published: 31 Dec 2008
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- Abdal
- Abdalqadir as-Sufi
- Abdul Mutallib
- Abdul-Qadir Gilani
- Abel
- Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
- Abu Bakr Shibli
- Abul Abbas al-Mursi
- Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr
- Adam
- Adam and Eve
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- Al-Askari Mosque
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- Al-Ghazali
- Al-Hallaj
- Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
- Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
- Aleppo
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- Ali
- Ali al-Hadi
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- Annemarie Schimmel
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- Template Sufism
- Template talk Sufism
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- Zaheen Shah Taji
- Zawiya
- Zawiya (institution)
- Zaynab bint Ali
- Zeyarat Baba Reshi
- Ziyarat
- Zliten
-
Ajmer
Ajmer (, ), formerly written Ajmere, is a city in Ajmer District in India's Rajasthan state. Surrounded by the Aravalli Mountains, Ajmer, also known as Ajaymeru, was the city once ruled by Prithviraj Chauhan. Its population was approximately 500,000 in 2001. The city gives its name to Ajmer district, and also to a former province of British India called Ajmer-Merwara, which, after India's independence, became the state of Ajmer. On November 1, 1956, it was merged into Rajasthan state.
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Alexandria
http://wn.com/Alexandria -
Ardabil
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Ardestan
Ardestan () is a town in Esfahan province, Iran. It is located at the southern foothills of the Karkas mountain chain and is 110 km northeast of Isfahan. It is believed the city has been founded in Sassanian times and was strongly fortified in the 10th century. A Seljuk-era mosque, a bazaar, several ab anbars, and historical houses of the old town are among the tourist attractions of Ardestan. Mulberry, pomegranate and a special kind of fig are the main orchard products of the town.
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Awjila
Awjila () is an oasis after which the Awjila language, an Eastern Berber language spoken there, is named. The people cultivate small gardens using water from deep wells. They are Sunni Muslims.
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Bab al-Hadid
Bab al-Hadid () (the Iron Gate) is a monument located in Aleppo, Syria, was planned during the reign of al-Zahir Ghazi and built by his son Mohammed as Bab al-Qanat (the Aqueduct Gate). It was rebuilt by the final Mamluk sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri in 1509. The gate and surrounding quarters of the old city are some of the best preserved areas in the old city of Aleppo. It was historically known for its blacksmiths and to this day, there are some operating with the same traditional practices, most of whom have had the trade in their family for many generations.
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Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo)
Bab al-Nasr () (Gate of Victory) is one of the Gates of Aleppo. It was originally called Bab al-Yahud because of its location next to the Jewish Quarter. It was rebuilt and renamed by al-Zaher Ghazi in 1212 to become the most important northern gate of the city. Its simple, direct access form became more complex under the reconstruction with the fortifying tactics used by the Ayyubids. The left tower has an opening that leads to a vaulted chamber that changes the direction of procession towards the right. The chamber connects to a vaulted corridor carved out of the thickness of the wall that leads outside to the left. This double-bent axis gives the gate its military strength while reducing its practicality. During the Ottoman period the double wall was pierced to readapt the gate for vehicular passage due to the gates location on al-Khandaq Street which was originally part of the moats that the Ottomans transformed into a major carriageway. The gate was protected by two saints al-Khidr and Abu al-Abbas.
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Bab Antakeya
http://wn.com/Bab_Antakeya -
Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Bakote
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Balangoda
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Balkh
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Bani Na'im
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Baramulla
Baramulla () is a city in the Baramulla district in Jammu and Kashmir state in northern India. Baramulla is the third largest city of Jammu & Kashmir state (2001 census) after Srinagar (894940 people), Jammu (369959 people) and Anantnag (72204 people). The old town is connected by five bridges with the new town and five more bridges are in the pipe line.The commonly used language is Kashmiri followed by Urdu and English. The percentage of Muslims in the city is 96.5 and rest 03.5% is being shared by Hindus, sikhs, Christans and Buddhism.
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Bareilly
Barally (, {{Lang-ur|) is a city in Bareilly district in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Standing on the Ramganga river, it is the capital of the Bareilly division and the geographical region Rohilkhand. It is a center for the manufacture of furniture and for trade in cotton, grain, and sugar. The city's population in 2001 was 699,839. Geographically it forms the outer gateway to enter Uttarakhand State.
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Batu Uban
Batu Uban is a small town located a few kilometers away from the town of Gelugor in Penang, Malaysia. There are numerous condominiums situated in Batu Uban; these include Sunny Ville, E-park and N-park. Many Universiti Sains Malaysia students reside in rented units in N-park Condominium.
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Bayt Jibrin
Bayt Jibrin (, also Beit Jibrin) was a Palestinian Arab village located northwest of the city of Hebron. The village had a total land area of 56,185 dunams or , of which were built-up while the rest remained farmland.
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Beruwala
Beruwala, is a small resort town in the south western coastal belt of Sri Lanka. The name Beruwala is derived from the Sinhalese word for the place where the sail is lowered. It marks the spot for the first Muslim settlement on the island, established by Arab traders around the 8th century AD. A large population of Sri Lankan Moors, many of them are gem merchants, still live in the town-- particularly in the "China Fort". Msjid-ul-Abrar , a landmark of Beruwala and Sri Lanka's oldest mosque, was built by Arab traders on a rocky peninsula overlooking the town.
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Bhadreswar, Kutch
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Biskra
Biskra (; Berber: Tibeskert) is the capital city of Biskra province, Algeria. In 2007, its population was recorded as 207,987.
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Bistam
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Black stone
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Bukhara
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Calicut
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Cape Town
Cape Town (; ) is the second-most populous city in South Africa, and the largest in land area, forming part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality. It is the provincial capital and primate city of the Western Cape, as well as the legislative capital of South Africa, where the National Parliament and many government offices are located. The city is famous for its harbour as well as its natural setting in the Cape floral kingdom, including such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point.It is hailed as one of the most beautiful cities in the world as officially recognised by Forbes. National Geographic has also enlisted Cape Town as one of the most iconic cities on the planet and "Places of a Lifetime". Cape Town is also Africa's most popular tourist destination.
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Chennai
Chennai (Tamil: ), formerly known as Madras (Tamil: AKA ), is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai is the fourth most populous metropolitan area and the fifth most populous city in India. Located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, Chennai city had a population of 4.34 million in the 2001 census within the area administered by the Corporation of Chennai and an extended Metropolitan Population of 6.5 million. The urban agglomeration of metropolitan Chennai has an estimated population over 8.2 million people.
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Chittagong
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Colombo
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Damascus
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Damghan
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Dayr al-Shaykh
Dayr al-Shaykh was a Palestinian Arab village in the District of Jerusalem. It was depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War on October 21, 1948 by the Har'el Brigade of Operation ha-Har. It was located 16 km west of Jerusalem, overlooks Wadi al-Sarar to the northeast.
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Dera Ismail Khan
Dera Ismail Khan () is a city in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. It is situated on the west bank of the Indus River, 200 miles west of Lahore and 120 miles northwest of Multan. The city is the capital of the district and tehsil of the same name. In Pakistan, its name is often abbreviated to D. I. Khan.
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Dhaka
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Dome of the Rock
The Dome of the Rock (, translit.: Masjid Qubbat As-Sakhrah, , translit.: Kipat Hasela) is an Islamic shrine and major landmark located on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. It was completed in 691-692, making it the oldest existing Islamic building in the world. The site's significance stems from the religious beliefs regarding the rock, known as the Foundation Stone, at its heart.
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Egypt
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Ernakulam
:This article is about the town of Ernakulam, See Ernakulam district.
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Fes, Morocco
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Gansu
() is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. It lies between Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, and the Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia to the north and Xinjiang to the west. The Yellow River passes the southern part of the province.
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Gaza
Gaza ( , ; also referred to as Gaza City) is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of about 410,000, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories.
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Gujrat
Gujrat (Urdu/Punjabi: ) is a city in Pakistan. It is the capital of Gujrat District and the Gujrat Tehsil subdivision in the Punjab Province. People living in Gujrat refer to themselves as Gujratis, which sometimes leads to confusion with people from the Indian state of Gujarat which neighbors Pakistan. The major sources of livelihood among the Gujrat populace are agriculture and small industries.
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Gül Baba
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Halhul
http://wn.com/Halhul -
Hasan al-Askari
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Hebron
Hebron (Arabic: ; Hebrew: , Standard Hebrew: , Tiberian: ), is located in the southern West Bank, 30 km (19 mi) south of Jerusalem. Nestling in the Judean Mountains, it lies 930 meters (3,050 ft) above sea level. It is the largest city in the West Bank and home to around 165,000 Palestinians, and over 500 Israeli settlers concentrated in and around the old quarter. The city is most notable for containing the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs and is therefore considered the second-holiest city in Judaism. The city is also venerated by Muslims as the burial place of the prophet Abraham. and was traditonally viewed as one of the "four holy cities of Islam."
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Hira
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Imam Reza shrine
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Imam Sahib, Kunduz
http://wn.com/Imam_Sahib_Kunduz -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Isfahan (city)
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Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
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Kadhimayn
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Kalamassery
Kalamassery () is a suburb of Cochin city in the state of Kerala, India. It is a municipality and town in India in the Ernakulam district of the southern state of Kerala. It is a concentrated region of industrialization with several factories manufacturing chemicals and fertilizers, as well as IT companies. In the vicinity of Kalamassery are the Thrikkakara temple, the Cochin University of Science and Technology and the Eloor industrial township. The Periyar river flows through Kalamassery.
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Kannur
:For the district with the name Kannur, see Kannur District.
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Kapasan
Kapasan is a city and a municipality in Chittaurgarh district in the Indian state of Rajasthan.
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Karachi
Karachi (: , {{lang-ur|) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. With an estimated population of about 18 million, Karachi is one of the world's largest cities in terms of population, the 13th largest urban agglomeration, the 4th largest metropolitan area in the world, and the 2nd largest city within the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Islamic world.
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Karbala
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Kasaragod Town
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Kasargod
Kasaragod (,), is a town and a municipality in Kasaragod district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of Kasaragod District as well as of Kasaragod Taluk. The city was formerly called Kanjirakuttom. Kasaragod is also the northernmost municipality of Kerala.
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Kerala
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Khan Yunis
Kerala (Malayalam: , {{audio|Ml-Kerala.ogg|) is a state in India. It is located on the south-western region of the country. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act bringing together the areas where Malayalam was the dominant language.
http://wn.com/Khan_Yunis -
Khuzestan
Khan Yunis - often spelt Khan Younis or Khan Yunnis - (; literally ''Jonah's Caravanserai'') is a city and adjacent refugee camp in the southern part of the Gaza Strip. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics the city, its refugee camp, and its immediate surroundings had a total population of 180,000 in 2006. Although Khan Yunis lies only 4 kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea the climate of Khan Yunis is semi-arid region with an annual rainfall of approximately 260 mm.
http://wn.com/Khuzestan -
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
http://wn.com/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa -
Konya
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ({{lang-ps|), previously known as the North-West Frontier Province (see names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, located in the north west of the country. It borders Afghanistan to the north-west, Gilgit-Baltistan to the north-east, Azad Jammu and Kashmir to the east, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to the west and south, Balochistan to the south and Punjab and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the south-east.
http://wn.com/Konya -
Kuala lumpur
Konya is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. It is the capital of the Konya Province, and had a city population of 1,003,373 in 2009 while the provincial population (including the other urban centers in the Konya Province) was 1,959,082 in the same year.
http://wn.com/Kuala_lumpur -
Lahore
http://wn.com/Lahore -
Lakshadweep
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
http://wn.com/Lakshadweep -
Madurai
http://wn.com/Madurai -
Madurai Maqbara
Madurai (, ; formerly Madura) is the oldest continuously inhabited city in the Indian peninsula. It is an ancient and prestigious city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, situated on the banks of the River Vaigai in Madurai district.
http://wn.com/Madurai_Maqbara -
Mahan, Iran
http://wn.com/Mahan_Iran -
Makkah
Mahan is well-known for the tomb of the great Sufi leader Shah Ne'emat Ollah-e-Vali, as well as Shazdeh Garden (Prince Garden).
http://wn.com/Makkah -
Marrakech
http://wn.com/Marrakech -
Mashad
http://wn.com/Mashad -
Mashhad, Israel
http://wn.com/Mashhad_Israel -
Mazar-i-Sharif
Mashhad (, , Mash-hed transliteration, grave of a holy man) is an Arab town located northeast of Nazareth in Israel's North District. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 6,700 mostly Muslim inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Mazar-i-Sharif -
Mecca
http://wn.com/Mecca -
Medina
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
http://wn.com/Medina -
Misrata
http://wn.com/Misrata -
Mosul
http://wn.com/Mosul -
Mughal Empire
http://wn.com/Mughal_Empire -
Mumbai
The Mughal Empire (, ; Urdu: ; self-designation: , ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in former English usage, was an Indian-Islamic power that ruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries and ended in the mid-19th century.
http://wn.com/Mumbai -
Murree
Mumbai (; , ', ), previously known as Bombay' (), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the second most populous city in the world, with a population of approximately 14 million. The official language of Mumbai is Marathi. But many other languages are also widely used, particularly the Mumbaiian Hindi''. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South or Central Asia.
http://wn.com/Murree -
Nabi Musa
Murree city (Punjabi, {{lang-ur|) is a popular hill station and a summer resort, especially for the residents of Islamabad, and for the cities of the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Murree is also the administrative centre of Murree Tehsil, which is a sub-division of Rawalpindi District and includes the Murree Hills.
http://wn.com/Nabi_Musa -
Nabi Samwil
Nabi Musa (, meaning the "Prophet Moses", also transliterated Nebi Musa) is the name of a site in the Judean desert that popular Palestinian folklore associates with Moses. It is also the name of a seven-day long religious festival that was celebrated annually by Palestinian Muslims, beginning on the Friday before Good Friday in the old Orthodox Greek calendar. Considered "the most important Muslim pilgrimage in Palestine," the festival centered around a collective pilgrimage from Jerusalem to what was understood to be the Tomb of Moses, near Jericho.
http://wn.com/Nabi_Samwil -
Nablus
An-Nabi Samwil also al-Nabi Samuil ( an-Nabi Samwil, translit: "the prophet Samuel") is a Palestinian village of nearly 220 inhabitants in the West Bank, within the Jerusalem Governorate, located four kilometers north of Jerusalem. The village consists of a few houses and in addition to serving worshipers, its mosque acts as a prominent landmark.
http://wn.com/Nablus -
Nagore
http://wn.com/Nagore -
Nagpur
Nagore (sometimes spelled Nagoor) is a town in the Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located approximately 16 km south of Karaikal and 4 km north of Nagapattinam. It has a population of approximately 30,000.
http://wn.com/Nagpur -
Najaf
http://wn.com/Najaf -
Natanz
Najaf (; BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. Its estimated population in 2008 is 560,000 people. It is the capital of Najaf Governorate. It is one of the holiest cities of Shi'a Islam and the center of Shia political power in Iraq.
http://wn.com/Natanz -
Northern Areas
Natanz () is the centre of a township of the same name in the Isfahan province of Iran. It is located 70km south-east of Kashan. The population of the township as of 1999 was 39,964.
http://wn.com/Northern_Areas -
Penang
http://wn.com/Penang -
Qazvin
Penang (; ; ) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Strait of Malacca. Penang is the second smallest state in Malaysia by area after Perlis, and the eighth most populous. A resident of Penang is colloquially known as a Penangite.
http://wn.com/Qazvin -
Rajasthan
Qazvin (, , , also spelled as Qazwin or Ghazvin) is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran with an estimated population of 331,409 in 2005. [http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/2005_world_city_populations/Iran.html]
http://wn.com/Rajasthan -
Rajshahi
http://wn.com/Rajshahi -
Rameswaram
:This article is about the city. For the district, see Rajshahi District. For the division, see Rajshahi Division.
http://wn.com/Rameswaram -
Rey, Iran
http://wn.com/Rey_Iran -
Riau
:
http://wn.com/Riau -
Salera Hill
Riau is a province of Indonesia, located in the center of Sumatra along the Strait of Malacca. The provincial capital and largest city is Pekanbaru. Other major cities includes Dumai, Bagansiapiapi, Bengkalis, Bangkinang, Rengat and Siak Sri Indrapura.
http://wn.com/Salera_Hill -
Samarkand
Salera Hill is a pilgrimage centre (ziyaret) in Damascus, Syria. The following sacred spots are located on it:
http://wn.com/Samarkand -
Samarra
Samarkand (; ; ; ; from Sogdian: "Stone Fort" or "Rock Town") is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century, it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane), and is the site of his mausoleum (the Gur-e Amir). The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. The Registan was the ancient centre of the city.
http://wn.com/Samarra -
Shah-i-Zinda
http://wn.com/Shah-i-Zinda -
Shiraz
Shah-i-Zinda ( meaning "The Living King") is a necropolis in the north-eastern part of Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
http://wn.com/Shiraz -
Shrine of Hazrat Ali
Shiraz ( ) is the sixth most populous city in Iran and is the capital of Fars Province. Shiraz is located in the southwest of Iran on the Rudkhaneye Khoshk seasonal river. Shiraz has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for more than one thousand years.
http://wn.com/Shrine_of_Hazrat_Ali -
Srinagar district
The Shrine of Hazrat Ali, also known as the Blue Mosque, is a mosque in Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan. It is one of the reputed burial places of Ali. It is the building which gives the city in which it is located, Mazari Sharif (meaning "Tomb of the Exalted") its name.
http://wn.com/Srinagar_district -
Tehran
http://wn.com/Tehran -
Thiruparankundram
http://wn.com/Thiruparankundram -
Tolga, Algeria
Thiruparankundram is a panchayat town in Madurai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
http://wn.com/Tolga_Algeria -
Turkestan (city)
Tolga () is a municipality in Biskra Province, Algeria. Located in south-east Algeria, Tolga is well known internationally for high-quality dates (Deglet Nour). It has more than 500,000 date palm trees. Most dates produced are exported.
http://wn.com/Turkestan_(city) -
Varamin
Turkistan (), formerly known as Turkestan (), is a city in the southern region of Kazakhstan, near the Syr Darya river. It has a population of 85,600 and is situated 160 km (100 miles) north-west of Shymkent on the Trans-Aral Railway between Kyzylorda to the north and Tashkent to the south.
http://wn.com/Varamin -
Yazd
http://wn.com/Yazd -
Zliten
http://wn.com/Zliten
-
Abd Manaf ibn Qusai
http://wn.com/Abd_Manaf_ibn_Qusai -
Abdalqadir as-Sufi
Abdalqadir as-Sufi (born 1930 Ian Dallas in Ayr, Scotland) is a Shaykh of Tarbiyah (Instruction), leader of the Darqawi-Shadhili-Qadiri Tariqa, founder of the Murabitun World Movement and author of numerous books on Islam, Sufism (Tasawwuf) and political theory. Born in Scotland, he was a playwright and actor before he accepted Islam in 1967 with the Imam of the Masjid al-Qarawiyyin (Qarawiyyin Mosque) in Fes, Morocco.
http://wn.com/Abdalqadir_as-Sufi -
Abdul-Qadir Gilani
http://wn.com/Abdul-Qadir_Gilani -
Abel
http://wn.com/Abel -
Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
http://wn.com/Abu_Ayyub_al-Ansari -
Abu Bakr Shibli
Shaykh Abu Bakr Shibli (861 - 946) was an important Sufi of Persian and a discple of Junayd Baghdadi.
http://wn.com/Abu_Bakr_Shibli -
Abul Abbas al-Mursi
'''Al-Mursi Abu'l-'Abbas (1219, Murcia - 1286 CE) () is a famous Sufi saint from Al-Andalus who later in his life moved to Alexandria in Egypt. His complete name is Shahab al-Din Abu'l-'Abbas Ahmad ibn 'Umar ibn Mohammad al-Ansari al-Mursi'''. He was born in Murcia in Muslim Spain in 616 H (1219 CE) to a wealthy family in the trading business and was well educated in religious sciences.
http://wn.com/Abul_Abbas_al-Mursi -
Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr
http://wn.com/Abū-Sa'īd_Abul-Khayr -
Adam
http://wn.com/Adam -
Ahmad al-Alawi
Sheikh Ahmad ibn Mustafa al-Alawi (1869–14 July 1934), (), was the founder of a popular modern Sufi order, the Darqawiyya Alawiyya, a branch of the Shadhiliyya.
http://wn.com/Ahmad_al-Alawi -
Ahmad Raza Khan
http://wn.com/Ahmad_Raza_Khan -
Ahmad Sirhindi
http://wn.com/Ahmad_Sirhindi -
Ahmed Raza Khan
http://wn.com/Ahmed_Raza_Khan -
Ahmed Yesevi
http://wn.com/Ahmed_Yesevi -
Al-Hallaj
http://wn.com/Al-Hallaj -
Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
'''Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi known as al-Shaykh al-Mufid and Ibn al-Mu'allim''' for his expertise in philosophical theology (c. 948-1022 CE) was an eminent Twelver Shi'a theologian.
http://wn.com/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid -
Ali
http://wn.com/Ali -
Ali al-Hadi
http://wn.com/Ali_al-Hadi -
Ali al-Naqi
http://wn.com/Ali_al-Naqi -
Ali al-Rida
http://wn.com/Ali_al-Rida -
Ali Hujwiri
http://wn.com/Ali_Hujwiri -
Ali ibn Hussayn
http://wn.com/Ali_ibn_Hussayn -
Annemarie Schimmel
Annemarie Schimmel, SI, HI, (April 7, 1922 – January 26, 2003) was a well known and very influential German Orientalist and scholar, who wrote extensively on Islam and Sufism.
http://wn.com/Annemarie_Schimmel -
Aurangzeb
http://wn.com/Aurangzeb -
Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
http://wn.com/Aziz_Mahmud_Hudayi -
Baha-ud-din Zakariya
Baha-ud-din Zakariya () was a Sufi of Suhrawardiyya order (tariqa). His full name was Al-Sheikh Al-Kabir Sheikh-ul-Islam Baha-ud-Din Abu Muhammad Zakaria Al-Qureshi Al-Asadi Al Hashmi.
http://wn.com/Baha-ud-din_Zakariya -
Balım Sultan
http://wn.com/Balım_Sultan -
Bande Nawaz
http://wn.com/Bande_Nawaz -
Bani Na'im
http://wn.com/Bani_Na'im -
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
:This article describes the Sufism philosopher, for the Sri Lankan architect see Geoffrey Bawa.
http://wn.com/Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen -
Bayazid Bastami
http://wn.com/Bayazid_Bastami -
Bayazid Bistami
http://wn.com/Bayazid_Bistami -
Bilal ibn Ribah
http://wn.com/Bilal_ibn_Ribah -
Bulleh Shah
http://wn.com/Bulleh_Shah -
Dhul-Nun al-Misri
http://wn.com/Dhul-Nun_al-Misri -
Ezra
http://wn.com/Ezra -
Fadhlalla Haeri
Sheikh Fadhlalla Haeri is a Sufi sheikh. As a businessman, he established several manufacturing and consulting firms in the Middle East, primarily in the oil industry. He has been a religious teacher for more than 20 years and has written many books on Islam.
http://wn.com/Fadhlalla_Haeri -
Farid al-Din Attar
http://wn.com/Farid_al-Din_Attar -
Fatimah
http://wn.com/Fatimah -
Feisal Abdul Rauf
Feisal Abdul Rauf (, born 1948) is an Egyptian-American Sufi imam, author, and activist whose stated goal is to improve relations between the Muslim world and the West. Since 1983, he has been Imam of Masjid al-Farah, a mosque in New York City.
http://wn.com/Feisal_Abdul_Rauf -
Gansu
() is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. It lies between Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, and the Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia to the north and Xinjiang to the west. The Yellow River passes the southern part of the province.
http://wn.com/Gansu -
Ghulam Mustafa Khan
http://wn.com/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khan -
Gül Baba
http://wn.com/Gül_Baba -
Habib ibn Muzahir
http://wn.com/Habib_ibn_Muzahir -
Hajji Bayram
http://wn.com/Hajji_Bayram -
Hasan al-Askari
http://wn.com/Hasan_al-Askari -
Hasan of Basra
http://wn.com/Hasan_of_Basra -
Hazrat Tajuddin Baba
http://wn.com/Hazrat_Tajuddin_Baba -
Henry Corbin
Henry Corbin (14 April 1903 - 7 October 1978) was a philosopher, theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at the Sorbonne in Paris, France.
http://wn.com/Henry_Corbin -
Hisham Kabbani
http://wn.com/Hisham_Kabbani -
Hujr ibn Adi
http://wn.com/Hujr_ibn_Adi -
Husayn ibn Ali
http://wn.com/Husayn_ibn_Ali -
Ibn 'Ata Allah
Ahmad ibn Muhammad '''Ibn 'Ata Allah''' al-Iskandari (d. 1309), the third sheikh of the Shadhili Sufi order was born and grew up in Alexandria, lived and died in Cairo. He was responsible for systematizing the order's doctrines and recording the biographies of its founder, Sidi Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili, and his successor, Sidi Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi. Ibn 'Ata Allah was the author of the first systematic treatise on dhikr, titled The Key to Salvation: A Sufi Manual of Invocation (Miftah al-Falah) and his compilation of aphorisms (hikam) helped to make the group very popular. Commentaries on the hikam have been made by some of the most famous of the Shadhili order such as Ibn Abbad al-Rundi, Sheikh Ahmed Zarruq founder of the Zarruqiyya Sufi order and Ahmad ibn Ajiba. The wide circulation of his written works led to the spread of the Shadhili order in North Africa, where the order's founder had been rejected in earlier attempts. The Wafai Sufi order was also derived from his works. He died in 1309 while in Cairo.
