speech entitled The American Scholar in 1837, which Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence".
Emerson wrote most of his important essays as lectures first, then revised them for print. His first two collections of essays – Essays: First Series and Essays: Second Series, published respectively in 1841 and 1844 – represent the core of his thinking, and include such well-known essays as Self-Reliance, The Over-Soul, Circles, The Poet and Experience. Together with Nature, these essays made the decade from the mid-1830s to the mid-1840s Emerson's most fertile period.
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Soil
Soil is a natural body that consists of layers (soil horizons), composed primarily of minerals, which differ from their parent materials in their texture, structure, consistency, color, chemical, biological and other physical characteristics. The end result, soil, is the end product of the influence of the climate (temperature, precipitation), relief (slope), organisms (flora and fauna), parent materials (original minerals), temperature, and time. In engineering, soil is referred to as regolith, or loose rock material. Strictly speaking, soil is the depth of regolith that influences and has been influenced by plant roots and may range in depth from centimeters to many meters.
Soil is composed of particles of broken rock (materials) that have been altered by chemical and mechanical processes that include weathering, erosion and precipitation. Soil is altered from its parent material by the interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It is a mixture of mineral and organic materials that are in solid, gaseous and aqueous states. Soil is commonly referred to as earth or dirt; technically, the term dirt should be restricted to displaced soil.
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Stéphane Udry
Stéphane Udry (born 1961 in Sion, Switzerland) is an astronomer at the University of Geneva in Switzerland, whose current work is primarily the search for extra-solar planets. He and his team, in 2007, discovered a possibly terrestrial planet in the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Gliese 581, approximately 20 light years away in the constellation Libra. He also led the observational team that discovered HD 85512 b, another most promisingly habitable exoplanet.
Udry earned a doctorate at the University of Geneva in 1992, and spent two years at Rutgers University in New Jersey. Later, Udry returned to Geneva, and worked with Michel Mayor, the discoverer of 51 Pegasi b, the first extrasolar planet found revolving around a normal star. In 2007, Udry was appointed full professor in the faculty of natural sciences at the University of Geneva.
Udry's initial research concerned the dynamics of galaxies. His current work chiefly concerns the search for extra-solar planets by analyzing variations in the radial velocities of stars. Among them was Gliese 581 c (announced April 25, 2007)which at the time, was the most likely candidate for habitability of any extrasolar planet discovered so far. The planet was discovered by analyzing data obtained by the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) on the European Southern Observatory's 3.6 meter telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile.
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William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads.
Wordsworth's magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semiautobiographical poem of his early years which he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published, prior to which it was generally known as the poem "to Coleridge". Wordsworth was Britain's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850.
The second of five children born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson, William Wordsworth was born on 7 April 1770 in Wordsworth House in Cockermouth, Cumberland—part of the scenic region in northwest England, the Lake District. His sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year, and the two were baptised together. They had three other siblings: Richard, the eldest, who became a lawyer; John, born after Dorothy, who went to sea and died in 1805 when the ship of which he was Master, the Earl of Abergavenny, was wrecked off the south coast of England; and Christopher, the youngest, who entered the Church and rose to be Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. Their father was a legal representative of James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale and, through his connections, lived in a large mansion in the small town. Wordsworth, as with his siblings, had little involvement with their father, and they would be distant from him until his death in 1783.
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Natural Filmography
Nature Filmography
Natural, All Filmography
- Saavedra
- Peter Koppes
- Peter Andre
- Awesome Car Funmaker
- InMe
- Howard Jones
- Babasonicos
- 14 Bis
- Arrested Development
- ganja
- S Club 7
- Rob Thomas
- Nadine Coyle
- Pale Fountains
- Infusion
- Jones Howard
- Jasmine Villegas
karaoke
NATURAL
Saavedra
Que la vida pare el ritmo natural
Que se cumplan profecías sin llegar
Que el pacífico del sur se vuelva gris
O que Dios se vuelva sordo de escuchar
Nada es tan difícil como respirar
Cuando el corazón te da el camino a seguir
Cuando el alma entera está en demolición
Y el pasaporte del amor venció
Que el destino se devuelva en contravía
Que se acaben hoy los vicios y manías
Que la sal del mundo colme la dulzura
Antes de la ceremonia de clausura
Nada es tan difícil como respirar
Cuando el mundo va de vuelta para atrás
Cuando el alma entera esta en demolición
Y el pasaporte del amor venció
No somos piel hay algo más
Que el cuerpo cuando abriga su desnudez
No somos piel hay más allá
Si el alma cuando muere vuelve a nacer
No solo piel sólo empezar
Y el mundo ya no puede esperar por ti
Honrar la vida es descubrir que hay algo más
Que huesos, que palabras, que quizás
Que la paz se quede solo en teoría
Y todos los credos nieguen la verdad
Que la música se vuelva un acto suicida
Y la poesía una frivolidad
Nada es tan difícil como respirar…
Coro:
No somos piel…
Vivir es mas sencillo que crecer cuando se da desnudo el corazón
Que no me pierda hoy lo simple de esperar
Con la verdad de manifiesto y el amor como señal
Coro:
I can hardly believe you when you say that you love me
'Cause it's been a long time that I've been inclined
And now that you're here, my heart stops aching
Ah, it's only natural
So natural to love you
When I look into your deep eyes and you say that you
love me
I feel such a thrill, the world seems to still
I surrender myself to the pleasure I'm taking
Everybody's left talking to themselves
Everybody's left talking to themselves
All I hear is nothing
I hope they understant where I am
Ah, it's only natural
So natural 'cause I love you
Oh! You make me feel something
When you say that you love me
All my thoughts fade away
Concentration strays
Like a boat leaves a port when its line is breaking
My lips land kisses upon your face
When you say that you love me
And then time won't exist
I'm lost in our kiss
It feels so natural
Just to be with you
I wanna get it on
It feels so good to know
That we can't take it slow
And make it last ... all night
Hey ya got me goin' crazy
And I'd like to get with you
Ooh ya got me thini' 'bout
All the things I wanna do to you
It'd be a pleasure
Just to hold you through the night
And when I touch ya, hey girl
I'm gonna do you right
With a little candle light
And sweet red wine
Don't ya know baby
You'll ne mine
Chorus:
It feels so natural ...
It's time to get to know ya baby
Let me set you in the mood
Well we can spend some time
So we'll unwind
And leave your worries behind
I'll guarantee you
That I'll never do wrong
'Cos you've got what I need
Here's where you belong
You've got me hooked
And it feels so right
Let's make this magic last
For more than just one night
Chorus
Give it up c'mon 'n' don't stop (5x)
You got me goin' crazy (2x)
It's been a pleasure
Just to hold you through the night
And when I touch ya, hey girl
I'm gonna do you right
With a little candle light
And sweet red wine
Don't ya know baby
You'll be mine
isms and answers, heathens and saints
prayer and cancer, color and paints
war and nations, people fight, follow cues
war and nations, people die, win and lose
natural disasters, natural highs
the natural answer is a natural lie
war and nations people fight follow cues,
war and nations people die, win and lose
everybody knows that it's natural,
you gotta compromise just to pay the bill
everybody knows that it's natural
and we're all just natural suckers
everybody knows it's just fear that grows
and grows and grows like a bomb in your
fist that explodes
so what is natural, what is natural
so what is natural, what is natural
natural dancer
You know why I am here, You know,
I glow when you are near, I glow,
I'm taking more than I deserve,
Because everyone has left me,
And I'm leaving more than I deserve,
Because I have gone too far now,
I know,
Forgive me, I promise I will change,
For everyone around me,
Believe me I will not let you down,
Because I've got nothing left here,
You know why, You know why,
I glow now, You know why,
I glow when your near me, you know,
Everything around is natural don't fight it
Don't disagree with this and that, no
Astrology, Evolution, this-and-that-ity
This religion and that, no
Chorus
And if they were not meant to be
Well don't you think they wouldn't be
And if they were not meant to be
Well don't you think they wouldn't be, oh
Your beliefs, philosophy, don't give us peace
Destruction of our enemy does it make us right
And if you took them apart and destroyed them all now one by one
This still won't make it work, no
Everything we like and don't like is whole and natural
I know is doesn't feel like it and the world seems wrong
But if we don't like it now then who can we blame
Blame God, be still, find harmony
Será mejor que yo te advierta que camino solo. Seguro que estoy bien y trato de cambiar un poco. A veces me pregunto: dónde, cómo y tal vez por qué? Las cosas que hoy me pasan son mejor que las de ayer.
Cansado de gritar que nunca nada es suficiente. Me tiro sobre el pasto, y miro cómo gira el frente. Yo quiero que estés bien, aunque estés lejos y yo solo. No me preocupa el tiempo. Porque soy un natural. Es cierto que te extraño y que recuerdo tus caricias. Pero es así mejor, la libertad hoy tiene prisa. A veces me pregunto: dónde, cómo y tal vez porqué? Quizás estés dormida o riendo no lo sé. Mejor lavate el culo y olvidate de la lluvia, el sol trae la paz y limpia todas las palabras.
Penso em você
No seu jeito de falar
Sua maneira de ser e perguntar
Que é muito natural
Como é natural em você acontecer
Um desejo de ver a cor da estrada
E desaparecer
Vou seguir os passos e tentar saber
Onde em que cidade se escondeu você
Quero sem pensar
O seu jeito de calar
De ouvir aquele resto de canção
Que morre pelo ar
Que brinca pelo ar como coisa natural
Em seu corpo tão sereno
Acende a velha mania de cantar
Voz do coração deixou
E pergunta sempre onde andará
Você
Em meu coração há razão
Não esqueço você
Choice, you know I'm saying
Can this last with 2 beautiful women
But at the same time, you know
Every man has this ideal image of just loving 1
I'm checking you out, you're all alone
No one is clocking you, but I'm scoping you
Staring right through you, staring into you
Your beauty is endless and I'm hoping to explore
Brothers may say you're ugly but I disagree
But in a way that's fine with me
'Cause I want to travel with you
Travel in your mind 'cause you seem like a virgin
Free as the wind blows, tall as a tree grows
Wild like nature, yet calm as a field
Hair is natural, lips are natural
Face wins first place, you appeal to me, girl
Let me ask you for some time
For you to unwind together at cetera
I have nothing but pure intentions
Everything we'll be will be natural
Natural
Natural
I'd like to hold your waist as we chase
The wind down the shores of a southern ocean
Rub my fingers through your hair
Slowly rub and caress your forehead and bare
Our problems, as we lay on the bed called earth
Holding hands 'till we touch each and every finger
As the ocean water wets us both
In the center of the crossroads
Spiritual bonds are connected
What an erection
Well, let's drive to the city
And walk among the lights of the city streets
You're making me weak and it's scary
'Cause you've played no games
All you've been is very natural
That's why I'm scared to fall in love with you
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
I wanna be natural
I wanna be natural
I wanna be sleeping in you
I wanna be inside you
I wanna be sleeping deep in you
I wanna be sleeping deep in you
I wanna be in you
I wanna be in you
Natural
Natural
I love your lips
I love the way you do the things you say
Natural
Esta noche estoy tan solo
y me puse a pensar
por que todo lo que hago
a veces sale tan mal
le preguntaba a la noche
le preguntaba al mar
donde esta quella estrella
la que nos debe de guiar
y la luna respondio
yo te lo voy a decir
y me guio por el camino
hacia un bonito lugar
que no que no que no..
que no habia visto
que no habia visto
que no habia visto
que no habia visto
A ti arbol redentor
yo te quisiera pedir
que nunca nos dejes solos
nesesitamos de ti
esta noche hay una fiesta
alla en la playa en el mar
olvidemos la tristezavamos todos a bailar
con el con el con el con el
noveno disco
noveno disco
noveno disco
Loving you is not just luck or illusion
It's in the make-up of our DNA
It's not by chance we make the perfect solution
Don't fight it baby, you know that it's just destiny's way
Baby lovin' you
Comes easily to me
It's what I'm living for
It's all in the chemistry
Baby lovin' you
Is how it's meant to be
It's something that is oh so natural to me
Natural
We got the answers but there's no explanation (no explanation)
We got each other baby come what may (come what may)
It's in the science, it's genetically proven (genetically proven)
Cos when you touch the reaction it just blows me away
Baby lovin' you
Comes easily to me
It's what I'm living for
It's all in the chemistry
Baby lovin' you
Is how it's meant to be
It's something that is oh so natural to me
Natural
Baby lovin' you
Comes easily to me
It's what I'm living for
It's all in the chemistry
Baby lovin' you
Is how it's meant to be
It's something that is oh so natural to me
Natural
Turn off the light, lay your head next to mine
Take it slowly, a step at a time
C'mon get close, closer to me
It's oh so natural, it's oh so easy to see
Baby lovin' you
Comes easily to me
It's what I'm living for
It's all in the chemistry
Baby lovin' you
Is how it's meant to be
It's something that is oh so natural to me
Natural
Baby lovin' you
Comes easily to me
It's what I'm living for
It's all in the chemistry
Baby lovin' you
Is how it's meant to be
It's something that is oh so natural to me
This is not the life I promised you before
I can feel them running chains around our door
And I'm coming to the end of what I'm for
But I will pull myself together, I am sure
I will run for you until I start to drop
I will breathe your breath until you tell me stop
We will see the ending of another sunny day
And we'll wait at home until the next one drops
Are we all just sitting here waiting on the end?
Like it's only natural, it's only natural
Are we filling spaces till we find ourselves again?
Like it's only natural, it's only natural
This is not the way we wanted this to be
And I can feel your doubt inside of me
We're standing on the edge of everything we've ever seen
And everything we'll never get to be
Are we all just sitting here waiting on the end?
Like it's only natural, it's only natural
Are we filling spaces till we find ourselves again?
Like it's only natural, it's only natural
And when you think it's over
It starts coming 'round again
It's coming 'round again
And when you think it's figured out
It starts coming 'round again
It's coming 'round again
It's coming 'round again
Are we all just sitting here waiting on the end?
Like it's only natural, it's only natural
Are we filling spaces till we find ourselves again?
Like it's only natural, it's only natural
It's only natural, it's only natural
Washed my face in the stream, the water was freezing
You were staring at me, I knew I was dreaming
I was walking alone, looking into the sunrise
Then I felt overwhelmed, I was looking through your eyes
It's natural as the dawn, natural as being born
Now I feel, so beautiful
Natural as the wild, natural as each new child
Now I feel, so beautiful and natural
Now we are new, we are feeling
Not looking for home, not looking for meaning
Ignited we touch, no hesitating
This is enough, there will be no more waiting
Cause this is...
Natural as the dawn, natural as being born
Now I feel, so beautiful
Natural as the wild, natural as each new child
Now I feel, so beautiful and natural
Thank you for helping me feel so strong
Thank you for helping me carry on
Thank you for letting me break it, take it, make it on my own
Thank you for taking the time to care
Thank you for knowing how to be there
Cause you freed me, need me, see me, I'm not scared
Natural as the dawn, natural as being born
Now I feel, so beautiful
Natural as the wild, natural as each new child
You said I'm looking fine, yeah, yeah, yeah
You're not so bad yourself!
Natural
No love house of mine
You've got Papa's money
I've got time
Natural
Let's take the Eastern Line
I wish you were mine
I've got a feeling I'd get on fine
Natural
Did you see
I'm looking for your face
But I looked at you
And you done me before
It's so..natural
It's not hard to see
Miles and miles of booze
And you say "so so"
I say "Mr Cool"
Natural
Since I've worn extra holes in my shoes
Let's buy this Eastern Line
I've got a feeling I'd get on fine
Natural
Did you see
The look on your face
But I looked at you
And you done me before
It's so..natural
You said I'm looking fine, yeah, yeah, yeah
You're not so bad yourself!
Natural
No love house of mine
You've got Papa's money
I've got time
Natural
Don't Let Your Love Start a War
It's the same old story
How you're gonna change the world
And you've hurt all the people
A promise, a promise, a promise
And there's just one tiny problem
That just seems to linger
Well you can just about *?* in my house
And there's one thing certain
You're really gonna start a war
You're really gonna start a war
Just listen what they're saying, yeah
Walking through a sunset
Let's *?* and yawning
I see an old friend
And a light that surrounds me
And I'm trying to get back home
and there's one thing certain
You're really gonna start a war
You're really gonna start a war
I got a need, for something new
I got a need, that says it's you
I got a hunger, or has a hunger got me?
I get crazy, when I like what i see
I got your name, I like how it sounds
I get restless, 'till you come around
I get going, will I ever stop?
I get down and you come and fire me up
And I know what I feel should be natural
And I know what I feel should be natural
You're getting happy, from the look on your face
You got honey, and I love the taste
You got a secret, but you're not telling me
You got everything, where it's meant to be
You got my keys, for when the nights are long
And you got me, that was your plan all along
You get me going, and I will never stop
You get me down and I come and fire you up
And I know what I feel should be natural
And I know what I feel should be natural
And I know what I feel should be natural
And I know what I feel should be natural
And I know what I feel should be natural
And I know what I feel should be natural
And I know what I feel should be natural
And I know what I feel should be natural
And I know what I feel should be natural
And I know what I feel should be natural
And I know what I feel should be natural
Everything around is natural don't fight it
Don't disagree with this and that, no
Astrology, Evolution, this-and-that-ity
This religion and that, no
Chorus
And if they were not meant to be
Well don't you think they wouldn't be
And if they were not meant to be
Well don't you think they wouldn't be, oh
Your beliefs, philosophy, don't give us peace
Destruction of our enemy does it make us right
And if you took them apart and destroyed them all now one by one
This still won't make it work, no
Everything we like and don't like is whole and natural
I know is doesn't feel like it and the world seems wrong
But if we don't like it now then who can we blame
You're what keeps the stars hung up in the sky,
You're what keeps the rivers from running dry,
You're what makes my heart go and skip a beat,
When you are inches away from me,
There ain't no reason,
There ain't no rhyme,
But still it happens every single time,
When we say nothing at all,
'Cause your kiss is so natural,
Our first touch was like wild fire...!
Two hearts dancing on a high wire!
Too young to know what's right,
But too much in laa-ove!
To try to fight it,
You're what keeps the stars hung up in the sky,
You're what keeps the rivers from running dry,
You're what makes my heart go and skip a beat,
When you are inches away from me,
There ain't no reason,
There ain't no rhyme,
But still it happens every single time,
When we say nothing at all,
'Cause your kiss is so natural,
Ah-na-na-no!
'Cause your kiss is so natural,
Ah-ah-ah-ah-ah!
Ah-ah-ah...ah-ah-ah oh!
Ah-no-oh-oh!
