The north entrance to the Cheyenne Mountain complex in Colorado

A bunker is a defensive military fortification designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks. Bunkers are mostly below ground, compared to blockhouses which are mostly above ground.^[1] They were used extensively in World War I, World War II, and the Cold War for weapons facilities, command and control centers, and storage facilities (for example, in the event of nuclear war).

Etymology[link]

Bunker is a relatively recent addition to the English language to describe a military structure. According to the Oxford English Dictionary its is a "A military dug-out; a reinforced concrete shelter" and its first use was 13 October 1939 "A Nazi field gun hidden in a cemented 'bunker' on the Western front" (War Pictorial).^[2] The word is German in origin and was used by the Germans to describe bombproof shelters both above ground as in Hochbunker and below ground as in the Führerbunker.^[3] All the early references to its usage in the Oxford English Dictionary are to German fortifications. By 1947 the word was familiar enough in English that Hugh Trevor-Roper in The Last Days of Hitler was describing Hitler's underground complex near the Reich Chancellery as "Hitler's own bunker" without quotes around the word bunker.^[2]

Types[link]

Trench[link]

This type of bunker is a small concrete structure, partly dug into the ground, which is usually a part of a trench system. Such bunkers give the defending soldiers better protection than the open trench and also include top protection against aerial attack (grenades, mortar shells). They also provide shelter against the weather.^[4]

The front bunker of a trench system usually includes machine guns or mortars and forms a dominant shooting post. The rear bunkers are usually used as command posts or Tactical Operations Centers (TOCs), for storage and as field hospitals to attend to wounded soldiers.

Artillery[link]

Many artillery installations, especially for coastal artillery have historically been protected by extensive bunker systems. These usually housed the crews serving the weapons, protected the ammunition against counter-battery fire, and in numerous examples also protected the guns themselves, though this was usually a trade-off reducing their fields of fire. Artillery bunkers are some of the largest individual pre-Cold War bunkers. The walls of the 'Batterie Todt' gun installation in northern France were up to 3.5 m thick,^[5] and an underground bunker was constructed for the V-3 cannon.

Industrial[link]

Typical industrial bunkers include mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes living quarters. They were built mainly by nations like Germany during World War II to protect important industries from aerial bombardment. Industrial bunkers are also built for control rooms of dangerous activities, e.g. tests of rocket engines or explosive experiments. They are also built in order to perform dangerous experiments in them or to store radioactive or explosive goods. Such bunkers also exist on non-military facilities.

Personal[link]

When a house is purpose-built with a bunker, the normal location is a reinforced below-ground bathroom with large cabinets^{[citation needed]}. One common design approach uses fibre-reinforced plastic shells. Compressive protection may be provided by inexpensive earth arching^{[citation needed]}. The overburden is designed to shield from radiation.^{[citation needed]} To prevent the shelter from floating to the surface in high groundwater, some designs have a skirt held-down with the overburden.^[6] It may also serve the purpose of a safe room^{[citation needed]}.

Design[link]

Blast protection[link]

Bunkers deflect the blast wave from nearby explosions to prevent ear and internal injuries to people sheltering in the bunker. While frame buildings collapse from as little as 3 psi (0.2 bar) of overpressure, bunkers are regularly constructed to survive several hundred psi (over 10 bar). This substantially decreases the likelihood that a bomb (other than a bunker buster) can harm the structure.

The basic plan is to provide a structure that is very strong in physical compression. The most common purpose-built structure is a buried, steel reinforced concrete vault or arch. Most expedient (makeshift) blast shelters are civil engineering structures that contain large buried tubes or pipes such as sewage or rapid transit tunnels. Improvised purpose-built blast shelters normally use earthen arches or vaults. To form these, a narrow (1-2 metre) flexible tent of thin wood is placed in a deep trench (usually the apex is below grade), and then covered with cloth or plastic, and then covered with 1–2 metres of tamped earth.

A large ground shock can move the walls of a bunker several centimetres in a few milliseconds. Bunkers designed for large ground shocks must have sprung internal buildings to protect inhabitants from the walls and floors.^{[citation needed]}

Nuclear protection[link]

Nuclear bunkers must also cope with the underpressure that lasts for several seconds after the shock wave passes, and block radiation. Usually these features are easy to provide. The overburden (soil) and structure provide substantial radiation shielding, and the negative pressure is usually only 1/3 of the overpressure.

General features[link]

A bunker on the island of Texel, in the Netherlands.