http://wn.com/Ibn_'Ata_Allah -
Ibn Arabi
http://wn.com/Ibn_Arabi -
Ibn Taymiyyah
http://wn.com/Ibn_Taymiyyah -
Imadaddin Nasimi
http://wn.com/Imadaddin_Nasimi -
Imam al-Haddad
Imam Abd Allah ibn Alawi al-Haddad born in 1634 CE (1044 Hijri).
http://wn.com/Imam_al-Haddad -
Ivan Aguéli
http://wn.com/Ivan_Aguéli -
Jamal-ud-Din Hansvi
Sheikh Jamal-ud-Din Ahmad was a direct descendant ofImam Abu Hanifa, the renowned Persian jurist of Islam. He was born at Ghazni (Khorasan) which is in Modern-day Afghanistan. in the year 583 A.H. He was five years old when his family came to Hansi. He became a disciple of Hadrat Baba Fariduddin Ganjshakar of Pakpattan at the age of 50. He learnt deeply and served devotedly.
http://wn.com/Jamal-ud-Din_Hansvi -
Jami
http://wn.com/Jami -
Jew
http://wn.com/Jew -
Jonah
http://wn.com/Jonah -
Joseph's Tomb
http://wn.com/Joseph's_Tomb -
Jābir ibn Hayyān
http://wn.com/Jābir_ibn_Hayyān -
Khan Jahan Ali
http://wn.com/Khan_Jahan_Ali -
Khwaja Ghulam Farid
http://wn.com/Khwaja_Ghulam_Farid -
Kurt Almqvist
http://wn.com/Kurt_Almqvist -
Lex Hixon
http://wn.com/Lex_Hixon -
Magtymguly Pyragy
http://wn.com/Magtymguly_Pyragy -
Mansur Al-Hallaj
http://wn.com/Mansur_Al-Hallaj -
Maruf Karkhi
Maruf Karkhi () (d. circa 815 C.E.) whose full name Abu Mahfuz Maruf Ibn Firuz al-Karkhi is a pivotal figure in Sufism. He is also connected to Shi'i Islam through the eighth Shi'a Imam, Ali ibn Musa Ar-Rida, who converted him to Islam.
http://wn.com/Maruf_Karkhi -
Michael Sells
Michael Anthony Sells is currently the John Henry Barrows Professor of Islamic History and Literature at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago.[http://divinity.uchicago.edu/faculty/sells.shtml] From his biography:
http://wn.com/Michael_Sells -
Moinuddin Chishti
http://wn.com/Moinuddin_Chishti -
Muhammad
http://wn.com/Muhammad -
Muhammad al-Baqir
http://wn.com/Muhammad_al-Baqir -
Muhammad al-Mahdi
http://wn.com/Muhammad_al-Mahdi -
Muhammad Ghawth
:See Ghaus Mohammad for the tennis player who reached the Wimbledon quarterfinals in 1939
http://wn.com/Muhammad_Ghawth -
Musa al-Kadhim
http://wn.com/Musa_al-Kadhim -
Nabi Habeel Mosque
Nabi Habeel Mosque () is located on the west mountains of Damascus, near the Zabadani Valley, overlooking the villages of the Barada river (Wadi Barada), in Syria. This mosque contains the grave of Abel (Arabic: "Habeel" ), son of Adam as believed by Muslims, who are frequent visitors of this mosque for ziyarat. The mosque was built by Ottoman Wali Ahmad Pasha in 1599, and it is said to have 40 mihrabs.
http://wn.com/Nabi_Habeel_Mosque -
Nabi Musa
Nabi Musa (, meaning the "Prophet Moses", also transliterated Nebi Musa) is the name of a site in the Judean desert that popular Palestinian folklore associates with Moses. It is also the name of a seven-day long religious festival that was celebrated annually by Palestinian Muslims, beginning on the Friday before Good Friday in the old Orthodox Greek calendar. Considered "the most important Muslim pilgrimage in Palestine," the festival centered around a collective pilgrimage from Jerusalem to what was understood to be the Tomb of Moses, near Jericho.
http://wn.com/Nabi_Musa -
Najm-al-Din Razi
http://wn.com/Najm-al-Din_Razi -
Narjis
Narjis was the mother of Muhammad al-Mahdi the twelfth and last Imam of Shi'a Islam and the grand-daughter of Bardas (The Byzantine regent).
http://wn.com/Narjis -
Nizamuddin Auliya
Sultan-ul-Mashaikh, Mehboob-e-Ilahi, Hazrat Shaikh Khwaja Syed Muhammad Nizamuddin Auliya (1238 - 3 April 1325) (lang-ur|), also known as Hazrat Nizamuddin, was a famous Sufi saint of the Chishti Order in South Asia, an order that believed in drawing close to God through renunciation of the world and service to humanity. He is one of the great saints of the Chishti order in India. His predecessors were Moinuddin Chishti, Bakhtiyar Kaki and Fariduddin Ganjshakar. In that sequence, they constitute the initial spiritual chain or silsila of the Chisti order, which is widely prevalent in India and Pakistan.
http://wn.com/Nizamuddin_Auliya -
Noah
http://wn.com/Noah -
Nuh Ha Mim Keller
Nuh Ha Mim Keller (born 1954) is an American Muslim translator of Islamic books and a specialist in Islamic Law, as well as being authorised by Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri as a sheikh in tasawwuf in the Shadhili Sufi order. He currently lives in Amman, Jordan. He is one of the foremost Muslim theologians and experts on Sufism in the West.
http://wn.com/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller -
Omar Ali Shah
http://wn.com/Omar_Ali_Shah -
Osman Nuri Topbaş
Osman Nuri Topbas (born in 1942) is a Turkish Sufi master and author who lives in Istanbul,Turkey. He is the spiritual leader of Naqshbandi Sufi Order based in Istanbul, Turkey.
http://wn.com/Osman_Nuri_Topbaş -
Peer Zulfiqar Ahmad
Shaykh Zulfiqar Ahmad (Db) is one of leading Shaykhs of Tasawwuf in the present era. Formally granted authorization (ijazah) in the Naqshbandi spiritual path(tariqah)by Murshid-e-Alam Shaykh Ghulam Habib Naqshbandi (Rah), he retired from his position as an electrical engineer at the age of forty to devote himself entirely to the service of Islam. He regularly travels to more than thirty countries transforming the lives of people all over the world. A testament to his deep love for Allah, his uncompromising dedication to sunnah of the blessed Prophet , and his firm adherence to Islamic Law (shariah) is that thousands of religious scholars and students of Islamic learning are among his students (murids). Shaykh Zulfiqar Ahmad regularly delivers lectures in both English and Urdu across the world. Furthermore, he has written dozens of books many of which have been translated into several languages.
http://wn.com/Peer_Zulfiqar_Ahmad -
Pir Meher Ali Shah
http://wn.com/Pir_Meher_Ali_Shah -
Qalandar Baba Auliya
http://wn.com/Qalandar_Baba_Auliya -
Rabia Basri
http://wn.com/Rabia_Basri -
René Guénon
http://wn.com/René_Guénon -
Reshad Feild
Reshad Feild (born Richard Timothy Feild, 15 April 1934) is an English mystic, author, spiritual teacher, and musician. He is the author of more than a dozen books about Sufism and spirituality and has exercised a huge influence amongst western seekers over the last forty years.
http://wn.com/Reshad_Feild -
Robert Frager
Robert Frager is a Harvard-trained psychologist. He is the past president of the Association for Transpersonal Psychology and the founder of the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, where he is currently Director of the Spiritual Guidance program and professor of Psychology.
http://wn.com/Robert_Frager -
Ruhollah Khomeini
http://wn.com/Ruhollah_Khomeini -
Rumi
http://wn.com/Rumi -
Saadi (poet)
http://wn.com/Saadi_(poet) -
Safi-ad-din Ardabili
'''Sheikh Safi-ad-din Is'haq Ardabili''' (of Ardabil) (1252-1334) (), eponym of the Safavid dynasty, was the spiritual heir and son in law of the great Sufi Murshid (Grand Master) Sheikh Zahed Gilani, of Lahijan in Gilan Province in northern Iran. His origin is obscure and he was of Persian and Kurdish background. Most of what we know about him comes from the Safvat as-safa, a hagiography written by one of his followers.
http://wn.com/Safi-ad-din_Ardabili -
Saint George
http://wn.com/Saint_George -
Saint Nuri
http://wn.com/Saint_Nuri -
Salim Chishti
Shaikh Salim Chishti () was Sufi saint during Mughal Empire in South Asia. Salim Chishti (1478-1572) was one of the famous Sufi saints of the Chishti Order in India. Salim Chishti was the descendant of the famous Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti whose tomb is in Ajmer, Rajasthan.
http://wn.com/Salim_Chishti -
Salim Chisti
http://wn.com/Salim_Chisti -
Salman al-Farisi
http://wn.com/Salman_al-Farisi -
Salman the Persian
Salman. Son of Mushataq. Mahad Sulltan Galli.9923044041
http://wn.com/Salman_the_Persian -
Sari Saltik
Sari Saltik (, Ottoman Turkish: , also referred as Sari Saltuk Baba or Dede) (d. 1297/1298) was a 13th-century semi-legendary Turkish dervish, venerated as a saint by the Bektashis in the Balkans and parts of Middle East.
http://wn.com/Sari_Saltik -
Shah Jalal
Shah Jalal is a saint of Bengal particularly in the region of Sylhet, Bangladesh. Jalal's name is associated with the Muslim conquest of Sylhet, for which he is given the most credit. He was buried at Sylhet. Shahjalal International Airport, Bangladesh's main airport is named in honour of this saint.
http://wn.com/Shah_Jalal -
Shah Nimatullah Wali
http://wn.com/Shah_Nimatullah_Wali -
Shah Paran
Shah Paran (Shah Farhan) (R) was a renowned Sufi saint of the Suhrawardiyya and Jalalia order. It is said that he was the son of a sister of Hazrat Shah Jalal (R) and was born in Hadramaut, Yemen. He was an accomplice of his uncle, Shah Jalal, with whom he arrived in India. In 1303 AD, He took part in the expedition of Sylhet which was led by Shah Jalal. After the conquest of Sylhet he established a khanqah at Khadim Nagar in Dakshingarh Pargana, about 7 km away from Sylhet town, where he started Sufi spiritual practices and activities. He played a significant role in propagating Islam and establishing Muslim rule in the Sylhet region.
http://wn.com/Shah_Paran -
Shah Waliullah
http://wn.com/Shah_Waliullah -
Shams Tabrizi
http://wn.com/Shams_Tabrizi -
Shaykh Tusi
http://wn.com/Shaykh_Tusi -
Sheik Edebali
http://wn.com/Sheik_Edebali -
Sufi Barkat Ali
Hazrat Abu Anees Muhammad Barkat Ali Ludhianivi (Quduus Sirruhul Aziz), also referred to as Babaji Sarkar by his disciples (27 April 11 – 26 January 1997) was a Muslim Sufi saint belongs to Qadri silsila of Hazrat Abdul-Qadir Gilani born in a small village of Brahmi in the Tehsil of Ludhiana in Northern India.
http://wn.com/Sufi_Barkat_Ali -
Sukarno
http://wn.com/Sukarno -
Sukayna bint Husayn
http://wn.com/Sukayna_bint_Husayn -
Sultan Walad
Baha al-Din Muhammad-i Walad (), more popularly known as Sultan Walad (), was the eldest son of Jalal Al-Din Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi, and one of the founders of the Mawlawiya ()order.
http://wn.com/Sultan_Walad -
Tage Lindbom
http://wn.com/Tage_Lindbom -
Tahir Allauddin
Al-Syed Tahir Allauddin AlGillani (al-Baghdadi) (also known as Naqeeb ul Ashraaf) was a Sufi Saint who lived in the 20th century. He was considered the head of Silsilah e Qadiriah, Custodian of the Shrine of Ghous-e-Azam Abdul-Qadir Gillani, the Spiritual Guide of over 10 Million Disciples from across the world and thought to be a reformer of Tassawwuf and Tariqat. He was born in Baghdad on 18 June 1932 and died on 7 June 1991. He is the 17th descendant of the Shaykh Abdul-Qadir Gilani and the 28th descendant of Islamic prophet Muhammad.
http://wn.com/Tahir_Allauddin -
Taqi Usmani
http://wn.com/Taqi_Usmani -
Titus Burckhardt
Titus Burckhardt, or Sidi Ibrahim after his conversion to Islam, a German Swiss, was born in Florence, Italy in 1908 and died in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1984. He devoted all his life to the study and exposition of the different aspects of Wisdom and Tradition.
http://wn.com/Titus_Burckhardt -
Umm Kulthum bint Ali
http://wn.com/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali -
Uwais al-Qarni
Uwais al-Qarni (, also transliterated Oways b. Anis al-Qarni, Oveys Gharani and Veysel Karani) (died 657 CE) was a Muslim resident of Qaran in Balgaran,Assir south west Saudi Arabia who lived during the lifetime of Muhammad and is considered a member of the Sahaba(He is not a Sahaba but a Tabi`in, becouse he has never seen Mohamed, becouse of his mother was ill and couldn't migrate to see Mohamed. Only those whom has seen Mohamed are consider Sahaba and those who has not but were righteous are consider Tabi`in).
http://wn.com/Uwais_al-Qarni -
William Chittick
William C. Chittick is a leading translator and interpreter of classical Islamic philosophical and mystical texts. He is best known for his groundbreaking work on Rumi and Ibn 'Arabi, and has written extensively on the school of Ibn 'Arabi, Islamic philosophy, Shi'ism, and Islamic cosmology.
http://wn.com/William_Chittick -
Xinjiang
Xinjiang (; ; ; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
http://wn.com/Xinjiang -
Yunus Emre
http://wn.com/Yunus_Emre -
Zaheen Shah Taji
http://wn.com/Zaheen_Shah_Taji -
Zaynab bint Ali
Zaynab bint Ali ( ) was the daughter of the Islamic caliph, Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib), and granddaughter of Islamic prophet, Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah.
http://wn.com/Zaynab_bint_Ali
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Ziyarat Ashura - Abathar Al-Halawaji - زيارة عاشوراء ابا ذر الحلواجي
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:51
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Alqamah bin Mohammed ibn Hazrami (ra) narrates 'I requested Imam Baqir (as) to teach me a dua that I should recite on the day of Aashoora after the reciting the Ziyaarat of Imam Husain (as) - from near his (as) grave or from a distance.' Imam (as) replied 'O Alqamah, whenever you wish to recite the Ziyaarat of Imam Husain (as), you first perform two units of prayers. Then turn towards the grave of Imam Husain (as) and while pointing towards it, you first say 'Salam' and then 'Takbir'. Thereafter, you recite this Ziyaarat (Ziyaarate Aashoora). If you do so, then as if you have recited the supplication read by the angels while visiting the grave of Imam Husain (as). Moreover, when you recite this Ziyaarat, then (a) Allah will increase your grade ten lakh times (b) You will be included among those people who were martyred along with Imam Husain (as) (c) On the day of Judgment, you will be included among the martyrs (d) You will get the reward of all the Prophets (as) who have visited the grave of Imam Husain (as) from the day that he (as) was martyred till date. And the way of reciting the Ziyaarat is like this' (Then Imam (as) recited the entire Ziyaarate Aashoora for Alqamah (ra)) (Kaamil al-Ziyaarat, Ibn Qoolwayh, Ch. 71, p.194) Ziyarat Ashura is salutations to the martyrs of Karbala who sacrificed their life along with that of Aba Abdillah [a] for the sake of Islam and for preserving Islam. This ziyarat has many benefits and many traditions have been recorded encouraging ...
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_Ashura_Abathar_Al-Halawaji_زيارة_عاشوراء_ابا_ذر_الحلواجي
Ziyarat Rasoolullah (saw)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:54
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
ziyarat rasoolullah (saw)
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_Rasoolullah_saw
Ziyarat Aale-Yasin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:30
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
Ziarate Aale Yasin (video) recited by Mr. Farahmand.
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_Aale-Yasin
Ziyarat King Abdullah Vist Masjid-e-Nabvi Sal-lala-ho-alai-hi-wa-ala-ale-hi-wa-ashabi-hi-wasalam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:15
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_King_Abdullah_Vist_Masjid-e-Nabvi_Sal-lala-ho-alai-hi-wa-ala-ale-hi-wa-ashabi-hi-wasalam
Important Ziyarat's in Mecca. Visit 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:30
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
IF you need any picture in high resolution please email bilal_m@hotmail.com . I will send it to you ASAP. Pay close Attention to the important places in Mecca Sharif. Pictures taken during trip in May 2009
http://wn.com/Important_Ziyarat's_in_Mecca_Visit_2009
Ziyarat - Imam Hussian (as)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:15
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Ziyarat - Imam Hussian (as)
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_Imam_Hussian_as
Arbaeen 2011 1432 Ziyarat - Karbala, Iraq & Syria in HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:18
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
This video consist of a full Ziyrat pilgrimage of Syria (Shaam) and Iraq during Arbaeen 2011/1432. All the shrines and sites have been labeled in the video. Video also has inside Imam Hussain AS Shrine, and the Shrine of Hazrat Abbas during Arbaeen very rare. Including: Syria - Shrine of Janab Zainab (as), Zainabia. Shrine of Janab Sakina Binte al-Husain (as). Grave of Janab Umme Kulsum Binte Ali bin Ali Talib (as). Place of Raas-ul-Husain (as), in a part of the Umayyad Mosque. Grave of Janab Bilal bin Rabah Habashi, the Azan-reciter of the Holy Prophet (sawa) Place of burial of the heads of the Martyrs of Kerbala Grave of Janab Umme Salma, wife of theHoly Prophet (sawa). Grave of Janab-e-Fizza Janab Abdullah bin Imam Zainul Aabedeen(as) Bazar-e-Sham Halab (where Imam Hussain (as) head was kept on a stone for one night) Iraq- (Najaf) Grave of Imam Ali(as) Grave of Prophet Adam(as). Grave of Prophet Nuh(as) Wadi-us Salaam Masjid al Kufa Iraq- (Karbala) Shrine of Imam Hussain(as). Grave of Ali Akbar (as). Graveof Ali Asgher (as). Mausoleumof Hazrat Abbas b. Ali (as) and that place where his hands were severed. Grave of Habib ibn Mazahir (as). Ganj-e-Shohada . Qatlgaah . Til-e-Zaynabiya Khaimagaah Kazmain- Mausoleum of Imam M usa al-Kazim (as) and Imam Muhammad al-Jawad (as).
http://wn.com/Arbaeen_2011_1432_Ziyarat_Karbala,_Iraq_Syria_in_HD
Ziyarat of Imam Mehdi (as) the awaited saviour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Sending our salaams, peace and blessings to the awaited saviour, Imam Mehdi (as), the one who will fill the world with justice...
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_of_Imam_Mehdi_as_the_awaited_saviour
Misjid-e-Estarahat in Taif
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 07 Jul 2012
Ziyarat Taif 1431hj 2010
http://wn.com/Misjid-e-Estarahat_in_Taif
ZIYARAT ASHURA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:48
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
BEAUTIFUL ZIYARA
http://wn.com/ZIYARAT_ASHURA
Ziyarat Ashura - Sheikh Hamza Sodagar - زيارة عاشوراء
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:40
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
Alqamah bin Mohammed ibn Hazrami (ra) narrates 'I requested Imam Baqir (as) to teach me a dua that I should recite on the day of Aashoora after the reciting the Ziyaarat of Imam Husain (as) - from near his (as) grave or from a distance.' Imam (as) replied 'O Alqamah, whenever you wish to recite the Ziyaarat of Imam Husain (as), you first perform two units of prayers. Then turn towards the grave of Imam Husain (as) and while pointing towards it, you first say 'Salam' and then 'Takbir'. Thereafter, you recite this Ziyaarat (Ziyaarate Aashoora). If you do so, then as if you have recited the supplication read by the angels while visiting the grave of Imam Husain (as). Moreover, when you recite this Ziyaarat, then (a) Allah will increase your grade ten lakh times (b) You will be included among those people who were martyred along with Imam Husain (as) (c) On the day of Judgment, you will be included among the martyrs (d) You will get the reward of all the Prophets (as) who have visited the grave of Imam Husain (as) from the day that he (as) was martyred till date. And the way of reciting the Ziyaarat is like this' (Then Imam (as) recited the entire Ziyaarate Aashoora for Alqamah (ra)) (Kaamil al-Ziyaarat, Ibn Qoolwayh, Ch. 71, p.194) Ziyarat Ashura is salutations to the martyrs of Karbala who sacrificed their life along with that of Aba Abdillah [a] for the sake of Islam and for preserving Islam. This ziyarat has many benefits and many traditions have been recorded encouraging ...
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_Ashura_Sheikh_Hamza_Sodagar_زيارة_عاشوراء
Ziyarat Waritha - English Subtitles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:20
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
This video has only been translated till the actual length of the Ziyarat the rest of it has not been edited to preserve the beauty of the recitation Courtesy : AimIslam and everone else who contributed to the production
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_Waritha_English_Subtitles
Ziyarat of Imam Hassan (Son of Ali, Grandson of the Prophet)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 08 Aug 2012
Sending our salaams, peace and blessings to Imam Hassan...
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_of_Imam_Hassan_Son_of_Ali,_Grandson_of_the_Prophet
Ziyarat of Imam Ali (as) the first Imam appointed by Allah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:04
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Sending our peace and blessings and salaams to the commander of faithful, the lion of allah, Imam Ali (as)...
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_of_Imam_Ali_as_the_first_Imam_appointed_by_Allah
Ziyarat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 109:45
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
"The story of the film "Ziyarat" is about a young Muslim named Abdul Kadir and his wife Mariyam who are going to go for Hajj. But during this, a terrorist attack takes place and in order to save their lives, Abdul's friend Dina Nath and his wife Girija run away and hide somewhere. Amid all this, their small child gets separated from them. Abdul and Mariyam try to find Dina Nath and Girija all over Kashmir but do not succeed.
http://wn.com/Ziyarat
Ziyarat-e-Ashura - Mashad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:38
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Ziyarat-e-Ashura @ Ayatullah Bhejat's place. Sorry it's not the full video file as YouTube doesn't allow it. Al Asr 2008
http://wn.com/Ziyarat-e-Ashura_Mashad
Ziyarat-e-Arbaeen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:00
- Updated: 01 Jun 2012
To be recited on the day of Arbaeen 40 days after ashura
http://wn.com/Ziyarat-e-Arbaeen
Ziyarat Aale Yasin (Family of the Prophet, Ahlulbait)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:54
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Sending our salaams to the family of the prophet,the Ahlulbait, especially the 12th Imam, Imam Mehdi and praying for his re appearance
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_Aale_Yasin_Family_of_the_Prophet,_Ahlulbait
Ziyarat al-Nahiya al-Muqaddasa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:06
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Of the several prescribed Ziyarat of Imam al-Husain (PBUH), one was recited by Imam al-Mahdi (PBUH) and reached us through one of his four special deputies. For that reason, it is known as the Ziyarat that was issued from the sacred side (Ziyarat al-Nahiya al-Muqaddasa). One of the most important features of this Ziyarat is that in different phrases, Imam al-Mahdi (PBUH) graphically describes the events of Ashura and the agony that Imam al-Husain (PBUH) and his family faced on that horrific and ominous day.
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_al-Nahiya_al-Muqaddasa
Ziayarat e Ashura زيارة عاشوراء Ziyarat Ashura سيد وليد مزيدي
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:24
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
Ziyarat Ashura By Syed Walid Mazeedi سيد وليد مزيدي Ziyarat Ashura is salutations to the martyrs of Karbala who sacrificed their life along with that of Aba Abdillah Al Hussain [a] for the sake of Islam and for preserving Islam. This ziyarat has many benefits and many traditions have been recorded encouraging the followers of Ahlul Bayt [a] to recite this Ziyarat daily.
http://wn.com/Ziayarat_e_Ashura_زيارة_عاشوراء_Ziyarat_Ashura_سيد_وليد_مزيدي
Ziyarat Waritha - Hussein Ghareeb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
Ziyarat Waritha is Ziyarah for Imam Al-Hussein (AS) Recited by Hussein Ghareeb It is very Mustahab to read it every night in Ashuraa
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_Waritha_Hussein_Ghareeb
Ziyarat e Jamia Kabeer - Haaj Mahdi Samavati - الزيارة الجامعة الكبيرة
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:57
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Ziyarat e Jamia Kabeer is a ziyarat which hightlights the merits of the Ahlul Bayt [a]. It is taught by Imam al-Hadi [a].
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_e_Jamia_Kabeer_Haaj_Mahdi_Samavati_الزيارة_الجامعة_الكبيرة
Ziyarat of Imam Raza, the Grandson of the Prophet of Islam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
View video in High quality: youtube.com Imam Reza, the eighth Imam of the Shia, was the seventh descendent of the Prophet Muhammad. His given name was Ali ibn Masa ibna Ja'far. In Persian, he is known as Imam Reza and is currently buried in Mashad, Iran. For more information regarding the 8th Imam (as) visit www.al-islam.org www.balagh.net
http://wn.com/Ziyarat_of_Imam_Raza,_the_Grandson_of_the_Prophet_of_Islam
Photo: AP / Na Son Nguyen
15 Nov 2012
As President Barak Obama resettles in the Oval Office and casts his gaze again beyond US politics, he may well be reminded that few eyes were on the ball when the Arab uprisings appeared to erupt...