'Cause your kiss is so natural,
Oh ah-ah-oh,
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Will It Ever
- (Can't Live Without Your) Love and Affection
- Runaway
- Put Your Arms Around Me
- Let Me Count the Ways
- I Count the Minutes
- Left 2 Right
- Human Being Human
- Inside Out
- Its Your Love
- Ancient History
- Paradise
- I'll Be Back for More
- Já na to mám
- Nemusím se hnát
- Do hrobu si nevemu nic
- Kočičky
- Jen pojďte dál
- Co to tu provádíš?
- Pro ten dnešní večer
- Lítací sen
- Projdi se tmou
- Rozloučení
- Kouřím filtr
- Řeči, řeči
- Jen tak plout
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The Natural 1984 complete movies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 137:38
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
An unknown middle-aged batter named Roy Hobbs with a mysterious past appears out of nowhere to take a losing 1930s baseball team to the top of the league in this magical sports fantasy. With the aid of a bat cut from a lightning struck tree, Hobbs lives the fame he should have had earlier when, as a rising pitcher, he is inexplicably shot by a young woman.
http://wn.com/The_Natural_1984_complete_movies
An unknown middle-aged batter named Roy Hobbs with a mysterious past appears out of nowhere to take a losing 1930s baseball team to the top of the league in this magical sports fantasy. With the aid of a bat cut from a lightning struck tree, Hobbs lives the fame he should have had earlier when, as a rising pitcher, he is inexplicably shot by a young woman.
The Natural. Roy Hobbs smashes the clock tower at Wrigley Field. Mammoth home run
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Roy Hobbs is in a terrible batting slump. But a lady in white who was his girlfriend when they were kids, shows up to a game and brings him luck. One of my favorite scenes in the movie The Natural.
http://wn.com/The_Natural_Roy_Hobbs_smashes_the_clock_tower_at_Wrigley_Field_Mammoth_home_run
Roy Hobbs is in a terrible batting slump. But a lady in white who was his girlfriend when they were kids, shows up to a game and brings him luck. One of my favorite scenes in the movie The Natural.
- published: 21 Jan 2010
- views: 84268
- author: Josh25841
Robert Redford in the Natural - Batting Practice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
In this scene, Roy is given a chance to see what he can do with the bat at the plate. Later on, he ends up wrecking every single pitch thrown at him. DISCLAIMER: This video is not meant to discredit those filmmakers involved in The Natural. This is a simple posting of a scene for casual enjoyment, not to take anyone's work away.
http://wn.com/Robert_Redford_in_the_Natural_Batting_Practice
In this scene, Roy is given a chance to see what he can do with the bat at the plate. Later on, he ends up wrecking every single pitch thrown at him. DISCLAIMER: This video is not meant to discredit those filmmakers involved in The Natural. This is a simple posting of a scene for casual enjoyment, not to take anyone's work away.
- published: 20 Nov 2008
- views: 165226
- author: TemplarReturns
Selena Gomez & The Scene - Naturally
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Music video by Selena Gomez & The Scene performing Naturally. (C) 2009 Hollywood Records, Inc. #VEVOCertified on May 6, 2011. www.vevo.com www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Selena_Gomez_The_Scene_Naturally
Music video by Selena Gomez & The Scene performing Naturally. (C) 2009 Hollywood Records, Inc. #VEVOCertified on May 6, 2011. www.vevo.com www.youtube.com
- published: 11 Dec 2009
- views: 178319274
- author: SelenaGomezVEVO
Robert Redford in The Natural - The Final Homerun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
This is one scene that I'll never forget. The Natural is a film that gives glory and magic back to the game of baseball. DISCLAIMER: This video is not meant to discredit those filmmakers involved in The Natural. I am not apart of the black market, or affiliated with a private interest group hellbent on taking money from the filmmakers. This is a simple posting of one my favorite scenes for casual enjoyment not to take anyone's work away. It will not offer the meaning of life nor will it explain why Freud sounds like an asshole sometimes. It wont win you the lotto or give you a ride to school or get you laid. Nor will it make the car of your dreams appear suddenly in your broken concrete driveway. ENJOY
http://wn.com/Robert_Redford_in_The_Natural_The_Final_Homerun
This is one scene that I'll never forget. The Natural is a film that gives glory and magic back to the game of baseball. DISCLAIMER: This video is not meant to discredit those filmmakers involved in The Natural. I am not apart of the black market, or affiliated with a private interest group hellbent on taking money from the filmmakers. This is a simple posting of one my favorite scenes for casual enjoyment not to take anyone's work away. It will not offer the meaning of life nor will it explain why Freud sounds like an asshole sometimes. It wont win you the lotto or give you a ride to school or get you laid. Nor will it make the car of your dreams appear suddenly in your broken concrete driveway. ENJOY
- published: 03 Oct 2008
- views: 330142
- author: TemplarReturns
Robert Redford in The Natural - First At Bat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
After waiting on the bench for several games, Roy is finally given a chance to show Pop what he's got.
http://wn.com/Robert_Redford_in_The_Natural_First_At_Bat
After waiting on the bench for several games, Roy is finally given a chance to show Pop what he's got.
- published: 03 Oct 2008
- views: 114241
- author: TemplarReturns
Natural Hallucinogen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
www.skytopia.com http Try this out, and experience natural hallucination. Stare at the center, keep your eyes still & look away when instructed. Don't worry, this isn't one of those lame "something pops up & scares you" videos.
http://wn.com/Natural_Hallucinogen
www.skytopia.com http Try this out, and experience natural hallucination. Stare at the center, keep your eyes still & look away when instructed. Don't worry, this isn't one of those lame "something pops up & scares you" videos.
- published: 02 Jun 2006
- views: 15026056
- author: questort
Jasmine Villegas - "Natural" Official Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
www.jasminevmusic.com http Luvies, this is my video for my love song "natural" . This isn't an official single but just a taste of what's to come :) you are what makes my heart go and skip a beat :) Directed by: Alfredo Flores
http://wn.com/Jasmine_Villegas_Natural_Official_Music_Video
www.jasminevmusic.com http Luvies, this is my video for my love song "natural" . This isn't an official single but just a taste of what's to come :) you are what makes my heart go and skip a beat :) Directed by: Alfredo Flores
- published: 16 Mar 2011
- views: 2341842
- author: jasminevillegas
The Natural - Home Run Scene
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
This is the best scene in movie history. You have to watch it!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
http://wn.com/The_Natural_Home_Run_Scene
This is the best scene in movie history. You have to watch it!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- published: 28 May 2008
- views: 238887
- author: MichaelSchwarze42
Clams Casino- Natural
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Clams_Casino_Natural
- published: 21 Jun 2011
- views: 317116
- author: Clammyclamsofficial
NATURAL - Movimiento Original (video oficial)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Single del disco Teorema. Sello: Independiente. Productor musical: Charlie Checkz. Direccion: Jose Luis Canales - Furgoneta Films. DESCARGALO EN www.megaupload.com Este video fue grabado en las localidades de Peumo, San vicente de tagua tagua, Puntilla (VI Region)
http://wn.com/NATURAL_Movimiento_Original_video_oficial
Single del disco Teorema. Sello: Independiente. Productor musical: Charlie Checkz. Direccion: Jose Luis Canales - Furgoneta Films. DESCARGALO EN www.megaupload.com Este video fue grabado en las localidades de Peumo, San vicente de tagua tagua, Puntilla (VI Region)
- published: 15 Jul 2011
- views: 4801193
- author: movimient0riginal
Tego Calderón - Al Natural [Feat. Yandel] [2004]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Tego_Calderón_Al_Natural_Feat_Yandel_2004_
- published: 09 Oct 2009
- views: 476980
- author: ElNeneMX
10 Lesser Known Natural Wonders
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
10 Lesser Known Natural Wonders From strange alien landscapes to the Gates of Hell, here are 10 natural wonders you might not have heard of. Music = Take Me There 2 Where else to find All Time 10s... Facebook: ow.ly Twitter: ow.ly Check out a selection of video's highlighting some Alltime10's favourite and interesting people.. @ www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/10_Lesser_Known_Natural_Wonders
10 Lesser Known Natural Wonders From strange alien landscapes to the Gates of Hell, here are 10 natural wonders you might not have heard of. Music = Take Me There 2 Where else to find All Time 10s... Facebook: ow.ly Twitter: ow.ly Check out a selection of video's highlighting some Alltime10's favourite and interesting people.. @ www.youtube.com
- published: 18 Jun 2012
- views: 850117
- author: alltime10s
Natural Selection 2: Darwinism for Dummies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Criken and the space crew take on aliens of all sizes and girths in this action packed gameplay montage of Natural Selection 2. In particular, we discovered tentacle whips are completely terrifying, Onos can fit in just about every small place that comes to mind, and that Gorges are great for belly drifting and building space dicks. In all serious though we found Natural Selection 2 pretty fun. It has a unique mix between fps and rts action combined with a lot of strategic elements and fun alien races. Available on steam here: store.steampowered.com Spacers: -Criken (White Text) -Waddy (Green Text) -Shayne Hawke (Blue Text) -Skippy (Red Text) -Boon (Purple Text) -Casualties (Yellow Text) Song Samples: -Born to Be Wild by Steppenwulf -Thus Spoke Zarathustra (2001 Space Odyssey Theme) Keep up with our crazy antics on twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Natural_Selection_2_Darwinism_for_Dummies
Criken and the space crew take on aliens of all sizes and girths in this action packed gameplay montage of Natural Selection 2. In particular, we discovered tentacle whips are completely terrifying, Onos can fit in just about every small place that comes to mind, and that Gorges are great for belly drifting and building space dicks. In all serious though we found Natural Selection 2 pretty fun. It has a unique mix between fps and rts action combined with a lot of strategic elements and fun alien races. Available on steam here: store.steampowered.com Spacers: -Criken (White Text) -Waddy (Green Text) -Shayne Hawke (Blue Text) -Skippy (Red Text) -Boon (Purple Text) -Casualties (Yellow Text) Song Samples: -Born to Be Wild by Steppenwulf -Thus Spoke Zarathustra (2001 Space Odyssey Theme) Keep up with our crazy antics on twitter: twitter.com
- published: 03 Nov 2012
- views: 359655
- author: Criken2
Moby - Natural Blues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Music video by Moby performing Natural Blues.
http://wn.com/Moby_Natural_Blues
Music video by Moby performing Natural Blues.
- published: 05 Mar 2009
- views: 2994275
- author: emimusic
Tego Calderon - Al Natural
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Music video by Tego Calderon performing Al Natural.
http://wn.com/Tego_Calderon_Al_Natural
Music video by Tego Calderon performing Al Natural.
- published: 18 May 2012
- views: 120049
- author: TegoCalderonVEVO
Bob Marley - Natural Mystic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
There's a natural mystic blowing through the air; If you listen carefully now you will hear. This could be the first trumpet, might as well be the last: Many more will have to suffer, Many more will have to die - don't ask me why. Things are not the way they used to be, I won't tell no lie; One and all have to face reality now. 'Though I've tried to find the answer to all the questions they ask. 'Though I know it's impossible to go livin' through the past - Don't tell no lie. There's a natural mystic blowing through the air - Can't keep them down - If you listen carefully now you will hear. There's a natural mystic blowing through the air. This could be the first trumpet, might as well be the last: Many more will have to suffer, Many more will have to die - don't ask me why. There's a natural mystic blowing through the air - I won't tell no lie; If you listen carefully now you will hear: There's a natural mystic blowing through the air. Such a natural mystic blowing through the air; There's a natural mystic blowing through the air; Such a natural mystic blowing through the air; Such a natural mystic blowing through the air; Such a natural mystic blowing through the air.
http://wn.com/Bob_Marley_Natural_Mystic
There's a natural mystic blowing through the air; If you listen carefully now you will hear. This could be the first trumpet, might as well be the last: Many more will have to suffer, Many more will have to die - don't ask me why. Things are not the way they used to be, I won't tell no lie; One and all have to face reality now. 'Though I've tried to find the answer to all the questions they ask. 'Though I know it's impossible to go livin' through the past - Don't tell no lie. There's a natural mystic blowing through the air - Can't keep them down - If you listen carefully now you will hear. There's a natural mystic blowing through the air. This could be the first trumpet, might as well be the last: Many more will have to suffer, Many more will have to die - don't ask me why. There's a natural mystic blowing through the air - I won't tell no lie; If you listen carefully now you will hear: There's a natural mystic blowing through the air. Such a natural mystic blowing through the air; There's a natural mystic blowing through the air; Such a natural mystic blowing through the air; Such a natural mystic blowing through the air; Such a natural mystic blowing through the air.
- published: 03 Jul 2009
- views: 1762299
- author: Rhesusftw
A lo natural - JuanChito & Rojah (Dj Shark & Saico flow Studio)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
the caribean, the seas, the beautifull womens. dancing and whining whit the motion of the reggae musik.... This riddim is a style of the music from SAN ANDRES Islas movement, (Tropic Caribean Music). Hope it be for the like of all... and I thank u for your comment.
http://wn.com/A_lo_natural_JuanChito_Rojah_Dj_Shark_Saico_flow_Studio
the caribean, the seas, the beautifull womens. dancing and whining whit the motion of the reggae musik.... This riddim is a style of the music from SAN ANDRES Islas movement, (Tropic Caribean Music). Hope it be for the like of all... and I thank u for your comment.
- published: 05 Mar 2010
- views: 1784714
- author: bomboclata1
Laidback Luke vs. Example - Natural Disaster (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Buy the single here: goo.gl Buy in the UK here: bit.ly Laidback Luke vs. Example - Natural Disaster (Official Video) from Ultra Music Ultra Music is one step ahead in the world of dance music and is a leading independent electronic label. Ultra's current roster includes North American artists deadmau5, Wolfgang Gartner, Kaskade, Roger Sanchez, Markus Schulz, Tommie Sunshine, David Morales, Sharam, Cedric Gervais, and international artists Tiësto, Above & Beyond, Benny Benassi, Ferry Corsten, Armin van Buuren, Alex Gaudino, Kraak & Smaak, Morcheeba, Congorock, Adrian Lux, GRUM, Unicorn Kid, Fedde le Grand, and others. Ultra has featured releases from the aforementioned artists and many others such as Paul van Dyk, Paul Oakenfold, The Crystal Method, Timo Maas, Sasha & John Digweed, 4 Strings, Panjabi MC, Despina Vandi, Junkie XL and DJ Antoine. Ultra Music Online: www.ultramusic.com http www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Laidback_Luke_vs_Example_Natural_Disaster_Official_Video
Buy the single here: goo.gl Buy in the UK here: bit.ly Laidback Luke vs. Example - Natural Disaster (Official Video) from Ultra Music Ultra Music is one step ahead in the world of dance music and is a leading independent electronic label. Ultra's current roster includes North American artists deadmau5, Wolfgang Gartner, Kaskade, Roger Sanchez, Markus Schulz, Tommie Sunshine, David Morales, Sharam, Cedric Gervais, and international artists Tiësto, Above & Beyond, Benny Benassi, Ferry Corsten, Armin van Buuren, Alex Gaudino, Kraak & Smaak, Morcheeba, Congorock, Adrian Lux, GRUM, Unicorn Kid, Fedde le Grand, and others. Ultra has featured releases from the aforementioned artists and many others such as Paul van Dyk, Paul Oakenfold, The Crystal Method, Timo Maas, Sasha & John Digweed, 4 Strings, Panjabi MC, Despina Vandi, Junkie XL and DJ Antoine. Ultra Music Online: www.ultramusic.com http www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.facebook.com
- published: 20 Sep 2011
- views: 3621087
- author: UltraRecords
![Aretha Franklin - (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman [1967]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121208082320im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/dEWuAcMWDLY/default.jpg "Aretha Franklin - (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman [1967]")
Aretha Franklin - (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman [1967]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Aretha Franklin - (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman / Song written by Gerry Goffin, Carole King & Jerry Wexler / Album: Lady Soul (1967)
http://wn.com/Aretha_Franklin_You_Make_Me_Feel_Like_A_Natural_Woman_1967_
Aretha Franklin - (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman / Song written by Gerry Goffin, Carole King & Jerry Wexler / Album: Lady Soul (1967)
- published: 20 Jan 2011
- views: 1204468
- author: TatanBrown
Natural Pools - Natural Pool selfbuild
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
"Swimming in natural water is a delight to our sences. Your skin and hair feels soft and your eyes don't sting. It seems as if, every cell in your body is telling you - this is the way swimming should be." David Pagan Butler, www.organicpools.co.uk A Natural Swimming Pool is swimming pool that has clear water without using chemicals. These pools rely entirely on the plants and animals to condition the water. This is so effective that this pool has been tested and shown to be of drinking water quality. Also, through the continual natural "cleaning process" the pool water never needs changing, saving water. Chemical free so it is healthy for people and wildlife. Wild Swimming at home.
http://wn.com/Natural_Pools_Natural_Pool_selfbuild
"Swimming in natural water is a delight to our sences. Your skin and hair feels soft and your eyes don't sting. It seems as if, every cell in your body is telling you - this is the way swimming should be." David Pagan Butler, www.organicpools.co.uk A Natural Swimming Pool is swimming pool that has clear water without using chemicals. These pools rely entirely on the plants and animals to condition the water. This is so effective that this pool has been tested and shown to be of drinking water quality. Also, through the continual natural "cleaning process" the pool water never needs changing, saving water. Chemical free so it is healthy for people and wildlife. Wild Swimming at home.