The doors must be at least as strong as the walls. The usual design is a trap-door, to minimize the size and expense. To reduce the weight, the door is normally constructed of steel, with a fitted steel lintel and frame. Very thick wood also serves, and is more resistant to heat because it chars rather than melts.^{[citation needed]} If the door is on the surface and will be exposed to the blast wave, the edge of the door is normally counter-sunk in the frame so that the blast wave or a reflection cannot lift the edge. A bunker should have two doors. Door shafts may double as ventilation shafts to reduce digging.

In bunkers inhabited for prolonged periods, large amounts of ventilation or air conditioning must be provided in order to prevent ill effects of heat. In bunkers designed for war-time use, manually operated ventilators must be provided because supplies of electricity or gas are unreliable. One of the most efficient manual ventilator designs is the Kearny Air Pump. Ventilation openings in a bunker must be protected by blast valves. A blast valve is closed by a shock wave, but otherwise remains open. One form of expedient blast valve is tyre-treads nailed or bolted to frames strong enough to resist the maximum overpressure.^[7]

If a bunker is in a built-up area, it may have to include water-cooling or an immersion tub and breathing tubes to protect inhabitants from fire storms.

Bunkers must also protect the inhabitants from normal weather, including rain, summer heat and winter cold. A normal form of rainproofing is to place plastic film on the bunker's main structure before burying it. Thick (5-mil or 0.13 mm), inexpensive polyethylene film serves quite well, because the overburden protects it from degradation by wind and sunlight.

Countermeasures[link]

Bunkers can be destroyed with powerful explosives and bunkerbusting warheads. The crew of a pillbox can be killed with flamethrowers.^[8] Complex, well-built and well-protected fortifications are often vulnerable to attacks on access points. If the exits to the surface can be closed off, those manning the facility can be trapped. The fortification can then be bypassed.

Famous installations[link]

Famous bunkers include the post-World War I Maginot Line on the French eastern border and Czechoslovak border fortifications mainly on the northern Czech border facing Germany (but to lesser extent all around), Fort Eben-Emael in Belgium, World War II Führerbunker, the V-weapon installations in Germany (Mittelwerk) & France (e.g. La Coupole, and the Blockhaus d'Éperlecques) and the Cold War installations in the United States (Cheyenne Mountain, Site R, and The Greenbrier), United Kingdom (Burlington), Sweden (Boden Fortress) and Canada (Diefenbunker).

The Soviet Union maintained huge bunkers (one of the secondary uses of the very deeply dug Moscow Subway system was as nuclear shelters). A number of facilities were constructed in China, such as Beijing's Underground City and Underground Project 131 in Hubei; in Albania, Enver Hoxha dotted the country with hundreds of thousands of bunkers.

See also[link]

• Air-raid shelter
• Fallout shelter
• Pillbox (military)
• Continuity of government

Notes[link]

References[link]

• BACM Research (2009), Vietnam War After Action Reports, BACM Research, pp. 263 
• Davis, Tracy C. (2007), Stages of emergency: Cold War nuclear civil defense (illustrated ed.), Duke University Press, p. 290, ISBN 978-0-8223-3970-0 
• Schneider, Richard Harold; Kitchen, Ted (2002), Planning for crime prevention: a transatlantic perspective, RTPI library series, 3 (illustrated ed.), Routledge, p. 87, ISBN 978-0-415-24136-6 

External links[link]

Look up bunker in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• BunkerBlog: All about German fortifications 1933-1945
• Bunkersite.com: About bunkers built by the Germans during 1933-1945 in the whole of Europe

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bunker

Phil Mickelson
Mickelson during the 2008 US Open at Torrey Pines.
Personal information
Full name	Philip Alfred Mickelson
Nickname	Lefty
Born	(1970-06-16) June 16, 1970 (age 42) San Diego, California
Height	6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
Weight	200 lb (91 kg; 14 st)
Nationality	United States
Residence	Rancho Santa Fe, California
Spouse	Amy
Children	Amanda, Sophia, Evan
Career
College	Arizona State University
Turned professional	1992
Current tour(s)	PGA Tour (joined 1992)
Professional wins	48
Number of wins by tour
PGA Tour	40 (tied 9th all time)
European Tour	7
Challenge Tour	1
Other	5
Best results in Major Championships (Wins: 4)
Masters Tournament	Won: 2004, 2006, 2010
U.S. Open	2nd/T2: 1999, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009
The Open Championship	T2: 2011
PGA Championship	Won: 2005
Achievements and awards
World Golf Hall of Fame	2012 (member page)
Haskins Award	1990, 1991, 1992

Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970) is an American professional golfer. He has won four major championships and a total of 40 events on the PGA Tour. He has reached a career high world ranking of 2nd in multiple years. He is nicknamed "Lefty" for his left-handed swing, even though he is otherwise right-handed. Mickelson was elected into the World Golf Hall of Fame in November 2011 and was inducted in May 2012.^[1]

Early years[link]

Mickelson was born in San Diego, California, to parents Phil Mickelson Sr. (an airline pilot and former naval aviator)^[2] and Mary Mickelson. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Although right-handed otherwise, he plays golf left-handed, as he learned by watching his right-handed father swing and mirroring it.^[3] Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard allowed young Phil to hone his creative short game.^[2] Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.

College golf[link]

Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and graduated in 1992. While at ASU, he became the face of amateur golf in the United States, capturing three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. He was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In addition in 1990 he became the first left-hander to win the U.S. Amateur title. Perhaps his greatest achievement, however, came in 1991 at age 20 when he won his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson. He did so as an amateur, becoming only the sixth player in PGA history to accomplish this feat, and the first since Scott Verplank, who won the 1985 Western Open. No one has since matched this achievement.

PGA Tour pro[link]

Early professional career[link]

Mickelson turned pro in 1992 following his graduation. He was able to bypass the Tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 Tucson win, which earned him a two-year exemption. He continued to win many PGA Tour tournaments, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000 and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002. He also won the Buick Invitational in 2000, defeating Tiger Woods and ending his streak of consecutive tournament victories at six. After his win, Mickelson said, "I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament."^[4]

Mickelson has been capable of scoring very low for many seasons. He scored a career-low 59 for 18 holes, at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii, on November 24, 2004.

Mickelson's game has been characterized by his powerful but often inaccurate full swing, but even more so by his excellent short game, and most of all his daring "Phil flop" shot, in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance. His putting has been usually excellent since turning pro.

Despite these accomplishments, for many years Mickelson was often described as the "best golfer never to win a major".^[5] Mickelson often played well in majors: in the five-year span between 1999 and 2003, he had six second-place or third-place finishes, and he holds the record for the most second-place finishes in U.S. Open history with five.

Since early 1993, Mickelson's caddy has been Jim "Bones" Mackay.^[6] Mickelson has a lifetime exemption on the PGA Tour, for being a tour member for over 15 years and having 20 plus tour victories. Mickelson has spent over 650 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Rankings and has been ranked in the final top 10 every year since 1996. Despite his success, Mickelson has never held the World #1 ranking.^[7][8]

2004–06: First three major wins[link]

Mickelson at the Open Championship (2006).

Mickelson's first major championship win came at the 2004 Masters, where he won with an 18-foot final hole birdie putt, defeating Ernie Els in a Sunday back-nine duel in which the two traded birdies and eagles back and forth. In addition to getting the "majors monkey" off his back, this made him only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major, the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles who won the The Open Championship in 1963 and Canadian Mike Weir who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.)

Just prior to the 2004 Ryder Cup, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf, when he took heat for a voicemail message he left for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This memo was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early, and signed on with Callaway Golf, his current equipment sponsor. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup, going 1-3-0, but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.^[9]

The following year, in a Monday final round conclusion forced by weather, Mickelson captured his second career major championship with his victory at the 2005 PGA Championship at Baltusrol. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within a foot and a half of the cup, and then made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn.

Mickelson captured his third major championship the following spring by winning the 2006 Masters. Mickelson won his second Green Jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over his nearest rival Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Rankings (his career best), behind Tiger Woods and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.

Winged Foot[link]

At the 2006 U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was part of a wild finish, in which he ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind champion Geoff Ogilvy. On the 71st hole, Mickelson, with the lead at +3, missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole, but his bogey on the previous hole reduced his lead to one shot heading to the final hole. Needing a par for a one-shot victory, he chose to hit driver on the final hole of the tournament, and hit it well left of the fairway (he had only hit two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree, and did not advance more than 50 yards. His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey, and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into a playoff, and also ending his bid to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive professional majors (he had won two in a row heading into Winged Foot).

2006–08[link]

Mickelson at 2007 Barclays Singapore Open.