Photo: AP / Adel Hana
14 Nov 2012
GAZA (Reuters) - Israel launched a major offensive against Palestinian militants in Gaza on Wednesday, killing the military commander of Hamas in an air strike and threatening an invasion of the...
Photo: US Army / Public Domain
13 Nov 2012
WASHINGTON - David Petraeus's downfall took another victim Tuesday as the current U.S. commander in Afghanistan seemingly saw his hopes to become head of NATO go up in smoke amid allegations he...
Photo: US DoD / MCS1 Chad J. McNeeley
14 Nov 2012
By Kimberly Dozier and Nancy Benac The Associated PressAssociated Press Posted: 11/14/2012 07:12:03 AM PST November 14, 2012 3:23 PM GMTUpdated: 11/14/2012 07:14:50 AM PST Jill Kelley...
Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win
15 Nov 2012
The Burmese authorities say than 452 prisoners will be released in a goodwill gesture, days ahead of a visit by US President Barack Obama. Political dissidents could be among those freed, but it is...
1434/2012 Ashra-e-Awwal majalis
14 Nov 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Muslim beliefs Advertisement Nights of 1st-12th Moharram Wednesday, November 14th - Sunday, November, 25th, 2012 On-Time Maghrib Prayers 7:30 pm Isha Prayers 7:45 pm Ziyarat-e-Ashura 8:00 pm Simultaneous Sessions: Urdu: Maulana Syed Zayeem Raza (India) Topic: Sa’dat ur Kamyabi...(size: 5.8Kb)
A R Rahman visits Ajmer dargah
28 Oct 2012
The Times of India
It's hardly been three months since the last time AR Rahman visited the Ajmer Dargah. A frequent...(size: 0.7Kb)
Ziyārah (Arabic: زيارة; the construct state form ziyārat is commonly used when the word is borrowed into other languages) is an Arabic term literally means "visit", used to refer to a pilgrimage to sites associated with Muhammad, his family members and descendants (including the Shī‘ī Imāms), his companions, or other venerated figures in Islam, such as the prophets, Sufi saints and Islamic scholars. Sites of pilgrimage include mosques, graves, battlefields, mountains, and caves.
Ziyārat can also refer to a form of supplication made by the Shia, in which they send salutations and greetings to Muhammad and his family.[1]
Etymology and usage[link]
"Ziyarat" comes from Arabic: زور "to visit". Iranian and south-Asian Muslims use the word ziyarat for both the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca as well as for pilgrimages to other sites.
Pilgrimage sites[link]
Different Muslim-majority countries, speaking many different languages, use different words for these sites.
- Ziyaratgaah — Persian word meaning, "sites of Ziyarat"
- Imamzadeh — in Iran, tombs of the "descendants of Shī‘ah Imāms"
- Dargah (Persian: درگاہ; Hindi: दरगाह; literally: "threshold, doorstep [of the interred holy person's spiritual sanctum];" the shrine is considered a "doorstep" to a spiritual realm) — in South Asia, and Central Asia tombs of Sufi saints
- Ziyaratkhana — in South Asia (less common)
- Darga or Ziyaret — in Turkey
- Gonbei mdash; in Mandarin Chinese
Sufi places of worship and retreat may be built near the graves of famous Sufi saints; they are often called khanqahs or tekkes.
Sites by country[link]
Saudi Arabia[link]
- Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, Medina
- Maqbaratu l-Baqī' in Madina and the [[Imamah] Hazrat Imam Hasan ibn Ali Radiallaho Taalah Anhu, Hazrat Imam Zayn al-‘Ābidīn Radiallaho Taalah Anhu, Hazrat Imam Muhammad al-Baqir Radiallaho Taalah Anhu, and Hazrat Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq Radiallaho Taalah Anhu are buried here.
- Jannatul Mualla, Makkah - graves of: Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf, Abdul Mutallib, Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and among others, are buried here.
- Hira, the cave where the angel Gabriel is said to have first visited Muhammad.
Afghanistan[link]
- Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine, Gazargah
- Shrine of Hazrat Ali ("the Blue Mosque"), Mazar-i-Sharif
- Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa shrine, Balkh
- Baba Hatim Ziyarat, Imam Sahib, Kunduz.
- Khwaja Ya'qub al-Charkhi, Hulgatu/Huluft/Gazneyn
Algeria[link]
- Othmania Zawiya, established in memory of a saint; Tolga
- Sidi Okba, tomb of Sidi Okba bin Nafei, the great Muslim Commander of the Umayyad Caliphate; Biskra
Bangladesh[link]
- The dargah and mosque of the Sufi saint Shah Jalal, Sylhet
- The dargah of Shah Paran, Sylhet
- The dargah of Shah Amanat, Chittagong
- The dargah of Bayazid Bastami, Chittagong
- The dargah of Gausul Azam Maizbhandari Ahmed Ullah, Chittagong[2]
- The dargah of Golamur Rahman (Baba Bhandari, Chittagong[3]
- The dargah of Delwar Hossain Maizbhandari, Chittagong[4]
- The dargah of Ziaul Huq Maizbhandari, Chittagong[5]
- The dargah of Khan Jahan Ali, Bagerhat Sadar Upazila
- The dargah of Mokhdum Ruposh, Rajshahi
- The dargah of Shah Ali, Mirpur, Dhaka
- The dargha of shah sultan komor uddin rumi (R.A), Modon, Netrokona.
- Tha dargha of burhan uddin (R.A)(bura baba), Mymensingh.
- Tha dargha of Abu kashem Chisti nejami Golrovi (Per Baba Bangali R.A), Chukaitola, Mymensingh.
- The dargha of Miskin Shah (R.A), Mukhi,Goffargonj,Mymensingh.
- The dargha of Shah Jamal (R.A), Jamalpur.
- The dargha of Shah Kamal (R.A), Jamalpur.
China (People's Republic of)[link]
- Qilghili Keldim of Xinjiang
- Numerous gongbei shrines (built around graves of Sufi saints), in particular in Linxia City, Gansu
[edit] Egypt
- The darga of Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili, Humaithara.
- The tomb of Abul Abbas al-Mursi, first khalifa of Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili, Alexandria.
- The tomb of Busiri, composer of the Qaṣīda al-Burda.
[edit] India
The Ziyarat sites in India are owned and maintained by the waqf Boards of the respective states in which they are located.
-
The Dargah of The emperor of South India, Qutbul Hamid Gausul Majid Ibrahim Shaheed Badusha, Erwadi Durgah, Ramanathapuram District.
-
Tiruparankundram dargah.jpg
Dargah of Sikandhar Badhusha, at the top of Thiruparankundram hills, Madurai, India.
-
The dargah of Salim Chisti, through the Buland Darwaza.
-
The dargah and mosque of Haji Ali
-
Sultan-ul-Hind Gharīb Nawāz Moinuddin Chishti Darga Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
Tamil Nadu[link]
- Qutbul Hamid Gausul Majid Hazrat Sulthan Syed Ibrahim shaheedh Badusha razi, Erwadi Durgah, Ramanathapuram District.
- Waziril Akbar Ameeril Aufar Hazrat Sultan Sikandar Badusha Shaheedh razi, Thiruparankundram, Madurai.
- Abdul Qadir Shahul Hamid Meeran sahib Kanje sawoy Kanja bakhsh Rali at Nagore Dargah Nagore
- Also look at List of Islamic shrines in Tamil Nadu
- Madurai Maqbara Ahmad Ibrahim, Amjad Ibrahim and Abdussalaam Ibrahim, at Maqbara Madurai, India
- Dargah of Adam & Hawwa, Mannar, Sri Lanka
- Dargah of Habeel ibn Adam, Rameswaram
- Nath-har Ali Badhshah, Trichi-Trinapalli
- Tameemul Ansari, Chennai
- Ukkasha Ashaabe Rasool, Parangipettai
- Haja Sheikh Alavudeen, Paapavoor.
- Hameed Aulia, Kanchipuram
- Usmaan Aulia, Kanchipuram,
- Moosa Sha Qadiri, Dargah chennai
- Faqeer Shah Baba Qadri Gwalior, Chennai
Uttarpradesh[link]
- Dargah of Darbar-e Maula Ali Bhatni Aharif Khankah, Ward 10, allauddin nagar, post bhatni, dist-deoria, up-sajjada nashin-Amjad khan
- dargah of Allauddin Shah Rahamtullah Aleh, GULAME ALI, Chisty kaadri, bhatni, dist-Deoria
- Dargah of Auhaduddin Makhdoom Ashraf Jahangir Simnani,at Kichouccha Shareef, Ambedkarnagar
- Dargah (shrine) of Ahmed Raza Khan, Bareilly
- Dargah of Salim Chishti, at Fatehpur Sikri
- Dargah of [Hazrat Saiyad Yaseen Shah] khukhundu selhrapur sharif, deoria distt, founder president Gaddinaseen [Saiyad Shakil Ahmad Shah],vill ramnagar lar salempur deoria Shakir Ali, Nasirabad Colony Khandari Agra
- Dargah of [Hazrat Waris Ali shah] dewa sharif barabanki lucknow
- Dargah of [hazrat Badiuddin shah madar], makanpur sharif kanpur
- Dargah of hazrat data baba bhola safi shah majholi sharif salempur u.p.
- Dargah of hazrat shabir ali shah shekh kudbuddin shadi alepur banaras u.p.
Bihar[link]
- Draguah Hazrat Makhdoom Syedna Hasan Ali Wali Azli is situated at Khaje Kalan Ghat, Patna City, Patna
- dargah hazrat amzad ali shah amzadia khankah siwan situated at station bihar
Punjab[link]
- Dargahs (shrines) of 40 prophets
- Imam Rabbani Mujaddid Alfussani, Sirhind
- Muhammed Maasoom, Sirhind
- Muhammed Saifudheen, Sirhind
- Hazrat Imam Ali Nasir, Jalandhar
- Syed Ghulam ur Rasool Shah,Paddi Matt,Jalandhar
- Baba Pathaan Sherwani, Village Soeta,Usman Pur, Nawan Shehr
- Dargah (Shrine) Great Sufi Poet Hazrat Maulvi Ghulam Rasool Alampuri, village Alampur, Tehsil Dasuya, Distt. Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India. http://www.alampuri-academy.org
Andhra pradesh[link]
- Hazrath Syed Shah Adbul Lateef Laubali Quadri R.A, Kurnool
- Hazrath Syed Shah Taher Quadri R.A,Adoni
- Hazrath Syed Baba Sharfuddin(Qutub E Deccan), Pahadi Shareef, Hydreabad.
- Hazrath Peer Bade Baghdadi Syed Abdul Rahman Qadri Baghdadi Ar-Rifai, Roza-e-Rahmania, Dargah Khitte Saliheen, Nampally, Hyderabad.
- Hazrath Peer Baghdadi Syed Mohammed Qadri Baghdadi Ar-Rifai, Jannatul Baqee, Madine Munnawara.
- Hazrath Peer Baghdadi Syed Abdul Kareem Qadri Baghdadi Ar-Rifai, Roza-e-Rahmania, Dargah Khitte Saliheen, Nampally, Hyderabad.
- Hazrat Syed Shah Ali Pehelwan, Alampur, (Mahebub Nagar Dist.,)
- Hazrat Syed Khawaja Mahboob Allah Hussaini Quadri, [1], Shah Ali Banda, Hyderabad,
- Hazrat Hafiz Syed Mahmood Ali Shah,MAKKI MIYAN,Hussaini Tekri,near Bahadurpura,Hyderabad.
- Hazrat Mohammad Abdul Qadeer Siddiqi Qadri, Bahadurpura, Hyderabad
- Hazrat Syed Meeran Hussaini Baghdadi) Langer Houz, Hyderabad,
- Hazrat Khaja Nayaab-e-Rasool and Ammajaan, Rahmatabad, Nellore
- Hazrat Syed Mohammed Yahya Pasha [2], Riyaz-e-Madina, Misrigunj Hyderabad
- Hazrat Syed Ameen Badasha Qhadri Chisti Naqshabandi http://www.dargah.in/p/khwaja-e-guntur_05.html, Auto Nagar,Guntur.
- Hazrat Syed Mustafa Sha Qadri Shaheed (Bada Gaun) Rahmatabad, Nellore.
- Hazarat Syed Galib Shaheed Aulia, Dargah center Bhavanipuram Vijayawada.
- Hazrat Syed Yousuf Sahab and Syed Shareef Sahab Nampally, Hyderabad,
- Hazrat Syed Ahmed Badepa First lancer, Hyderabad,
- Hazrat Syed Hussain Shah Wali, Dargah, Hyderabad,
- Hazrat Baba Fakhruddin, Khajaguda, Hyderabad,
- Hazrat Syed Kareemulla Shah Qadari,Kasmur, Nellore
- Hazrat Syed Abdullah Shah Naqshbandi, misrigunj, hyderabad
- Hazrat Shaik Dawood Waliullah, veenadu,sulurpet,nellore,
- Hazrat Shah Khamosh Shah sahab, NAMPALLY HYDERABAD,
- Hazrat Pir Khaja Habib Ali Shah, Katalmandi,HYDERABAD http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazrat_Khwaja_Habib_Ali_Shah, & http://www.soofie.org.za/memorial/hazrat_sayed.html
- Hazrat Jehangeer Peer and Burhan uddin auliya, hyderabad,
- Hazrat Afzal Biyabani, warangal,
- Hazrat Syed Shah Jalaluddin Hammad R.A (Mashooq-e-Rabbanni Sani, Warangal)
- Syed Sha Ali Quadri, vijayawada, nuzvid.
- Hazrat Alam shahim Hussian shaid VIAKRABAD
- Hazrat mohad shab vikarabad
- Hazrat sofi moinduddin chisti ALAMPALLY
- Hazrat Syed Shaik Imam Ahmed Quadri, Kurnool
- Hazrat Maula Miskin Quadri R.A, kurnool
- Hazrat Syed Sabith Ali Shah Quadri, Sabzimandi, Hyderabad
- Hazrat Syed Gouhar Ali Shah Quadri, Zaheerabad, Medak
- Hazrat Syed Abdullah Sha Hussaini Suttari Yammani Tadipatri http://www.syedabdullahshahussaini.blogspot.com
- Hazrat Syed Nizamuddin Ahmed Gilani Quadri Chisti R.A.Hakeem shah baba RA(Hakeempet, Jublihills)
- Hazrat Syed Shah Mufti Maqdoom Hussaini Quadri Chisti Nizami Ra (Bahadurpura)
- Hazrat Syed Shah Mujeebuddin Hussaini Quadri Chisti RA(Bahadurpura)
- Hazrat Syed Shah AsadUllah Hussaini quadri Chisti Mujeebi Haq numa shah RA (Bahadurpura)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Akaharsha moula Urf Akbar Sha Doula R.A, Gopal Diddi Dargha (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Masoom Basha Chisti R.H,Majzoob Phola Bazaar Road (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrath Syed Shah Adbul Lateef Laubali Quadri R.A,Syed Dul Abdaal (Kurnool)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Akaharsha moula Urf Akbar Sha Doula Quadri R.A, Gopal Diddi Dargha (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Masoom Basha Chisti R.A,Majzoob Phola Bazaar Road (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Shaik Imam Ahmed Quadri, (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Maula Miskin Quadri R.A, N.R Pat(kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha yaho Basha Quadri R.A,Phola Bazaar Road (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Kareemullah Sha Quadri R.A, Gumbed Road (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Durwaesh Quadri R.A, Osmania College Road (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Khudratulla Sha Quadri Urf Kangal Sha Vali Sunkesula Road Bampur (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Khalik ling Quadri Phool Bazar Chena Market (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Aminoddin Baba One Town Police Stashan (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Rahim Sha Datha RambButta Devalayam Near Choti Market Road (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Eberham Sha Dada One Town Police Stashon Road Batau (KurnoolAP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Kangal Sha Vali One Town Police Stashaon (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Thear Gulshan G.B Masjid Near Chowk Bazar (Kurnool AP)
- Hazrat Syed Sha Hafiz Manman Peeli Masjid One Town Osmaniya Collage Road (KurnoolAP)
Delhi[link]
- Noor Muhammed Badhayooni, Delhi
- Muhammed Baqi Billah, Delhi
- Shah Valiyullah Dahlavi, Delhi
- Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtyar Kaki’s shrine near Delhi
- Nizamuddin Dargah|Dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Aulia, Delhi
- Tomb of Amir Khusro, Delhi
Kashmir[link]
- Ali Hamadani
- Charari Sharief in Badgam district
- Hazratbal shrine in Srinagar district
- Makhdoom sahib in Srinagar district
- Syed Janbaz Wali in Baramulla
- Noor Shah sahib Baghdadi in Kund Qazigund
- Syed Hafizullah Andrabi in Qazigund Anantnag
- Zeyarat Baba Reshi in Tangmarg Baramulla
Rajasthan[link]
- Sulthanul-Hind Hazrat Shiekh Khwaja Syed Muhammad Moinuddin Chishti - Gharīb Nawāz in Ajmer.
Madhya Pradesh[link]
- Dargah of Muhammad Ghawthin Gwalior
- Dargah of Hussain Tekri in Jaora
- Mirsa jan jan& Abdullah janjan bade navas-gulburg
- Hazar Deewane- shah kapasan
Haryana[link]
- Sheikh Jamaluddin Qutb’s shrine
Gujarat[link]
- Hazrat Saiyed Abdul Halim Shah Dataar Bhandari (R.A), Ankleshwar Near Inamdar House
- Shrine of Hazrat Mansoor Muhammad Hussain Shah (commonly known as Chotumian or Chotubawa)-Hansot, Near Surat, Gujrat
- Shrine of Ibrahim, Bhadreswar
- Jamaludheen Jana
- Hazrat Shah Noor Jamal,Hoshiarpur
- Hazrat Mira Saiyad Ali Datar, Unava,Unjha district, Mahesana
- Hazrat Rizkullah Shah Vali, Kodinar
- Hazrat Pir Maheboob sha Motiyu wale Sarkar, Jamnagar
- Hazrat Shah Aalam Dargah, Ahmedabad
- Hazrat Kabil shaa Khambhat
- Hazrat Pir Babu shah Khambhat
- Hazrat Pir geban shah khambhat
Maharashtra[link]
- Dargah of Hazrat syad Chand Shah wali Qadri Rh, [Top of Ankai Fort]
- Dargah of Hazrat Alauddin Imam Badshah awwalgaji, [Nandurbar]
- Dargah of Hazrat Tajuddin Baba, Nagpur
- Valley of Saints, shrines of several Sufi saints and the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Khuldabad.
- Dargah of Hazrat Muntajib uddin Zarzari zar bakhsh Dulha rh Khuldabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Burhanuddin Gharib rh Khuldabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Zainuddin Shirazi rh Khuldabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Raju Qattal Husaini rh Khuldabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Jalaluddin Ganj e Rawan rh parion ka talab Khuldabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Khaksar Qadri rh Khuldabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Mehmood Babu Jalal rh Khuldabad [Teacher of Hazrat Banda Nawaz rh gulbarga]
- Dargah of Hazrat Ziauddin Sanai rh Khuldabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Pesh Imam Khuldabad raod Kagzi pura
- Dargah of Hazrat Shahnoor Mehrabi rh Sultan Gadh Ghaat Khuldabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Chand Shah Bodhle rh Daulatabad Opp of Fort
- Dargah of Hazrat Hafiz Alauddin rh Daulatabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Momin Aarif Billah rh Daulatabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Jalaluddin Peer Manik Bhandari rh Fatiyabad rest of Daulatabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Mardanuddin Aulia rh Daulatabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Bahauddin Shuttari Qadri rh Daulatabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Aulia Maqbul e Ilahi rh Qaisar Colony Aurangabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Bane Miya rh Shahgunj Aurangabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Bahauddin Bhandari rh Cidco Aurangabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Shaikhan aulia rh Hari Masjid Mondha Aurangabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Qadar Aulia rh Ghaous e Sani Mondha Aurangabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Syed Ahmed Gujrati rh Mondha Aurangabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Syed Shahnoor Muhammad Hamvi rh Osmanpura Aurangabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Muhammed Ashrafuddin Faizy Faiz kar Shah rh Shahnur miya Dargah
- Dargah of Hazrat Syed Tajuddin Hamavi rh & Sulaiman Bughdadi rh Jubli park Aurangabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Syed Shahnur Husaini rh Post office Aurangabad
- Dargah of Hazrat Nurul Huda Sarkar rh Commissioner office Delhi gate Aurangabad
- Darghah of Haji Ali, Mumbai
- Dargah of Makhdoom Ali Mahimi, at Mahim in Mumbai
- Dargah of Hazrath Qamar Ali Darvesh, Shivapur near Pune. (approx 20 km from Pune on NH4)
- Dargah of Hazrath Yaseen Mastan rh., Salisbury Park, Pune.
- Dargah of Hazrath Ghaar peer rh., Pune. (Murshid of Hazrath Qamar Ali Darvresh rh.)
- Hazrat Anjan Shah Data (Mohammad Hanif). Panjra River Dhulia
- Dargah of Hazrat syad Chandshah Dildarshah Qadri, rh,(Chillah), [Muktainagar]
Karnataka[link]
- Dargah of Hazrath Syed Mohammad Khalandar Shah Peer Valiullah - [ Javagal Shareef, Arsikere Taluk ]
- Dargah of Hz. Khwaja Bande Nawaz Gesudaraz - [ Gulbarga ]
- Dargah of Hz. Mastan Shah Khadri - [ Gulbarga ]
- Dargah of Hz. Ismail Shah Khadri - [ Gulbarga ]
- Dargah of Hz. Shah Peer Bahauddin urf Langotbandh - [ Gulbarga ]
- Dargah of Hz. Tajoodin Baba Shearwar - [ Omdabad - Gulbarga Dist. ]
- Dargah of Hz. Manik Mastan Saharwardi - [(City Market ) -Bangalore]
- Dargah of Hz. Tawakkal Mastan Saharwardi - [(Mejestic) - Bangalore]
- Dargah of Hz. Tippu Mastan Saharwardi - [Bangalore Outskirts]
- Dargah of Hz. Yakheen Shah Vali Saharwardi - [(Near Vidhan Soudha) - Bangalore]
- Dargah of Hz. Kambalposh Khardi Saharwardi - [(Shivajinagar) - Bangalore]
- Dargah of Hz. Syed Peer Hyder Shah Qadri(Shia Posh Bawaji)- [JC Road) - Bangalore].
- Dargah of Hz. Syed Khutb e Alam Khutub e kolar Khutub e Karantaka Alah Hazrath Khutube ghori (Kolar Tower)
- Dargah of Hz. Usman Ali Shah Khadri - [Kolar Hill Top] - [Kolar]
- Dargah of Hz. Haidyar Ali Safdar Khalandari - [Mulbagal - Kolar Dist.]
- Dargah of Hz. Ammajan-Bawajan - [Murughmalla - Chinthamani - Kolar Dist.]
- Dargah of Hz. Ka-Ki-Sha-Maula - [Nimkanpalli- Chinthamani - Kolar Dist.]
- Dargah of Hz. Mardana Ghaib + 2 Other Darghas - [ Shivsamudra - Mandya Dist. - Mysore]
- Dargah of Hz. Tippu Sultan Sahhed(Tiger of Mysore) - [Srirangapatnam - Mysore]
- Dargah of Hz. Sayed Hashimpeer Dastegir - [Bijapur]
- Hazrath Dada Haiyat Khalandar(Ghaib) - [ Bababudangiri Hill - Chickmagalur Dist.]
- Dargah of Hz. Sayed Muhammed Shariff Madani - [ Ullal- Mangalore ]
- Dargah of (Sahabi) Hz. Malik-Bin-Deenar - [ Kasargood - Mangalore ]
- Hazrat Tajuddin RajBaghSawar, Baswa Kalyan
- Hazrat Syed Ahmed Shah Quadri, Baswa Kalyan
- Hazrat Syed Qamaruddin Quadri, Baswa Kalyan
- Hazrat Syed gousmoidina sha Quadri gondi ( anvatti karntakk )
Kerala[link]
 |
This section may require copy-editing for crappy writing. |
- Sayyid Alavi Mouladdhaveela-MAMBURAM, Malabar
- Muhammed Ibn-Alavudheen, Ediyangara, Calicut
- Valiyullah Quthubul Aalam Sheikh C M Muhammed AbuBacker - Madavoor, Malabar
- Shaikhuna Sayyid Muhammed Fazal P.P Pookoya Thangal (Q.s), Karipur, Malappuram district about 28 km (17 mi) from the Kozhikode Railway Station and 25 km (16 mi) from the city of Malappuram, Malappuram
- Shiekh Faridudheen Valiyullah, Kanjiramattom, Ernakulam
- Sayyid Muhammed Qasim Valiyullah (q.s), Uluvar, Kasargod
- Qutubul qadriyya shiekh kamaludheen EK umrar haji al qadri, Calicut
- Shiekh jamaludheen EK ahmad haji al qadri muttichoor, Thrissur
- Shiekh shaheed aliyul bakari parambil, Calicut, Kerala
- Shiekh ashiq-u-rrasool kundoor abdul qadr musliar al qadri, Malappuram
- Qutubul qadriyya shiekh saeed sirajudheen al qadri ailakkad, Malappuram
- Kaniyamburam abdurrazak masthan
- Malik Ibn Habeeb, Kasaragod
- Shiekh Abdu Rahiman Naqshbandhi-Khalidi, Tanoor
- Shiekh Muhammed Bappu Khalidi-Shadhili, Machingappara-Tirur
- Raffi Rifayya-Old Masjid, Calicut
- Zainudheen Maqdoom-1, Ponnani
- Zainudheen Maqdoom-2, Mini Palli, Shompal
- Abdul Qader Sani-Suharwardhi, Purathiyil Kannur
- Muhammed Moula- Buqari, Kannur
- Sheikh Muhammed Haji Thangal Shadhili, Vadakara-Calicut
- Pallipadi Auliya, Ernakulam
- Sayyid Hamid Thangal Rifai, Kalamassery
- Sayyid Moulal Bhukhari - Kannur City, Kannur
- Valiyullahi - Muttil Juma Masjid, Muttil, Kannur
- Valíyu'lláh|Valiyullahi - Auliya'a|Oliyankara Juma Masjid, cherukunnu, Kannur
- Umar Qazhi - Veliyankode, Malabar
- Tamim ul Dari, Parapalli, Calicut
- Sayid Jamalulaili Kadalundi
- Valiyullahi Trippanachi muhammed musliyar (Q.S), Palakkad,kizhisseri, Malappuram
- Khaadimullahi Hazrath Sageer Haji(AbdulRazzaq)Rahimahullah,Cheruputhur Thrippanachi.Malappuram
- Shaikh Muhammad Thakki Naqshbandhi (Q.S) (Kannamparambe, Kozhekode, Kerala, India)
West Bengal[link]
Dargah of hazrat data murad ali shah baranpur asansol
Laksha Dweep[link]
|
This section may require copy-editing for crappy writing. |
- Sayyid Muhammed Jalaaludheen Thangal (Q.s), Andhroth, Lakshadweep
- Hazrath Ubaidhullah thangal (r.a), Andhroth, Lakshadweep
Indonesia[link]
- The tombs of the Wali Sanga
- Tomb of Tuan Guru Syeikh Abdurrahman Siddiq, Riau - frequented by Malays from Indonesia and Malaysia
Iran[link]
Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists several hundred "ziyarat-gah" or places of pilgrimage in which a sage, Sufi, Imamzadeh, or Imam were buried in Iran. Some of the more popular ones include:
-
Imam Reza shrine/Imam Ridha Mosque, the biggest and holiest shrine of Iran which is visited by 12 to 15 million pilgrims every year.