- published: 25 Nov 2010
- views: 252391
- author: davidpaganbutler
Special Report - 'Going Natural'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:35
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
NewsChannel 5 reporter Rochelle Ritchie's drastic change
http://wn.com/Special_Report_'Going_Natural'
NewsChannel 5 reporter Rochelle Ritchie's drastic change
- published: 18 Nov 2010
- views: 181586
- author: WPTVnews
The Natural - Tour Guide (Ft. Stopha)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
DOWNLOAD LINK: hulkshare.com Second single off "Pipe Dreams", available on iTunes: itunes.apple.com Follow: www.Twitter.com Like: www.facebook.com Instagram: ItsTheNatural Follow Stopha www.twitter.com www.youtube.com www.facebook.com "the natural rapper"
http://wn.com/The_Natural_Tour_Guide_Ft_Stopha
DOWNLOAD LINK: hulkshare.com Second single off "Pipe Dreams", available on iTunes: itunes.apple.com Follow: www.Twitter.com Like: www.facebook.com Instagram: ItsTheNatural Follow Stopha www.twitter.com www.youtube.com www.facebook.com "the natural rapper"
- published: 24 Sep 2010
- views: 72823
- author: jkeith112
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
06 Dec 2012
NEW BATAAN, Philippines - A powerful typhoon that washed away emergency shelters, a military camp and possibly entire families in the southern Philippines has killed almost 350 people with nearly 400 missing, authorities said Thursday ... Bodies of victims were laid on the ground for viewing by people searching for missing relatives ... In 'nature-lover's paradise,' too much nature?Venice looking at priorities for congressional delegationNo....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Photo
06 Dec 2012
Lionel Messi missed out on a chance to match Gerd Mueller's record of 85 goals in a calendar year as he was injured during Barcelona's draw with Benfica. Messi, who hurt his left knee in a collision with Benfica keeper Artur, was taken off 30 minutes after coming on as a second-half substitute. Benfica knew a win would see them finish second behind Barca in Group G ... FC Barcelona's official Twitter account tweeted after the Benfica game....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: US Navy / Matthew Stroup
05 Dec 2012
ISAF today issued an operational update on combat operations in Afghanistan. It noted, among other things, that Afghan and coalition security forces conducted an operation in Watahpur district yesterday that resulted in the “death of insurgent leader Mohammad Yar Gul.” ... Mohammed Yar Gul coordinated the movement of insurgent fighters throughout Kunar province ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Karlos Manlupig
05 Dec 2012
The death toll from a powerful storm that hit the southern Philippines is continuing to rise, as rescue teams headed for affected areas. Typhoon Bopha struck Mindanao island on Tuesday, bringing rain and high winds. Tens of thousands were evacuated ahead of the storm, which is now passing over the western island of Palawan ... Water and mud rushed down mountainous slopes to engulf a school and a village hall serving as evacuation centres ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
08 Dec 2012
The Project for Natural Health Choices Inc ... The Project for Natural Health Choices Inc ... This release has been sponsored by the Project for Natural Health Choices Inc., a natural health company that wants to help people improve their health through natural methods such as natural dietary supplements, exercise, and other natural therapies. To learn more about the Project for Natural Health Choices Inc....(size: 2.5Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
08 Dec 2012
This all-natural powdered formula includes ingredients that help to regulate the blood levels without the need for a prescription to treat hypertension. San Francisco, California (PRWEB) December 08, 2012 Hypercet has released its new all-natural formula to help maintain normal blood pressure in men and women that experience higher than average levels....(size: 3.6Kb)
Star Telegram
08 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON -- Manufacturers terrified that rising natural gas prices threaten their bottom lines are pressuring the Obama administration to limit exports of the fossil fuel in the wake of a study that said selling more overseas would broadly benefit the country ... Its projects linked to abundant, inexpensive natural gas supplies include ethylene, propylene and herbicide facilities planned for St....(size: 3.0Kb)
Hernando Today
08 Dec 2012
It seems someone forgot to tell Nature Coast it's supposed to be rebuilding ... Yet in the early going, Nature Coast still seems capable of making a deep postseason run, tested by two quality Pasco County squads last week in Wiregrass Ranch and Mitchell ... The Panthers are supposed to be poised to overtake Nature Coast within the district, and go well beyond that in regionals ... Nature Coast 46, Eustis 24 ... Nature Coast (46)....(size: 5.3Kb)
The Washington Post
08 Dec 2012
But when it comes to exporting some of this nation’s abundant supplies of natural gas, those who oppose opening up to the world turn that logic on its head — arguing, strangely, that Americans shouldn’t be trying to sell this particular product to other nations, bringing money into the country in the process ... In every case, exporting natural gas produced net economic benefits....(size: 5.0Kb)
Hernando Today
08 Dec 2012
Boys Basketball.. Hernando at Dunnellon. Hernando def. Dunnellon, 68-61. HER – Jeff Velasquez 14 points; Giovanni Perez 13 points; Marcus Neal 10 points; Mark Wilson 12 points. Records – Hernando (3-0, 2-0 5A-7). . Eustis at Nature Coast. Nature Coast def ... Records – Nature Coast (5-1, 2-0 5A-7). ... Nature Coast at Eustis ... Nature Coast at Hernando. Nature Coast def ... Records – Nature Coast (10-1), Hernando (3-9-1)....(size: 2.4Kb)
The Roanoke Times
08 Dec 2012
Such a scene promises a oneness with past and future, between people and nature ... Aristotle gave a name to what human nature ultimately wanted ... In order to see accurately, Einstein figured "our task must be to free ourselves from our prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all humanity and the whole of nature in its beauty." ... This is why they were unafraid of other people — or nature, or death, or God....(size: 5.3Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
08 Dec 2012
The superfood is often called Nature’s multivitamin because it contains more nutrition gram-per-gram than any other food in the world ... Hawaiian Astaxanthin is nature’s most powerful antioxidant and a natural anti-inflammatory ... It’s all natural, 100 percent vegetarian, Kosher Certified, and Non-GMO ... As nature’s most powerful antioxidant, BioAstin® ......(size: 4.1Kb)
Voa News
08 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON — The Hope Diamond has long been the undisputed star of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, but it's being upstaged by a new gem ... The obelisk-shaped Dom Pedro gem, the world's largest cut aquamarine gem, will go on display at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in Washington ... That’s why they donated the Dom Pedro to the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History....(size: 3.3Kb)
Sacramento Bee
08 Dec 2012
There is a legendary place along Northern California's coast where the ocean meets the land, a natural haven for birds, fish, harbor seals, and humans ... Interior Secretary Ken Salazar, whose historic decision provided a gift of nature to the people of this country, a significant step to restore health to an ocean that has been greatly stressed in recent years....(size: 4.7Kb)
Hernando Today
08 Dec 2012
As a freshman, she immediately became a rotation regular for Nature Coast, which captured a district championship and advanced to the Sweet 16 ... Over Skinner's initial three prep campaigns, Nature Coast compiled a 70-17 mark ... Out of all the high schools in the county, I got picked to be Player of the Year, and I think it's really cool to keep it in the Nature Coast family....(size: 7.1Kb)
The Examiner
08 Dec 2012
Keep in mind that about 1 in 10,000 are naturally immune to Z-virus ... The Z-virus is a naturally occurring dormant virus in some number of people ... The primary way a Z-virus pandemic will happen is likely by way of a natural outbreak where the Z-virus piggy-backs on some other natural pandemic ... While I accept the “natural” theory of how viruses thin the herd, I do not believe the same thing applies to the Z-virus....(size: 17.4Kb)
- "Natural" and "Natural World" redirect here. For other uses, see Nature (disambiguation) and Natural (disambiguation).
Nature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical world, or material world. "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. It ranges in scale from the subatomic to the cosmic.
The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura, or "essential qualities, innate disposition", and in ancient times, literally meant "birth".[1] Natura was a Latin translation of the Greek word physis (φύσις), which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants, animals, and other features of the world develop of their own accord.[2][3] The concept of nature as a whole, the physical universe, is one of several expansions of the original notion; it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by pre-Socratic philosophers, and has steadily gained currency ever since. This usage was confirmed during the advent of modern scientific method in the last several centuries.[4][5]
Within the various uses of the word today, "nature" often refers to geology and wildlife. Nature may refer to the general realm of various types of living plants and animals, and in some cases to the processes associated with inanimate objects – the way that particular types of things exist and change of their own accord, such as the weather and geology of the Earth, and the matter and energy of which all these things are composed. It is often taken to mean the "natural environment" or wilderness–wild animals, rocks, forest, beaches, and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention, or which persist despite human intervention. For example, manufactured objects and human interaction generally are not considered part of nature, unless qualified as, for example, "human nature" or "the whole of nature". This more traditional concept of natural things which can still be found today implies a distinction between the natural and the artificial, with the artificial being understood as that which has been brought into being by a human consciousness or a human mind. Depending on the particular context, the term "natural" might also be distinguished from the unnatural, the supernatural, or synthetic.
Contents |
Earth[link]
Main articles: Earth and Earth science
Earth (or, "the earth") is the only planet presently known to support life, and its natural features are the subject of many fields of scientific research. Within the solar system, it is third closest to the sun; it is the largest terrestrial planet and the fifth largest overall. Its most prominent climatic features are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region.[6] Precipitation varies widely with location, from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. 71 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with most of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.
Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into several gradually migrating tectonic plates. The interior remains active, with a thick layer of plastic mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field.
The atmospheric conditions have been significantly altered from the original conditions by the presence of life-forms,[7] which create an ecological balance that stabilizes the surface conditions. Despite the wide regional variations in climate by latitude and other geographic factors, the long-term average global climate is quite stable during interglacial periods,[8] and variations of a degree or two of average global temperature have historically had major effects on the ecological balance, and on the actual geography of the Earth.[9][10]
Geology[link]
Main article: Geology
Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth. The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition, structure, physical properties, dynamics, and history of Earth materials, and the processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed. The field is a major academic discipline, and is also important for mineral and hydrocarbon extraction, knowledge about and mitigation of natural hazards, some Geotechnical engineering fields, and understanding past climates and environments.
Geological evolution[link]
The geology of an area evolves through time as rock units are deposited and inserted and deformational processes change their shapes and locations.
Rock units are first emplaced either by deposition onto the surface or intrude into the overlying rock. Deposition can occur when sediments settle onto the surface of the Earth and later lithify into sedimentary rock, or when as volcanic material such as volcanic ash or lava flows, blanket the surface. Igneous intrusions such as batholiths, laccoliths, dikes, and sills, push upwards into the overlying rock, and crystallize as they intrude.
After the initial sequence of rocks has been deposited, the rock units can be deformed and/or metamorphosed. Deformation typically occurs as a result of horizontal shortening, horizontal extension, or side-to-side (strike-slip) motion. These structural regimes broadly relate to convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, and transform boundaries, respectively, between tectonic plates.
Historical perspective[link]
Main articles: History of the Earth and Evolution
Earth is estimated to have formed 4.54 billion years ago from the solar nebula, along with the Sun and other planets.[12] The moon formed roughly 20 million years later. Initially molten, the outer layer of the planet cooled, resulting in the solid crust. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, most or all of which came from ice delivered by comets, produced the oceans and other water sources.[13] The highly energetic chemistry is believed to have produced a self-replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago.[14]
Continents formed, then broke up and reformed as the surface of Earth reshaped over hundreds of millions of years, occasionally combining to make a supercontinent. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia which broke apart about 540 million years ago, then finally Pangaea, which broke apart about 180 million years ago.[15]
There is significant evidence that a severe glacial action during the Neoproterozoic era covered much of the planet in a sheet of ice. This hypothesis has been termed the "Snowball Earth", and it is of particular interest as it precedes the Cambrian explosion in which multicellular life forms began to proliferate about 530–540 million years ago.[16]
Since the Cambrian explosion there have been five distinctly identifiable mass extinctions.[17] The last mass extinction occurred some 65 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals, which then resembled shrews. Over the past 65 million years, mammalian life diversified.[18]
Several million years ago, a species of small African ape gained the ability to stand upright.[19] The subsequent advent of human life, and the development of agriculture and further civilization allowed humans to affect the Earth more rapidly than any previous life form, affecting both the nature and quantity of other organisms as well as global climate. By comparison, the Great Oxygenation Event, produced by the proliferation of algae during the Siderian period, required about 300 million years to culminate.
The present era is classified as part of a mass extinction event, the Holocene extinction event, the fastest ever to have occurred.[20][21] Some, such as E. O. Wilson of Harvard University, predict that human destruction of the biosphere could cause the extinction of one-half of all species in the next 100 years.[22] The extent of the current extinction event is still being researched, debated and calculated by biologists.[23]
Atmosphere, climate, and weather[link]
The atmosphere of the Earth serves as a key factor in sustaining the planetary ecosystem. The thin layer of gases that envelops the Earth is held in place by the planet's gravity. Dry air consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon and other inert gases, carbon dioxide, etc.; but air also contains a variable amount of water vapor. The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude, and has a scale height of about 8 kilometres at the Earth's surface: the height at which the atmospheric pressure has declined by a factor of e (a mathematical constant equal to 2.71...).[24][25] The ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere plays an important role in depleting the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As DNA is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.
Terrestrial weather occurs almost exclusively in the lower part of the atmosphere, and serves as a convective system for redistributing heat. Ocean currents are another important factor in determining climate, particularly the major underwater thermohaline circulation which distributes heat energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions. These currents help to moderate the differences in temperature between winter and summer in the temperate zones. Also, without the redistributions of heat energy by the ocean currents and atmosphere, the tropics would be much hotter, and the polar regions much colder.
Weather can have both beneficial and harmful effects. Extremes in weather, such as tornadoes or hurricanes and cyclones, can expend large amounts of energy along their paths, and produce devastation. Surface vegetation has evolved a dependence on the seasonal variation of the weather, and sudden changes lasting only a few years can have a dramatic effect, both on the vegetation and on the animals which depend on its growth for their food.
The planetary climate is a measure of the long-term trends in the weather. Various factors are known to influence the climate, including ocean currents, surface albedo, greenhouse gases, variations in the solar luminosity, and changes to the planet's orbit. Based on historical records, the Earth is known to have undergone drastic climate changes in the past, including ice ages.
The climate of a region depends on a number of factors, especially latitude. A latitudinal band of the surface with similar climatic attributes forms a climate region. There are a number of such regions, ranging from the tropical climate at the equator to the polar climate in the northern and southern extremes. Weather is also influenced by the seasons, which result from the Earth's axis being tilted relative to its orbital plane. Thus, at any given time during the summer or winter, one part of the planet is more directly exposed to the rays of the sun. This exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit. At any given time, regardless of season, the northern and southern hemispheres experience opposite seasons.
Weather is a chaotic system that is readily modified by small changes to the environment, so accurate weather forecasting is currently limited to only a few days.[citation needed] Overall, two things are currently happening worldwide: (1) temperature is increasing on the average; and (2) regional climates have been undergoing noticeable changes.[26]
Water on Earth[link]
Main article: Water
Water is a chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and is vital for all known forms of life.[27] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface.[28] On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.[29] Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. Additionally, a minute amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.
Oceans[link]
 Earth's oceans (World Ocean) |
|---|
Main article: Ocean
An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.[30][31] This concept of a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography.[32]
The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, bays and other names. There are also salt lakes, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater that are not interconnected with the World Ocean. Two notable examples of salt lakes are the Aral Sea and the Great Salt Lake.
Lakes[link]
Main article: Lake
A lake (from Latin lacus) is a terrain feature (or physical feature), a body of liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the bottom of basin (another type of landform or terrain feature; that is, it is not global) and moves slowly if it moves at all. On Earth, a body of water is considered a lake when it is inland, not part of the ocean, is larger and deeper than a pond, and is fed by a river.[33][34] The only world other than Earth known to harbor lakes is Titan, Saturn's largest moon, which has lakes of ethane, most likely mixed with methane. It is not known if Titan's lakes are fed by rivers, though Titan's surface is carved by numerous river beds. Natural lakes on Earth are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing or recent glaciation. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world, there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them.
Ponds[link]
Main article: Pond
A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or man-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. A wide variety of man-made bodies of water are classified as ponds, including water gardens designed for aesthetic ornamentation, fish ponds designed for commercial fish breeding, and solar ponds designed to store thermal energy. Ponds and lakes are distinguished from streams via current speed. While currents in streams are easily observed, ponds and lakes possess thermally driven microcurrents and moderate wind driven currents. These features distinguish a pond from many other aquatic terrain features, such as stream pools and tide pools.
Rivers[link]
Main article: River
A river is a natural watercourse,[35] usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, a sea or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill; there is no general rule that defines what can be called a river. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; one example is Burn in Scotland and North-east England. Sometimes a river is said to be larger than a creek,[36] but this is not always the case, due to vagueness in the language.[37] A river is part of the hydrological cycle. Water within a river is generally collected from precipitation through surface runoff, groundwater recharge, springs, and the release of stored water in natural ice and snowpacks (i.e., from glaciers).
Streams[link]
Main article: Stream
A stream is a flowing body of water with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks. In the United States a stream is classified as a watercourse less than 60 feet (18 metres) wide. Streams are important as conduits in the water cycle, instruments in groundwater recharge, and they serve as corridors for fish and wildlife migration. The biological habitat in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone. Given the status of the ongoing Holocene extinction, streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats and thus in conserving biodiversity. The study of streams and waterways in general involves many branches of inter-disciplinary natural science and engineering, including hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, aquatic ecology, fish biology, riparian ecology and others.
Ecosystems[link]
Ecosystems are composed of a variety of abiotic and biotic components that function in an interrelated way.[39] The structure and composition is determined by various environmental factors that are interrelated. Variations of these factors will initiate dynamic modifications to the ecosystem. Some of the more important components are: soil, atmosphere, radiation from the sun, water, and living organisms.
Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that living organisms interact with every other element in their local environment. Eugene Odum, a founder of ecology, stated: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms (ie: the "community") in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecosystem."[40] Within the ecosystem, species are connected and dependent upon one another in the food chain, and exchange energy and matter between themselves as well as with their environment.[41] The human ecosystem concept is grounded in the deconstruction of the human/nature dichotomy and the premise that all species are ecologically integrated with each other, as well as with the abiotic constituents of their biotope.[citation needed]
A smaller unit of size is called a microecosystem. For example, a microsystem can be a stone and all the life under it. A macroecosystem might involve a whole ecoregion, with its drainage basin.[42]
Wilderness[link]
Main article: Wilderness
Wilderness is generally defined as areas that have not been significantly modified by human activity. The WILD Foundation goes into more detail, defining wilderness as: "The most intact, undisturbed wild natural areas left on our planet – those last truly wild places that humans do not control and have not developed with roads, pipelines or other industrial infrastructure." Wilderness areas can be found in preserves, estates, farms, conservation preserves, ranches, national forests, national parks and even in urban areas along rivers, gulches or otherwise undeveloped areas. Wilderness areas and protected parks are considered important for the survival of certain species, ecological studies, conservation, solitude, and recreation. Some nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human spirit and creativity,[43] and some Ecologists consider wilderness areas to be an integral part of the planet's self-sustaining natural ecosystem (the biosphere). They may also preserve historic genetic traits and that they provide habitat for wild flora and fauna that may be difficult to recreate in zoos, arboretums or laboratories.
Life[link]
Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction.[44] Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of organisms.
Properties common to terrestrial organisms (plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea and bacteria) are that they are cellular, carbon-and-water-based with complex organization, having a metabolism, a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, and reproduce. An entity with these properties is generally considered life. However, not every definition of life considers all of these properties to be essential. Human-made analogs of life may also be considered to be life.