During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch.^[10]

Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Ohio.^[11]

Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He currently works with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods. On May 13, 2007, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277. This Mother's Day win was his first without his wife and children present.

In the 2007 U.S. Open at Oakmont, after shooting 11 over par after 2 rounds, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors, since the 1999 The Open Championship at Carnoustie. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.

On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time Mickelson was able to best Woods while paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.^[12]

In a Men's Vogue article Mickelson recounted his effort to lose 20 pounds with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. "Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career," Cochran said.^[13] Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.^[14]

Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian-American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.^[15]

2009[link]

Mickelson won for the first time in 2009 by defending his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera Country Club. He finished one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. It was Mickelson's 35th win on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th title on the tour, and his first World Golf Championship, at the 2009 WGC-CA Championship with a one- stroke win over Nick Watney.

On May 20, 2009, it was announced that Mickelson's wife, Amy, was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events.^[16] During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife.^[17] Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a "Pink Out" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family. On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage.^[18]

Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open, a record. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.

On July 6, 2009 it was announced that his mother, Mary Mickelson, was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated.^[19] After hearing the news of his mother now being diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the Tour, missing The Open Championship. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return to the PGA Tour in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota.

In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods.^[20] With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.^[21]

On November 8, 2009, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.^[22]

2010: Third Masters win[link]

On April 11, 2010, Mickelson won the 2010 Masters Tournament with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood in Augusta, Georgia. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall.^[23] Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par 4 14th, then on the next, the par 5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at -12, led Westwood, at -11, who had bogeyed hole 12 and failed to capitalize on the par 5 13th, settling for par.

Westwood did recapture the one-stroke lead by round's end, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71, and no other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K.J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.^[24]

For many fans, this finish to the tournament was especially poignant, given Amy's suffering from breast cancer for the preceding year; Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, "That's a win for the family," was seen by many as capturing the moment well.^[25][26]

Thanks to the dramatic return of Tiger Woods to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence, to his close contention throughout for the lead (he finished tied with Choi for 4th at -11), and to Mickelson and others' memorably exciting play over the weekend, the 2010 Masters showed strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001.^[27] Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each and each, like Mickelson, with dozens of worldwide wins.

Mickelson, who was one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 74 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit a shot off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the rest of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the Official World Golf Rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.

In the days leading up to the 2010 PGA Championship at Whistling Straits, Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment, and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintains that both his short and long term prognosis are good, that the condition should have no long term effect on his golfing career, and that he currently feels well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots back of victor Martin Kaymer.

2011[link]

Mickelson started his season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot 3 rounds of 67-69-68 and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament.

On April 3, 2011, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.

At the 2011 Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, his poor putting caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish tied for second.

At the 2011 Deutsche Bank Championship, Mickelson began using a belly putter, an Odyssey Sabertooth with a White Hot XG insert. Mickelson has been receiving advice from 2011 PGA Championship winner Keegan Bradley on technique with a belly putter.

2012[link]

Mickelson switched back to the conventional putter in 2012, where he made his debut at the Humana Challenge finishing tied for 49th at 10-under par and struggled with his game slightly. His poor play continued the following week at the Farmers Insurance Open when he missed the cut after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. His driving was clearly erratic^{[citation needed]} and he was also struggling with his putting, even though he had re-adopted^{[citation needed]} an old technique which brought him huge success^{[citation needed]} on the greens in the past. In the final round of the 2012 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am Mickelson rallied from 6 back, winning with a final round score of 8-under 64 and a four round total of 269 and beating Tiger Woods by 11 strokes that day.^[28] The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour.^[29] The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three man playoff.^[30] He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40 foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10.^[31]

Mickelson finished tied for third at the 2012 Masters Tournament. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68-66 in the next two rounds and ended up one behind the leader Peter Hanson by the Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament he had received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.^[32]

Playing style[link]

As a professional competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as "aggressive" and highly social.^[33][34][35] Sometimes, his strategy towards difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) tends to be what may be considered risky and a gamble.^[36]

Earnings and endorsements[link]

Although ranked third on the "all-time money list"^[37] of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate^[38] of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements and appearances) Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning income over $62,000,000, $53,000,000 of which came from endorsements. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are KPMG, ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex, Barclays, and Callaway Golf. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, Bearing Point and Ford. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug.