-
Hazrat Fatimah al-Ma'sūmah Mosque, one of Iran's holiest places. The shrine complex includes dozens of seminaries and religious schools.
-
The shrine of Shah-Abdol-Azim is in the city of Rey. The mausoleum of Imamzadeh Hamzeh, Imam Reza's brother, and that of Imamzadeh Tahir, son of Imam Sajjad, are adjacent to this holy shrine.
-
Haram emamzadeh saleh.jpg
Inside Imamzadeh Saleh in Tehran.
-
Shazdeh hosein qazvin.jpg
Shazdeh Hosein shrine, Qazvin.
-
Emamzadeh-hamzeh.jpg
Imamzadeh Hamzeh, Mahshahr-Hendijan, Khuzestan.
-
Sheikh Safi's tomb, Ardabil.
- Shrine of Bayazid Bistami, Bistam
- Darb-i Imam shrine, Isfahan
- Davazdeh Imam shrine, Yazd
- Fatimah al-Ma'sūmah Mosque, Qum
- Friday Mosque of Shiraz, Shiraz
- Harun-i Vilayat Mausoleum, Isfahan
- Imam Reza shrine - a large complex, developed on the burial site of the Eighth Shī`a Imām, 'Ali ar-Ridha, Mashad
- Imamzadeh Saleh, Tehran
- Imamzadeh Husayn, Ardestan
- Imamzadeh Ismail, Ardestan
- Imamzadeh Shah Hussein, Varamin
- Imamzadeh Rabi'a Khatun, Ashtarjan
- Ja'far Imamzadeh, Qum
- Masumzadeh shrine, Damghan
- Pir-e Vaqef shrine complex, Afushteh
- Pir-i Bakran, tomb shrine of Muhammad ibn Bakran, Linjan
- Qadamgah shrine, Qadamgah
- Shah Chiragh shrine complex, Shiraz
- Shah Nur ad-Din Ni'matullah Vali shrine, Mahan
- Shaikh Ishaq Safi shrine, Ardabil
- Shrine of Sultan Ali (the son of the fifth Imam Muhammad al-Baqir), Mashhad-e Ardehal
- Jamkaran, Qom
- Shrine complex of Shaykh 'Abd al-Samad, Natanz
- Imamzadeh Shah Ahmad Qasem, Qom
- Shah-Abdol-Azim shrine of Imamzadeh Hamzeh, Imamzadeh Tahir, and Shah-Abdol-Azim, Rey
- Abu l-Hassan al-Kharaqani, Kharqan, Bistam
- Abu'Ali Ahmad bin Muhammad al Farmadi Farmadh, Tous
[edit] Iraq
|
This section may require copy-editing for crappy writing. |
Six of twelve Twelver Shī‘ah Imāms are buried in Iraq:
-
Imām `Alī Mosque
Tomb of:
*`Alī ibn Abī Tālib
(First Shī‘ah Imām)
*Adam (Shī‘ah belief)
*Noah (Shī‘ah belief)
( Najaf ) -
Imām Husayn Mosque
Tomb of:
*Husayn ibn ‘Alī
(Third Twelver Imām)
*‘Ali Akbar ibn Husayn
*‘Ali Asghar ibn Husayn
*Habīb ibn Madhāhir
*All the martyrs of Karbalā
*Ibrāhīm ibn Mūsā al-Kādhim
( Karbalā ) -
Al ‘Abbās Mosque
Tomb of:
*‘Abbās ibn `Alī
( Karbalā ) -
Al Kādhimiya Mosque
Tomb of:
*Seventh Twelver Shī‘ah Imām, Mūsā al-Kādhim
*Ninth Twelver Shī‘ah Imām, Muhammad at-Taqī
*Shaykh Mufīd
*Shaykh Tūsī
( Kādhimayn ) -
Al ‘Askarī Mosque
Tomb of:
*Tenth, Twelver Shī‘ah Imām, ‘Alī an-Naqī
*Eleventh, Twelver Shī‘ah Imām, Hasan al-‘Askarī
*Hakimah Khātūn
*Narjis Khātūn
( Sāmarrā' )
- A mosque built around the place where Muhammad al-Mahdi (twelfth Twelver Shī‘ah Imām) first entered the Minor Occultation, Samarra
- Imam Awn al-Din Mashhad, tomb of Imam Ibn Hassan Awn al-Din; Mosul
- Nabi Jirjis complex, shrine dedicated to Saint George; Mosul
- Shrine of Shaikh Syed Abdul-Qadir Jilani Al-Hassani W Al-Husaini,Ghous Paak Dastgeer,Meeraan Hoo Baghdad AL FAQR
Israel and Palestinian territories[link]
- Al-Aqsa Mosque, built over the spot where Muhammad is said to have prayed before he ascended to the heavens; Jerusalem
- Masjid Sakhra (Dome of the Rock), built over the rock from whence legend holds Muhammad is to have ascended to the heavens; Jerusalem
- Tomb of Maryam, the mother of Prophet Isa, Jerusalem
- The Cave of Prophets (ghar al-anbiya), between Jerusalem and Damascus
- Tomb of Prophet Ezra, between Jerusalem and Damascus
- Tomb of Moses, 10 miles from Jerusalem
- Cave of the Patriarchs, Hebron
- Joseph's Tomb, outside Nablus
- Tomb of Lot, Bani Na'im
- Tomb of Tamim al-Dari, Bayt Jibrin
- Tomb of Jonah, Halhul, Khan Yunis or Mashhad
- Sayed al-Hashim Mosque - Muhammad's great grandfather, Gaza
- Tomb of Samuel, Nabi Samwil
- Salman the Persian, Jerusalem
Kazakhstan[link]
- Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, Turkestan (city) (See volume by Privratsky in references.)
Libya[link]
- Mausoleum of Sidi Ahmad Zarruq, Misrata.
- Mausoleum of Sidi Abd As-Salam Al-Asmar, Zliten.
- Tomb of the Sahabi Abdullah ibn Abi Sarah in Awjila.
- Tomb of the Sahabi Ruwaifi bin Thabit al-Ansari in Bayda.
Malaysia[link]
- Shrine of Syed Shahul Hamid, George Town, Penang
- Tomb of Ismail Nagore, George Town, Penang
- Tomb of Noordin Sahib, George Town, Penang
- Tomb of Syed Mustapha Idris a.k.a. Dato' Koyah, George Town, Penang
- Tomb of Wali Mohammed Salleh, Batu Uban, Penang - frequented by Naqshabandi Malays.
- Tomb of Syed Ibrahim al-hashimi, Gelugor, Penang
- darga of syed lal shah bukhri(jalan hangtua in masjed)kuala lumpur
- darga of sultan ul arifeen syed ismael shah aljillani(polau basar)malaka
- darga of fikir baba mualana miskin [chulia st][p penang]
Mali[link]
Morocco[link]
- Complex of Sidi Bul Abbas, of one Marrakech's celebrated seven saints, Marrakech
- Zawiya and Mosque of Moulay Idris II, Fes
Pakistan[link]
- Shrine Hazart Syed Ali Abbas(Sarkar Lal Badshah)Mangla Dam. Pakistan
- Shrine Of Hazrat Lal Shah Baaz Qalandar, Sehwan Sharif
- Data Darbar Complex Hazrat Syed Data Ali Hajweri Hassani Husaini AL FAQR
- Shrine of Allama Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi Makli, Thatta.
- Hazrat Peer Makki Shah Hassani Husaini
- Bibi Paak Daman, said to hold the graves of five ladies from the prophet Muhammad's household(Ahl Al-Bayt)
- Pir Syed Meher Ali Shah Hassani Husaini Gilani Golra Shrif, Islamabad
- Hazrat Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Badshahi Masjid, Lahore
- Aastaanah Hazrat Khateeb e A'zam Maulana Muhammad Shafee Okarvi, Gulistaan e Okarvi, Soldier Bazaar, Karachi
- Darbar-e-Akbaria-Hazrat Akbar Sultan and Hazrat Chan Sultan Ameer Afzal, Punjab [3]
- Dargah of Shah Shams Sarwari
- Tomb complex of Lal Mahra, Dera Ismail Khan
- Shrine complex of Mir Ishaq and Mir Aref, Thagas, Pakistan-administered Northern Areas
- Shrine of Sayyed Mohammad Astana, Khapalu, North-West Frontier Province
- Hadhrat Molana Pir Fakir-u-llah Bakoti shrine of Bakote Shareef
- Hazrat Sakhi Shah Chan Charagh, shrine of Shah Chan Chiragh, Rawalpindi.
- Mohra Sharif, Murree hills of Punjab.
- Baba Shah Jamal, Ichhrah Lahore.
- Hazrat Syed Baba Lal Shah Badshah Qalander, Muree Hills, Punjab
- Moula Kadham, Haiderabad.
- Baba Mauj Deen, Lahore
- Baba Bahauddin Auliya
- Sultan Fuqra-Hazrat Sakhi Sultan BAHOO, Shourkot, District-Jhang
- Mehboob-e Jilani-Sufi Ghulam Ahmad, Iqbal Nagar, Kassuwaal
- Ghulam Husain (Baba Ghorriyaan wale Srkar) Baleekay, Safdarabad
- Sain Roshan Din, Chhota Kotla, Sangla Hill
- Baba Noor Shah Walli, Laari Adda, Faisalabad
- Hazrat Abu Anees Muhammad Barkat Ali Ludhianivi,Daar-ul-Ehsaan, Faisalabad
- Sufi Mubarak Ali, Awagat, Jaranwala, Faisalabad
- Khan baba, Awagat, Jaranwala, Faisalabad
- Hazrat Sadaq Sain Sarkar, 31-G.B. Satyana, Faisalabad.
- Syed Ghulam-e Mustafa Shah, Paddi matt wale, Sain di Khoei, Faisalabad
- Syed Ali Haider Shah, Sain di Khoei, Faisalabad
- Baba Sher Shah (Zahira Peer), Sain di Khoei, Faisalabad
- Baba Rehmay Shah, Sain di Khoei, Faisalabad
- Baba Muhammad Husain Mast Qadiri, Sain di Khoei, Faisalabad
- Baba Bashir (BAB), Sain di Khoei, Faisalabad
- Baba Lasorri Shah, Jhang Bazar, Ginta Ghar, Faisalabad
- Imam Jalwi, Dhudiwala, Faisalabad
- Baba Faryaad Sain, Dhudiwala, Faisalabad
- Nisar Ahmad Khan Qadiri, Chak#122-GB. Faisalabad
- Baba Siraj (Kikar Sain), Adda Chak#123G.B. Jaranwala Road. Faisalabad
- Mian Muhammad Bakhash, Karri Sharif, Mirpur, Azad Kasmir
- Faqeer Noor Muhammad Kalachvi, Kalachi Shrif, Dera Ismail Khan
- Mian Meer Saab, Lahore
- Syed Waris Shah, Jindyala Sher Khan, Shaikhupura
- Khwaja Ghulam Farid,Mithan Kot.
- Syed Wazir Ali Shah (Sangal Shah), Chak#105-GB.Bangay, Faisalabad
- Syed Wasal Shah, Hassan Abdal
- Bulleh Shah (Baba, Kasur)
- Shah Inayat Qadri,Lahore.
- Madhoo Lal Husain (Shah Husain), Lahore
- Hazrat Baba Chatri Saaien, Lari Adda, Lahore
- Hazrat Abdullah Shah Ghazi, Karachi
- Hazrat Syed Abdul Wahab Shah Jilani, Hyderabad
- Hazrat Syed Aalam Shah Bukhari, Karachi
- Hazrat Syed Abdul Nabi Jilani (Mah wali sarkar), Badin, Sindh
- Hazrat Syed Sabir Ali Jilani, Mewa Shah Kabrastan, Karachi
- Baba Farid-ud-din Ganj-e-Shakar, Paak Pattan Sharif
- Shrine of Khwaja Sheikh Pak, Derh Pindi, Lahore.
- Shrine of Qalandar Baba Bukhari (Makhdoom Syed Safdar Ali Shah Bukhari (Kakyoon Waali Sarkar)),Dhudian,Pakistan
- Shrine of AAla Hazrat Lillahi(Hazrat Hafiz Ghulam Nabi 18th Century) Lilla, Punjab Pakistan
- Shrine of Hazrat Baba Hassan Shah walli Shahdara town Lahore
- Shrine of Hazrat Baba INAYAT Shah Walli, Lahore
- Shrine of Hazrat baba Sher shah walli Lahore
- Shrine of Hazoor Zia-ul-ummah Justice Pir Mohammad Karam Shah Al-Azhari, Behra Sharif
- Shrine of Professor Arif Sani Lamakani at Bahu Abad Tehsil Haroonabad District Bahawalnagar
- Darbar Ghousia Shareef (Hadhrat Syedina Tahir Allauddin Al-Qadri Al-Gillani Radhi Allahu Anhu) in Baghdad Town of Lahore, Pakistan.
- Darbar shreef (baba divey shah)(jalalpurjattan pind chaklala)gujrat
- Darbar Shareef (baba miana yaseen sahib)(jalalpurjattan pind chaklala)gujrat
- Darbar Shah Sauchyar Shah Zar Shah Munawar Bharakahu, Islamabad.
- Darbar shareef (peer gul hussan shah sahib)pind mojoki dakkhana noshera khajgan dist gujrat
- Darbar shareef (peer gul hussain shah sahib)pind marry warachawn dera joian wali sarkar dist gujrat
- Darbar shareef (sakhi LAL badshah sarkar)sanda dupsarri lahore* *Darbar shareef (peer khaja abdul majeed qadri khizri shaib)dewal shreef rawalpindi
- Darbar shareef(hazrat karmanwale sarkar)okara
- Darbar shareef (hazrat khwaja shah HABIBULLAH Have jafri rehmani sabri chichti R.A)E/124/1 st no 5 miyan mir colony lahore.
- Darbar Baba Ghazi imam noon Islamabad
- Darbar sharif Syed Shahjhan badsha murree road Rawalpindi
- Darbar sharif Syed muhammad goc Bala peer gilani satghara shareef, okara
Hazrat Data shah charag gilani lahori,Lahore Hazrat syed said Muhammad saen gilani,shakhushareef okara
Singapore[link]
- Shrine of Syed Shahul Hamid
- Tomb of Wali Habib Noh - frequented by Malays and Naqshabandis
- Shrine of Hazrath Khwaja Habibullah Shah at Kubur Kassim on Siglap road near ChaiChee in Singapore.
South Africa[link]
- Tomb (kramat) of Sheikh Abdul Rahman, Cape Town - venerated by Cape Malays
- Tomb of Sheikh Jaafar, Cape Town - venerated by Cape Malays
- Tomb of Sheikh Mahmood, Cape Town - venerated by Cape Malays
- Tomb of Shaikh Yusuf Faure, Cape Town - venerated by Cape Malays
- Tomb of Sheikh Sayed Ahmed Badsha Peer [Durban]
- Tomb of Hazrat Sufi Saheb [Durban]
- Tomb of Hazrat Raja Bawa [Durban]
- Tomb of Hazrat Fathe Bawa (Durban )
- Tomb of Hazrat Bhaijaan Bawa Sufi (Durban )
- Tomb of Hazrat Goolam Hoosein Fazle Elahi (Boksburg)
Sri Lanka[link]
- Daftar Jailani Rock Cave Mosque, Balangoda
- Kataragama temple, Kataragama
- Ketchimale, Beruwala
- Devatagaha, Colombo
Syria[link]
- Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque, the tomb of Zaynab bint Ali, daughter of Ali and Fatimah, Damascus
- Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque, the tomb of Sukayna bint Husayn, daughter of Husayn - the grandson of Muhammad, Damascus
- Hujr ibn Adi Mosque, the tomb of Hujr, a companion of Ali, in Adra (a small town near Damascus)
- Baab Sagheer Cemetery (also called Goristan-e-Ghariban) - many famous historical figures, including Umm Kulthum bint Ali and Bilal ibn Ribah are buried here, Damascus
- Nabi Habeel Mosque, the tomb of Abel, son of Adam, Damascus
- Araq Tomb, Damascus, dedicated to Suhayb al-Rumi
- Bab al-Hadid, Aleppo
- Bab al-Nasr, Aleppo
- Bab Antakeya, Aleppo
- Hilaliyya Zawiya, Aleppo. Mausoleum for Sheikh Mohammed Hilal Ram Hamdani
- Umayyad Mosque (Jaami al-Amawi), Damascus
- Salera Hill, Damascus
Turkey[link]
- Tomb of Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Konya
- Tomb of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, Istanbul
Turkmenistan[link]
- Abu Ya`qub Yusuf ibn Ayyab ibn Yusuf ibn al-Husayn al-Hamadani, Merv
Uzbekistan[link]
- Saifuddin Bakharzi shrine, Bukhara
- Chupan Ata shrine, Samarkand
- Shah-i-Zinda shrine, Samarkand
- Imam Bukhariy shrine, Bukhara
- Abdukholiq Gijduvaniy shrine, Bukhara
- Orif Revgari shrine, Bukhara
- Anjir Fagnaviy shrine, Bukhara
- Ali Rometaniy shrine, Bukhara
- Boboi Samosiy shrine, Bukhara
- Sayyid Amir Kulol shrine (Amir Kulal), Bukhara
- Bakhouddin Nakshband shrine, Bukhara
- Shayxul Olam shrine, Bukhara
- Chashmai Ayub shrine, Bukhara
- Piridastgir shrine, Bukhara
- Bandikusho shrine, Bukhara
- Poraduz shrine, Bukhara
Views on Ziyarat[link]
Sunni views[link]
The majority of Sunnis believe that visiting the graves of saints should be classified as shirk and bid'ah except the visiting of the tomb of Muhammad in Medina which may be done during Hajj, the Islamic pilgrimage. However, it is not a required. They point out to the following sayings of Muhammad as an evidence for their belief.
Narrated By 'Aisha : Umm Salama told Allah's Apostle about a church which she had seen in Ethiopia and which was called Mariya. She told him about the pictures which she had seen in it. God's Apostle said, "If any righteous pious man dies among them, they would build a place of worship at his grave and make these pictures in it; they are the worst creatures in the sight of God."[6]
The most evil of mankind are those who will be alive when the Last Day arrives and those who take graves as places of worship.”[7]
It is also reported in the most authentic books of Sunni Islam that Aa’ishah (wife of Muhammad) reported:
Had it not been so, his (i.e. the Prophet’s) grave would have been in an open place, but it could not be due to the fear that it could be taken as a mosque.[8]
Sunni scholars declare that the purpose of visiting the graves and cemeteries is only to remind people of death and a curse be upon the Jews and Christians for taking the graves of their Prophets as places of worship.[9]
- “...Beware that those before you took the graves of their Prophets as places of worship. Do not take graves as places of worship, for verily I forbid you to do so.”[6]
- “The most evil of mankind are those who will be alive when the Last Day arrives and those who take graves as places of worship.”[7]
Sufi Views[link]
The purpose of visiting a grave is to gain llim (divine knowledge), tafakkur and to pray for the person in the grave, but if the person in the grave is a Prophet or a Awliya (friend of God), fayd and spiritual benefits can be gained from their souls. The person who is visited, must be thought of as if he is alive and must be visited with the same good manners.
| “ | " The event of death is like moving from one house to another for the friends of Allah, the same good manners,respect and high regards must be shown to them, as when they were alive."AbdulHakim Arvasi, Rabita-i Serife, 23-24; Halidiyye Risalesi, 58-60 | ” |
| “ | " Neither kissing the grave or moving the hands over the face after touching the grave for blessing, is suitable to the good manners (adab)."Gazali, Ihya,IV,711. | ” |
| “ | " Hz.Rasulullah (s.a.w) has given the good tidings that the Angels say "AMIN" for the prayers which are performed for the brothers and the Awliya and Allahu Teala accepts them (at the exact moment)."Buhari, Edebu'l-Mufred, No:623; Ebu Davud, Vitr, 29. | ” |
| “ | " Visiting the grave is a duty which is performed for Allah's pleasure and visiting the grave of a father and mother on a Friday is appropriate ."Gazali, Ihya, IV, 711 | ” |
Shī‘ah Views[link]
There are many reasons for which the Shī‘ah partake in the performance of Ziyarah, none of which include the worship of the people buried within the tombs - Ayatullah Borujerdi and Ayatullah Khomeini have both said
| “ | "It is haram (forbidden) to prostrate to anyone except Allah. If the act of prostration in front of the shrines of the Infallible Imams ('a.s.) is a form of thanksgiving to God, there is no objection, otherwise it is haram."[10] | ” |
The Shī‘ah do however perform Ziyarah, believing that the entombed figures bear great status in the eyes of God, and seek to have their prayers answered through these people (a form of Tawassul) - Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Musawi writes
| “ | "They (the holy figures) are being requested to supplicate to Allah, to deliver the person in need from his affliction, since the supplication of these saintly figures is accepted by Allah."[11] | ” |
In this regard, Ibn Shu’ba al-Harrani also narrates a hadīth from the tenth Imām of the Twelver Shī‘as
| “ | "God has some areas where he likes to be supplicated in, and the prayer of the supplicator is accepted (in those areas); the sanctuary of Husayn (a.s.) is one of these."[12] | ” |
The Ziyarah of the Imāms is also done by the Shī‘ah, not only as a means of greeting and saluting their masters who lived long before they were born, but also as a means of seeking nearness to God and more of His blessings (barakah).
The Shī‘ah do not consider the narrations in Bukhari to be authentic,[13] and argue that if things such as Ziyarah and Tawassul were innovations and shirk, Muhammad himself would have prohibited people as a precaution, from visiting graves, or seeking blessings through kissing the sacred black stone at the Ka‘bah.[14] Some Sunni scholars such as Ibn Taymiyyah,[15] have also rejected the notion that such things are innovations (bid'ah).
It is popular Shi'i belief that to be buried near the burial place of the Imams is beneficial. In Shi'i sacred texts it is stated that the time between death and resurrection (barzakh, purgatory) should be spent near the Imams.[16]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ List of Supplication Ziyarats
- ^ http://www.sufimaizbhandari.org/shah_sufi_moulana_syed_ahmed_ullah_maizbhandari.html
- ^ http://www.sufimaizbhandari.org/shah_sufi_moulana_syed_golamur_rahman_maizbhandari.html
- ^ http://www.sufimaizbhandari.org/shah_sufi_syed_delwar_hossain_maizbhandari.html
- ^ http://www.sufimaizbhandari.org/shahenshah_hazrat_shah_sufi_syed_ziaul_haq_maizbhandari.html
- ^ a b Sahih Bukhari, vol. 1, book 8, hadith 426
- ^ a b Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal (al-Fitan wal-Ashrat as-Sa’aat – the trials and signs of the Hour). See Ahkaamul-Janaa’iz, p.278
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari (Eng. Trans.) vol.2, p.232, no.414, Sahih Muslim (Eng. Trans.) vol.1, p.268, no.1076 and Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal vol.6, no.156-198, vol.8, no.114.
- ^ Sahih Al-Bukhari (Eng. Trans.) vol.1, p.255, no.427 Sahih Muslim (Eng. Trans.) vol.1, p.269, no.1082, Sunan Abu Dawood (Eng. Trans.) vol.2, p.917, no.3221, Sunan an-Nass’ai vol.1, no.115 and others.
- ^ Ayatullah Borujerdi, Tawdih al-Masa'il, p.172 ; Imam Khumayni, Tahrir al-Wasilah, vol.1, p.150; Risalah-ye Novin, vol.1, p.148.
- ^ Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Musawi, Risalah dar Kitab wa Sunnat, Majmu'ah Maqalat, Kitab Nida'-e Wahdat, Tehran, Chehel-Sutun Publishers, p.259.