The biosphere is the part of Earth's outer shell – including land, surface rocks, water, air and the atmosphere – within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest geophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere (rocks), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air). Currently the entire Earth contains over 75 billion tons (150 trillion pounds or about 6.8 x 1013 kilograms) of biomass (life), which lives within various environments within the biosphere.[45]
Over nine-tenths of the total biomass on Earth is plant life, on which animal life depends very heavily for its existence.[46] More than 2 million species of plant and animal life have been identified to date,[47] and estimates of the actual number of existing species range from several million to well over 50 million.[48][49][50] The number of individual species of life is constantly in some degree of flux, with new species appearing and others ceasing to exist on a continual basis.[51][52] The total number of species is presently in rapid decline.[53][54][55]
Evolution[link]
Main article: Evolution
Life is only known to exist on the planet Earth.(cf Astrobiology) The origin of life is still a poorly understood process, but it is thought to have occurred about 3.9 to 3.5 billion years ago during the hadean or archean eons on a primordial earth that had a substantially different environment than is found at present.[58] These life forms possessed the basic traits of self-replication and inheritable traits. Once life had appeared, the process of evolution by natural selection resulted in the development of ever-more diverse life forms.
Species that were unable to adapt to the changing environment and competition from other life forms became extinct. However, the fossil record retains evidence of many of these older species. Current fossil and DNA evidence shows that all existing species can trace a continual ancestry back to the first primitive life forms.[58]
The advent of photosynthesis in very basic forms of plant life worldwide allowed the sun's energy to be harvested to create conditions allowing for more complex life.[citation needed] The resultant oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the ozone layer. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of yet more complex cells called eukaryotes.[59] Cells within colonies became increasingly specialized, resulting in true multicellular organisms. With the ozone layer absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation, life colonized the surface of Earth.
Microbes[link]
_Lorryia_formosa_2_edit.jpg)
Main article: Microbe
The first form of life to develop on the Earth were microbes, and they remained the only form of life on the planet until about a billion years ago when multi-cellular organisms began to appear.[60] Microorganisms are single-celled organisms that are generally microscopic, and smaller than the human eye can see. They include Bacteria, Fungi, Archaea and Protista.
These life forms are found in almost every location on the Earth where there is liquid water, including the interior of rocks within the planet.[61] Their reproduction is both rapid and profuse. The combination of a high mutation rate and a horizontal gene transfer[62] ability makes them highly adaptable, and able to survive in new environments, including outer space.[63] They form an essential part of the planetary ecosystem. However some microorganisms are pathogenic and can post health risk to other organisms.
Plants and animals[link]
Originally Aristotle divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move fast enough for humans to notice, and animals. In Linnaeus' system, these became the kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Plantae) and Animalia. Since then, it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms. However, these are still often considered plants in many contexts. Bacterial life is sometimes included in flora,[64][65] and some classifications use the term bacterial flora separately from plant flora.
Among the many ways of classifying plants are by regional floras, which, depending on the purpose of study, can also include fossil flora, remnants
of plant life from a previous era. People in many regions and countries take great pride in their individual arrays of characteristic flora, which can vary widely across the globe due to differences in climate and terrain.
Regional floras commonly are divided into categories such as native flora and agricultural and garden flora, the lastly mentioned of which are intentionally grown and cultivated. Some types of "native flora" actually have been introduced centuries ago by people migrating from one region or continent to another, and become an integral part of the native, or natural flora of the place to which they were introduced. This is an example of how human interaction with nature can blur the boundary of what is considered nature.
Another category of plant has historically been carved out for weeds. Though the term has fallen into disfavor among botanists as a formal way to categorize "useless" plants, the informal use of the word "weeds" to describe those plants that are deemed worthy of elimination is illustrative of the general tendency of people and societies to seek to alter or shape the course of nature. Similarly, animals are often categorized in ways such as domestic, farm animals, wild animals, pests, etc. according to their relationship to human life.
Animals as a category have several characteristics that generally set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and usually multicellular (although see Myxozoa), which separates them from bacteria, archaea and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking cell walls.
With a few exceptions, most notably the sponges (Phylum Porifera), animals have bodies differentiated into separate tissues.[citation needed] These include muscles, which are able to contract and control locomotion, and a nervous system, which sends and processes signals. There is also typically an internal digestive chamber. The eukaryotic cells possessed by all animals are surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules, a framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized during development and maturation, and which supports the complex anatomy required for mobility.
Human interrelationship[link]
Although humans currently comprise only a minuscule proportion of the total living biomass on Earth, the human effect on nature is disproportionately large. Because of the extent of human influence, the boundaries between what humans regard as nature and "made environments" is not clear cut except at the extremes. Even at the extremes, the amount of natural environment that is free of discernible human influence is presently diminishing at an increasingly rapid pace.
The development of technology by the human race has allowed the greater exploitation of natural resources and has helped to alleviate some of the risk from natural hazards. In spite of this progress, however, the fate of human civilization remains closely linked to changes in the environment. There exists a highly complex feedback loop between the use of advanced technology and changes to the environment that are only slowly becoming understood.[66] Man-made threats to the Earth's natural environment include pollution, deforestation, and disasters such as oil spills. Humans have contributed to the extinction of many plants and animals.
Humans employ nature for both leisure and economic activities. The acquisition of natural resources for industrial use remains the primary component of the world's economic system.[citation needed] Some activities, such as hunting and fishing, are used for both sustenance and leisure, often by different people. Agriculture was first adopted around the 9th millennium BCE. Ranging from food production to energy, nature influences economic wealth.
Although early humans gathered uncultivated plant materials for food and employed the medicinal properties of vegetation for healing,[67] most modern human use of plants is through agriculture. The clearance of large tracts of land for crop growth has led to a significant reduction in the amount available of forestation and wetlands, resulting in the loss of habitat for many plant and animal species as well as increased erosion.[68]
Aesthetics and beauty[link]
Beauty in nature has historically been a prevalent theme in art and books, filling large sections of libraries and bookstores. That nature has been depicted and celebrated by so much art, photography, poetry and other literature shows the strength with which many people associate nature and beauty. Reasons why this association exists, and what the association consists of, is studied by the branch of philosophy called aesthetics. Beyond certain basic characteristics that many philosophers agree about to explain what is seen as beautiful, the opinions are virtually endless.[69] Nature and wildness have been important subjects in various eras of world history. An early tradition of landscape art began in China during the Tang Dynasty (618–907). The tradition of representing nature as it is became one of the aims of Chinese painting and was a significant influence in Asian art.
Although natural wonders are celebrated in the Psalms and the Book of Job, wilderness portrayals in art became more prevalent in the 1800s, especially in the works of the Romantic movement. British artists John Constable and J. M. W. Turner turned their attention to capturing the beauty of the natural world in their paintings. Before that, paintings had been primarily of religious scenes or of human beings. William Wordsworth's poetry described the wonder of the natural world, which had formerly been viewed as a threatening place. Increasingly the valuing of nature became an aspect of Western culture.[70] This artistic movement also coincided with the Transcendentalist movement in the Western world. A common classical idea of beautiful art involves the word mimesis, the imitation of nature. Also in the realm of ideas about beauty in nature is that the perfect is implied through perfect mathematical forms and more generally by patterns in nature. As David Rothenburg writes, "The beautiful is the root of science and the goal of art, the highest possibility that humanity can ever hope to see".[71]:281
Matter and energy[link]
Some fields of science see nature as matter in motion, obeying certain laws of nature which science seeks to understand. For this reason the most fundamental science is generally understood to be "physics" – the name for which is still recognizable as meaning that it is the study of nature.
Matter is commonly defined as the substance of which physical objects are composed. It constitutes the observable universe. The visible components of the universe are now believed to compose only 4 percent of the total mass. The remainder is believed to consist of 23 percent cold dark matter and 73 percent dark energy.[72] The exact nature of these components is still unknown and is currently under intensive investigation by physicists.
The behavior of matter and energy throughout the observable universe appears to follow well-defined physical laws. These laws have been employed to produce cosmological models that successfully explain the structure and the evolution of the universe we can observe. The mathematical expressions of the laws of physics employ a set of twenty physical constants[73] that appear to be static across the observable universe.[74] The values of these constants have been carefully measured, but the reason for their specific values remains a mystery.
Beyond Earth[link]
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Outer space, also simply called space, refers to the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. Outer space is used to distinguish it from airspace (and terrestrial locations). There is no discrete boundary between the Earth's atmosphere and space, as the atmosphere gradually attenuates with increasing altitude. Outer space within the Solar System is called interplanetary space, which passes over into interstellar space at what is known as the heliopause.
Outer space is certainly spacious, but it is far from empty.[citation needed] Outer space is sparsely filled with several dozen types of organic molecules discovered to date by microwave spectroscopy, blackbody radiation left over from the big bang and the origin of the universe, and cosmic rays, which include ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles. There is also some gas, plasma and dust, and small meteors. Additionally, there are signs of human life in outer space today, such as material left over from previous manned and unmanned launches which are a potential hazard to spacecraft. Some of this debris re-enters the atmosphere periodically.
Although the planet Earth is currently the only known body within the solar system to support life, current evidence suggests that in the distant past the planet Mars possessed bodies of liquid water on the surface.[75] For a brief period in Mars' history, it may have also been capable of forming life. At present though, most of the water remaining on Mars is frozen. If life exists at all on Mars, it is most likely to be located underground where liquid water can still exist.[76]
Conditions on the other terrestrial planets, Mercury and Venus, appear to be too harsh to support life as we know it.[citation needed] But it has been conjectured that Europa, the fourth-largest moon of Jupiter, may possess a sub-surface ocean of liquid water and could potentially host life.[77]
Recently, the team of Stéphane Udry have discovered a new planet named Gliese 581 g, which is an extrasolar planet orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 581.[citation needed] Gliese 581 g appears to lie in the habitable zone of space surrounding the star, and therefore could possibly host life as we know it.
See also[link]
Media:
- Natural History, by Pliny the Elder
- Nature, by Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Nature, a prominent scientific journal
- National Wildlife (magazine), publication of the National Wildlife Federation
- Nature (TV series)
Organizations:
Science:
Philosophy:
- Mother Nature
- Nature (philosophy)
- Naturalism (philosophy): any of several philosophical stances, typically those descended from Materialism and Pragmatism that do not distinguish the supernatural from nature.[citation needed] This includes the methodological naturalism of natural science, which makes the methodological assumption that observable events in nature are explained only by natural causes, without assuming either the existence or non-existence of the supernatural.
- Balance of nature (biological fallacy): A discredited concept of natural equilibrium in predator:prey dynamics.
Notes and references[link]
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "nature". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nature. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
- ^ A useful though somewhat erratically presented account of the pre-Socratic use of the concept of φύσις may be found in Naddaf, Gerard The Greek Concept of Nature, SUNY Press, 2006. The word φύσις, while first used in connection with a plant in Homer, occurs very early in Greek philosophy, and in several senses. Generally, these senses match rather well the current senses in which the English word nature is used, as confirmed by Guthrie, W.K.C. Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus (volume 2 of his History of Greek Philosophy), Cambridge UP, 1965.
- ^ The first known use of physis was by Homer in reference to the intrinsic qualities of a plant: ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας πόρε φάρμακον ἀργεϊφόντης ἐκ γαίης ἐρύσας, καί μοι φύσιν αὐτοῦ ἔδειξε. (So saying, Argeiphontes [=Hermes] gave me the herb, drawing it from the ground, and showed me its nature.) Odyssey 10.302-3 (ed. A.T. Murray). (The word is dealt with thoroughly in Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon.) For later but still very early Greek uses of the term, see earlier note.
- ^ Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), for example, is translated "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", and reflects the then-current use of the words "natural philosophy", akin to "systematic study of nature"
- ^ The etymology of the word "physical" shows its use as a synonym for "natural" in about the mid-15th century: Harper, Douglas. "physical". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=physical. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
- ^ "World Climates". Blue Planet Biomes. http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/climate.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-21.
- ^ "Calculations favor reducing atmosphere for early Earth". Science Daily. 2005-09-11. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/09/050911103921.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
- ^ "Past Climate Change". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/pastcc.html. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ Hugh Anderson, Bernard Walter (March 28, 1997). "History of Climate Change". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-01-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20080123130745/http://vathena.arc.nasa.gov/curric/land/global/climchng.html. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ Weart, Spencer (June 2006). "The Discovery of Global Warming". American Institute of Physics. http://www.aip.org/history/climate/. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ Margulis, Lynn; Dorian Sagan (1995). What is Life?. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81326-2.
- ^ Dalrymple, G. Brent (1991). The Age of the Earth. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1569-6.
- ^ Morbidelli, A.; et al. (2000). "Source Regions and Time Scales for the Delivery of Water to Earth". Meteoritics & Planetary Science 35 (6): 1309–1320. Bibcode 2000M&PS...35.1309M. DOI:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x.
- ^ "Earth's Oldest Mineral Grains Suggest an Early Start for Life". NASA Astrobilogy Institute. 2001-12-24. http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/news_stories/news_detail.cfm?ID=76. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
- ^ Murphy, J.B.; R.D. Nance (2004). "How do supercontinents assemble?". American Scientist 92 (4): 324. DOI:10.1511/2004.4.324. http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/page2/how-do-supercontinents-assemble.
- ^ Kirschvink, J.L. (1992). "Late Proterozoic Low-Latitude Global Glaciation: The Snowball Earth". In J.W. Schopf, C. Klein eds.. The Proterozoic Biosphere. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 0-521-36615-1. http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/pdfs/firstsnowball.pdf.
- ^ Raup, David M.; J. John Sepkoski Jr. (March 1982). "Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record". Science 215 (4539): 1501–3. Bibcode 1982Sci...215.1501R. DOI:10.1126/science.215.4539.1501. PMID 17788674.
- ^ Margulis, Lynn; Dorian Sagan (1995). What is Life?. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 145. ISBN 0-684-81326-2.
- ^ Margulis, Lynn; Dorian Sagan (1995). What is Life?. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81326-2.
- ^ Diamond J; Ashmole, N. P.; Purves, P. E. (1989). "The present, past and future of human-caused extinctions". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 325 (1228): 469–76; discussion 476–7. Bibcode 1989RSPTB.325..469D. DOI:10.1098/rstb.1989.0100. PMID 2574887.
- ^ Novacek M, Cleland E (2001). "The current biodiversity extinction event: scenarios for mitigation and recovery". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (10): 5466–70. Bibcode 2001PNAS...98.5466N. DOI:10.1073/pnas.091093698. PMC 33235. PMID 11344295. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33235.
- ^ Wick, Lucia; Möhl, Adrian (2006). "The mid-Holocene extinction of silver fir (Abies alba) in the Southern Alps: a consequence of forest fires? Palaeobotanical records and forest simulations". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 15 (4): 435–444. DOI:10.1007/s00334-006-0051-0.
- ^ See, e.g. [1], [2], [3]
- ^ "Ideal Gases under Constant Volume, Constant Pressure, Constant Temperature, & Adiabatic Conditions". NASA. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/Numbers/Math/Mathematical_Thinking/ideal_gases_under_constant.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ Pelletier, Jon D. (2002). "Natural variability of atmospheric temperatures and geomagnetic intensity over a wide range of time scales". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (90001): 2546–2553. Bibcode 2002PNAS...99.2546P. DOI:10.1073/pnas.022582599. PMC 128574. PMID 11875208. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128574.
- ^ "Tropical Ocean Warming Drives Recent Northern Hemisphere Climate Change". Science Daily. April 6, 2001. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/04/010406073554.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
- ^ "Water for Life". Un.org. 2005-03-22. http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/background.html. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
- ^ "CIA- The world fact book". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html#Geo. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
- ^ Water Vapor in the Climate System[dead link], Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). Vital Water[dead link] UNEP.
- ^ "Ocean". The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2002. New York: Columbia University Press
- ^ "Distribution of land and water on the planet". UN Atlas of the Oceans
- ^ Spilhaus, Athelstan F. 1942 (Jul.). "Maps of the whole world ocean." Geographical Review (American Geographical Society). Vol. 32 (3): pp. 431–5.
- ^ Brittanica online. "Lake (physical feature)". http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328083/lake. Retrieved 2008-06-25. "[a Lake is] any relatively large body of slowly moving or standing water that occupies an inland basin of appreciable size. Definitions that precisely distinguish lakes, ponds, swamps, and even rivers and other bodies of nonoceanic water are not well established. It may be said, however, that rivers and streams are relatively fast moving; marshes and swamps contain relatively large quantities of grasses, trees, or shrubs; and ponds are relatively small in comparison to lakes. Geologically defined, lakes are temporary bodies of water."
- ^ a body of fresh or salt water of considerable size, surrounded by land. "Dictionary.com definition". http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lake a body of fresh or salt water of considerable size, surrounded by land.. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- ^ River {definition} from Merriam-Webster. Accessed February 2010.
- ^ River[dead link], Wordnet
- ^ USGS – U.S. Geological Survey – faqs, #17 What is the difference between mountain, hill, and peak; lake and pond; or river and creek?
- ^ Adams, C.E. (1994). "The fish community of Loch Lomond, Scotland : its history and rapidly changing status". Hydrobiologia 290 (1–3): 91–102. DOI:10.1007/BF00008956. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3302548.
- ^ Pidwirny, Michael (2006). "Introduction to the Biosphere: Introduction to the Ecosystem Concept". Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition). http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9j.html. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
- ^ Odum, EP (1971) Fundamentals of ecology, third edition, Saunders New York
- ^ Pidwirny, Michael (2006). "Introduction to the Biosphere: Organization of Life". Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition). http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9d.html. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
- ^ Bailey, Robert G. (April 2004). "Identifying Ecoregion Boundaries" (PDF). Environmental Management 34 (Supplement 1): S14–26. DOI:10.1007/s00267-003-0163-6. PMID 15883869. http://www.fs.fed.us/institute/news_info/Identifying_ecoregion_boundaries.pdf.
- ^ No Man's Garden by Daniel B. Botkin p155-157
- ^ "Definition of Life". California Academy of Sciences. 2006. http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/xtremelife/what_is_life.php. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ The figure "about one-half of one percent" takes into account the following (See, e.g., Leckie, Stephen (1999). "How Meat-centred Eating Patterns Affect Food Security and the Environment". For hunger-proof cities : sustainable urban food systems. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. ISBN 0-88936-882-1. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-30610-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html. , which takes global average weight as 60 kg.), the total human biomass is the average weight multiplied by the current human population of approximately 6.5 billion (see, e.g., "World Population Information". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html. Retrieved September 28, 2006. ): Assuming 60–70 kg to be the average human mass (approximately 130–150 lb on the average), an approximation of total global human mass of between 390 billion (390×109) and 455 billion kg (between 845 billion and 975 billion lb, or about 423 million–488 million short tons). The total biomass of all kinds on earth is estimated to be in excess of 6.8 x 1013 kg (75 billion short tons). By these calculations, the portion of total biomass accounted for by humans would be very roughly 0.6%.