Amateur wins (7)[link]

• 1981 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9-10)
• 1989 NCAA Division I Championship
• 1990 NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup
• 1991 Western Amateur
• 1992 NCAA Division I Championship

Professional wins (48)[link]

Mickelson with the trophy for the 2007 Players Championship

PGA Tour wins (40)[link]

No.	Date	Tournament	Winning score	Margin of victory	Runner(s)-up
1	Jan 13, 1991	Northern Telecom Open (as an amateur)	–16 (65-71-65-71=272)	1 stroke	Tom Purtzer, Bob Tway
2	Feb 21, 1993	Buick Invitational of California	–10 (75-69-69-65=278)	7 strokes	Jay Don Blake, Jay Haas, Greg Twiggs
3	Aug 22, 1993	The International	45 pts. (11-7-11-16 = 45)	8 points	Mark Calcavecchia
4	Jan 9, 1994	Mercedes Championships	–12 (70-68-70-68=276)	Playoff	Fred Couples
5	Jan 22, 1995	Northern Telecom Open (2)	–19 (65-66-70-68=269)	1 stroke	Jim Gallagher, Jr., Scott Simpson
6	Jan 14, 1996	Nortel Open (3)	–14 (69-66-71-67=273)	2 strokes	Bob Tway
7	Jan 27, 1996	Phoenix Open	–15 (69-67-66-67=269)	Playoff	Justin Leonard
8	May 15, 1996	GTE Byron Nelson Golf Classic	–15 (67-65-67-66=265)	2 strokes	Craig Parry
9	Aug 25, 1996	NEC World Series of Golf	–6 (70-66-68-70=274)	3 strokes	Billy Mayfair, Steve Stricker, Duffy Waldorf
10	Mar 23, 1997	Bay Hill Invitational	–16 (72-65-70-65=272)	3 strokes	Stuart Appleby
11	Aug 3, 1997	Sprint International (2)	48 pts. (14-13-12-9 = 48)	7 points	Stuart Appleby
12	Jan 11, 1998	Mercedes Championships (2)	–17 (68-67-68-68=271)	1 stroke	Mark O'Meara, Tiger Woods
13	Feb 1, 1998	AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am	–14 (65-70-67=202)	1 stroke	Tom Pernice, Jr.
14	Feb 13, 2000	Buick Invitational (2)	–18 (66-67-67-70=270)	4 strokes	Shigeki Maruyama, Tiger Woods
15	Apr 2, 2000	BellSouth Classic	–11 (67-69-69=205)	Playoff	Gary Nicklaus
16	May 21, 2000	MasterCard Colonial	–12 (67-68-70-63=268)	2 strokes	Stewart Cink, Davis Love III
17	Nov 5, 2000	The Tour Championship	–13 (67-69-65-66=267)	2 strokes	Tiger Woods
18	Feb 11, 2001	Buick Invitational (3)	–19 (68-64-71-66=269)	Playoff	Frank Lickliter, Davis Love III
19	Jul 1, 2001	Canon Greater Hartford Open	–16 (67-68-61-68=264)	1 stroke	Billy Andrade
20	Jan 20, 2002	Bob Hope Chrysler Classic	–30 (64-67-70-65-64=330)	Playoff	David Berganio, Jr.
21	Jun 23, 2002	Canon Greater Hartford Open (2)	–14 (69-67-66-64=264)	1 stroke	Jonathan Kaye, Davis Love III
22	Jan 25, 2004	Bob Hope Chrysler Classic (2)	–30 (68-63-64-67-68=330)	Playoff	Skip Kendall
23	Apr 11, 2004	Masters Tournament	–9 (72-69-69-69=279)	1 stroke	Ernie Els
24	Feb 6, 2005	FBR Open (2)	–17 (73-60-66-68=267)	5 strokes	Scott McCarron, Kevin Na
25	Feb 13, 2005	AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am (2)	–19 (62-67-67-73=269)	4 strokes	Mike Weir
26	Apr 4, 2005	BellSouth Classic (2)	–8 (74-65-69=208)	Playoff	Arjun Atwal, Rich Beem, Brandt Jobe, José María Olazábal
27	Aug 15, 2005	PGA Championship	–4 (67-65-72-72=276)	1 stroke	Thomas Bjørn, Steve Elkington
28	Apr 2, 2006	BellSouth Classic (2)	–28 (63-65-67-65=260)	13 strokes	Zach Johnson, José María Olazábal
29	Apr 9, 2006	Masters Tournament (2)	–7 (70-72-70-69=281)	2 strokes	Tim Clark
30	