- ^ Ibn Shu’ba al-Harrani, Tuhaf al-'Uqul, p.510.
- ^ Moojan Moman, Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, p.174 ; Ahmad Abdullah Salamah, Shia & Sunni Perspective on Islam, p.52.
- ^ Risalatan Bayn al-Shaykhayn, p.17.
http://www.imamreza.net/eng/list.php?id=0113
http://www.al-islam.org/mot/tawassul.htm - ^ Majmu'ah Fatawa Ibn Taymiyyah, vol.1, p.106, as cited in al-Mausu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah al-Kuwaitiyyah, vol.14, pp.163-164. Ibn Taymiyya states: "Those who accuse a person of heresy for making tawassul deserve the most severe punishment."
- ^ Takim, Liyakatali N. (2006). The Heirs of the Prophet: Charisma and Religious Authority in Shi'ite Islam. Albany, NY, USA: State University of New York Press. pp. 67. ISBN 978-0-7914-6737-4. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4nWa8y-HiB0C.
- Privratsky, Bruce G. Muslim Turkistan: Kazak Religion and Collective Memory. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. 2001.
- Subtelny, M. E. 1989. The cult of holy places: religious practices among Soviet Muslims. Middle East Journal, 43(4): 593–604.
External links[link]
- AL-ARIFEEN for FAQRISM ( Spiritualism & Mysticism )
- AL-FAQR for FAQRISM ( Spiritualism & Mysticism )
- Views held by The Shia on Ziyarat
- Archnet shrine directory, with pictures
- Madurai Hazrats'Maqbara
- Book: Your Personal Guide to UMRA, HAJJ, and ZIYARAT (pdf file)
- Listing of ziyarat sites
http://wn.com/Ziyarat
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Зиярат
http://id.wn.com/Ziyarat
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarat
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Imam Hassan" redirects here. For the city in Iran, see Imam Hassan, Iran.
 Al-Hasan al-Mujtabā الحسن المجتبى Imam of Twelver Shi'a Islam |
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A modern depiction by a Shi'a artist |
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| Rank | 2nd Twelver/Zaydi/Mustaali Imām |
| Name | Hasan ibn ‘Alī |
| Kunya | Abu Muhammad[1] |
| Birth | 15th Ramadhān 3 AH[2] ≈ March 1, 625 C.E. |
| Death | 7th[3] or 28th[4] Safar 50 AH ≈ March 6, 670 C.E. |
| Birthplace | Madīnah[2] |
| Buried | Jannatul Baqī‘, Madīnah |
| Life Duration |
Before Imāmate: 37 years (40 - 50 AH) |
| Titles | |
| Spouse(s) |
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| Father | ‘Alī ibn Abī Talib |
| Mother | Fātimah bint Muhammad |
| Children | |
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al-Sajjad · al-Baqir · al-Sadiq |
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| This article is part of a series on: |
| Islam |
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Al-Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib (Arabic: الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب) ( born March 1, 625 CE (Ramadhān 15th, 3 AH) – died 669CE (Safar 7th[7] or 28th, 50 AH) aged 47)[8] is an important figure in Islam, the son of Fatimah the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and of the fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib.[9] Hasan is a member of the Ahl al-Bayt and Ahl al-Kisa. He briefly succeeded his father Ali ibn Abi Talib as the righteous Caliph following the latter's death, before retiring to Madinah and entering into an agreement with the first Umayyad ruler, Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, who assumed the Caliphate. Both Sunni and Shia Muslims regard Hasan as a martyr.
Contents |
Birth and family life[link]
According to Shia[10] and Sunni[11] sources, Muhammad, upon the birth of his grandson in 3 AH, was ordered by the archangel Gabriel to name him Hasan - a name not used in the pre-Islamic period.[12] Muhammad also honoured his grandson by reciting the Adhān in his right ear,[13] the Iqāmah in his left ear,[13] shaving his head,[14] and sacrificing a ram for the sake of his birth.[15]
He married nine women:[16]
- Um Kulthum bint Alfadhl bin Al-Abbas bin Abdulmuttalib bin Hashim
- Khawla bint Mandhoor bin Zaban bin Syar bin Amro
- Um Basheer bint Abi Mas'ud
- Ju'da bint Al-Ash'ath bin Qays Ma'di Karb Alkindi
- Um Ishaq bint Talha bin Ubaydillah bin Uthman Al-Taymi
- Zainab bint Sabee' bin Abdullah
- Baqliya
- Dhamya'
- Safia
Early life[link]
As a growing youth Hasan saw his father on the battlefield defending Islam as well as preaching to a vast congregation of believers on the occasion of hajj and as a missionary of Islam to Yemen before retreating to a passive role in the matters of the state during the period of the first three caliphs after the death of his grandfather, Muhammad. Hasan and his younger brother, Husayn ibn Ali, are believed to have been greatly beloved by their grandfather Muhammad as numerous hadiths affirm[citation needed]. There are also hadiths that state that Hasan and Husayn are the Masters of the youth in paradise and that Hasan and his brother Hussein are imams "whether they sit or stand". Hasan is one of five persons included in the Hadith of the Cloak. He is said to have been the first of the Prophet's family to enter Yemeni Kisa after Muhammad and to have walked hand in hand with Muhammad as a child to testify to the truth of Islam at Mubahila.
In Medina when Muhammad was sitting with his companions and Hasan, who was still a child, was playing between his hands, Muhammad is said to have gazed at Hasan and said to his companions "This (grand)son of mine is a delight, and may God place in his hands the reconciliation of two great groups of believers (mu'minun)."[citation needed]
When the third caliph was murdered by demonstrators in his palace in Mad'mah Ali was elected to lead the Muslims. Hasan assisted his father: he went to Kufa and raised an army against the dissenting Muslims, then participated actively in the battles of Basra, Siffin and Nahrawan alongside his father, demonstrating skill both as a soldier and a leader. He travelled to Mecca with Ammar ibn Yasir to summon armies to fight against the army accompanying Aisha.[6]
Caliphate[link]
The Shia view is that Ali’s right to the caliphate was usurped and his family abused by Abu Bakr but Ali, Hasan and his younger brother Husayn ibn Ali valued the Muslim community's stability above their own rights, even going to defend the third caliph Uthman before Ali himself received the caliphate.
Upon the death of Ali in Kufa a new caliph had to be elected. According to Ali's appointment before his death the choice was restricted to Hasan and his younger brother Husayn. The latter did not claim the caliphate so Kufi Muslims gave their allegiance (bay'ah) to Hasan without dispute.[17] Most caliph chronologies do not include Hasan ibn Ali among the Rashidun Caliphs. However, many Sunni Muslim historians, such as Suyuti, Ibn al-Arabi, and Ibn Kathir accept Hasan ibn Ali as the last such caliph.^
- Suyuti in The Khalifas who took the right way page 9 and History of the Caliphs Vol 12
- Ibn al-Arabi in his Sharh Sunan al-Tirmidhi 9:68-69 ref
- Ibn Kathir in The Beginning and the End Vol 6 page 249-250
Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, who had a long-running dispute with Ali, summoned the commanders of his forces in Syria, Palestine, and Transjordan to join him in preparation for battle. He first attempted to negotiate with Hasan, sending him letters asking him to give up his caliphate, believing he could thus avoid killing fellow Muslims and avoid lingering questions regarding his legitimacy should he kill Hasan outright. Most historians say that large sums of money and promises of vast properties and governorships of provinces were offered to commanders of Hassan's army who left him,one of which was ubaydallah ibn al abbas,the commander of Imam Hassan army and that Muawiyah was not interested in the functions of preaching piety or theology but in expanding his sphere of influence in the territories already conquered by the Muslims and in further conquests to the north and north west of Syria.
Negotiations failed and Muawiyah decided to march against Hasan's army of forty thousand[18] with his own army, claimed to have numbered sixty thousand fighters.[19] The two armies faced each other near Sabat. Hasan is said to have given a sermon in which he proclaimed his hatred of schism and appealed to his men to follow his orders even if they did not agree with them. Some of the troops, taking this as a sign that Hasan was preparing to give up battle, rebelled and attacked him. Hasan was wounded but loyal soldiers surrounded him and managed to kill the mutineers. One commander, Ubayd-Allah ibn Abbas, deserted him and joined Muawiyah’s forces.
The two armies fought a few inconclusive skirmishes. Hasan was distressed, understanding that the engagement of Muslims in a battle against each other would mean a loss of many: Muawiyah also had his concerns about being forced into a battle and sent two men from the Banu Quraish to negotiate a settlement.[20] Shia scholars[who?] quote hadith from later Shia Imams to the effect that Hassan lacked the support to fight and win and so ceded power to Muawiya, signing an agreement that he would return the caliphate at his death. According to Shia scholars Hasan stipulated that the caliphate should be returned to him if he was still alive after Muawiyah's death, otherwise it should be given to his younger brother.[21] According to Sunni scholars[who?] Hasan stipulated that Muawiyah should follow the Qur'an and the Sunnah, allow a parliament (shura) as regards the caliphate after his death and refrain from any acts of revenge. Muawiyah accepted the conditions attached to the peace treaty;
- the enforced public cursing of Ali, e.g. during prayers, should be abandoned
- Muawiyah should not use tax money for his own private needs
- there should be peace: followers of Hasan should be given security and their rights[22]
Muawiyah proceeded to Kufa and demanded that the Muslims there pledge allegiance to him as caliph. He also asked Hasan to join him and support him in the fight against the rebellious Kharijites. Hasan is claimed to have written to him in response: "I have abandoned the fight against you, even though it was my legal right, for the sake of peace and reconciliation of the Muslim congregation (ummah). Do you think that I shall then fight together with you?"[23]
Muawiyah did not comply with the terms of the treaty, saying to the people of Kufa, “do you think I have taken power to teach you? No, I have taken power and if any one of you tries to disagree with me he shall pay the costly price of the loss of his head.” He carried out his ambition of keeping the power in his family by nominating his son Yazid as caliph after him. But the decision stirred widespread agitation, particularly amidst prominent personalities such as Hussain, Abdul-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr, Abdullah ibn Umar, Abdullah ibn Al-Zubayr and others.
Retirement to Medina[link]
Hasan returned to Medina. According to Persian Shia historians[who?], Marwan ibn al-Hakam, the personal secretary to the third caliph Uthman ibn Affan who had fought against Ali during the Battle of Bassorah, was now the governor of Medina. Hasan lacked his moral support and had a hard time during his stay there after the peace treaty, with taunts and abuse from some of Muawiyah's followers and the anger of his supporters for having relinquished the caliphate.
On the other hand, Sunni historians[24] see the treaty as conferring great benefits on the Muslim Empire in years to come. Hasan has been quoted as commenting:
"If Muawiyah was the rightful successor to the caliphate, he has received it. And if I had that right, I, too, have passed it on to him; so the matter ends there."[25]
He donated all his belongings completely twice in his lifetime. Also, he divided his property between himself and the poor people equally three times .[26]
Death[link]
Hasan ibn Ali died in Medina either on Safar 7th or 28th, 50 AH. He is buried at the famous Jannatul Baqee‘ cemetery across from the Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet). According to historians, Muawiyah wished to pass the caliphate to his own son Yazid, and saw Hasan as an obstacle. He secretly contacted one of Hasan's wives, Ja'da bint al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, and incited her to poison her husband. Ja'da did as Muawiyah suggested, giving her husband poison mixed with honey.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Madelung[35] notes other traditions suggesting that Hasan may have been poisoned by another wife, the daughter of Suhayl ibn Amr, or perhaps by one his servants and also cites the early historians (Baladhuri, Waqidi, etc.). Madelung believed that Hasan was poisoned and that the famous early Islamic historian al-Tabari suppressed the tale out of concern for the faith of the common people.[36]
Shia Muslims believe that Ja'da was promised gold and marriage to Yazid. Seduced by the promise of wealth and power, she poisoned her husband, and then hastened to the court of Muawiyah in Damascus to receive her reward. Muawiyah reneged on his promises and married her to another man.[37]
Hasan had asked for his body to be taken to the prophet's grave, so that he could pay his last respect, and then to be buried near his grandmother Fatima bint Asad. This caused armed opposition. As the funeral proceeded towards the grave of Muhammad some Umayyads mounted on horses obstructed it. Aisha bint Abu Bakr appeared, riding a mule and shouting that the grave of Muhammad was in her house and she would not allow the grandson of Khadijah binte Khuwaylid to be buried beside Muhammad. A shower of arrows fell on the coffin. Husayn, fulfilling the last wish of his brother, turned the procession of the funeral towards Jannat al-Baqi, the general graveyard of Medina, where he was buried. According to one version Marwan asked Muhammad's wife Aisha also to allow his relative Uthman ibn Affan to be buried beside the Prophet if Hasan were to be buried there, but Aisha refused Marwan's request and did not allow anyone else to be buried beside Muhammad.
After Hasan's death his Iraqi followers wrote to Husayn pledging allegiance and proposing to remove Muawiya. However, Husayn refused, choosing to abide by the treaty between Hassan ibn Ali and Muawiyah, which could not be broken at that time.
The shrine of Hasan's tomb was destroyed by 20th century Salafi Saudis.[7] It was narrated that Abu’l-Hayaaj al-Asadi said: ‘Ali ibn Abi Taalib said to me: “Shall I not send you on the same mission as the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) sent me? Do not leave any statue without erasing it, and do not leave any raised grave without leveling it.” (Narrated by Muslim, 969).
Timeline[link]
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Clan of the Banu Quraish
Born: 15th Ramadhān 3 AH ≈ 1st March 625 CE Died: 28th Safar 50 AH ≈ 6th March 670 CE |
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| Shī‘a Islam titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ali ibn Abu Talib |
2nd Imam of Shi'a Islam 661–669 Disputed by Nizari |
Succeeded by Hussein ibn Ali |
| Sunni Islam titles | ||
| Preceded by Ali ibn Abu Talib |
5th Rashidun Caliph of Sunni Islam 661 – 661 |
Succeeded by Muawiyah I |
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Usd al-Ghaba, vol. 1, p. 9.
- ^ a b Shaykh Mufid. Kitab Al Irshad. p.279-289
- ^ a b Al-Yasin, Shaykh Radi. "1". Sulh al-Hasan. Jasim al-Rasheed. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. pp. 4.
- ^ Yousuf N. Lalljee. Know Your Islam.
- ^ a b c d e Al-Yasin, Shaykh Radi. "1". Sulh al-Hasan. Jasim al-Rasheed. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. pp. 4. ; al-Qurashi, Baqir Shareef. "2". The Life of Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba. Jasim al-Rasheed. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. pp. 59.
- ^ Tirmidhi, Vol. II, p. 221 ; تاريخ الخلفاء، ص189
- ^ Shaykh Radi Al-Yasin. Sulh al-Hasan.
- ^ http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/books/masoom_hasan/2ndimam.html
- ^ http://www.msawest.net/islam/politics/firstfourcaliphs.html
- ^ Muhsin al-Amin al-‘Amili. A‘yan al-Shi‘a. vol. 4. Baqir Shareef al-Qurashi. The Life of Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba. p.57.
- ^ Husayn Diyar Bakari. Tarikh al-Khamees. vol.1, p. 470.
- ^ Husayn Diyar Bakari. Tarikh al-Khamees. vol.1, p. 470. Ibn al-Athir. Usd al-Ghaba.
- ^ a b Ahmed, Musnad, vol. 6, p. 391. Al-Turmidhi, Saheeh, vol. 1, p. 286. Abu Dawud, Saheeh, vol. 33, p. 214.
- ^ Husayn Diyar Bakari. Tarikh al-Khamees. vol.1, p. 470. Noor al-Absar, p. 107. Al-Turmidhi, Saheeh, vol. 1, p. 286.
- ^ Husayn Diyar Bakari. Tarikh al-Khamees. vol.1, p. 470. Mushkil al-Aathaar, vol. 1, p. 456. Al-Hulya, vol. 1, p. 116. Al-Turmidhi, Saheeh, vol. 1, p. 286. Muhsin al-Amin al-‘Amili. A‘yan al-Shi‘a. vol. 4, p. 108.
- ^ Naqoosh-e-Ismat by Allama Zeeshan Haider Jawadi p. 217-218
- ^ Madlong, (1997) p. 313 - 314
- ^ Dr. Israr Ahmad, The Tragedy of Karbala, Society of the Servants of Al-Quran, Lahore
- ^ Ibn A'zham IV, p. 153. Other numbers: [1]
- ^ Sahih Bukhari 3:49:867
- ^ Imam Hasan bin 'Ali
- ^ Kitab Al-Irshad, Shaykh al-Mufid, Ansariyan Publications
- ^ Madelung, 1997 pp. 324-325
- ^ Dr. Israr Ahmad, The Tragedy of Karbala, Society of the Servants of Al-Quran, Lahore, Pp.14 & 15,
- ^ ibid Pp.15
- ^ Yaghoubi History, Vol. 2 p. 215
- ^ Mas'oodi, Vol 2: Page 47
- ^ Tāreekh - Abul Fidā Vol 1 : Page 182
- ^ Iqdul Fareed - Ibn Abd Rabbāh Vol 2, Page 11
- ^ Rawzatul Manazir - Ibne Shahnah Vol 2, Page 133
- ^ Tāreekhul Khamees, Husayn Dayarbakri Vol2, Page 238
- ^ Akbarut Tiwal - Dinawari Pg 400
- ^ Mawātilat Talibeyeen - Abul Faraj Isfahāni
- ^ Isti'ab - Ibne Abdul Birr
- ^ Madelung, pp. 331–333
- ^ Madelung pp. 331–332
- ^ [2], [3], [4], [5]
- ^ 1: Sahih Bukhari: [8][9][10]
- ^ 2: Suyuti in The Khalifas who took the right way page 9 and History of the Caliphs Vol 12
References[link]
 |
Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (May 2010) |
Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0.
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Hasan Reza Ansari, Kulti, India
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Hasan ibn Ali |
- Hasan ibn 'Ali In Encyclopædia Britannica
- Hasan ibn 'Ali by Wilferd Madelung , In Encyclopædia Iranica
- Kitab al Irshad, by Sheikh al Mufid, translated by I.K.A Howard, pp. 279 - 289
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hasan Ibn Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 624 |
| Place of birth | Madīnah |
| Date of death | 669 |
| Place of death | |
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| Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib | |
|---|---|
.jpg) |
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| Commander of the Faithful (Amir al-Mu'minin) |
|
| Reign | 656–661[1] |
| Full name | Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib |
| Titles | Abu al-Hasan ("Father of Hasan") Abu Turab ("Father of Dust/Soil) Murtadha ("One Who Is Chosen and Contented") Asad ("Lion of God") Haydar ("Lion")[1] First Alī |
| Born | (598-10-23)October 23, 598,[2](599-03-17)March 17, 599 or (600-03-17)March 17, 600[1] Mecca[1] |
| Died | January 28, 661(661-01-28) (aged 62) Kufa[1] |
| Buried | Imam Ali Mosque, Najaf, Iraq |
| Predecessor | Muhammad (as first Shia Imam); Uthman Ibn Affan (as fourth Sunni Caliph) |
| Successor | Hasan[3] |
| Wives | Fatimah[1] Fatima bint Hizam al-Qilabiyya ("Ummu l-Banin") |
| Offspring | Hasan Husayn Zaynab (See:Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib) |
| Father | Abu Talib |
| Mother | Fatima bint Asad |
| Part of a series on the |
| Ali |
|---|
| Life |
| Family tree · marital life · Descendants Succession to Muhammad Birthplace · First Fitna Timeline of Ali's life Hadith of the pond of Khumm |
| Legacy |
| Nahj al-Balagha · Qalam-e-Mowla Zulfiqar · Imam Ali Mosque · Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim |
| Perspectives |
| Ali the Warrior · Ali as Caliph The Fourteen Infallibles The Twelve Imams Ali in the Qur'an Sunni · Shi'a |
Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب, Transliteration: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, [ʕaliː ibn ʔæbiː t̪ˤɑːlib]; 13th Rajab, 24 BH–21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600[2] or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661[4]). The son of Abu Talib,[5] Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661,[5] and was the first male convert to Islam.[6][7] Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches.[1]
Muslim sources, especially Shia ones, state that since Muhammad's time, Ali was the only person born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam.[1] His father was Abu Talib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad,[1] but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle, and Ali's father. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, Ali was the first male to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam.[4][8][9][10]
Ali migrated to Medina shortly after Muhammad did. Once there Muhammad told Ali that God had ordered Muhammad to give his daughter, Fatimah, to Ali in marriage.[1] For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service, leading parties of warriors on battles, and carrying messages and orders. Ali took part in the early caravan raids from Mecca and later in almost all the battles fought by the nascent Muslim community.
Ali was appointed Caliph by the Companions of Muhammad (the Sahaba) in Medina after the assassination of the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan.[11][12] He encountered defiance and civil war during his reign. In 661, Ali was attacked one morning while worshipping in the mosque of Kufa, and died a few days later.[13][14][15]
In Muslim culture, Ali is respected for his courage, knowledge, belief, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, deep loyalty to Muhammad, equal treatment of all Muslims and generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies, and therefore is central to mystical traditions in Islam such as Sufism. Ali retains his stature as an authority on Quranic exegesis, Islamic jurisprudence and religious thought.[16] Ali holds a high position in almost all Sufi orders which trace their lineage through him to Muhammad. Ali's influence has been important throughout Islamic history.[1]
Contents |
In Mecca[link]
File:Ali Mausoleum compound,Najaf.jpg
A grand view Ali Mausoleum,Najaf,Iraq
Birth and childhood[link]
Main article: Family tree of Ali
Ali's father Abu Talib was the custodian of the Kaaba and a sheikh of the Banu Hashim, an important branch of the powerful Quraysh tribe. He was also an uncle of Muhammad. Ali's mother, Fatima bint Asad, also belonged to Banu Hashim, making Ali a descendant of Ishmael, the son of Ibrahim or Abraham.[17]
Many sources, especially Shia ones, attest that during Mohammad's time Ali was born inside the Kaaba in the city of Mecca, where he stayed with his mother for three days. According to a tradition, Muhammad was the first person whom Ali saw as he took the newborn in his hands. Muhammad named him Ali, meaning "the exalted one".[1][18]
Muhammad had a close relationship with Ali's parents. When Muhammad was orphaned and later lost his grandfather Abdul Muttalib, Ali's father took him into his house.[1] Ali was born two or three years after Muhammad married Khadijah bint Khuwaylid.[19] When Ali was five or six years old, a famine occurred in and around Mecca, affecting the economic conditions of Ali's father, who had a large family to support. Muhammad took Ali into his home to raise him.[1][8][20]
Acceptance of Islam[link]
See also: Identity of the first male Muslim
The second period of Ali's life begins in 610 when he declared Islam at age 10 and ends with the Hijra of Muhammad to Medina in 622.[1] When Muhammad reported that he had received a divine revelation, Ali, then only about ten years old, believed him and professed to Islam.[1][4][8][9] According to Ibn Ishaq and some other authorities, Ali was the first male to embrace Islam. Tabari adds other traditions making the similar claim of being the first Muslim in relation to Zayd or Abu Bakr.[7][21] Some historians and scholars believe Ali's conversion is not worthy enough to consider him the first male Muslim because he was a child at the time.[22]
Shia doctrine asserts that in keeping with Ali's divine mission, he accepted Islam before he took part in any pre-Islamic Meccan traditional religion rites, regarded by Muslims as polytheistic (see shirk) or paganistic. Hence the Shia say of Ali that his face is honored — that is, it was never sullied by prostrations before idols.[8] The Sunnis also use the honorific Karam Allahu Wajhahu, which means "God's Favor upon his Face."
The reason his acceptance is often not called a conversion, is because he was never an idol worshipper like the people of Mecca. He was known to have broken idols in the mold of Abraham and asked people why they worshipped something they made themselves. Ali's grandfather, it is acknowledged without controversy, along with some members of the Banu Hashim clan, were Hanifs, followers of a monotheistic belief system, prior to the coming of Islam.
After declaration of Islam[link]
For three years Muhammad invited people to Islam in secret, then he started inviting publicly. When, according to the Quran, he was commanded to invite his closer relatives to come to Islam[23] he gathered the Banu Hashim clan in a ceremony.
According to al-Tabari, Ibn Athir and Abu al-Fida, Muhammad announced at invitational events that whoever assisted him in his invitation would become his brother, trustee and successor. Only Ali, who was thirteen or fourteen years old, stepped forward to help him. This invitation was repeated three times, but Ali was the only person who answered Muhammad. Upon Ali's constant and only answer to his call, Muhammad declared that Ali was his brother, inheritor and vice-regent and people must obey him. Most of the adults present were uncles of Ali and Muhammad, and Abu Lahab laughed at them and declared to Abu Talib that he must bow down to his own son, as Ali was now his Emir[24] This event is known as the Hadith of Warning.
During the persecution of Muslims and boycott of the Banu Hashim in Mecca, Ali stood firmly in support of Muhammad.[25]
Migration to Medina[link]
See also: Hijra (Islam)
In 622, the year of Muhammad's migration to Yathrib (now Medina), Ali risked his life by sleeping in Muhammad's bed to impersonate him and thwart an assassination plot so that Muhammad could escape in safety.[1][8][26] This night is called Laylat al-Mabit. According to some hadith, a verse was revealed about Ali concerning his sacrifice on the night of Hijra which says, "And among men is he who sells his nafs (self) in exchange for the pleasure of Allah"[27][28]
Ali survived the plot, but risked his life again by staying in Mecca to carry out Muhammad's instructions: to restore to their owners all the goods and properties that had been entrusted to Muhammad for safekeeping. Ali then went to Medina with his mother, Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and two other women.[4][8]
In Medina[link]
During Muhammad's era[link]
See also: Muhammad in Medina and Military career of Ali
Ali was 22 or 23 years old when he migrated to Medina. When Muhammad was creating bonds of brotherhood among his companions, he selected Ali as his brother.[4][8][29] For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service as his secretary and deputy, serving in his armies, the bearer of his banner in every battle, leading parties of warriors on raids, and carrying messages and orders. [30] As one of Muhammad's lieutenants, and later his son-in-law, Ali was a person of authority and standing in the Muslim community.