- ^ Sengbusch, Peter V.. "The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems – Productivity, Food Chain, and Trophic Level". Botany online. University of Hamburg Department of Biology. http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e54/54c.htm. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ Pidwirny, Michael (2006). "Introduction to the Biosphere: Species Diversity and Biodiversity". Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition). http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9h.html. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "How Many Species are There?". Extinction Web Page Class Notes. http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/thomas.wolosz/howmanysp.htm. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "Animal." World Book Encyclopedia. 16 vols. Chicago: World Book, 2003. This source gives an estimate of from 2 to 50 million.
- ^ "Just How Many Species Are There, Anyway?". Science Daily. May 2003. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030526103731.htm. Retrieved September 26, 2006.
- ^ Withers, Mark A.; et al. (1998). "Changing Patterns in the Number of Species in North American Floras". Land Use History of North America. http://biology.usgs.gov/luhna/chap4.html. Retrieved September 26, 2006. Website based on the contents of the book: Sisk, T.D., ed., ed. (1998). Perspectives on the land use history of North America: a context for understanding our changing environment (Revised September 1999 ed.). U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division. USGS/BRD/BSR-1998-0003.
- ^ "Tropical Scientists Find Fewer Species Than Expected". Science Daily. April 2002. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/04/020425072847.htm. Retrieved September 27, 2006.
- ^ Bunker, Daniel E.; et al. (November 2005). "Species Loss and Aboveground Carbon Storage in a Tropical Forest". Science 310 (5750): 1029–31. Bibcode 2005Sci...310.1029B. DOI:10.1126/science.1117682. PMID 16239439. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/310/5750/1029.
- ^ Wilcox, Bruce A. (2006). "Amphibian Decline: More Support for Biocomplexity as a Research Paradigm". EcoHealth 3 (1): 1. DOI:10.1007/s10393-005-0013-5.
- ^ Clarke, Robin, Robert Lamb, Dilys Roe Ward eds., ed. (2002). "Decline and loss of species". Global environment outlook 3 : past, present and future perspectives. London; Sterling, VA: Nairobi, Kenya : UNEP. ISBN 92-807-2087-2. http://www.grida.no/geo/geo3/english/221.htm.
- ^ "Why the Amazon Rainforest is So Rich in Species : News". Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2005-12-05. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/view.php?id=28907. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
- ^ "Why The Amazon Rainforest Is So Rich In Species". Sciencedaily.com. 2005-12-05. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/12/051205163236.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
- ^ a b Line M (1 January 2002). "The enigma of the origin of life and its timing". Microbiology 148 (Pt 1): 21–7. PMID 11782495. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/148/1/21?view=long&pmid=11782495.
- ^ Berkner, L. V.; L. C. Marshall (May 1965). "On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 22 (3): 225–261. Bibcode 1965JAtS...22..225B. DOI:10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0225:OTOARO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0469.
- ^ Schopf J (1994). "Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (15): 6735–42. Bibcode 1994PNAS...91.6735S. DOI:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735. PMC 44277. PMID 8041691. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=44277.
- ^ Szewzyk U, Szewzyk R, Stenström T (1994). "Thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from a deep borehole in granite in Sweden". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (5): 1810–3. Bibcode 1994PNAS...91.1810S. DOI:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1810. PMC 43253. PMID 11607462. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=43253.
- ^ Wolska K (2003). "Horizontal DNA transfer between bacteria in the environment". Acta Microbiol Pol 52 (3): 233–43. PMID 14743976.
- ^ Horneck G (1981). "Survival of microorganisms in space: a review". Adv Space Res 1 (14): 39–48. DOI:10.1016/0273-1177(81)90241-6. PMID 11541716.
- ^ "flora". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. http://webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=flora. Retrieved September 27, 2006.
- ^ "Glossary". Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources. Reston, VA: Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 1998. SuDocs No. I 19.202:ST 1/V.1-2. http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/zy198.htm#F. [dead link]
- ^ "Feedback Loops In Global Climate Change Point To A Very Hot 21st Century". Science Daily. May 22, 2006. http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/ESD-feedback-loops.html. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ "Plant Conservation Alliance – Medicinal Plant Working Groups Green Medicine". US National Park Services. http://www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal/plants.htm. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ Oosthoek, Jan (1999). "Environmental History: Between Science & Philosophy". Environmental History Resources. http://www.eh-resources.org/philosophy.html. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
- ^ For an example of a range of opinions, see: "On the Beauty of Nature". The Wilderness Society. http://www.wilderness.org/Library/Documents/Beauty_Quotes.cfm. Retrieved September 29, 2006. and Ralph Waldo Emerson's analysis of the subject: Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1849). "Beauty". Nature; Addresses and Lectures. http://www.emersoncentral.com/beauty.htm.
- ^ History of Conservation BC Spaces for Nature. Accessed: May 20, 2006.
- ^ Rothenberg, David (2011). Survival of the Beautiful: Art, Science and Evolution. Bloomsbury.
- ^ "Some Theories Win, Some Lose". WMAP Mission: First Year Results. NASA. http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_mm/mr_limits.html. Retrieved 29 2006.
- ^ Taylor, Barry N. (1971). "Introduction to the constants for nonexperts". National Institute of Standards and Technology. http://www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/introduction.html. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ D. A. Varshalovich, A. Y. Potekhin, A. V. Ivanchik (2000). "Testing cosmological variability of fundamental constants". AIP Conference Proceedings 506: 503. arXiv:physics/0004062. DOI:10.1063/1.1302777.
- ^ Bibring, J; et al. (2006). "Global mineralogical and aqueous mars history derived from OMEGA/Mars Express data". Science 312 (5772): 400–4. Bibcode 2006Sci...312..400B. DOI:10.1126/science.1122659. PMID 16627738.
- ^ Malik, Tariq (2005-03-08). "Hunt for Mars life should go underground". The Brown University News Bureau. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7129347/. Retrieved September 4, 2006.
- ^ Scott Turner (1998-03-02). "Detailed Images From Europa Point To Slush Below Surface". The Brown University News Bureau. http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/news8.html. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
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| Robert Redford | |
|---|---|
 Robert Redford in 2006 |
|
| Born | Charles Robert Redford, Jr. (1936-08-18) August 18, 1936 (age 75) Santa Monica, California, United States |
| Occupation | Actor, film director, producer, businessman, environmentalist, philanthropist |
| Years active | 1959–present |
| Spouse | Lola van Wagenen (1958–1985; divorced) Sibylle Szaggars (2009–present)[1] |
| Children | Scott (deceased), Shauna, Jamie, Amy |
Charles Robert Redford, Jr. (born August 18, 1936),[2] better known as Robert Redford, is an American actor, film director, producer, businessman, environmentalist, philanthropist, and founder of the Sundance Film Festival. He has received two Oscars: one in 1981 for directing Ordinary People, and one for Lifetime Achievement in 2002. In 2010 he was awarded French Knighthood in the Legion d'Honneur. At the height of his fame in the 1970s and 1980s, he was often described as one of the world's most attractive men and remains one of the most popular movie stars. His popular films include Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), Downhill Racer (1969), Jeremiah Johnson (1972), The Candidate (1972), The Sting (1973), The Way We Were (1973), The Great Gatsby (1974), Three Days of the Condor (1975), The Great Waldo Pepper (1975), All the President's Men (1976), A Bridge Too Far (1977), The Natural (1984), Out of Africa (1985), Sneakers (1992), Indecent Proposal (1993),The Last Castle and Spy Game (2001). As a filmmaker, his notable films include Ordinary People (1980), The Milagro Beanfield War (1988), A River Runs Through It (1992), Quiz Show (1994), The Horse Whisperer (1998) and The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000).
Contents |
Early life[link]
Redford's family moved to Van Nuys while his father worked in El Segundo.[3] He attended Van Nuys High School, where he was classmates with baseball player Don Drysdale.[3] He has described himself as having been a "bad" student, finding inspiration outside the classroom, and being interested in art and sports.[3] He hit tennis balls with Pancho Gonzales at the Los Angeles Tennis Club to warm him up. After high school, he attended the University of Colorado for a year and a half,[3] where he was a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity.[4] While there, he worked at the restaurant/bar The Sink; a painting of his likeness is prominent in the bar's murals.[5] After being asked to leave the University of Colorado, he traveled in Europe, living in France, Spain, and Italy.[3] He later studied painting at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn and took classes at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City.[3]
Career[link]
Television[link]
Redford's career — like that of almost all major stars who emerged in the 1950s — began in New York, where an actor could find work both in television and on stage. Starting in 1959, he appeared as a guest star on numerous programs, including The Untouchables, Whispering Smith, Perry Mason, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Route 66, Dr. Kildare, Playhouse 90, Tate, and The Twilight Zone, among others. He earned an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Voice of Charlie Pont (ABC, 1962). One of his last television appearances was on October 7, 1963, on Breaking Point, an ABC medical drama about psychiatry.
Theater[link]
Redford's Broadway debut was in a small role in Tall Story (1959), followed by parts in The Highest Tree (1959) and Sunday in New York (1961). His biggest Broadway success was as the stuffy newlywed husband of Elizabeth Ashley in Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park (1963).
Film[link]
While still largely an unknown, Redford made his screen debut in War Hunt (1962), co-starring with John Saxon in a film set during the last days of the Korean War. This film also marked the debuts of director Sydney Pollack, with whom Redford would often collaborate in the near future, and actor Tom Skerritt. After his Broadway success, he was cast in larger feature roles in movies. He was cast alongside screen legend Alec Guinness in the war comedy Situation Hopeless ... But Not Serious, in which he played a soldier who has to spend years of his life hiding behind enemy lines. In Inside Daisy Clover (1965), which won him a golden globe for best new star, he played a bisexual movie star who marries starlet Natalie Wood, and rejoined her along with Charles Bronson for Pollack's This Property Is Condemned (1966) — again as her lover, though this time in a film which achieved even greater success. The same year saw his first teaming with Jane Fonda, in Arthur Penn's The Chase. This film marked the only time Redford would star with Marlon Brando. Fonda and Redford were paired again in the popular big screen version of Barefoot in the Park (1967)[3] and were again co-stars much later in Pollack's The Electric Horseman (1979).
After this initial success, Redford became concerned about his blond male stereotype image and turned down roles in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and The Graduate. Redford found the property he was looking for in George Roy Hill's Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), scripted by William Goldman, in which he was paired for the first time with Paul Newman.[3] The film was a huge success and made him a major bankable star,[3] cementing his screen image as an intelligent, reliable, sometimes sardonic good guy.
Redford suffered through a few films that did not achieve box office success during this time, including Downhill Racer (1969); Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here (1969); Little Fauss and Big Halsy (1970), and The Hot Rock (1972). But his overall career was flourishing with the critical and box office hit Jeremiah Johnson (1972);[3] the political satire The Candidate (1972); the hugely popular period drama The Way We Were (1973); and the biggest hit of his career; the blockbuster crime caper The Sting (1973), which became one of the top 20 highest grossing movies of all time when adjusted for inflation and for which he was also nominated for an Oscar.[3]
Between 1974 and 1976, exhibitors voted Redford Hollywood's top box-office name.[3] His hits included The Great Gatsby (1974), The Great Waldo Pepper (1975), and Three Days of the Condor (1975). The popular and acclaimed All the President's Men (1976), directed by Alan J. Pakula and scripted once again by Goldman, was a landmark film for Redford. Not only was he the executive producer and co-star, but the film's serious subject matter — the Watergate scandal — and its attempt to create a realistic portrayal of journalism also reflected the actor's offscreen concerns for political causes.[3]
He also starred in a segment of the war film A Bridge Too Far (1977), the prison drama Brubaker (1980), playing a prison warden attempting to reform the system, and the fantasy baseball drama The Natural (1984).[3] Redford continued his involvement in mainstream Hollywood movies, though with a newfound focus on directing. The first film he directed, Ordinary People, which followed the disintegration of an upper class American family after the death of a son, was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade, winning a number of Oscars, including the Academy Award for best director for Redford himself. His followup directorial project, The Milagro Beanfield War (1987), failed to generate the same level of attention. Sydney Pollack's Out of Africa (1985), with Redford in the male lead role opposite Meryl Streep, became an enormous critical and box office success and won seven Oscars including Best Picture, proving to be Redford's biggest success of the decade and Redford and Pollack's most successful of their six movies together.[3] His next film, Legal Eagles (1986), was only a minor success at the box office.
Redford continued as a major star throughout the 1990s and 2000s. He released his third film as a director, A River Runs Through It, in 1992, which was a return to mainstream success for Redford as a director and brought a young Brad Pitt to greater prominence. 1993 brought Redford one of his most popular and recognised roles when he starred as a millionaire businessman who tests people's morals through bribery in Indecent Proposal, which became one of the year's biggest hits. He co-starred with Michelle Pfeiffer in the newsroom romance Up Close & Personal (1996), and with Kristin Scott Thomas in The Horse Whisperer (1998), which he also directed.[3] Redford also continued work in films with political context, such as Havana (1990), playing Jack Weil, a professional gambler in 1959 Cuba during the Revolution, as well as Sneakers (1992), in which he co starred with the late River Phoenix among others.
He appeared as a disgraced Army general sent to prison in the political thriller The Last Castle (2001), directed by Rod Lurie, someone else with a strong interest in politics. In the same year, Redford reteamed with Brad Pitt for Spy Game, another success for the pair but with Redford switching this time from director to actor. Redford, a leading environmental activist, narrated the IMAX documentary Sacred Planet (2004), a sweeping journey across the globe to some of its most exotic and endangered places. In The Clearing (2004), a thriller co-starring Helen Mirren, Redford was a successful businessman whose kidnapping unearths the secrets and inadequacies that led to his achieving the American Dream.
Redford stepped back into producing with The Motorcycle Diaries (2004), a coming-of-age road film about a young medical student, Ernesto "Che" Guevera, and his friend Alberto Granado. It also explored political and social issues of South America that influenced Guevara and shaped his future. With five years spent in the film's making, Redford was credited by director Walter Salles for being instrumental in getting it made and released.
Back in front of the camera, Redford received good notices for his role in director Lasse Hallstrom's An Unfinished Life (2005) as a cantankerous rancher who is forced to take in his estranged daughter-in-law (Jennifer Lopez) — whom he blames for his son's death — and the granddaughter he never knew he had when they fled an abusive relationship. The film, which sat on the shelf for many months while its distributor Miramax was restructured, was generally dismissed as clichéd and overly sentimental. Meanwhile, Redford returned to familiar territory when he reteamed with Meryl Streep 22 years after they starred in Out of Africa, for his personal project Lions for Lambs (2007), which also starred fellow superstar Tom Cruise. After a great deal of hype, the film opened to mixed reviews and disappointing box office. Redford more recently signed on to direct and star in an update of The Candidate.[citation needed]
Redford appears in the 2011 documentary Buck, where he discusses his experiences with title subject Buck Brannaman during the production of The Horse Whisperer in 1998.
Director[link]
Redford had long harbored ambitions to work on both sides of the camera. As early as 1969, Redford had served as the executive producer for Downhill Racer.[3] His first outing as director was in 1980's Ordinary People, a drama about the slow disintegration of an upper-middle class family, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Director.[3] Redford was credited with obtaining a powerful dramatic performance from Mary Tyler Moore, as well as superb work from Donald Sutherland and Timothy Hutton, who also won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor.
Redford did not direct again until The Milagro Beanfield War (1988), a well-crafted, though not commercially successful, screen version of John Nichols' acclaimed novel of the Southwest. The Milagro Beanfield War is the story of the people of Milagro, New Mexico (based on the real town of Truchas in northern New Mexico), overcoming big developers who set about to ruin their community and force them out because of tax increases. Other directorial projects have included the period drama A River Runs Through It (1992), based on Norman Maclean's novella, and the exposé Quiz Show (1994), about the quiz show scandal of the late 1950s.[3] In the latter film, Redford worked from a screenplay by Paul Attanasio with noted cinematographer Michael Ballhaus and a strong cast that featured Paul Scofield, John Turturro, Rob Morrow, and Ralph Fiennes. Redford handpicked Morrow for his part in the film (Morrow's only high-profile feature film role to date), because he liked his work on Northern Exposure. Redford also directed Matt Damon and Will Smith in The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000). In 2010, Redford released The Conspirator, a period drama revolving around the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Despite a subject matter of personal interest to Redford, the film received mixed reviews and proved to be a flop at the box office.
Honors[link]
Redford attended the University of Colorado in the 1950s and received an Honorary Degree in 1983.
In 1995, he received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Bard College. He was a 2002 Lifetime Achievement Award/Honorary Oscar recipient at the 74th Academy Awards.[6]
In 1996, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[7]
In December 2005, he received the Kennedy Center Honors for his contributions to American culture. The Honors recipients are recognized for their lifetime contributions to American culture through the performing arts: whether in dance, music, theater, opera, motion pictures or television.[citation needed]
In 2008 he was awarded The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the arts, given annually to "a man or woman who has made an outstanding contribution to the beauty of the world and to mankind's enjoyment and understanding of life."[8]
The University of Southern California (USC) School of Theater announced the first annual Robert Redford Award for Engaged Artists in 2009. According to the school's web site, the award was created "to honor those who have distinguished themselves not only in the exemplary quality, skill and innovation of their work, but also in their public commitment to social responsibility, to increasing awareness of global issues and events, and to inspiring and empowering young people."[9]
Robert Redford received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from Brown University at the 240th Commencement exercises on May 25, 2008.[10] He also spoke during the ceremonies.
On 14 October 2010, he was appointed Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.[11]
Sundance[link]
With the financial proceeds of his acting success, starting with his salaries from Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and Downhill Racer, Redford bought an entire ski area on the east side of Mount Timpanogos northeast of Provo, Utah, called "Timp Haven", which was renamed "Sundance".[3] Redford's wife Lola was from Utah and they had built a home in the area in 1963. Portions of the movie Jeremiah Johnson (1972), a film which is both one of Redford's favorites and one that has heavily influenced him, were shot near the ski area. He founded the Sundance Film Festival, Sundance Institute, Sundance Cinemas, Sundance Catalog, and the Sundance Channel, all in and around Park City, Utah, 30 miles (48 km) north of the Sundance ski area.[3] The Sundance Film Festival caters to independent filmmakers in the United States and has received recognition from the industry as a place to open films. In 2008, Sundance exhibited 125 feature-length films from 34 countries, with more than 50,000 attendees.[12] The name Sundance comes from his Sundance Kid character. In addition, Redford owns a celebrated restaurant called Zoom, located on Main Street in the former mining town of Park City.
Independent films[link]
Since founding the nonprofit Sundance Institute in Park City, in 1981, Redford has been deeply involved with independent film.[3] Through its various workshop programs and popular film festival, Sundance has provided much-needed support for independent filmmakers. In 1995, Redford signed a deal with Showtime to start a 24-hour cable television channel devoted to airing independent films — the Sundance Channel premiered on February 29, 1996.
Personal life[link]
On August 9, 1958, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Redford married Lola Van Wagenen, who dropped out of college to marry him. They had four children: Scott Anthony, David James "Jamie", Shauna, and Amy Redford.
Son Jamie Redford is a writer/producer.[13]
Scott — their first child — was born September 1, 1959, and died of sudden infant death syndrome on November 17, 1959, at age 2½ months. His remains have been buried at Provo City Cemetery in Provo, Utah. Lola and Redford divorced in 1985. He has five grandchildren: Dylan and Lena Redford (of son Jamie), Mica and Conor Schlosser (of daughter Shauna) and Eden August (of daughter Amy).[14]
In July 2009, Redford married his longtime partner, Sibylle Szaggars, at the luxurious Louis C. Jacob Hotel in Hamburg, Germany. She had moved in with Redford in the 1990s and shares his Sundance, Utah, home.[15] In May 2011 Alfred A Knopf published Robert Redford: The Biography by Michael Feeney Callan, written over fifteen years with Redford's input, and drawn from his personal papers and diaries.
Political activity[link]
Redford is politically liberal, and has supported environmentalism, Native American rights, and the arts. He has been noted as "an admirer of Edward Abbey, the late great anarchist voice of the desert Southwest."[16] Most of his federal political contributions have been to Democrats (61%) or advocacy groups (34.6%), such as the Political Action Committee of the Directors Guild of America.[17] Redford has on occasion also supported Republicans, including Brent Cornell Morris in his unsuccessful 1990 race for Utah's 3rd congressional district seat.[17][18] Redford also supported Gary R. Herbert, another Republican and a friend, in Herbert's successful campaign to be elected Utah's Lieutenant Governor (he is currently the Governor of Utah). Redford is an avid environmentalist and is a trustee of the Natural Resources Defense Council. Redford has been a vocal critic of Barack Obama for his lack of follow-through on environmental policies. He wrote, "One reason I supported President Obama is because he said we must protect clean air, water and lands. But what good is it to say the right thing unless you act on it?" [19]
Filmography[link]
Actor[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | Tall Story | Basketball Player | |
| 1962 | The Twilight Zone | Death | 1 episode: "Nothing in the Dark" |
| 1962 | War Hunt | Private Roy Loomis | |
| 1967 | Clambake | Azu | |
| 1965 | Inside Daisy Clover | Wade Lewis | |
| 1965 | Situation Hopeless ... But Not Serious | Captain Hank Wilson | |
| 1966 | This Property Is Condemned | Owen Legate | |
| 1966 | The Chase | Charlie 'Bubber' Reeves | |
| 1967 | Barefoot in the Park | Paul Bratter | |
| 1969 | Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid | The Sundance Kid | BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role also for Downhill Racer and Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here |
| 1969 | Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here | Deputy Sheriff Christopher 'Coop' Cooper | BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role also for Downhill Racer and Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid |
| 1969 | Downhill Racer | David Chappellet | BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role also for Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here and Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid |
| 1970 | Little Fauss and Big Halsy | Halsy Knox | |
| 1972 | Jeremiah Johnson | Jeremiah Johnson | |
| 1972 | The Candidate | Bill McKay | |
| 1972 | The Hot Rock | John Archibald Dortmunder | |
| 1973 | The Sting | Johnny Hooker | Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actor |
| 1973 | The Way We Were | Hubbell Gardiner | |
| 1974 | The Great Gatsby | Jay Gatsby | |
| 1975 | Three Days of the Condor | Joseph Turner/The Condor | |
| 1975 | The Great Waldo Pepper | Waldo Pepper | |
| 1976 | All the President's Men | Bob Woodward | |
| 1977 | A Bridge Too Far | Major Julian Cook | |
| 1979 | The Electric Horseman | Norman 'Sonny' Steele | |
| 1980 | Brubaker | Henry Brubaker | |
| 1984 | The Natural | Roy Hobbs | |
| 1985 | Out of Africa | Denys Finch Hatton | |
| 1986 | Legal Eagles | Tom Logan | |
| 1990 | Havana | Jack Weil | |
| 1992 | A River Runs Through It | Narrator | Voice only Uncredited Also Producer/Director |
| 1992 | Sneakers | Martin "Marty" Bishop | |
| 1992 | Incident at Oglala | Narrator | |
| 1993 | Indecent Proposal | John Gage | |
| 1993 | La Classe américaine | Steven | |
| 1996 | Up Close & Personal | Warren Justice | |
| 1998 | The Horse Whisperer | Tom Booker | Also Producer/Director |
| 2001 | Spy Game | Nathan D. Muir | |
| 2001 | The Last Castle | Lt. Gen. Eugene Irwin | |
| 2004 | The Clearing | Wayne Hayes | |
| 2004 | Sacred Planet | Narrator | |
| 2005 | An Unfinished Life | Einar Gilkyson | |
| 2006 | Charlotte's Web | Ike the Horse | Voice only |
| 2007 | Lions for Lambs | Dr. Stephen Malley | Also Producer/Director |
| 2012 | The Company You Keep | Jim Grant/Jason Sinai | Also Producer/Director |
Director[link]
| Year | Title | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1980 | Ordinary People | Academy Award for Best Director Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film Golden Globe Award for Best Director |
| 1988 | The Milagro Beanfield War | Nominated — Political Film Society |
| 1992 | A River Runs Through It | Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Director |
| 1994 | Quiz Show | Nominated — Academy Award for Best Director Nominated — BAFTA Award for Best Film Nominated — Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Director |
| 1998 | The Horse Whisperer | Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Director |
| 2000 | The Legend of Bagger Vance | |
| 2007 | Lions for Lambs | |
| 2010 | The Conspirator | |
| 2012 | The Company You Keep |
References[link]
- ^ Robert Redford marries German girlfriend. The Star. July 15, 2009
- ^ "Charles Robert Redford". California Birth Index, 1905–1995. Ancestry.com. http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?ti=0&indiv=try&db=cabirth1905&h=2165883. Retrieved June 16, 2011. "Name: Charles Robert Redford; Birth Date: 18 Aug 1936; Gender: Male; Mother's Maiden Name: Hart; Birth County: Los Angeles" (Subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 2005
- ^ http://www.kappasigma.org/alumni/entertainmentmedia/ Retrieved 2012-05-14
- ^ http://www.flickr.com/photos/crazywanda/863313365/
- ^ http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/2000-present/74nominees.html Retrieved on 2012-05-14.
- ^ Lifetime Honors — National Medal of Arts. Nea.gov. Retrieved on 2012-01-06.
- ^ Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize http://gishprize.com/gishprize.html Retrieved on 2012-05-14
- ^ Robert Redford Award for Engaged Artists Accessed 2009-07-15
- ^ Brown University to Confer Seven Honorary Degrees May 25 Accessed 2009-07-15
- ^ "SUNfiltered | Robert Redford Receives “Legion d’Honneur” from France’s President Sarkozy". sundancechannel.com. October 14, 2010. http://www.sundancechannel.com/sunfiltered/2010/10/robert-redford-receives-legion-dhonneur-from-frances-president-sarkozy/. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ^ Adrienne Papp. "2008 Sundance Insider". Retrieved on 2008-05-16.
- ^ James Redford at IMDB
- ^ Biography for Lola Van Wagenen
- ^ Robert Redford marries long-term girlfriend. Telegraph.co.uk (2009-07-15). Retrieved on 2012-01-06.
- ^ Kauffman, Bill (2011-12-02) Redford Goes Ron Paul, The American Conservative
- ^ a b Robert Redford's Federal campaign contributions. Newsmeat.com
- ^ Brent Morris. OurCampaigns.com
- ^ Robert Redford: Is the Obama Administration Putting Corporate Profits Above Public Health?. Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-06.
External links[link]
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- Movie, Museum Exhibits Shine New Light on US Civil War is an April 2011 radio and internet report on the Robert Redford movie "The Conspirator." The report aired on Voice of America and was written by VOA's Special English branch.
- Redford interviewed about his life, independent film making and political activism. January 2010, 45 minute video and audio interview with transcript.
- Cinema Retro covers Robert Redford at Trinity College in Dublin
- Robert Redford at the Internet Movie Database
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- Robert Redford slideshow at AMCtv.com
- Redford Teams up to Train Minority Filmmakers NY Daily News, May 15, 2009
- Robert Redford: Through the Years — slideshow by Life magazine
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Redford, Robert |
| Alternative names | Redford, Charles Robert, Jr. |
| Short description | American actor, director, producer |
| Date of birth | 1936-08-18 |
| Place of birth | Santa Monica, California, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Selena Gomez | |
|---|---|
 Gomez attending "The 6th Annual Hollywood Style Awards", Beverly Hills, CA on Oct. 10, 2009 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Selena Marie Gomez |
| Born | (1992-07-22) July 22, 1992 (age 19) Grand Prairie, Texas, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, dance, pop rock[1] |
| Occupations | Actress, singer, Fashion Designer |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, guitar, drums |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Labels | Hollywood |
| Associated acts | Selena Gomez & the Scene, Demi Lovato, Taylor Swift |
| Website | SelenaGomez.com |
Selena Marie Gomez (born July 22, 1992)[2] is an American actress and singer best known for portraying Alex Russo in the Emmy Award-winning Disney Channel television series Wizards of Waverly Place. She subsequently ventured into feature films and has starred in the television movies Another Cinderella Story, Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie, and Princess Protection Program. She made her starring theatrical film debut in Ramona and Beezus.
Her career has expanded into the music industry; Gomez is the lead singer and founder of the pop band Selena Gomez & the Scene, which has released three RIAA Gold certified studio albums, Kiss & Tell, A Year Without Rain, and When the Sun Goes Down, spawned three RIAA Platinum certified singles, "Naturally", "Who Says" and "Love You Like a Love Song" and charted four No. 1 Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs.[3] Gomez has also contributed to the soundtracks of Tinker Bell, Another Cinderella Story, Wizards of Waverly Place, and Shake It Up after signing a record deal with Hollywood Records.
In 2008, Gomez was designated a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador.[4]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Gomez was born in Grand Prairie, Texas.[2] She is the daughter of former stage actress Amanda Dawn "Mandy" Teefey (née Cornett) and Ricardo Joel Gomez.[5][6][7] Her father is of Mexican ancestry, and her mother is of part Italian descent.[8][9] Regarding her Hispanic heritage, Gomez said: "My family does have Quinceañeras, and we go to the communion church. We do everything that's Catholic, but we don't really have anything traditional except [that we] go to the park and have barbecues on Sundays after church."[10] Her birth parents divorced when she was five years old, and she was raised as an only child by her working mother.[5][11] In 2006, Mandy remarried Brian Teefey.[12] She was named after Tejano singer Selena, who died almost three years after Gomez was born.[13] In a 2009 interview with People, Gomez mentioned that she developed an early interest in acting from watching her mother prepare for and act in theater productions.[11] She earned a high school diploma through homeschooling in May 2010.[14]
Career[link]
[edit] 2002–06: Barney & Friends and early work
Gomez began her acting career at age seven, playing Gianna on Barney & Friends.[15] She later had minor roles in Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over and the TV film Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial By Fire. Gomez also starred in the television movie Brain Zapped. (Selena Gomez also found out that she wanted to be an actress because in E Special she states that "I would also watch my mom on stage do her lines".)
In 2004, Gomez was discovered by the Disney Channel in a USA-wide scouting.[16] Gomez appeared as a guest star on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and had a guest appearance – that later turned into a recurring role – on Hannah Montana from seasons two to three. Gomez previously taped two different pilots that were spin-offs to two previous Disney series.[17] The first one, What's Stevie Thinking?, was the spin-off to Lizzie McGuire. Gomez played Stevie Sanchez, Miranda Sanchez's little sister. The other show was titled Arwin!, the spin-off to The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, in which she played Alexa. Neither series was picked up.
[edit] 2007–09: Wizards of Waverly Place and Selena Gomez & The Scene
In early 2007 Gomez was cast in the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place as one of the three main characters, Alex Russo. The show premiered to an audience of 5.9 million, becoming a hit. Many news outlets began dubbing Gomez the next 'Miley Cyrus' causing some controversy and a reported 'feud'. Gomez clarified that there was no feud and that she was flattered by the comparison, saying: "It's a little overwhelming, but I think really, it's a compliment. She's obviously extremely successful, and I think she's a wonderful performer ... So being compared to her, I was very, very flattered."[18] Gomez recorded four songs, one of which was a cover, for theWizards of Waverly Place soundtrack, only one single (Magic) from the album was released.
In 2008, Gomez recorded a cover of "Cruella de Vil"—which included a music video—for the compilation albumDisneyMania 6. Gomez also recorded "Fly to Your Heart" for the 2008 animated film Tinker Bell. In July 2008, before Gomez' sixteenth birthday, she signed a recording deal with Hollywood Records, a music label owned by Disney.[19] In May, of the same year, Gomez was featured, with Forever the Sickest Kids, on a duet version of the non-album song "Whoa Oh!".[20] The same year Gomez appeared in Another Cinderella Story, the direct-to-DVD sequel to the 2004 Hilary Duff film, opposite Drew Seeley. She also had a minor voiceover role as one the Mayor's ninety-six daughters in Horton Hears a Who! which released in March of that year. In April, Lacey Rose, of Forbes ranked Gomez as being fifth on their "Eight Hot Kid Stars To Watch" list; and Rose described Gomez as having been "a multitalented teen".[21] Gomez recorded three songs for the movie's soundtrack.
In 2009, Gomez formed the teen pop band Selena Gomez & the Scene. Kiss & Tell, the band's debut studio album and was released on September 29, 2009 by Hollywood Records. On March 5, 2010, the album was certified Gold by RIAA.[3] The album's single, "Naturally", was certified Platinum by the RIAA on July 15, 2010.[3] In February 2009, Gomez signed on to star as one of the two female leads in Ramona and Beezus, a film adaption of the children's novel series by Beverly Cleary.[22][23] Gomez stated that she felt no pressure in taking more adult roles: "I think I’m fully aware of my audience and I’m still just a kid myself. I wouldn’t do a role I don’t feel comfortable doing or that my audience wouldn’t feel comfortable seeing."[24]
In June 2009, Gomez did a guest appearance as herself in one episode of best friend Demi Lovato's Disney Channel television show, Sonny with a Chance, entitled "Battle of The Network Stars". That same month Gomez appeared alongside Lovato in the made-for-television Disney Channel movie, Princess Protection Program.[25] The telecast garnered 8.5 million viewers becoming, at the time, the third most watched Disney Channel Original Movie.[26] One month later, Gomez, along with two cast members of Wizards of Waverly Place appeared in a television three-way cross-over episode with Hannah Montana and The Suite Life on Deck, entitled Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana.
On August 28, 2009 two months after appearing in Princess Protection Program, Gomez starred in Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie, a made-for-television film based on the show.[27] The film premiered to an audience of 11.4 million viewers becoming cable's No. 1 scripted telecast of 2009 and Disney Channel's second most-viewed film premiere after High School Musical 2.[28] In September 2009, Wizards of Waverly Place won "Outstanding Children's Program" at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards.[29] In 2010, the film adaptation won the series its second consecutive Emmy for "Outstanding Children's Program" at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards.[29]
[edit] 2010–2011:Theatrical film debut, A Year Without Rain and When The Sun Goes Down
Gomez's first theatrical film Ramona & Beezus premiered on July 23, 2010 and met with generally positive reviews.[30] In March 2010, Variety reported that Gomez was set to star as one of the three lead roles in Monte Carlo, alongside Leighton Meester and Katie Cassidy.[31] In the film Gomez plays Grace, a girl who’s “mistaken for a socialite while on a trip to Paris.”[32] To prepare for the role Gomez learned how to play polo and also took two weeks of vocal training to learn two different British accents.[33][34] The same year Gomez confirmed that the fourth season of her hit Disney Channel show, Wizards of Waverly Place, would be its last.