Family life[link]
Main article: Ali marital life
In 623, Muhammad told Ali that God ordered him to give his daughter Fatimah Zahra to Ali in marriage.[1] Muhammad said to Fatimah: "I have married you to the dearest of my family to me."[31] This family is glorified by Muhammad frequently and he declared them as his Ahl al-Bayt in events such as Mubahala and hadith like the Hadith of the Event of the Cloak. They were also glorified in the Quran in several cases such as "the verse of purification".[32][33]
Ali had four children born to Fatimah, the only child of Muhammad to have surviving progeny. Their two sons (Hasan and Husain) were cited by Muhammad to be his own sons, honored numerous times in his lifetime and titled "the leaders of the youth of Jannah" (Heaven, the hereafter.)[34][35]
At the beginning they were extremely poor. For several years after his marriage, Fatimah did all of the household work by herself. The shoulder on which she carried pitchers of water from the well was swollen and the hand with which she worked the handmill to grind corn were often covered with blisters.[36] Fatimah vouched to take care of the household work, make dough, bake bread, and clean the house; in return, Ali vouched to take care of the outside work such as gathering firewood, and bringing food.[37] Their circumstances were akin to many of the Muslims at the time and only improved following the Battle of Khaybar when the wealth of Khaybar was distributed among the poor. When the economic situations of the Muslims become better, Fatimah gained some maids but treated them like her family and performed the house duties with them.[38]
Their marriage lasted until Fatimah's death ten years later. Although polygamy was permitted, Ali did not marry another woman while Fatimah was alive, and his marriage to her possesses a special spiritual significance for all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between two great figures surrounding Muhammad. After Fatimah's death, Ali married other wives and fathered many children.[1]
In battles[link]
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Main article: Military career of Ali
_in_honor_of_Imam_%27Ali.jpg)
With the exception of the Battle of Tabouk, Ali took part in all battles and expeditions fought for Islam.[8] As well as being the standard-bearer in those battles, Ali led parties of warriors on raids into enemy lands.
Ali first distinguished himself as a warrior in 624 at the Battle of Badr. He defeated the Umayyad champion Walid ibn Utba as well as many other Meccan soldiers. According to Muslim traditions Ali killed between twenty and thirty-five enemies in battle, most agreeing with twenty-seven.[39]
Ali was prominent at the Battle of Uhud, as well as many other battles where he wielded a bifurcated sword known as Zulfiqar.[40] He had the special role of protecting Muhammad when most of the Muslim army fled from the battle of Uhud[1] and it was said "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword which renders service except Zulfiqar."[41] He was commander of the Muslim army in the Battle of Khaybar.[42] Following this battle Mohammad gave Ali the name Asadullah, which in Arabic means "Lion of Allah" or "Lion of God". Ali also defended Muhammad in the Battle of Hunayn in 630.[1]
Missions for Islam[link]
Muhammad designated Ali as one of the scribes who would write down the text of the Quran, which had been revealed to Muhammad during the previous two decades. As Islam began to spread throughout Arabia, Ali helped establish the new Islamic order. He was instructed to write down the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the peace treaty between Muhammad and the Quraysh in 628. Ali was so reliable and trustworthy that Muhammad asked him to carry the messages and declare the orders. In 630, Ali recited to a large gathering of pilgrims in Mecca a portion of the Quran that declared Muhammad and the Islamic community were no longer bound by agreements made earlier with Arab polytheists. During the Conquest of Mecca in 630, Muhammad asked Ali to guarantee that the conquest would be bloodless. He ordered Ali to break all the idols worshipped by the Banu Aus, Banu Khazraj, Tayy, and those in the Kaaba to purify it after its defilement by the polytheism of the pre-Islamic era. Ali was sent to Yemen one year later to spread the teachings of Islam. He was also charged with settling several disputes and putting down the uprisings of various tribes.[1][4]
The incident of Mubahala[link]
Main articles: Mubahala and Hadith of Mubahala
See also: Ahl al-Bayt
According to hadith collections, in 631 an Arab Christian envoy from Najran (currently in northern Yemen and partly in Saudi Arabia) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning Jesus. After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to Adam's creation,[43] Muhammad called them to mubahala (conversation), where each party should bring their knowledgeable men,women and children,and ask God to curse the lying party and their followers.[44] Muhammad, to prove to them that he is a prophet, brought his daughter Fatimah,Ali and his grandchildren Hasan and Husayn. He went to the Christians and said this is my family and covered himself and his family with a cloak.[45] According to Muslim sources, when one of the Christian monks saw their faces, he advised his companions to withdraw from Mubahala for the sake of their lives and families. Thus the Christian monks vanished from the Mubahala place. Allameh Tabatabaei explains in Tafsir al-Mizan that the word "Our selves" in this verse[44] refers to Muhammad and Ali. Then he narrates Imam Ali al-Rida, eighth Shia Imam, in discussion with Al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, referred to this verse to prove the superiority of Muhammad's progeny over the rest of the Muslim community, and considered it the proof for Ali's right for caliphate due to Allah made Ali like the self of Muhammad.[46]
Ghadir Khumm[link]
Main articles: Hadith of the pond of Khumm and Hadith of the two weighty things
As Muhammad was returning from his last pilgrimage in 632, he made statements about Ali that are interpreted very differently by Sunnis and Shias.[1] He halted the caravan at Ghadir Khumm, gathered the returning pilgrims for communal prayer and began to address them:[47]
O people, I am a human being. I am about to receive a message from my Lord and I, in response to Allah's call, (would bid good-bye to you), but I am leaving among you two weighty things: the one being the Book of Allah(Quran) in which there is right guidance and light, so hold fast to the Book of Allah and adhere to it. He exhorted (us) (to hold fast) to the Book of Allah and then said: The second are the members of my household I remind you (of your duties) to the members of my family.[48]
This quote is confirmed by both Shia and Sunni, but they interpret the quote differently.[49]
Some Sunni and all Shia sources report that then he called Ali ibn Abu Talib to his sides, took his hand and raised it up declaring[50]
Shia's regard these statements as constituting the investiture of Ali as the successor of Muhammad and as the first Imam; by contrast, Sunnis take them only as an expression of Muhammad's closeness to Ali and of his wish that Ali, as his cousin and son-in-law, inherit his family responsibilities upon his death. [52] Many Sufis also interpret the episode as the transfer of Muhammad's spiritual power and authority to Ali, whom they regard as the wali par excellence.[1][53]
On the basis of this hadith, Ali later insisted on his religious authority superior to that of Abu Bakr and Umar.[54]
Succession to Muhammad[link]
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
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After uniting the Arabian tribes into a single Muslim religious polity in the last years of his life, Muhammad's death in 632 signalled disagreement over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community.[55] While Ali and the rest of Muhammad's close family were washing his body for burial, at a gathering attended by a small group of Muslims at Saqifah, a close companion of Muhammad named Abu Bakr was nominated for the leadership of the community. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first caliph. The choice of Abu Bakr disputed by some of the Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali had been designated his successor by Muhammad himself.[10][56]
Later when Fatimah and Ali sought aid from the Companions in the matter of his right to the caliphate, they answered, O daughter of the Messenger of God! We have given our allegiance to Abu Bakr. If Ali had come to us before this, we would certainly not have abandoned him. Ali said, 'Was it fitting that we should wrangle over the caliphate even before the Prophet was buried?'[57][58]
Following his election to the caliphate, Abu Bakr and Umar with a few other companions headed to Fatimah's house to force Ali and his supporters who had gathered there give their allegiance to Abu Bakr. Then, it is alleged that Umar threatened to set the house on fire unless they came out and swore allegiance with Abu Bakr.[59] Fatimah, in support of her husband, started a commotion and threatened to "uncover her hair", at which Abu Bakr relented and withdrew.[38] Ali is reported to have repeatedly said that had there been forty men with him he would have resisted.[59] Ali did not actively assert his own right because he did not want to throw the nascent Muslim community into strife.[4] Other sources say that Ali accepted the selection of Umar as caliph and even gave one of his daughters, Umm Kulthūm, to him in marriage.[1]
This contentious issue caused Muslims to later split into two groups, Sunni and Shia. Sunnis assert that even though Muhammad never appointed a successor, Abu Bakr was elected first caliph by the Muslim community. The Sunnis recognize the first four caliphs as Muhammad's rightful successors. Shias believe that Muhammad explicitly named Ali as his successor at Ghadir Khumm and Muslim leadership belonged to him which had been determined by divine order.[10][60]
Ali himself was firmly convinced of his legitimacy for caliphate based on his close kinship with Muhammad, his intimate association and his knowledge of Islam and his merits in serving its cause. He told Abu Bakr that his delay in pledging allegiance (bay'ah) as caliph was based on his belief of his own prior title. Ali did not change his mind when he finally pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr and then to Umar and to Uthman but had done so for the sake of the unity of Islam, at a time when it was clear that the Muslims had turned away from him.[10][61] Ali also believed that he could fulfill his role of Imam'ate without this fighting .[62]
According to Shia historical reports, Ali maintained his right to the caliphate and said:
By Allah the son of Abu Quhafah (Abu Bakr) dressed himself with it (the caliphate) and he certainly knew that my position in relation to it was the same as the position of the axis in relation to the hand-mill...I put a curtain against the caliphate and kept myself detached from it... I watched the plundering of my inheritance till the first one went his way but handed over the Caliphate to Ibn al-Khattab after himself.[63]
Inheritance[link]
Main article: Fadak
See also: Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance
After Muhammad died, his daughter Fatimah asked Abu Bakr to turn over their property, the lands of Fadak and Khaybar. Abu Bakr refused and told her that prophets did not have any legacy and that Fadak belonged to the Muslim community. Abu Bakr said to her, "Allah's Apostle said, we do not have heirs, whatever we leave is Sadaqa." Together with Umm Ayman, Ali testified to the fact that Muhammad granted it to Fatimah Zahra, when Abu Bakr requested her to summon witnesses for her claim. Fatimah became angry and stopped speaking to Abu Bakr, and continued assuming that attitude until she died.[64]
After Fatima's death Ali again claimed her inheritance during Umar's era, but was denied with the same argument. Umar, the caliph who was famous as Umar Sanni (second Umar), did restore the estates in Medina to sons of ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, as representatives of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim. The properties in Khaybar and Fadak were retained as state property.[65]
Life after Muhammad[link]
See also: Origin and development of the Quran
Another part of Ali's life started in 632 after death of Muhammad and lasted until assassination of Uthman Ibn Affan, the third caliph in 656. During these years, Ali neither took part in any battle or conquest.[4] nor did he assume any executive position. He withdrew from political affairs, especially after the death of his wife, Fatima Zahra. He used his time to serve his family and worked as a farmer. Ali dug a lot of wells and planted gardens near Medina and endowed them for public use. These wells are known today as Abar Ali ("Ali's wells").[66]
Ali compiled a complete version of the Quran, mus'haf,[67] six months after the death of Muhammad. The volume was completed and carried by camel to show to other people of Medina. The order of this mus'haf differed from that which was gathered later during the Uthmanic era. This book was rejected by several people when he showed it to them. Despite this, Ali made no resistance against standardized mus'haf.[68]
Ali and the Rashidun Caliphs[link]
See also: Rashidun and The election of Uthman
Ali did not give his oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr until some time after the death of his wife, Fatimah.[4] Ali participated in the funeral of Abu Bakr but did not participate in the Ridda Wars.[69]
He pledged allegiance to the second caliph Umar ibn Khattab and helped him as a trusted advisor. Umar particularly relied upon Ali as the Chief Judge of Medina. He also advised Umar to set Hijra as the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Umar used Ali's suggestions in political issues as well as religious ones.[70]
Ali was one of the electoral council to choose the third caliph which was appointed by Umar. Although Ali was one of the two major candidates, but the council's arrangement was against him. Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Abdur Rahman bin Awf who were cousins, were naturally inclined to support Uthman, who was Abdur Rahman's brother-in-law. In addition, Umar gave the casting vote to Abdur Rahman. Abdur Rahman offered the caliphate to Ali on the condition that he should rule in accordance with the Quran, the example set by Muhammad, and the precedents established by the first two caliphs. Ali rejected the third condition while Uthman accepted it. According to Ibn Abi al-Hadid's Comments on the Peak of Eloquence Ali insisted on his prominence there, but most of the electors supported Uthman and Ali was reluctantly urged to accept him[71]
Siege of Uthman[link]
Main article: Siege of Uthman
Uthman Ibn Affan, expressed generosity toward his kin, Banu Abd-Shams, who seemed to dominate him and his supposed arrogant mistreatment toward several of the earliest companions such as Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud and Ammar ibn Yasir provoked outrage among some groups of people. Dissatisfaction and resistance openly arose since 650–651 throughout most of the empire.[72] The dissatisfaction with his rule and the governments appointed by him was not restricted to the provinces outside Arabia.[73] When Uthman's kin, especially Marwan, gained control over him, the noble companions including most of the members of elector council, turned against him or at least withdrew their support putting pressure on the caliph to mend his ways and reduce the influence of his assertive kin.[74]
At this time, Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him. On several occasions Ali disagreed with Uthman in the application of the Hudud; he had publicly shown sympathy for Abu Dharr al-Ghifari and had spoken strongly in the defense of Ammar ibn Yasir. He conveyed to Uthman the criticisms of other Companions and acted on Uthman's behalf as negotiator with the provincial opposition who had come to Medina; because of this some mistrust between Ali and Uthman's family seems to have arisen. Finally he tried to mitigate the severity of the siege by his insistence that Uthman should be allowed water.[4]
There is controversy among historians about the relationship between Ali and Uthman. Although pledging allegiance to Uthman, Ali disagreed with some of his policies. In particular, he clashed with Uthman on the question of religious law. He insisted that religious punishment had to be done in several cases such as Ubayd Allah ibn Umar and Walid ibn Uqba. In 650 during pilgrimage, he confronted Uthman with reproaches for his change of the prayer ritual. When Uthman declared that he would take whatever he needed from the fey', Ali exclaimed that in that case the caliph would be prevented by force. Ali endeavored to protect companions from maltreatment by the caliph such as Ibn Mas'ud.[75] Therefore, some historians consider Ali one the leading members of Uthman's opposition, if not the main one. But Wilferd Madelung rejects their judgment due to the fact that Ali did not have the Quraysh's support to be elected as a caliph. According to him, there is even no evidence that Ali had close relations with rebels who supported his caliphate or directed their actions. [76] Some other sources say Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him.[4] However Madelung narrates Marwan told Zayn al-Abidin, the grandson of Ali, that
No one [among the Islamic nobility] was more temperate toward our master than your master.[77]
Caliphate[link]
See also: Rashidun Empire and Ali as caliph
Strongholds of Rashidun Caliphate
Vassal states of Rashidun Caliphate
Region under the control of Muawiyah I during civil war 656–661
Region under the control of Amr ibn al-As During civil war 658–661
Election as Caliph[link]
Ali was caliph between 656 and 661, during one of the more turbulent periods in Muslim history, which also coincided with the First Fitna.
Uthman's assassination meant that rebels had to select a new caliph. This met with difficulties since the rebels were divided into several groups comprising the Muhajirun, Ansar, Egyptians, Kufans and Basntes. There were three candidates: Ali, Talhah and al-Zubayr. First the rebels approached Ali, requesting him to accept being the caliph. Some of Muhammad's companions tried to persuade Ali in accepting the office,[63][78][79] but he turned down the offer, suggesting to be a counselor instead of a chief.[80]
Talhah, Zubayr and other companions also refused the rebels' offer of the caliphate. Therefore, the rebels warned the inhabitants of Medina to select a caliph within one day, or they would apply drastic action. In order to resolve the deadlock, the Muslims gathered in the Mosque of the Prophet on June 18, 656 to appoint the caliph. Initially Ali refused to accept simply because his most vigorous supporters were rebels. However, when some notable companions of Muhammad, in addition to the residents of Medina urged him to accept the offer, he finally agreed. According to Abu Mekhnaf's narration, Talhah was the first prominent companion who gave his pledge to Ali, but other narrations claimed otherwise, stating they were forced to give their pledge. Also, Talhah and Zubayr later claimed they supported him reluctantly. Regardless, Ali refuted these claims, insisting they recognized him as caliph voluntarily. Wilferd Madelung believes that force did not urge people to give their pledge and they pledged publicly in the mosque.[11][12]
While the overwhelming majority of Madina's population as well as many of the rebels gave their pledge, some important figures or tribes did not do so. The Umayyads, kinsmen of Uthman, fled to the Levant or remained in their houses, later refusing Ali's legitimacy. Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas was absent and Abdullah ibn Umar abstained from offering his allegiance, but both of them assured Ali that they would not act against him.[11][12]
Reign as Caliph[link]
Since the conflicts in which Ali was involved were perpetuated in polemical sectarian historiography, biographical material is often biased. But the sources agree that he was a profoundly religious man, devoted to the cause of Islam and the rule of justice in accordance with the Quran and the Sunna; he engaged in war against erring Muslims as a matter of religious duty. The sources abound in notices on his austerity, rigorous observance of religious duties, and detachment from worldly goods. Thus some authors have pointed out that he lacked political skill and flexibility.[4]
Ali inherited the Rashidun Caliphate—which extended from Egypt in the west to the Iranian highlands in the east—while the situation in the Hejaz and the other provinces on the eve of his election was unsettled. Soon after Ali became caliph, he dismissed provincial governors who had been appointed by Uthman, replacing them with trusted aides. He acted against the counsel of Mughira ibn Shu'ba and Ibn Abbas, who had advised him to proceed his governing cautiously. Madelung says Ali was deeply convinced of his right and his religious mission, unwilling to compromise his principles for the sake of political expediency, and ready to fight against overwhelming odds.[81] Muawiyah I, the kinsman of Uthman and governor of the Levant refused to submit to Ali's orders; he was the only governor to do so.[4]
When he was appointed caliph, Ali stated to the citizens of Medina that Muslim polity had come to be plagued by dissension and discord; he desired to purge Islam of any evil. He advised the populace to behave as true Muslims, warning that he would tolerate no sedition and those who were found guilty of subversive activities would be dealt with harshly.[82] Ali recovered the land granted by Uthman and swore to recover anything that elites had acquired before his election. Ali opposed the centralization of capital control over provincial revenues, favoring an equal distribution of taxes and booty amongst the Muslim citizens; He distributed the entire revenue of the treasury among them. Ali refrained from nepotism, including with his brother Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. This was an indication to Muslims of his policy of offering equality to Muslims who served Islam in its early years and to the Muslims who played a role in the later conquests.[4][83]
Ali succeeded in forming a broad coalition especially after the Battle of Bassorah. His policy of equal distribution of taxes and booty gained the support of Muhammad's companions especially the Ansar who were subordinated by the Quraysh leadership after Muhammad, the traditional tribal leaders, and the Qurra or Quran reciters that sought pious Islamic leadership. The successful formation of this diverse coalition seems to be due to Ali's charismatic character.[4][84] This diverse coalition became known as Shia Ali, meaning "party" or "faction of Ali". However according to Shia, as well as non-Shia reports, the majority of those who supported Ali after his election as caliph, were shia politically, not religiously. Although at this time there were many who counted as political Shia, few of them believed Ali's religious leadership.[85]
First Fitna[link]
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See also: First Fitna
A'isha, Talhah, Al-Zubayr and Umayyad especially Muawiyah I wanted to take revenge for Uthman's death and punish the rioters who had killed him. They attacked Ali for not punishing the rebels and murderers of Uthman. However some historians believe that they use this issue to seek their political ambitions because they found Ali's caliphate against their own benefit. On the other hand, the rebels maintained that Uthman had been justly killed, for not governing according to Quran and Sunnah, hence no vengeance was to be invoked.[4][8][86] Historians disagree on Ali's position. Some say the caliphate was a gift of the rebels and Ali did not have enough force to control or punish them,[82] while others say Ali accepted rebels argument or at least did not consider Uthman just ruler.[87]
Under such circumstances, a schism took place which led to the first civil war in Muslim history. Some Muslims, known as Uthmanis, considered Uthman a rightful and just Imam (Islamic leader) till the end, who had been unlawfully killed. Thus his position was in abeyance until he had been avenged and a new caliph elected. In their view Ali was the Imam of error leading a party of infidels. Some others, who are known as party of Ali, believed Uthman had fallen into error, he had forfeited the caliphate and been lawfully executed for his refusal to mend his way or step down, thus Ali was the just and true Imam and his opponents are infidels. This civil war created permanent divisions within the Muslim community regarding who had the legitimate right to occupy the caliphate.[88]
The First Fitna, 656–661, followed the assassination of Uthman, continued during the caliphate of Ali, and was ended by Muawiyah's assumption of the caliphate. This civil war (often called the Fitna) is regretted as the end of the early unity of the Islamic ummah (nation). Ali was first opposed by a faction led by Talhah, Al-Zubayr and Muhammad's wife, Aisha bint Abu Bakr. This group, known as "the disobedient ones" (Nakithin) by their enemies, gathered in Mecca then moved to Basra with the expectation of finding the necessary forces and resources to mobilize people of Iraq. The rebels occupied Basra, killing many people. They refused Ali's offer of obedience and pledge of allegiance. The two sides met at the Battle of Bassorah (Battle of the Camel) in 656, where Ali emerged victorious.[89]
Ali appointed Ibn Abbas governor of Basra and moved his capital to Kufa, the Muslim garrison city in Iraq. Kufa was in the middle of Islamic land and had strategic position.[90]
Later he was challenged by Muawiyah I, the governor of Levant and the cousin of Uthman, who refused Ali's demands for allegiance and called for revenge for Uthman. Ali opened negotiations hoping to regain his allegiance, but Muawiyah insisted on Levant autonomy under his rule. Muawiyah replied by mobilizing his Levantine supporters and refusing to pay homage to Ali on the pretext that his contingent had not participated in his election. The two armies encamped themselves at Siffin for more than one hundred days, most of the time being spent in negotiations. Although, Ali exchanged several letters with Muawiyah, he was unable to dismiss the latter, nor persuade him to pledge allegiance. Skirmishes between the parties led to the Battle of Siffin in 657. After a week of combat was followed by a violent battle known as laylat al-harir (the night of clamor), Muawiyah's army were on the point of being routed when Amr ibn al-Aas advised Muawiyah to have his soldiers hoist mus'haf (either parchments inscribed with verses of the Quran, or complete copies of it) on their spearheads in order to cause disagreement and confusion in Ali's army.[4][91] Ali saw through the stratagem, but only a minority wanted to pursue the fight.[10]
The two armies finally agreed to settle the matter of who should be Caliph by arbitration. The refusal of the largest bloc in Ali's army to fight was the decisive factor in his acceptance of the arbitration. The question as to whether the arbiter would represent Ali or the Kufans caused a further split in Ali's army. Ash'ath ibn Qays and some others rejected Ali's nominees, 'Abd Allah ibn 'Abbas and Malik al-Ashtar, and insisted on Abu Musa Ash'ari, who was opposed by Ali, since he had earlier prevented people from supporting him. Finally, Ali was urged to accept Abu Musa. Some of Ali's supporters, later were known as Kharijites (schismatics), opposed arbitration and rebelled and Ali had to fight with them in the Battle of Nahrawan. The arbitration resulted in the dissolution of Ali's coalition and some have opined that this was Muawiyah's intention.[4][92]
In the following years Muawiyah's army invaded and plundered cities of Iraq, which Ali's governors could not prevent and people did not support him to fight with them. Muawiyah overpowered Egypt, Hijaz, Yemen and other areas.[93] In the last year of Ali's caliphate, the mood in Kufa and Basra changed in his favor as Muawiyah's vicious conduct of the war revealed the nature of his reign. However the people's attitude toward Ali differed deeply. Just a small minority of them believed that Ali was the best Muslim after Muhammad (صلی الله علیھ وآلہ وسلم ) and the only one entitled to rule them, while the majority supported him due to their distrust and opposition to Muawiyah.[94]
Policies[link]
What shows Ali's policies and ideas of governing is his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar, when appointed by him as governor of Egypt. This instruction which is considered by many Muslims and even non-Muslims as the ideal constitution for Islamic governance involved detailed description of duties and rights of the ruler and various functionaries of the state and the main classes of society at that time.[95][96]
Ali wrote in his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar:
Infuse your heart with mercy, love and kindness for your subjects. Be not in face of them a voracious animal, counting them as easy prey, for they are of two kinds: either they are your brothers in religion or your equals in creation. Error catches them unaware, deficiencies overcome them, (evil deeds) are committed by them intentionally and by mistake. So grant them your pardon and your forgiveness to the same extent that you hope God will grant you His pardon and His forgiveness. For you are above them, and he who appointed you is above you, and God is above him who appointed you. God has sought from you the fulfillment of their requirements and He is trying you with them.[97]
Since the majority of Ali's subjects were nomads and peasants, he was concerned with agriculture. He instructed to Malik to give more attention to development of the land than to the collection of the tax, because tax can only be obtained by the development of the land and whoever demands tax without developing the land ruins the country and destroys the people.[98]
Death[link]
On the 19th of Ramadan, while worshipping in the Great Mosque of Kufa, Ali was attacked by the Khawarij Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam. He was wounded by ibn Muljam's poison-coated sword while prostrating in the Fajr prayer.[99] Ali ordered his sons not to attack the Kharijites, instead stipulating that if he survived, ibn Muljam would be pardoned whereas if he died, ibn Muljam should be given only one equal hit (regardless of whether or not he dies from the hit).[100]
Ali died a few days later on February 28, 661 (21 Ramadan 40 A.H).[99] Hasan fulfilled Qisas and gave equal punishment to ibn Muljam upon Ali's death.[94]
Burial[link]
File:Kabr Mubarak Moulana Ali.pdf According to Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Ali did not want his grave to be desecrated by his enemies and consequently asked his friends and family to bury him secretly. This secret gravesite was revealed later during the Abbasid caliphate by Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, his descendant and the sixth Shia Imam.[101] Most Shias accept that Ali is buried at the Tomb of Imam Ali in the Imam Ali Mosque at what is now the city of Najaf, which grew around the mosque and shrine called Masjid Ali.[102][103]
However another story, usually maintained by some Afghans, notes that his body was taken and buried in the Afghan city of Mazar-E-Sharif at the famous Blue Mosque or Rawze-e-Sharif.[104]
Aftermath[link]
See also: Umayyad dynasty and Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali
After Ali's death, Kufi Muslims pledged allegiance to his eldest son Hasan without dispute, as Ali on many occasions had declared that just Ahl al-Bayt of Muhammad (صلی الله علیھ وآلہ وسلم ) were entitled to rule the Muslim community.[105] At this time, Muawiyah held both the Levant and Egypt and, as commander of the largest force in the Muslim Empire, had declared himself caliph and marched his army into Iraq, the seat of Hasan's caliphate.