On September 17, 2010 , Selena Gomez and The Scene released their second studio album, A Year Without Rain The record debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 4, selling 66,000 copies. On January 19, 2011, the album was certified Gold by RIAA.[3] As of April 2011, the band has sold 1,354,000 albums in the United States.[35] To support the album, the band embarked on the mini-tour A Year Without Rain Tour. In February 2011, Deadline.com reported that Universal Pictures and Strike Entertainment had acquired the novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher with Gomez attached to the lead.[36] That same month TV Guide reported that Gomez would make a cameo in the Muppets film.[37] On March 23, 2011, Hollywood Records announced through a press release that Selena Gomez & The Scene would be embarking on their third concert tour in the United States, the We Own the Night Tour ran during the summer of 2011.[38] Production for the final season of Wizards of Waverly Place came to a wrap on May 14, 2011.[39] Gomez co-hosted the 2011 MuchMusic Video Awards on June 19.[40] She also hosted the 2011 MTV EMAs on November 6, 2011, in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where she performed her band's single "Hit the Lights". Near the end of 2011, it was reported Gomez was in talks to star in two upcoming films. Deadline.com announced in October that Gomez would take part in the comedy Hot Mess.[41]
In early November, Variety reported that Gomez was in talks to star in the upcoming film Spring Breakers alongside James Franco and Vanessa Hudgens.[42] Gomez confirmed to MTV that she had signed on for the project and that production will begin in early 2012.[43] On June 28, 2011, Selena Gomez & the scene released their third studio album, When the Sun Goes Down, previously titledOtherside,[44] The album debuted at number 4 on the Billboard 200, selling 78,000 copies its first week and the following week, the album rose to number 3 on the Billboard chart, becoming the band's highest charting album to date.[45][46] On November 17, 2011, the album was certified platinum.[3] The album's lead single, "Who Says" was certified Platinum by RIAA on June 23, 2011 and has become the band's highest charting song on the Billboard Hot 100 to date, peaking at number 21.[3][47] The second single, "Love You Like a Love Song", was certified Platinum by RIAA on December 2, 2011, and became the act's first to sell over two-million copies.[3][48]
2012–present: Focus on film[link]
In January 2012, Gomez announced that she would put her music career on hold.[49] This was later reaffirmed as Gomez wrote on her Facebook page that she was taking a break from music in order to focus on her acting career, "my band and I are going our separate ways for a while. This year is all about films and acting and I want my band to play music wherever with whoever. We will be back but, it will be a good while."[50] In February 2012, Gomez announced that the band would be taking a hiatus, so that she could focus on film for the year. She encouraged her band mates to work with other artists during the hiatus.[51] The same month, it was announced that Gomez will replace Miley Cyrus in the animated comedy Hotel Transylvania playing Mavis, the daughter of Dracula who will be voiced by Adam Sandler.[52] As of March 2012, Gomez has been cast in four upcoming films; in which three of them she has been cast as a lead role. She will first appear in Hotel Transylvania, an animated film, voicing the character of Mavis, who was originally supposed to be voiced by Miley Cyrus, however Cyrus dropped out of the film in early 2012 in order to focus on her music career.[53] The film is scheduled to be released on September 21, 2012.[54] Next, Gomez will appear in Spring Breakers, which is currently being filmed on location in Sarasota, Florida. The film is being written and directed by Harmony Korine.[55] Gomez has also been cast as the main role of Hannah Baker in the film adaptation of young-adult fiction novel, 13 Reasons Why. The novel was written by Jay Asher.[56] She will also play the lead role in a film called Hot Mess, a comedy film directed by Dave Meyers.[56] On April 7, 2012, Gomez posted a video for fans in which she revealed that she will be filming a new movie called "The Getaway" in Bulgaria. [57]
Other projects[link]
Philanthropy[link]
Gomez was involved in the UR Votes Count campaign which encouraged teenagers to learn more about 2008 presidential candidates Barack Obama and John McCain.[58] In October 2008, Gomez participated in St. Jude's Children's Hospital "Runway For Life" benefit.[59] Gomez is a spokesperson for Borden Milk; she is featured in the campaign's print and television ads.[60] She is the ambassador of DoSomething.org after being involved with the charity Island Dog, which help dogs in Puerto Rico.[61] She got involved while filming Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie in Puerto Rico.[62] Gomez is a spokesperson for State Farm Insurance, and is featured in their TV commercials; which air on the Disney Channel, to raise awareness of being a safe driver.[63] Gomez is also involved with the charity RAISE Hope For Congo, an initiative of the Enough Project, which helps raise awareness about conflict minerals and violence against Congolese women.[64]
In October 2008, Gomez was named UNICEF's spokesperson for the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF campaign, which encouraged children to raise money on Halloween to help children around the world.[4] She said that she was "extremely excited" to "encourage other kids to make a difference in the world."[4]
In August 2009, a 17-year-old Gomez became the youngest UNICEF ambassador ever, passing fellow songstress Hayley Westenra, who was 18 when she was chosen. In her first official field mission, Gomez traveled to Ghana on September 4, 2009 for a week to witness first-hand the stark conditions of vulnerable children that lack vital necessities including clean water, nourishment, education and healthcare.[65][66] Gomez explained during an interview with Associated Press that she wanted to use her star power to bring awareness to Ghana: “That’s why I feel very honored to have a voice that kids listen to and take into consideration [...] I had people on my tour asking me where IS Ghana, and they Googled it [...] and because I went there, they now know where Ghana is. So it’s pretty incredible.”[66][67] Gomez said of her role as ambassador that: "Every day 25,000 children die from preventable causes. I stand with UNICEF in the belief that we can change that number from 25,000 to zero. I know we can achieve this because every moment, UNICEF is on the ground providing children with the lifesaving assistance needed to ensure zero becomes a reality."[65]
Gomez was named spokesperson for UNICEF's 2009 Trick-or-Treat campaign, for the second year in a row.[68] Gomez, who raised over $700,000 for the charity in 2008, stated that she hopes to be able to raise 1 million dollars in 2009.[66] Gomez participated in a celebrity auction[69] and hosted a live web cast series on Facebook in support of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF campaign.[70] Gomez returned as the UNICEF spokesperson for the 60th anniversary of Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF campaign in 2010.[71] In celebration of the 60th anniversary, Gomez and her band, The Scene, held a benefit concert donating all proceeds to the campaign.[72]. On January 22nd 2010, Gomez participated in the Hope for Haiti Now Telethon with a number of other celebrities[73].
In February 2011, Gomez traveled to Chile to witness and meet with the families of UNICEF's supported program, "Programa Puente" which helps families better understand and develops skills to deal effectively with early childhood education, development and other issues related to raising children. From her field trip experience, Gomez said "UNICEF is helping Chilean families get out of poverty, prevent violence within the home and promote education. To witness first hand these families' struggles, and also their hope and perseverance, was truly inspiring."[74] In March 2011, Gomez participated in the UNICEF Tap Project's "Celebrity Tap Pack," limited-edition, custom-made water bottles featuring tap water from the homes of each celebrity advocate, in order to raise funds and increase profile for the clean water and sanitation programs.[75] She is also featured in videos promoting the campaign.[76][77]
Gomez is involved in Disney's Friends for Change, an organization which promotes "environmently-friendly behavior", and appears in its public service announcements.[78] Gomez, Demi Lovato, Miley Cyrus, and the Jonas Brothers recorded "Send It On", a charity single with all of its proceeds to the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund.[79][80] It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 20.[79] Also in 2009, Gomez made a surprise visit to a Los Angeles elementary school as part of the "A Day Made Better" program that was sponsored by OfficeMax. During her visit, Gomez gave the school an award and $1,000 worth of school supplies, and talked to students about the importance of giving back to the community.[81][82]
Gomez is also the owner of six rescue dogs and describes herself as a "huge animal-lover".[83]
In April 2012, Gomez was named ambassador to the Ryan Seacrest Foudation[84].
Entrepreneurship and sponsorships[link]
Gomez was part of Sears back-to-school fashion ad campaign.[85] As part of the campaign Gomez was featured in the television commercials. In August 2009, Gomez also hosted the "Sears Arrive Air Band Casting Call" – to select five people for the first-ever "Sears Air Band", which performed at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.[86]
In October 2008, Gomez launched her own production company, July Moon Productions, and partnered with XYZ Films to create star vehicles for Gomez. As part of the agreement Gomez will have the opportunity to be able option articles, hire writers and create talent packages to shop to studios.[87][88] Also, as part of the deal, "XYZ Films will allow Gomez to star in and produce at least two films.[81] Variety reported that: "In August, XYZ [Films] inked a similar deal with Time Inc. and management-production company the Collective to finance the development of the print media giant's content for the bigscreen [...] As part of the July Moon-XYZ deal, [Selena] Gomez will have the ability to cherry-pick projects from the vast Time Inc. library, which includes Time, Sports Illustrated, Fortune and Life."[88]
In October 2009, Gomez announced her plan to launch her own fashion line, called "Dream Out Loud by Selena Gomez". The clothing line launched in the fall of 2010.[89][90] The collection consists of and features bohemian dresses, floral tops, jeans, skirts, jackets, scarves and hats, all made from recycled or eco-friendly materials.[91][92] Gomez said that the line will reflect her own personal style and described the clothing as being "pretty, feminine, and bohemian," and: "With my line, I really want to give the customer options on how they can put their own looks together [...] I want the pieces that can be easy to dress up or down, and the fabrics being eco-friendly and organic is super important [...] Also, the tags will all have some of my inspirational quotes on them. I'm just looking to send a good message."[89][92] Gomez, who has no background in fashion, teamed up with designers Tony Melillo and Sandra Campos, both who have worked with big-name fashion houses.[90] Gomez said of the partnering: "When I met Tony and Sandra, I was instantly comfortable with them and now they are just like family to me ... They are so creative and I love how I can just call them up whenever and talk to them about everything, even if it's just about changing a button ... They've been so cool about everything."[89][90][91][92] The brand will be manufactured by, Melillo and Campos teamed with New York-based Adjmi Apparel and formed by Adjmi CH Brands LLC; which is the holding company for the brand.[93]
It was announced on July 14, 2011, that Gomez had signed a license agreement with Adrenalina, an extreme sports and adventure-themed lifestyle brand, to develop, manufacture, and distribute the actress' fragrance. It is expected to debut in May of 2012. Chairman and C.E.O. of Adrenalina, Ilia Lekach, said, "We are incredibly enthused to be working with Ms. Gomez and will reveal more details pertaining to the fragrance as we get closer to the launch date."[94]
Personal life and Image[link]
With a solid fan and media following, Selena Gomez is considered a teen idol. She has appeared on several magazine covers, including People Magazine,[95] Cosmopolitan,[96] Billboard,[97] TVGuide,[98] Teen Vogue,[99] Seventeen,[100] Elle[101].
Wax statues of Gomez are on display at Madame Tussauds wax museums in New York[102], London[103], Washington D.C[104] and Hollywood.
Relationships[link]
Gomez has had several high-profile relationships. She had an on-off relationship with singer Nick Jonas of the Jonas Brothers from 2008 to 2010.[105] In 2009, she met actor Taylor Lautner in Vancouver, while she was filming Ramona and Beezus and he was shooting New Moon[106], and the two dated for almost a year. However the pressure of the media became too much for them and caused the two to break-up.[107] On February 27 2011, Gomez attended the 2011 Vanity Fair Oscar Party with Canadian singer Justin Bieber,[108] confirming several months of media speculation about a romantic relationship between the pair.[109][110][111][112][113][114] The relationship has since continued to garner significant media attention.[115][116][117][118][119]
Filmography[link]
Film[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over | Waterpark Girl | |
| 2005 | Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire | Julie | |
| 2008 | Another Cinderella Story | Mary Santiago | Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Movie Teen Choice Award for Celebrity Dancer |
| Horton Hears a Who! | Helga | Nominated - Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Voice-over Role | |
| 2009 | Princess Protection Program | Carter Mason | Nominated - Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Movie Teen Choice Award for Summer TV Star (Female) |
| Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie | Alex Russo | Nominated - Imagen Award for Best Television Actress | |
| Arthur and the Vengeance of Maltazard | Princess Selenia | (Replaced Madonna) | |
| 2010 | Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds | Princess Selenia | |
| Ramona and Beezus | Beatrice "Beezus" Quimby | Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Summer Movie Star (Female) | |
| 2011 | Monte Carlo | Grace Bennett/ Cordelia Winthrop Scott |
Nominated - ALMA Award for Favorite Movie Actress in a Musical/Comedy Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Summer Movie Star (Female) |
| The Muppets | Herself | ||
| 2012 | Hotel Transylvania | Mavis | |
| 2013 | Spring Breakers | Faith | |
| Aftershock | TBA | ||
| The Getaway | Kid | ||
| TBA | Thirteen Reasons Why | Hannah Baker | |
| TBA | Hot Mess | TBA | |
| TBA | The Sky Is Everywhere | Lennie Walker |
Television[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2002–2003 | Barney & Friends | Gianna | Recurring role |
| 2006 | Brain Zapped | Emily Grace Garcia | Unsold pilot[120] |
| 2006 | The Suite Life of Zack & Cody | Gwen | "A Midsummer's Nightmare" (season 2: episode 22) |
| 2007–2008 | Hannah Montana | Mikayla | "I Want You to Want Me... to Go to Florida" (season 2: episode 13) "That's What Friends Are For?" (season 2: episode 18) "(We're So Sorry) Uncle Earl" (season 2: episode 22) (uncredited) |
| 2007–2012 | Wizards of Waverly Place | Alex Russo | Lead role |
| 2008 | Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream | Herself | (Season 1, episode 7) |
| 2008 | Studio DC: Almost Live | Herself | Second Show |
| 2008 | Disney Channel Games | Herself | Third annual |
| 2009 | The Suite Life on Deck | Alex Russo | "Double-Crossed" (season 1: episode 21) |
| 2009 | Hannah Montana | Alex Russo | "Super(stitious) Girl" (season 3: episode 19) |
| 2009 | Sonny with a Chance | Herself | "Battle of the Networks' Stars" (season 1: episode 13) |
| 2011 | So Random! | Herself | "Selena Gomez & the Scene" (season 1: episode 3) Musical guest singing "Who Says" |
| 2011 | PrankStars | Herself | "Something to Chew On (Pilot)" (season 1: episode 1) |
| 2012 | Funny Or Die | Woman | "'Fifty Shades Of Blue'" Parody Video |
Discography[link]
See also: Selena Gomez & the Scene discography
- Albums
- 2009: Kiss & Tell
- 2010: A Year Without Rain
- 2011: When the Sun Goes Down
Soundtrack albums[link]
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US [121] |
US OST [121] |
US Kids [121] |
NOR [122] |
|||
| Another Cinderella Story |
|
116 | 8 | — | — | |
| Wizards of Waverly Place |
|
24 | 4 | 2 | 27 | |
| "—" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart. | ||||||
Singles[link]
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US [123] |
CAN [123] |
NOR [124] |
|||
| "Tell Me Something I Don't Know" | 2008 | 58 | — | — | Another Cinderella Story |
| "Magic" | 2009 | 61 | 86 | 5 | Wizards of Waverly Place |
| "Shake It Up" | 2011 | — | — | — | Shake It Up: Break It Down |
Featured singles[link]
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
|---|---|---|---|
| US [123] |
|||
| "Whoa Oh!" (Forever The Sickest Kids featuring Selena Gomez) |
2009 | — | non-album song |
| "Send It On" (among Disney's Friends for Change) |
20 | non-album song |
Other charted songs[link]
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
|---|---|---|---|
| US [123] |
|||
| "One and the Same" (with Demi Lovato) |
2009 | 82 | Disney Channel Playlist |
Music videos[link]
| Song | Year | Album |
|---|---|---|
| "Burnin' Up" | 2008 | A Little Bit Longer; played Nick Jonas' love interest |
| "Cruella De Vil" | 2008 | Disneymania 6 |
| "Fly to Your Heart" | 2008 | Tinker Bell |
| "Tell Me Something I Don't Know" | 2008/2009 | Kiss & Tell |
| "One and the Same" | 2009 | Princess Protection Program, Disney Channel Playlist |
| "Send It On" | 2009 | Send It On |
| "Falling Down" | 2009 | Kiss & Tell |
| "Naturally" | 2009 | Kiss & Tell |
| "Round and Round" | 2010 | A Year Without Rain |
| "A Year Without Rain" | 2010 | A Year Without Rain |
| "The Dance Routine" | 2011 | non-album, The Midnight Beast, cameo |
| "Who Says" | 2011 | When the Sun Goes Down |
| "Love You Like a Love Song" | 2011 | When the Sun Goes Down |
| "Hit the Lights" | 2011 | When the Sun Goes Down |
| "Hit the Lights" | 2012 | When the Sun Goes Down |
Tours[link]
| Year | Tour | Gross revenue |
|---|---|---|
| 2009/2010 | Live in Concert | $85,102 |
| 2010/2011 | A Year Without Rain Tour | $634,667 |
| 2011/2012 | We Own the Night Tour | $5,754,314 |
Rankings[link]
| Year | Title | Rank |
|---|---|---|
| 2009 | People Magazine's Most Beautiful Under 21[125] | No. 1 |
| 2010 | Billboard's Hottest Music Stars Under 21[126] | No. 3 |
| People Magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People[127] | Top 50 | |
| 2011 | Latina Magazine's 25 Most Beautiful Latino Stars Under 25[128] | No. 4 |
| Latina Magazine's 15 Latinas We Love![129] | No Specific Order | |
| Paper Magazine's Most Beautiful People[130] | No Specific Order | |
| Billboard's Hottest Music Stars Under 21[126] | No. 3 | |
| 2012 | AskMen's Top 99 Women[131] | No. 14 |
| AskMen's Top 99 Women (UK)[132] | No. 33 | |
| People Magazine's Most Beautiful Look-alikes[133] | No. 3 | |
| FHM's 100 Sexiest Women in the World[134] | No. 75 | |
| Glamour Magazine's Best Dressed Women in the World (UK)[135] | No. 33 | |
| Maxim's Hot 100[136] | No. 24 |
Awards and nominations[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Selena Gomez
References[link]
- ^ "Selena Gomez | AllMusic". http://allmusic.com/artist/selena-gomez-p1063097. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
- ^ a b "Celebrity Central – Selena Gomez: Snapshot". People Magazine. http://www.people.com/people/selena_gomez. Retrieved 2009-01-30. "Birth Date July 22, 1992 Birth Place Grand Prairie, Texas"
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- ^ Hammel, Sarah (2011-01-31). "Justin Bieber Calls Selena Gomez 'One of My Best Friends'". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20462453,00.html. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- ^ Riedel, David (2011-05-23). "Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez kiss at Billboard Music Awards". CBS. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20065270-10391698.html. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- ^ Lee, Felicia (2011-08-08). "Selena Gomez and Taylor Swift Are Teens' Choices". New York Times. http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/selena-gomez-and-taylor-swift-are-teens-choices/. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- ^ Oldenburg, Ann (2011-10-24). "Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez enjoy romance, hockey in Canada". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2011/10/justin-bieber-selena-gomez-enjoy-romance-hockey-in-canada/1. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- ^ Moe, John (2011-12-29). "Wikipedia introduces new software for its editors". American Public Media. http://www.marketplace.org/topics/tech/wikipedia-introduces-new-software-its-editors. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2012-01-05). "Justin Bieber Opens Up About Kissing Selena Gomez". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1676770/justin-bieber-selena-gomez-ellen-degeneres.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
- ^ Spocket Girl Creative. "Official Site for Brain Zapped | Written and Directed by Eliud George Garcia". Brainzapped.com. http://www.brainzapped.com/. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
- ^ a b c List of Selena Gomez's soundtrack:
- Another Cinderella Story: "Another Cinderella Story – Original Soundtrack". Allmusic. 2010-05-13. http://www.allmusic.com/album/another-cinderella-story-r1409947/charts-awards. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
- ^ "SOUNDTRACK – WIZARDS OF WAVERLY PLACE (ALBUM)". norwegiancharts.com. 2010-05-13. http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Soundtrack&titel=Wizards+Of+Waverly+Place&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
- ^ a b c d "Selena Gomez – Chart History". acharts.us. http://acharts.us/performer/selena_gomez. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ "SELENA GOMEZ – MAGIC (SONG) on Norway Charts". norwegiancharts.com. http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Selena+Gomez&titel=Magic&cat=s. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20277194,00.html
- ^ a b http://www.teen.com/2011/09/28/music/billboard-21-minors-under-21-list-justin-bieber-demi-lovato-photos/#8
- ^ http://www.people.com/people/package/video/0,,20360857_20364300,00.html
- ^ http://www.latina.com/entertainment/25-most-beautiful-latino-stars-under-25?slide=3
- ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/07/latina-magazine-celebrate-15-years_n_953210.html#s353113&title=Selena_Gomez_Gives
- ^ http://www.papermag.com/arts_and_style/2010/12/beautiful-people-2011-selena-gomez.php
- ^ http://www.askmen.com/specials/2012_top_99/14-selena-gomez.html
- ^ http://uk.askmen.com/specials/2012_top_99/33-selena-%7Cgomez.html
- ^ http://www.people.com/people/package/gallery/0,,20360857_20586608,00.html#21145457
- ^ http://www.hollywoodlife.com/2012/05/02/fhm-100-sexiest-women-2012-rihanna-selena-gomez-kim-kardashian-kristen-stewart/
- ^ http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/fashion/celebrity-fashion/2011/11/glamours-50-best-dressed-list-2012-kristen-stewart-robert-pattinson-victoria-beckham#!image-number=26
- ^ http://www.maxim.com/hot-100/2012
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Selena Gomez |
- Official website
- Selena Gomez at the Internet Movie Database
- Selena Gomez on Facebook
- Selena Gomez at Disney.com
|
||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gomez, Selena |
| Alternative names | Gomez, Selena Marie |
| Short description | Actress, singer |
| Date of birth | July 22, 1992 |
| Place of birth | Grand Prairie, Texas, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Selena_Gomez
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Selena Gomez
http://es.wn.com/Selena Gomez
http://ru.wn.com/Гомес, Селена
http://cs.wn.com/Selena Gomezová
http://pt.wn.com/Selena Gomez
http://pl.wn.com/Selena Gomez
http://hi.wn.com/सेलिना गोमेज़
http://it.wn.com/Selena Gomez
http://id.wn.com/Selena Gomez
http://nl.wn.com/Selena Gomez
http://fr.wn.com/Selena Gomez
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2012) |
| Jasmine Villegas | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Jasmine Marie Villegas |
| Also known as | Jasmine V, Jas, Jaz, Jazzy |
| Born | (1993-12-07) December 7, 1993 (age 18) |
| Origin | San Jose, California, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B, pop, soul |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, actress, model, director |
| Years active | 2003–present |
| Labels | Epic Records |
| Website | http://www.jasminevmusic.com |
Jasmine Marie Villegas (born December 7, 1993), also known as Jasmine V, is an American teen R&B, pop and soul singer. She has Filipino and Mexican heritage.[1] After many years of pursuing a career in music she was recently signed to Sony Music.[citation needed] All These Boys is the first single of her album, which was released in 19 October 2010 on iTunes. The release of her debut album is forthcoming.