War ensued during which Muawiyah gradually subverted the generals and commanders of Hasan's army with large sums of money and deceiving promises until the army rebelled against him. Finally, Hasan was forced to make peace and to yield the caliphate to Muawiyah. In this way Muawiyah captured the Islamic caliphate and in every way possible placed the severest pressure upon Ali's family and his Shia. Regular public cursing of Imam Ali in the congregational prayers remained a vital institution which was not abolished until 60 years later by Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. Muawiyah also established the Umayyad caliphate which was a centralized monarchy. [106]
Madelung writes:
Umayyad highhandedness, misrule and repression were gradually to turn the minority of Ali's admirers into a majority. In the memory of later generations Ali became the ideal Commander of the Faithful. In face of the fake Umayyad claim to legitimate sovereignty in Islam as God's Vice-regents on earth, and in view of Umayyad treachery, arbitrary and divisive government, and vindictive retribution, they came to appreciate his [Ali's] honesty, his unbending devotion to the reign of Islam, his deep personal loyalties, his equal treatment of all his supporters, and his generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies.[16]
Knowledge[link]
See also: Nahj al-Balagha
Ali is respected not only as a warrior and leader, but as a writer and religious authority. Numerous range of disciplines from theology and exegesis to calligraphy and numerology, from law and mysticism to Arabic grammar and Rhetoric regarded as having been first adumbrated by Ali.[103] According to Hadith which is narrated by Shia and Sufis, Muhammad(صلی الله علیھ وآلہ وسلم ) told about him "I'm the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate..."[103][107][108][109] Muslims regard Ali as a major authority on Islam. Ali himself gives this testimony:
Not a single verse of the Quran descended upon (was revealed to) the Messenger of God which he did not proceed to dictate to me and make me recite. I would write it with my own hand, and he would instruct me as to its tafsir (the literal explanation) and the ta'wil (the spiritual exegesis), the nasikh (the verse which abrogates) and the mansukh (the abrogated verse), the muhkam and the mutashabih (the fixed and the ambiguous), the particular and the general...[110]
According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Ali is credited with having established Islamic theology and his quotations contain the first rational proofs among Muslims of the Unity of God.[111] Ibn Abi al-Hadid has quoted
As for theosophy and dealing with matters of divinity, it was not an Arab art. Nothing of the sort had been circulated among their distinguished figures or those of lower ranks. This art was the exclusive preserve of Greece whose sages were its only expounders. The first one among Arabs to deal with it was Ali.[112]
In later Islamic philosophy, especially in the teachings of Mulla Sadra and his followers, like Allameh Tabatabaei, Ali's sayings and sermons were increasingly regarded as central sources of metaphysical knowledge, or divine philosophy. Members of Sadra's school regard Ali as the supreme metaphysician of Islam.;[1] According to Henry Corbin, the Nahj al-Balagha may be regarded as one of the most important sources of doctrines professed by Shia thinkers especially after 1500AD. Its influence can be sensed in the logical co-ordination of terms, the deduction of correct conclusions, and the creation of certain technical terms in Arabic which entered the literary and philosophical language independently of the translation into Arabic of Greek texts.[113]
Ali was also a great scholar of Arabic literature and pioneered in the field of Arabic grammar and rhetoric. Numerous short sayings of Ali have become part of general Islamic culture and are quoted as aphorisms and proverbs in daily life. They have also become the basis of literary works or have been integrated into poetic verse in many languages. Already in the 8th century, literary authorities such as 'Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya al-'Amiri pointed to the unparalleled eloquence of Ali's sermons and sayings, as did al-Jahiz in the following century.[1] Even staffs in the Divan of Umayyad recited Ali's sermons to improve their eloquence.[114] Of course, Peak of Eloquence (Nahj al-Balagha) is an extract of Ali's quotations from a literal viewpoint as its compiler mentioned in the preface. While there are many other quotations, prayers (Du'as), sermons and letters in other literal, historic and religious books.[115]
In addition, some hidden or occult sciences such as jafr, Islamic numerology, the science of the symbolic significance of the letters of the Arabic alphabet, are said to have been established by Ali[1] through his having studied the texts of al-Jafr and al-Jamia.
Works[link]
The compilation of sermons, lectures and quotations attributed to Ali are compiled in the form of several books.
- Nahj al-Balagha (Way of Eloquence) contains eloquent sermons, letters and quotations attributed to Ali which is compiled by ash-Sharif ar-Radi(d. 1015). Reza Shah Kazemi states: "Despite ongoing questions about the authenticity of the text, recent scholarship suggests that most of the material in it can in fact be attributed to Ali" and in support of this he makes reference to an article by Mokhtar Jebli.[103] This book has a prominent position in Arabic literature. It is also considered an important intellectual, political and religious work in Islam.[1][116][117] Masadir Nahj al-Balagha wa asaniduh written by al-Sayyid ‘Abd al-Zahra' al-Husayni al-Khatib introduces some of these sources.[118] Also Nahj al-sa'adah fi mustadrak Nahj al-balaghah by Muhammad Baqir al-Mahmudi represents all of Ali's extant speeches, sermons, decrees, epistles, prayers, and sayings have been collected. It includes the Nahj al-balagha and other discourses which were not incorporated by ash-Sharif ar-Radi or were not available to him. Apparently, except for some of the aphorisms, the original sources of all the contents of the Nahj al-balagha have been determined.[116] There are several Comments on the Peak of Eloquence by Sunnis and Shias such as Comments of Ibn Abi al-Hadid and comments of Muhammad Abduh.
- Supplications (Du'a), translated by William Chittick[119]
- Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim (Exalted aphorisms and Pearls of Speech) which is compiled by Abd al-Wahid Amidi(d. 1116) consists of over ten thounsads short sayings of Ali[120]
- Nuzhat al-Absar va Mahasin al-Asar, Ali's sermons which has compiled by Ali ibn Muhammad Tabari Mamtiri[121]
- Divan-i Ali ibn Abu Talib (poems which are attributed to Ali ibn Abu Talib)[4][122]
Descendants[link]
Main articles: Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Alavi (surname)
Ali initially married Fatimah, who is his most beloved wife. After she died, he got married again. He had four children with Fatimah, Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali[1] and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin) and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah.[123] Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah is Ali's son from another wife from Hanifa clan of Central Arabia[124] named Khawla bint Ja'far.[125]
Hasan, born in 625 AD, was the second Shia Imam and he also occupied the outward function of caliph for about six months. In the year 50 A.H., he was poisoned and killed by a member of his own household who, as has been accounted by historians, had been motivated by Mu'awiyah.[126]
Husayn, born in 626 AD, was the third Shia Imam. He lived under severe conditions of suppression and persecution by Mu'awiyah. On the tenth day of Muharram, of the year 680, he lined up before the army of caliph with his small band of followers and nearly all of them were killed in the Battle of Karbala. The anniversary of his death is called the Day of Ashura and it is a day of mourning and religious observance for Shia Muslims.[127] In this battle some of Ali's other sons were killed. Al-Tabari has mentioned their names in his history. Al-Abbas ibn Ali, the holder of Husayn's standard, Ja'far, Abdallah and Uthman, the four sons born to Fatima binte Hizam. Muhammad and Abu Bakr. The death of the last one is doubtful.[128] Some historians have added the names of Ali's others sons who were killed in Karbala, including Ibrahim, Umar and Abdallah ibn al-Asqar.[129][130]
His daughter Zaynab—who was in Karbala—was captured by Yazid's army and later played a great role in revealing what happened to Husayn and his followers.[131]
Ali's descendants by Fatimah are known as sharifs, sayeds or sayyids. These are honorific titles in Arabic, sharif meaning 'noble' and sayed or sayyid meaning 'lord' or 'sir'. As Muhammad's only descendants, they are respected by both Sunni and Shia, though the Shias place much more emphasis and value on the distinction.[1]
Views[link]
Muslim views[link]
Main article: Ali in Muslim culture
Except for Muhammad, there is no one in Islamic history about whom as much has been written in Islamic languages as Ali.[1] Ali is revered and honored by all Muslims. Having been one of the first Muslims and foremost Ulema (Islamic scholars), he was extremely knowledgeable in matters of religious belief and Islamic jurisprudence, as well as in the history of the Muslim community. He was known for his bravery and courage. Muslims honor Muhammad, Ali, and other pious Muslims and add pious interjections after their names.[citation needed]
Shia[link]
Main article: Shia view of Ali
The Shia regard Ali as the most important figure after Muhammad.[132] According to them, Muhammad suggested on various occasions during his lifetime that Ali should be the leader of Muslims after his death. This is supported by numerous Hadiths which have been narrated by both Sunnis and Shias, including Hadith of the pond of Khumm, Hadith of the two weighty things, Hadith of the pen and paper, Hadith of the Cloak, Hadith of position, Hadith of the invitation of the close families, and Hadith of the Twelve Successors.
According to this view, Ali as the successor of Muhammad not only ruled over the community in justice, but also interpreted the Sharia Law and its esoteric meaning. Hence he was regarded as being free from error and sin (infallible), and appointed by God by divine decree (nass) through Muhammad.[133] Ali is known as "perfect man" (al-insan al-kamil) similar to Muhammad according to Shia viewpoint.[134]
Shia pilgrims usually go to Mashad Ali in Najaf for Ziyarat, pray there and read "Ziyarat Amin Allah"[135] or other Ziyaratnamehs.[136] Under the Safavid Empire, his grave became the focus of much devoted attention, exemplified in the pilgrimage made by Shah Ismail I to Najaf and Karbala.[10]
Sunni[link]
Main article: Sunni view of Ali
Sunni Muslims regard Ali with great respect as one of the Ahl al-Bayt and the last of the Rashidun caliphs, as well as one of the most influential and respected leaders in Islam. Also, he is one of the Al-Asharatu Mubashsharun, the Ten Companions of Muhammad whom the Prophet of Islam promised Paradise.
Sufi[link]
Almost all Sufi orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through Ali, an exception being Naqshbandi, who go through Abu Bakr. Even in this order, there is Ja'far al-Sadiq, the great great grandson of Ali. Sufis believe that Ali inherited from Muhammad the saintly power wilayah that makes the spiritual journey to God possible.[1] Sufis recite Manqabat Ali in the praise of Ali (Maula Ali), after Hamd and Naat in their Qawwali.[citation needed]
As a deity[link]
Main article: Ghulat
Some groups such as the Alawis believe that Ali is a deity in his own right or he was God incarnate. They are described as ghulat (Ar: غُلاة) "exaggerators" by the vast majority of Islamic scholars. These groups have, in traditional Islamic thought, left Islam due to their exaggeration of a human being's praiseworthy traits. Ali is recorded in some traditions as having forbidden those who sought to worship him in his own lifetime.[137]
Non-Muslim views[link]
Main article: Non-Muslim view of Ali
| Person | Quote |
|---|---|
| Edward Gibbon (British 18th century historian) | The zeal and virtue of Ali were never outstripped by any recent proselyte. He united the qualifications of a poet, a soldier, and a saint; his wisdom still breathes in a collection of moral and religious sayings; and every antagonist,in the combats of the tongue or of the sword, was subdued by his eloquence and valour. From the first hour of his mission to the last rites of his funeral, the apostle was never forsaken by a generous friend, whom he delighted to name his brother, his vicegerent, and the faithful Aaron of a second Moses.[138] |
| Washington Irving (American author and essayist) | He was of the noblest branch of the noble race of Koreish. He possessed the three qualities most prized by Arabs: courage, eloquence, and munificence. His intrepid spirit had gained him from the prophet the appellation of The Lion of God, specimens of his eloquence remain in some verses and sayings preserved among the Arabs; and his munificence was manifested in sharing among others, every Friday, what remained in the treasury. Of his magnanimity, we have given repeated instances; his noble scorn of everything false and mean, and the absence in his conduct of everything like selfish intrigue.[139] |
| Thomas Carlyle (Scottish historian, critic, and sociological writer) | As for this young Ali, one cannot but like him. A noble-minded creature, as he shows himself, now and always afterwards; full of affection, of fiery daring. Something chivalrous in him; brave as a lion; yet with a grace, a truth and affection worthy of Christian knighthood[140] |
| Sir William Muir (Scottish scholar and statesman) | Endowed with a clear intellect, warm in affection, and confiding in friendship, he was from the boyhood devoted heart and soul to the Prophet. Simple, quiet, and unambitious, when in after days he obtained the rule of half of the Moslem world, it was rather thrust upon him than sought[141] |
| Dr. Henry Stubbe (Classicist, polemicist, physician, and philosopher) | He had a contempt of the world, its glory and pomp, he feared God much, gave many alms, was just in all his actions, humble and affable; of an exceeding quick wit and of an ingenuity that was not common, he was exceedingly learned, not in those sciences that terminate in speculations but those which extend to practice[142] |
| Simon Ockley (British Orientalist and Professor of Arabic at the University of Cambridge) | One thing particularly deserving to be noticed is that his mother was delivered of him at Mecca, in the very temple itself; which never happened to any one else.[143] |
The poet Khalil Gibran said of him: "In my view, ʿAlī was the first Arab to have contact with and converse with the universal soul. He died a martyr of his greatness, he died while prayer was between his two lips. The Arabs did not realise his value until appeared among their Persian neighbors some who knew the difference between gems and gravels."[144][145]
However, Henri Lammens[146] held a negative view of Ali.
Historiography[link]
See also: Historiography of early Islam
The primary sources for scholarship on the life of Ali are the Quran and the Hadith, as well as other texts of early Islamic history. The extensive secondary sources include, in addition to works by Sunni and Shī‘a Muslims, writings by Christian Arabs, Hindus, and other non-Muslims from the Middle East and Asia and a few works by modern Western scholars. However, many of the early Islamic sources are colored to some extent by a positive or negative bias towards Ali.[1]
There had been a common tendency among the earlier western scholars against these narrations and reports gathered in later periods due to their tendency towards later Sunni and Shī‘a partisan positions; such scholars regarding them as later fabrications. This leads them to regard certain reported events as inauthentic or irrelevant. Leone Caetani considered the attribution of historical reports to Ibn Abbas and Aisha as mostly fictitious while proffering accounts reported without isnad by the early compilers of history like Ibn Ishaq. Wilferd Madelung has rejected the stance of indiscriminately dismissing everything not included in "early sources" and in this approach tendentious alone is no evidence for late origin. According to him, Caetani's approach is inconsistent. Madelung and some later historians do not reject the narrations which have been complied in later periods and try to judge them in the context of history and on the basis of their compatibility with the events and figures[147]
Until the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate, few books were written and most of the reports had been oral. The most notable work previous to this period is The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays, written by Sulaym ibn Qays, a companion of Ali who lived before the Abbasid.[148] When paper was introduced to Muslim society, numerous monographs were written between 750 and 950 AD. According to Robinson, at least twenty-one separate monographs have been composed on the Battle of Siffin. Abi Mikhnaf is one of the most renowned writers of this period who tried to gather all of the reports. 9th and 10th century historians collected, selected and arranged the available narrations. However, most of these monographs do not exist anymore except for a few which have been used in later works such as History of the Prophets and Kings by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d.932).[149]
Shia of Iraq actively participated in writing monographs but most of those works have been lost. On the other hand, in the 8th and 9th century Ali's descendants such as Muhammad al Baqir and Jafar as Sadiq narrated his quotations and reports which have been gathered in Shia hadith books. The later Shia works written after the 10th century AD are about biographies of The Fourteen Infallibles and Twelve Imams. The earliest surviving work and one of the most important works in this field is Kitab al-Irshad by Shaykh Mufid (d. 1022). The author has dedicated the first part of his book to a detailed account of Ali. There are also some books known as Manāqib which describe Ali's character from a religious viewpoint. Such works also constitute a kind of historiography.[150]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005712/Ali. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- ^ a b Ahmed 2005, p. 234
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 311
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Alī ibn Abu Talib". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20071107180319/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v1f8/v1f8a043.html. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- ^ a b Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors,Ṭabarī,Translated by Ella Landau-Tasseron,pp.37-40,Vol:XXXIX
- ^ Kelen 2001, p. 29
- ^ a b Watt 1953, p. xii
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Tabatabaei 1979, p. 191
- ^ a b Ashraf 2005, p. 14
- ^ a b c d e f Diana, Steigerwald. "Alī ibn Abu Talib". Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-02-865604-5.
- ^ a b c Ashraf 2005, p. 119 and 120
- ^ a b c Madelung 1997, pp. 141–145
- ^ Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- ^ Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 50–75 and 192
- ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 309 and 310
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 5
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, p. 6
- "Khalifa Ali Ibn Abu Talib". witness-pioneer.org. 2004-11-05. http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/companion/00_ali_bin_talib.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 6 and 7
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 7
- ^ * See also:**Ibn Majah in Sunan ibn Majah, Ibn Majah, al-Sunan, Vol. I, p. 44;**Hakim al-Nishaburi in Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain, al-Hakim, al-Mustadrak, Vol. III, p. 112;** Ibn Hisham in As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah, Vol. I, p.245.
- ^ Watt 1953, p. 86
- ^ Quran 26:214
- ^ See:
- Momen 1985, p. 12
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 39
- ^ Ashraf 2005, pp. 16–26
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 28 and 29
- ^ Quran 2:207
- ^ Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn. "Tafsir al-Mizan, Volume 3: Surah Baqarah, Verses 204–207". almizan.org. http://www.shiasource.com/al-mizan/. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ Ashraf 2005, pp. 30–32
- ^ See:
- Momen 1985, p. 13 and 14
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 28–118
- ^ Singh 2003, p. 175
- ^ Quran 33:33
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 14 and 15
- ^ See:
- ^ "Hasan ibn Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v12f1/v12f1024.html. Retrieved 2009-12-06. [dead link]
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 42 and 43
- ^ Qazwini 1992, p. 140
- ^ a b Vaglieri, Veccia. "Fatima". Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. Vol. 2 844–850. ISSN 1573-3912.
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, p. 36
- Merrick 2005, p. 247
- ^ Khatab, Amal (May 1, 1996). Battles of Badr and Uhud. Ta-Ha Publishers. ISBN 978-1-897940-39-6.
- ^ Ibn Al Atheer, In his Biography, vol 2 p 107 "لا فتی الا علي لا سيف الا ذوالفقار"
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 66–68
- Zeitlin 2007, p. 134
- ^ Quran 3:59
- ^ a b Quran 3:61
- ^ See:
- Sahih Muslim, Chapter of virtues of companions, section of virtues of Ali, 1980 Edition Pub. in Saudi Arabia, Arabic version, v4, p1871, the end of tradition No. 32
- Sahih al-Tirmidhi, v5, p654
- Madelung 1997, p. 15 and 16
- ^ Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn. "Tafsir al-Mizan, v.6, Al Imran, verses 61–63". almizan.org. http://www.shiasource.com/al-mizan/. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ Dakake 2008, pp. 34–39
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, p. 39 and 40
- Sahih Muslim 031.5920 The Book Pertaining to the Merits of the Companions (Allah Be Pleased With Them) of the Holy Prophet (May Peace Be Upon Him) (Kitab Al-Fada'il Al-Sahabah)
- ^ Dakake 2008, p. 39 and 40
- ^ Dakake 2008, pp. 34–37
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, p. 34 and 35
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Minhaaj as-Sunnah 7/319
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, pp. 43–48
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 40
- ^ Dakake 2008, pp. 33–35
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 253
- ^ Lapidus 2002, p. 31 and 32
- ^ See:
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 57
- Madelung 1997, pp. 26–27, 30–43 and 356–360
- ^ Ibn Qutaybah, al-Imamah wa al-Siyasah, Vol. I, pp. 12–13
- ^ Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Sharh; Vol. II, p.5.
- ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 43
- ^ "Sunnite". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070378/Sunnite. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 141 and 270
- Ashraf 2005, p. 99 and 100
- ^ Chirri 1982
- ^ a b
- Nahj Al-Balagha Nahj Al-Balagha Sermon 3
- For Isnad of this sermon and the name of the names of scholars who narrates it see Nahjul Balagha, Mohammad Askari Jafery (1984), pp. 108–112
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 50 and 51
- Qazwini & Ordoni 1992, p. 211
- [Quran 27:16]
- [Quran 21:89]
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:325
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:546
- Sahih Muslim, 19:4352
- ^
- Madelung 1997, pp. 62–64
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:326
- ^ History of Mecca, Medina and all other Ziyarats[dead link]
- ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Quran". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- ^ See:
- Tabatabaei 1987, p. chapter 5
- Observations on Early Quran Manuscripts in San'a
- The Quran as Text, ed. Wild, Brill, 1996 ISBN 978-90-04-10344-3
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, p. 100 and 101
- Madelung 1997, p. 141
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:546
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 8:82:817
- Sahih Muslim, 19:4352
- Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, vol. 3, p.208; Ibn Qutaybah, vol. 1, p.29; quoted in Ayoub, 2003, 18
- Rizvi, Sa'id Akhtar, Imamate: The Vicegerency of the Prophet by, quoting Ibn Qutaybah 18. SUNNI VIEWS ON THE CALIPHATE
- Shia encyclopedia quoting from Ibn Qutaybah, Muhammad al-Bukhari, Massudi, Ibn Abu al-Hadid
- The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, section Reign of Abubeker; A.D. 632, June 7.
- ^ See
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 107–110
- The Caliphate of Umar
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, pp. 70–72
- Dakake 2008, p. 41
- Momen 1985, p. 21
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 87 and 88
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 90
- ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 92–107
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 109 and 110
- ^ See:
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 67 and 68
- Madelung 1997, p. 107 and 111
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 334
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 119
- ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 141–143
- ^ Hamidullah 1988, p. 126
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 148 and 149
- ^ a b Ashraf 2005, p. 121
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 46
- Madelung 1997, p. 150 and 264
- ^ Shaban 1971, p. 72
- ^ Momen 1985, p. 63
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 147 and 148
- Lewis 1991, p. 214
- ^ Lewis 1991, p. 214
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 57
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 50–53
- ^ 'Ali[dead link]
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 53 and 54
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, pp. 241–259
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 53 and 54
- ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 267–269 and 293–307
- ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 309
- ^ Shah-Kazemi 2007, p. 81
- ^ United Nations Development Program, Arab human development report, (2002), p. 107
- ^ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 75
- ^ Lambton 1991, p. xix and xx
- ^ a b Tabatabaei 1979, p. 192
- ^ Kelsay 1993, p. 92
- ^ Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 1986
- ^ Redha 1999
- ^ a b c d Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2006). "'Ali ibn Abu Talib". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7. , Pages 36 and 37
- ^ Balkh and Mazar-e-Sharif
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 313 and 314
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 334
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 195
- ^ Momen 1985, p. 14
- ^ School of Islamic Sufism[dead link]
- ^ World of Tasawwuf
- ^ Corbin 1993, p. 46
- ^ Nasr 2006, p. 120
- ^ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1996, p. 136
- ^ Corbin 1993, p. 35
- ^ "حفظت سبعين خطبة من خطب الاصلع ففاضت ثم فاضت ) ويعني بالاصلع أمير المؤمنين عليا عليه السلام " مقدمة في مصادر نهج البلاغة[dead link]
- ^ See:
- ^ a b Mutahhari, 1997 The Glimpses of Nahj al Balaghah Part I – Introduction
- ^ Shah-Kazemi 2007, p. 3
- ^ Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought and Culture, Vol. VII, No. 1 issue of Al-Tawhid[dead link]
- ^ Ali ibn Abi Talib (1990). Supplications (Du'a). Muhammadi Trust. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-9506986-4-9.
- ^ Shah-Kazemi 2007, p. 4
- ^ پیدا شدن مجموعه نفیس کلمات امام علی(ع) در واتیكان : «نزهه الأبصار و محاسن الآثار» عنوان کتابی است از ابوالحسن علی بن محمد بن مهدی طبری مامطیری، که دربر دارنده کلمات مولای متقیان امام علیبنابیطالب (ع) است و پیشینه ای بیش از نهجالبلاغه شریف رضی (ره) دارد[dead link]
- ^ Collection of Ali's poems (I Arabic)
- ^ Stearns & Langer 2001, p. 1178
- ^ Farooque Ahmed Makakmayum wrote in The Sangai Express (English daily, Imphal, India), on July 28, 2007 (sources:Muslims in Manipur).
- ^ After Fatima's death, Ali married Khawla bint Ja'far of the Bani Hanifa tribe (source:[islamichistory.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/ali-muawiya.ppt ali-muawiya)
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, p. 194
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 196–201
- ^ Al-Tabari 1990, pp. vol.XIX pp. 178–179
- ^ The Sanctified Household
- ^ List of Martyrs of Karbala by Khansari "فرزندان اميراالمؤمنين(ع): 1-ابوبكربن علي(شهادت او مشكوك است). 2-جعفربن علي. 3-عباس بن علي(ابولفضل) 4-عبدالله بن علي. 5-عبدالله بن علي العباس بن علي. 6-عبدالله بن الاصغر. 7-عثمان بن علي. 8-عمر بن علي. 9-محمد الاصغر بن علي. 10-محمدبن العباس بن علي."
- ^ "Zaynab Bint ʿAlĪ". Encyclopedia of Religion. Gale Group. 2004. http://www.bookrags.com/research/zaynab-bint-al-eorl-14/. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
- ^ "Yawm-e Ali". TheIsmaili.org. 2011-06-10. http://www.theismaili.org/festival/yawm-e-ali. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
- ^ Nasr, Shi'ite Islam, preface, p. 10
- ^ Motahhari, Perfect man, Chapter 1[dead link]
- ^ Trust, p. 695
- ^ Trust, p. 681
- ^ See:
- Peters 2003, pp. 320–321
- Halm 2004, pp. 154–159
- ^ The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London, 1911, volume 5, pp. 381–2
- ^ Lives of the Successors of Mahomet, London, 1850, p. 165
- ^ On Heroes, Hero-Worship, And The Heroic In History, 1841, Lecture 2: The Hero as Prophet. Mahomet: Islam., May 8, 1840)
- ^ The Life of Mahomet, London, 1877, p. 250]
- ^ An Account of the Rise and Progress of Mahometanism, 1705, p. 83
- ^ History of the Saracens, London, 1894, p. 331
- ^ Morteza Motahhari, Islam and Religious Pluralism
- ^ George Jordac, the Voice of Human Justice
- ^ Henri Lammens, Fatima and the Daughters of Muhammad, Rome and Paris: Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici, 1912. Translation by Ibn Warraq.
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. xi, 19 and 20
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, p. 270
- Lawson 2005, p. 59
- ^ Robinson 2003, p. 28 and 34
- ^ Jafarian, Rasul; Translated by Delārām Furādī, Publisher:Message of Thaqalayn
References[link]
- Ahmed, M. Mukarram (2005). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. ISBN 978-81-261-2339-1.
- Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid (1986). Kitab Al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams. Routledge Kegan & Paul. ISBN 978-0-7103-0151-2.
- Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1990). History of the Prophets and Kings, translation and commentary issued by R. Stephen Humphreys. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0154-5. (volume XV.)
- Ashraf, Shahid (2005). Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. ISBN 978-81-261-1940-0.
- Kelen, Betty (2001). Muhammad: The Messenger of God. Taylor Production. ISBN 978-0-929093-12-3.
- Chirri, Mohammad (1982). The Brother of the Prophet Mohammad. Islamic Center of America, Detroit, Michigan. Alibris. ISBN 978-0-942778-00-7.
- Corbin, Henry (1993) [1964]. History of Islamic Philosophy. London: Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 978-0-7103-0416-2. Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard.
- Dakake, Maria Massi (2008). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7033-6.
- Halm, Halm (2004). Shi'ism. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1888-0.
- Hamidullah, Muhammad (1988). The Prophet's Establishing a State and His Succession. University of California. ISBN 978-969-8016-22-7.
- Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970). Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4.
- Kelsay, Jhon (1993). Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25302-8.
- Lambton, Ann K. S. (1991). Landlord and Peasant in Persia. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-293-7.
- Lawson, Todd, ed. (2005). Reason and Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-470-2.
- Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
- Lewis, Bernard (1991). The Political Language of Islam. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-47693-3.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
- Merrick, James L. (2005). The Life and Religion of Mohammed as Contained in the Sheeah Traditions. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-5536-7.
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi‘i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid; Nasr, Vali (1989). Expectation of the Millennium. Suny press. ISBN 978-0-88706-843-0.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Leaman, Oliver (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-13159-9.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6799-2.
- Peters, F. E. (2003). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11461-3.
- Qazwini, Muhammad Kazim; Ordoni, Abu Muhammad (1992). Fatima the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. OCLC 61565460.
- Redha, Mohammad (1999). Imam Ali Ibn Abi Taleb (Imam Ali the Fourth Caliph, 1/1 Volume). Dar Al Kotob Al ilmiyah. ISBN 978-2-7451-2532-3.
- Robinson, Chase F. (2003). Islamic Historiography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62936-2.
- Shaban, Muḥammad ʻAbd al-Ḥayy (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29131-6.
- Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2007). Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam Ali. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-526-5.
- Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 978-0-395-65237-4.
- Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Suny press. ISBN 978-0-87395-272-9. | Translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr.
- Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1987). The Quran in Islam: Its Impact and Influence on the Life of Muslims. Zahra. ISBN 978-0-7103-0265-6. http://al-islam.org/quraninislam/index.htm.
- Watt, William Montgomery (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press.
- Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). The Historical Muhammad. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3998-7.
Further reading[link]
Original sources[link]
- Al-Bukhari, Muhammad. Sahih Bukhari, Book 4, 5, 8.
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (1984). Nahj al-Balagha (Peak of Eloquence), compiled by ash-Sharif ar-Radi. Alhoda UK. ISBN 978-0-940368-43-9.
- Ali ibn al-Athir. In his Biography, vol 2.
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi ad-Din Ahmad. Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah. (In Arabic)
- Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. Sahih Muslim, Book 19, 31.
Secondary sources[link]
- Books
- Abdul Rauf, Muhammad; Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1996). Imam 'Ali ibn Abi Talib: The First Intellectual Muslim Thinker. Al Saadawi Publications. ISBN 978-1-881963-49-3.
- Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1987 to 1996). History of the Prophets and Kings, translation and commentary issued in multiple volumes. SUNY Press. volumes 6–17 are relevant.
- Allamah Hilli, Jamal al-Din ibn Yusuf. Certainty Uncovered, A book on the virtues of Imam Ali from Sunni and Shia Sources (Kashf Al-Yaqin). Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-925-2. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/certainty_uncovered/index.htm.
- Motahhari, Morteza (1997). Glimpses of the Nahj Al-Balaghah, translated by Ali Quli Qara'i. Islamic Culture and Relations Organizati. ISBN 978-964-472-071-0.
- Motahhari, Murtaza (1981). Polarization Around the Character of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib. World Organization for Islamic Services, Tehran. http://www.alseraj.net/maktaba/kotob/english/FourteenInfallibles/Polarization/polarization/.
- Motahhari, Mortaza. The Attraction and Repulsion of Ali (a.s.). http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/the_attraction_and_repulsion_of_ali/index.htm.
- Chirri, Mohamad Jawad. The Brother of the Prophet Mohammad (Imam Ali). Ansariyan Publications, Iran. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/imam_ali/04.htm.
- Jordac, George. The Voice of Human Justice. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-158-4. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/human_voice/index.htm.
- Husayn, Mufti Ja`far. Biography of Imam Ali ibn Abi-Talib. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-798-2. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/biography_of_imam_ali/index.htm.
- Majid, Massoudi. The Sufferings of Amirol Mo’minin Ali ibn Abi Talib Life and Martyrdom. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-959-7. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/the_sufferings_of_amir_al-momenine/index.htm.
- Labbaf, Ali. A Victim Lost in Saqifah. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-964-438-976-8|978-964-438-976-8]]. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/a_victim_lost_in_saqifah/index.htm.
- Tahmasebi, Muhammad Husayn. Imam Ali (S), Sunshine of Civilized Islam. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-377-9. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/imam_ali-sunshine_of_civilized_islam/index.htm.
- Cleary, Thomas (1996). Living and Dying with Grace: Counsels of Hadrat Ali. Shambhala Publications, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-57062-211-3.
- Corn, Patricia (2005). Medieval Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2194-1.
- Gordagh, George (1956). Ali, The Voice of Human Justice. ISBN 978-0-941724-24-1. (in Arabic)
- Khatab, Amal (1996). Battles of Badr and Uhud. Ta-Ha Publishers. ISBN 978-1-897940-39-6.
- Kattani, Sulayman (1983). Imam 'Ali: Source of Light, Wisdom and Might, translation by I.K.A. Howard. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. ISBN 978-0-9506986-6-3.
- Lakhani, M. Ali.; Reza Shah-Kazemi and Leonard Lewisohn (2007). The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, Contributor Dr Seyyed Hossein Nasr. World Wisdom, Inc. ISBN 978-1-933316-26-0.
- Encyclopedia
- Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill. 2004. E-ISSN 1573-3912.
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc..
- Martin, Richard C.. Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-02-865604-5.
- Encyclopædia Iranica. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. ISBN 978-1-56859-050-9.
- Meri, Josef W.; Jere L. Bacharach (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
- Jones, Lindsay (2004). Encyclopedia of Religion. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-02-865733-2.
External links[link]
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- The Secret of Imam Ali's Force of Attraction
- Al-Nebras (The Lantern) - A film depicting various events and occurrences in the life of Imam Ali
- Ali ibn Abi Talib by I. K. Poonawala and E. Kohlberg in Encyclopædia Iranica
- Ali, article in Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- Some of his most famous sermons and letters
- Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Nahjul Balagha
- Order to Maalik al-Ashtar, governor of Egypt (UN Legal Committee, member states voted that the document should be considered as one of the sources of International Law.) The United Nation and Imam Ali’s Constitution
- A advice ti his son Hasan ib Ali (This letter contains ethical advisement)
- 185 Sermon about the Oneness of Allah
- The Last Will of Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Shī‘a biography
- The Life of the Commander of the Faithful Ali b. Abu Talib by Shaykh Mufid in Kitab al-Irshad
- Website devoted to the Life of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
- A Biographical Profile of Imam Ali (Archived 2009-10-25) by Syed Muhammad Askari Jafari
- The Seerat Of Amir al-Mu'mineen (SA)
- Sunni biography
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chief of Banu Hashim since 653
Clan of the Banu Quraish
Born: October 23 598 Died: February 28 661 |
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| Shī‘a Islam titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Muhammad seal of prophecy — last prophet |
1st Imam of Shia Islam 632–661 |
Succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali Disputed by Nizari |
| Sunni Islam titles | ||
| Preceded by Uthman |
4th Rashidun Caliph of Sunni Islam 656–661 |
Succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | October 23, 0598 |
| Place of birth | Mecca |
| Date of death | January 28, 0661 |
| Place of death | Kufa |
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Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Alí
http://id.wn.com/Ali bin Abi Thalib
http://es.wn.com/Ali Ibn Abi Talib
http://nl.wn.com/Ali ibn Aboe Talib
http://pl.wn.com/Ali ibn Abi Talib
http://fr.wn.com/Ali ibn Abi Talib
http://ru.wn.com/Али ибн Абу Талиб
http://de.wn.com/ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib
http://hi.wn.com/अली इब्न अबू तालिब
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
ʿAlī al-Riḍā Imam of Twelver Shi'a Islam |
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|---|---|
A modern depiction by a Shi'a artist |
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| Rank | 8th Twelver Imām |
| Name | Ali ibn Musa ibn Jafar |
| Kunya | Abū al-Hasan[1] |
| Birth | 11th Dhul Qi‘dah 153AH ≈ 29 December 765 C.E. |
| Death | 28th Safar 203 AH ≈ 23 August 818 C.E. |
| Birthplace | Madīnah[1] |
| Buried | Imām Rizā Mosque, Mashhad |
| Life Duration | Before Imamate: 35 years (148 – 183 AH) Imamate: 20 years (183 – 203 AH) - 17 years in Madīnah - 3 years in Khorasan |
| Titles | |
| Spouse(s) | Sabīkah a.k.a. Khayzurān[1] |
| Father | Mūsā al-Kādhim |
| Mother | Ummul Banīn Najmah[1] |
| Children | Muhammad at-Taqi (successor) |
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al-Sajjad · al-Baqir · al-Sadiq |
|
‘Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā (Arabic: علي بن موسى الرضا) (commonly known as, ‘Alī al-Riḍā, Ali Rezā, or Ali Rizā) (ca. December 29, 765 – August 23, 818)[1] was the seventh descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams, according to Shia sect of Islam. His given name was ‘Alī ibn Mūsā ibn Ja‘far.
Quotations related to ‘Alī ar-Rizā at Wikiquote
Contents |
Birth and family life[link]
File:Imam Reza 3 1 1 1.jpg
Shrine of Imam Ali Ridha in Mashhad, Iran
On the eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH, a son was born in the house of Imam Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Imam of Islam) in Medina, who took over the position of the Imamate, after his father. He was named Ali and titled al-Ridha. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, Ja'far as-Sādiq. Like his father and grandfather, his education came at the hands of his father. The mother of Ali al-Ridha was Bibi Najmah, who was considered to be the most notable and distinguished lady in the realm of wisdom and faith. Najmah was originally a Berber (from the Maghreb i.e. Northwest Africa).[3] She was purchased and freed by Bibi Hamidah Khatun, wife of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, and like Bibi Hamidah was also a notable Islamic scholar.
Right from his childhood, Ali al-Ridha accompanied his father, Imam Musa al-Kazim, who repeatedly used to tell his friends, "Ali al-Ridha shall be the Imam after me." As such, Makhzumi says one day Musa al-Kadhim summoned and gathered us and said, "I invited you to be witnesses that this child (Ali al-Ridha) is my executor and successor."
Since an extreme choking atmosphere and pressure prevailed in the period of Musa al-Kazim, he added, "What I said must remain (restricted) up to you and do not reproduce it to anybody unless you know he is one of our friends and companions."
Ali al-Ridha's father was martyred in 799, when Ali al-Ridha was 35, and he was given the responsibility of the Imamate. However, his Imamate was rejected by the Waqifite Shia. Ali al-Ridha was not looked upon favorably by Hārūn Rashīd, and the people of Medina were disallowed from visiting Ali al-Ridha and learning from him. Harun attempted to kill him but was unsuccessful.
His prayers[link]
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Ali al-Ridha's morality narrated by Shaykh Saduq[link]
Ali al-Ridha is considered an infallible Imam according to Shia Islam. Below are some historical notes about him.
Shaykh Saduq narrates through the words of Ibrahim ibn Abbas[4] that, "I never saw Ali al-Ridha committing excess over anyone in talking and interrupting anybody's speech before its coming to the end. He did not stretch his legs in the presence of others. When the meal table was laid he invited the servants to it, and took his meals with them. After taking rest in the nights he got up and made himself busy with the prayers to Allah. Similar to his fore fathers he carried food to the houses of the afflicted ones at the mid of nights."
Muhammad ibn Abi Ibad says about Ali al-Ridha, "He used mats of palm date leaves, straws and marsh reed in the summer season, and woolen carpets in the winter."
He led a simple life in his home, but when he went out he used to decorate himself and put on new and clean dress. He respected and honored the guests to the extent that one night a lamp of the house went out of order, the guest got to his feet to put it right. Ali al-Ridha made him sit and he set the lamp right, and said, "We do not employ our guests (exploit) upon work."
Yasir, the servant of Ali al-Ridha says, Ali Ridha said to us, "Whenever you are busy taking your meal, if I call you, do not get up till you have finished up eating." Another friend of Ali al-Ridha says, "One day a stranger came Ali al-Ridha's house and said, I am one of your friends and I am also not a poor man but my money has finished up and I do not have the expenses to return. You give me an amount and when I return to my city I will give it out as alms on your behalf." Ali al-Rida got up and went to another room, brought an amount of two hundred dirhams and gave it to him from behind the door and said, "Take this and go and it is not necessary to give it away as alms on my behalf."
They asked Ali al-Ridha, "Why did you do it this way that he may not see you."
He said, "So that he does not catch my sight and get ashamed (embarrassed)."
Sulaiman, one of the friends of Ali al-Ridha says, "I went along with the Ali Ridha to the house. The labors were busy at work. There was a stranger among them whom Ali al-Ridha did not recognize." He said, "Who is this man?" They said we have brought him from outside, so that he may help us. He said, "Have you concluded an agreement with him and fixed his wages?" They said, "No, he is a good man, whatever we pay him he accepts it and does not utter a word."
Ali al-Ridha was angry and annoyed and said, "I have always told you that when you employ someone for a job first of all fix his wages. Because, when his wages are fixed and you give more than that to him, he will become happy. But if you do not fix his wages and give him three times the amount, he thinks you have not given him the correct wages."
Ali al-Ridha admonishes his brother[link]
File:Imam reza2 2 1 1.jpg
Imam Ali Riza's Shrine, Iran
Once Ali al-Ridha was summoned to Khurasan and he forcibly accepted the special conditions of the succession of al-Ma'mun, al-Ma'mun summoned his brother, Zayd, who had revolted and brought about a riot in Medina to his court in Khurasan. Al-Ma'mun kept him free as a regard and honor to Ali al-Ridha and overlooked his punishment.
One day, when Ali al-Ridha was delivering a speech in a grand assembly, he heard Zayd praising himself before the people, saying I am so and so. Ali al-Ridha asked him saying, "Oh Zayd, have you trusted upon the words of the grocers of Kufa and are conveying them to the people? What kind of things are you talking about? The sons of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatimah Zahra are worthy and outstanding only when they obey the command of Allah, and keep themselves away from sin and blunder. You think you are like Musa al-Kadhim, Ali ibn Husayn, and other Imams? Whereas, they took pains and bore hardships on the way to Allah and prayed to Allah day and night. Do you think you will gain without pain? Be aware, that if a person out of us the Ahl al-Bayt performs a good deed, he gets twice the reward. Because not only he performed good deeds like others but also that he has maintained the honor of Muhammad. If he practices something bad and does a sin, he has performed two sins. One is that he performed a bad act like the rest of the people and the other one is that he has negated the honor of Muhammad."
Oh brother! The one who obeys Allah is from us the Ahl al-Bayt and the one who is a sinner is not ours. Allah said about the son of Noah who cut the spiritual bondage with his father, "He is not out of your lineage; if he was out of your lineage, I would have (saved) and granted him salvation."
Connection to Sufism[link]
Maruf Karkhi who was converted to Islam through Ali ar-Ridha is one of the foremost figures in the golden chain of most Sufi orders. He was a devoted student of Ali ar-Ridha and is an important figure for Sufism and Shi'ism.
Death[link]
Ali al-Ridha did not outlive al-Ma'mun, and died on May 26, 818, in Persia while accompanying al-Ma'mun at Tus. He was poisoned by al-Ma'mun using grapes. Ali al-Ridha is buried within Imam Ridha Mosque, in Mashhad, Iran.
After the death of Hārūn Rashīd, Hārūn's two sons began fighting for control of the Abbāsid Empire. One son, Al-Amin, had an Arab mother and thus had the support of Arabs, while his half-brother Al-Ma'mun had a Persian mother and the support of Persia. Al-Ma'mun believed that Persia was sympathetic to the Hashemites and asked for Ali al-Ridha to meet him in Persia. Ali al-Ridha left his only son, Muħammad at-Taqī, and his wife and set out for Merv.
After defeating his brother, al-Ma'mun named Ali al-Ridha his successor. He hoped to win Shī'a support through this move, but the passage of caliphate would occur only if Ali al-Rida outlived al-Ma'mun (as with all promises of succession). Al-Ma'mun even changed the black Abbāsid flags to green, the traditional color of the house of Alī ibn Abī-Tālib, the first Shī'a imam.
On the night of his death Ali al-Ridha saw his grandfather Muhammad[which?] in the dream saying, "Come to us tomorrow, what we have for you is better than the condition you are in."
Harthama says, Ali al-Ridha got up in the mid of the night and called me so that I be present before him. I put on my dress and went to Ali al-Ridha. He said to me, "al-Ma'mun has decided to poison me through grapes tomorrow. Be aware, after my martyrdom he wishes to give me a bath. Tell him to refrain from it. If you do that Allah will not give you chance and respite (any-longer). At that time my son will arrive from Medina and give me a bath and coffin, without anyone seeing it or getting informed.
Then, they will carry me to the tomb of Hārūn al-Rashīd. Al-Ma'mun wants to bury me behind him. But howsoever they work on the earth the pickaxe; they will fail to dig the soil. At that time tell al-Ma'mun to dig the earth in front of the grave so that a ready-made grave will appear. At that instance a white water boils out of the head-side (grave) and rises up. Small fish appear in that. Then a big fish appears which eats up the small fish. Thereafter, the water will settle down. After that lay me in the grave. Do not put the soil on my grave since; it will be filled up by itself. Oh Harthama, do what I have said and do not allow things to happen against what I told you, otherwise, Allah will torment you (people)."
At last al-Ma'mun poisoned Ali al-Ridha through grapes in Tus, on the way back from Merv to Baghdad. Ali al-Ridha came to the house and said to his old friend Aba Salat, "Collect the carpets of the house and do not allow anyone to enter the house, as this is the time when my soul departs (dying) I want to die on the earth like my grandfather Husayn ibn Ali."
Before the death of Ali ar-Ridha, al-Ma’mun stood next to his pillow (head side). Ali Rida opened his eyes and said to him, "have a good conduct with my son Muhammad al-Taqi for his death and yours are close to each other and do not have much distance in between."
The body of Ali al-Ridha was buried in Mashhad. This occurred when Ali Ridha was 55 years of age.
Following the death of Ali al-Ridha a revolt took place in Khorasan. Al-Ma’mun wept and beat upon his head to show that he was a mourner. Despite this, A wave of despises and noise awn against al-Ma’mun. So that he did not allow the funeral to be carried out for a day and a night. Because, he was afraid that the disturbance may expand and the angry hostile and flared up masses may annihilate all the set ups and organizations. This is the reason why he sent a few men among the people to exhibit and shows the death of Ali al-Ridha as a natural one and tells them that al-Ma’mun did not have a hand in it. But for all he did, he could not get himself acquitted off and prove his innocence. At last, day-by-day he became more and more worthless and despicable in the eyes of the people, until he died in a very bad shape.[5]
Imam Ridha Mosque[link]
Main article: Imam Reza Shrine
See also: List of largest mosques
Today the Imam Riza Mosque in Mashhad occupies a total area of 598,657 m2 (6,443,890 sq ft) – the shrine area occupies 267,079m2 while the seven courtyards which surround it cover an area of 331,578m2.[6] Thus making it the largest mosque in the world, having an area larger than Masjid al-Haram and Masjid al-Nabawi (which have areas of 356,800 m2[7] and 400,500 m2[citation needed] respectively).
The courtyards also contain a total of 14 minarets, and 3 fountains. From the courtyards, external hallways named after scholars lead to the inner areas of the mosque. They are referred to as Bast (Sanctuary), since they were meant to be a safeguard for the shrine areas.
The Bast hallways lead towards a total of 21 internal halls (Riwaq) which surround the burial chamber of Ali al-Ridha. Adjacent to the burial chamber is also a mosque dating back to the 10th century known as, Bala-e-Sar mosque.
Timeline[link]
|
Clan of the Banu Quraish
Born: 11th Dhul Qi‘dah 148 AH ≈ 29th December 765 CE Died: 17th Safar 203 AH ≈ 23rd August 818 CE |
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| Shī‘a Islam titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Musa al-Kazim |
8th Imam of Twelver Shi'a Islam 799–818 |
Succeeded by Muhammad at-Taqī |
See also[link]
- Ali al-Hadi
- Hajar Khatoon Mosque
- Hasan al-Askari
- Hasan ibn Ali
- Muhammad al-Baqir
- Muhammad al-Mahdi
- Musa al-Kazim
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. 2004. pp. 137.
- ^ al-Qummi, Shaykh Abbas (1998). "2". The Last Journey, Translation of Manazile Akherah. Aejazali Turabhusain Bhujwala. Qum: Imam Ali Foundation. pp. 62–64.
- ^ Slavery in the History of Islam: Slaves' Children – Imams and Caliphs
- ^ Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha
- ^ The Meadows of Gold
- ^ "The Glory of the Islamic World". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1073. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
- ^ Great Mosque of al-Haram at ArchNet
External links[link]
- Ali al-Riza an article by Encyclopædia Iranica
- [1] About Imam Reza
- 'Ali ar-Riza an article of Encyclopædia Britannica online
- The Eighth Imām
- The life of Imām ʻAlī ibn-Mūsā ar-Riđā by Bāqir Sharīf al-Qarashī.
- Imam Ali ar-Rida
- Imam Ali ar-Rida : Official Site of Astane Quds
- Imam Ali Reza on Baabeilm.com
- A Glance at the Biography of Emam Reza
- Ali ibn Musa Rida biography and Hadith
- Imam Ali Reza (p) Holy Shrine in Mashad – Live Broadcast
- Ali ar-Ridha at Find a Grave
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | al-Ridha, Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Imam |
| Date of birth | 765 |
| Place of birth | Madīnah |
| Date of death | 818 |
| Place of death | |
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Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Ali al-Rida
http://id.wn.com/Ali ar-Ridha
http://es.wn.com/Ali ibn Musa
http://ru.wn.com/Али ар-Риза
http://nl.wn.com/Ali ar-Rida
http://fr.wn.com/Ali ar-Rida
http://de.wn.com/ʿAlī ibn Mūsā ar-Ridā
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ar-Ridha
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