Contents |
Early career[link]
When Jasmine was seven years old she won a singing contest at a Hawaiian Tropics contest in San Jose, California. Jasmine was discovered at age eleven when a man heard her singing while she was walking down the street. He was so impressed that he took her to meet his friend Gabriella Mosci who was working for producer and music extraordinaire, Damon Dash [1]. Gabriella saw something special in Jasmine and decided to manage her. A day before Jasmine turned 12 years old she signed to Damon Dash Music Group.[2] Jasmine began honing her skills in music and acting and was booking jobs in those fields by the age of ten landing her first acting job in a commercial for the hit animated feature The Land Before The Time. Her first professional singing gig was at age eleven when she performed the National Anthem for the Los Angeles Clippers. She has made an appearance in Justin Bieber's music video for his hit single "Baby", portraying his love interest. (Jumpstarting her professional career) She has made appearances in Justin's US tour and on the kids choice awards. Jasmine has also written with famous musician Nick Jonas.
Personal life[link]
Jasmine was born on December 7, 1993 and raised in San Jose, California. Her Mother, Bernadette Villegas is of Philippine descent and her Father, Robert Villegas is of Mexican descent. She has two brothers; one older and one younger, Jream Andrew Vales(JDrew [2]) and Justin Philip Villegas, and she also has a step-brother. Jasmine first started out making YouTube vidoes. After releasing a video for a song titled "Serious", Villegas was able to get a deal with Mosci Music/ Sony/ Epic. Jasmine who has been home-schooled since the third grade began touring at age eleven and in the past 5 ½ years has performed in over 400 shows across country and overseas. She has performed for educational school assembly programs across the country. She has also worked with LA’s Best, a non-profit after school program to perform at 100 elementary schools in the Los Angeles area. She also works closely with other children’s non-profit organizations such as the Geffen Playhouse, Big Brother Big Sisters, Boys and Girls Club of America, Special Olympics, and Aspira Foster Care.
Products[link]
Filmography[link]
Guest starring appearances[link]
| Year | Show | Episode | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | My Wife and Kids | Michael's Band | Rachel | Guest appearance |
| 2004 | The Land Before Time | Dancing Girl | Commercial/Music Video | |
| 2004 | Threat Matrix | Extremist Makeover | Daughter 1# | Guest appearance |
| 2004 | Kellogg's Eggo | Girl eating Eggo | Commercial | |
| 2004 | Stuff by Hilary Duff | Girl | Commercial | |
| 2006 | The Nine | Outsiders | Tiffany | Guest appearance |
| 2007 | That's So Raven | Teacher's Pet | Patty | Guest appearance |
Music video appearances[link]
| Year | Song | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Jesus Walks by Kanye West | Angel | Cameo |
| 2005 | How to Deal by Frankie J | Cameo | |
| 2008 | Kiss Me Through The Phone REMIX by Scooter Smiff ft Jasmine V | Smiff's Love interest | Main Role |
| 2009 | I Own This by Jasmine V | Herself | Main role |
| 2010 | Serious by Jasmine V | Herself | Main role |
| −2010 | Baby by Justin Bieber | Love interest | Main role |
| 2011 | All These Boys by Jasmine V | Herself | Main role |
| 2011 | Natural by Jasmine V | Herself | Main role |
| 2011 | Jealous by Jasmine V | Herself | Main role |
| 2011 | My Girl (Remix) by Mindless Behavior ft. Ciara, Tyga, Lil Twist | Herself | Cameo |
| 2011 | Werk by Jasmine V | Herself | Main role |
| 2011 | Hello by Jasmine V ft Ryan Leslie | Herself | Main role |
| 2012 | Just A Friend (Remix) by Jasmine V | Herself | Main role |
| 2012 | Slide Over by Baby Bash | Guy's love interest | Main role |
Live TV/Pay-per-view appearances[link]
- Singing "The Star-Spangled Banner" before the following boxing matches:
- Manny Pacquiao vs. Juan Manuel Márquez boxing match on 3/15/2008 in Las Vegas
- Manny Pacquiao vs. David Díaz (boxer)|David Diaz boxing match on 6/28/2008 in Las Vegas
- Miguel Cotto vs. Antonio Margarito boxing match on 7/26/2008 in Las Vegas
- Juan Manuel Márquez vs. Joel Casamayor boxing match on 9/13/2008 in Las Vegas
- Manny Pacquiao vs. Ricky Hatton boxing match on 5/2/2009 in Las Vegas.
- Victor Ortiz vs. Floyd Mayweather, Jr. boxing match on 9/17/2011 in Las Vegas.
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
- (2012) TBA
Mixtapes[link]
| Title | Album details |
|---|---|
| S(he) Be(lie)ve(d) |
|
tracklist[link]
| # | Song | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Intro | 0:03 |
| 2 | So Silly (featuring Tyga) | 4:22 |
| 3 | Masquerade | 2:59 |
| 4 | Just A Friend | 2:55 |
| 5 | Jealous | 3:46 |
| 6 | Interlude | 0:06 |
| 7 | Angel | 3:42 |
| 8 | This Isn't Love | 2:59 |
| 9 | Hello (featuring Ryan Leslie) | 4:27 |
| 10 | Werk | 3:21 |
| 11 | The Breakup Song | 2:59 |
| 12 | Outro | 0:07 |
Released Singles[link]
- 2010: "Serious"
- 2010: "All These Boys"
- 2010: "Jealous"
- 2010: "Werk"
- 2011: "Just a Friend"
Songs[link]
- All These Boys
- Angel
- Anything's Possible
- Because I Said So
- Break up song
- Boys Don't Cry
- Breakup Song
- Candy
- Coldest Heartbreak (feat. JDrew)
- Cool Girl
- Didn't Mean It
- First Crush
- Girlfriend
- Good Die Young (Feat. JDrew)
- Hate That I Love You
- Hello
- Hot Like Fire
- I Found You
- I Own This
- If Only You Knew
- Invincible (Feat. Ryan Leslie)
- Jealous
- Just A Friend
- Just A Friend Remix
- Just You And Me (feat. Brandon Kane)
- Kiss Me Thru The Phone (feat. Scooter Smiff)
- Last Breath
- Let Him Go
- Live Your Dreams
- Natural
- Masquerade
- Promise Ring
- Remember My Name
- Ride
- Serious
- So Silly (feat. Tyga)
- Think Big
- This Isn't Love
- Time
- Time Out (Feat. Young Jinsu)
- To The Yard
- Why Can't We Be Friends (feat. Sean Kingston)
- Werk
- You Chose Mine
References[link]
- ^ The Philippine Star. STAR DREAM GIRL: Jasmine Villegas. 1 June 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
- ^ http://damedashmusicgroup.tripod.com/
External links[link]
- Official website
- Jasmine Villegas at the Internet Movie Database
- Jasmine Villegas on Myspace
- Jasmine Villegas on Twitter
- Jasmine Villegas on Facebook
- Jasmine Villegas at Youtube
- Jasmine Villegas at Youtube Vevo
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Villegas, Jasmine |
| Alternative names | Jasmine V |
| Short description | Singer |
| Date of birth | December 7, 1993 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jasmine_Villegas
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Виллегас, Жасмин Мари
http://fr.wn.com/Jasmine Villegas
http://pt.wn.com/Jasmine Villegas
http://de.wn.com/Jasmine Villegas
http://it.wn.com/Jasmine Villegas
http://pl.wn.com/Jasmine Villegas
http://es.wn.com/Jasmine Villegas
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmine_Villegas
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Tego Calderón | |
|---|---|
 Calderón performing in the Canary Islands, September 15, 2007. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Tegui Calderón Rosario |
| Born | (1972-02-01) February 1, 1972 (age 40) |
| Origin | Santurce, Puerto Rico |
| Genres | Reggaeton, reggae, hip-hop, Latin, salsa |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, actor, rapper |
| Years active | 1998–present |
| Labels | Jiggiri Records (2000–present) Sony BMG (2001–2005) Atlantic Records (2006–present) White Lion Records (2002–present) WY Records (2010–present) |
| Associated acts | Voltio, Don Omar, Aventura, The Game |
| Website | Official Website |
Tegui Calderón Rosario (born February 1, 1972) is a Puerto Rican rapper, and actor.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Calderón was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico, the son of Pilar Rosario Parrilla, a schoolteacher, and Esteban Calderón Ilarraza, a government worker for Puerto Rico's Department of Health.[1][2] Moving at a young age from his native Puerto Rico to Miami, Florida, Tego attended Miami Beach Senior High. Here he was exposed to several different cultures, eventually studying percussion and working as a drummer in a rock band. The band would cover songs produced by artists including Ozzy Osbourne and Led Zeppelin.[3] He has noted that both of his parents were fans of Ismael Rivera, and that his father was also interested in jazz. He was influenced by both genres and incorporated them into his music, including songs such as Minnie the Moocher. He eventually developed a music style that combined elements of salsa, plena, dancehall, and hip-hop, focusing on aspects of urban life in his lyrics.
Early musical career[link]
Calderón made several cameo appearances on other rapper's albums, eventually signing with label White Lion. In 2002, after three years of voice training, he published his first full-length album titled El Abayarde. Despite the fact that Reggaeton was considered an underground genre, the album sold 50,000 copies upon its release, setting a sales record for an urban music album. Three months after publishing El Abayarde, Calderón organized his first concert, which took place at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico and sold out the venue. The following day he became the first rap artist to perform at the annual Puertorican Día Naciónal de la Salsa (National Day of Salsa).
In August 2003, Calderón performed at the Madison Square Garden in New York City. Based on his show and performance, The New York Times noted that he "made the best case for Reggaetón as music with room to grow" being a "forward-looking performer."[4] His second appearance at the venue was in October 2004, where he headlined an event titled Megatón 2004. The concert sold out, with 20,000 in attendance, a mixed crowd of Latino and non-Latino fans.
Calderón's travels subsequently led him to Miami, where he incorporated dancehall elements into his musical style. In 2004, his album titled El Enemy de los Guasíbiri was released. The album's production included a mix of several urban genres. Calderón claimed that he preferred the influence of these other genres due to his belief that Salsa had "become too corporate and too safe". Years after its release, Calderón stated that he had never approved the release of the Guasibiri album, which he claimed was rather a collection of old songs and that it should be left out of his discography as an unauthorized album.[5] Following the release of this album, reggaeton gained more influence with several hip-hop producers in New York. Calderón continued working on several mixtapes, being featured in remixes of Usher's "Yeah", Fat Joe's "Lean Back", N.O.R.E.'s "Oye Mi Canto" and Akon's "I Wanna Love You" and also Tego featured Aventura's "We Got The Crown".
2005–Present[link]
Calderón participated on the 2004 and 2005 editions of New York's Puerto Rican Day parade. During this timeframe he became the first Latin American artist to be included on New York's Power-105. Calderón's influence among Latin American youth was noted in a featured published by the Village Voice. The publication claimed that he had "almost single-handedly. .. steered his country’s dominant youth culture out of the island and Latino neighborhoods, and into the American stream of pop consciousness.”[4]
In the summer of 2005, Calderón signed a deal between Atlantic Records and his own independent label, Jiggiri Records, making him the first reggaeton artist to have a deal with a major record company.[6]
In 2006, Calderón and both companies published The Underdog/El Subestimado. He noted that the production includes influence from several Afro-Caribbean rhythms including Reggae, Salsa, Bomba and Rumba. This production featured the guests appearances of Buju Banton, Voltio, Bataklán, Eddie Dee, Luis Cabán, Yandel, Zion, Chyno Nyno, Don Omar and Oscar D'León. Several producers were involved in the album, including Cookee, Major League, Salaam Remi, Eric Figueroa, Luny Tunes, DJ Nelson, Danny Fornaris, DJ Nesty, Naldo, DJ Joe, DJ Fat and Echo & Diesel. At the presentation party for the album, Calderón explained that he no longer considers himself as a reggaeton artist because this genre of music has become too commercial.[7] Noting that reggaeton is becoming too similar to pop music and that he does not let his children listen to it at home unless it is on the radio.
Musical styles and themes[link]
Although Calderón is a reggaeton artist, he claims to like "all types of music".[8] Evidence of this is seen both in his biography (he began his career in music in a metal band and attended a school for music as a drummer) as well as in his music, which incorporates "'several musical tendencies'", including sounds and rhythms from places like Africa, Colombia, and the Caribbean. He obtains the sound for his popular reggaeton music through "fusing an experimental reggaeton style strongly rooted in the working-class Caribbean aesthetics of classic salsa with a strong dose of hip-hop".[9] On The Underdog/El Subestimado, he collaborated with rap duo Anónimo Consejo to create a song entitled "Son Dos Alas" which eventually was shortened to an interdule without Calderón.
Calderón has also been praised for his lyrics, which are much more substantive and uplifting than the misogynist materialistic words that have come to define reggaeton as well as the majority of hip-hop music. Calderón has been described as "the reggaeton champion of an Afro-Caribbean working-class aesthetic" and is known for lyrics that are equal parts poetry and politics.[9] A consistent link between all of his albums "are the social themes and the untouchable bravado that he usually transmits through his artistic outlook."[8] According to Tony Touch, "Tego is someone who represents struggle, an underdog... He's more of an MC, a product of late-'80s hip-hop."[10]
Film and other career projects[link]
Calderón made his acting debut in the film "Illegal Tender" produced by John Singleton. Calderon played the role of Choco, a Puerto Rican gangster whose character was written specifically for him by director Franc Reyes.[3][11]
Calderón turned down roles in both Feel the Noise and "El Cantante" and instead chose to appear in Illegal Tender out of respect for its producer. After convincing John Singleton that he wanted to appear in a comedy, Calderón is slated to appear in an upcoming Singleton film which casts him as the coach of a baseball team.[3]
Calderón traveled to Sierra Leone along with artists Raekwon and Paul Wall to film a VH1 documentary about diamond mining entitled "Bling'd: Blood, Diamonds, and Hip-Hop." The documentary focused on the role of Hip Hop in the blood diamond trade, after the filming concluded Calderón publicly announced that he would no longer wear jewelry. His experience in Africa also changed his outlook on life, which influenced the recording of the track "Alegria", encouraging fans to not complain about life and recognize that there are other people with bigger problems in their lives.[12]
Calderon and Don Omar are featured in Fast & Furious and Fast Five, the fourth and fifth installments of The Fast and the Furious franchise.[12][13]
Discography[link]
Main article: Tego Calderón discography
- El Abayarde (2003)
- El Enemy de los Guasíbiri (2004)
- The Underdog/El Subestimado (2006)
- El Abayarde Contraataca (2007)
- El Que Sabe, Sabe (2012)
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Def Jam: Icon | Himself | Video game, voice only |
| 2007 | Ilegal Tender | Choco | Film Debut |
| 2007 | Bling: A Planet Rock | Himself | Documentary film / DVD |
| 2009 | Los Bandoleros | Leo Tego | Lead Role / Short Film, Part of Fast & Furious |
| 2009 | Fast & Furious | Leo Tego | Cameo |
| 2011 | Fast Five | Leo Tego | Supporting Role |
References[link]
- ^ http://latinmusic.about.com/od/artists/p/PRO01TEGOC.htm
- ^ http://www.iblnews.com/story.php?id=31140
- ^ a b c Latin Rap Interview – "Tego Calderón Part II: El Abayarde Strikes Back"
- ^ a b "Tego Calderon – Bio". Atlantic Records. http://www.atlanticrecords.com/tegocalderon/. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
- ^ Latin Rap Interview – "Tego Calderon Represents for the Underdogs"
- ^ Latin Rap News – "Tego Calderon Signs Global Deal with Atlantic"
- ^ Charlie Mena (2006-06-29). "Tego Calderon "Underdog" Atlantic Records Album Listening Party". LatinRapper.com. http://www.latinrapper.com/tego_calderon_listening_party.html. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ a b [1] Albert Perez. "Tego Calderón visits Latino 96.3" Accessed January 31, 2008. www.latino963.lamusica.com
- ^ a b [2] Frances Negrón-Muntaner and Raquel Z. Rivera, "Reggaeton Nation" (17 December 2007) Accessed January 31, 2008. http://news.nacla.org/2007/12/17/reggaeton-nation
- ^ Village Voice – Riddims by the Reggaeton
- ^ Illegal Tender movie review
- ^ a b Latin Rap Interview – "Tego Calderon Part II: El Abayarde Strikes Back"
- ^ [3]
External links[link]
- (Spanish) Official website
- Tego Calderón at the Internet Movie Database
- Tego Calderon, Artistas Destacado – Billboard En Español
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Calderon, Tego |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | February 1, 1972 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Tego_Calderón
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Tego Calderón
http://nl.wn.com/Tego Calderón
http://de.wn.com/Tego Calderón
http://it.wn.com/Tego Calderón
http://pl.wn.com/Tego Calderón
http://es.wn.com/Tego Calderón
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tego_Calderón
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
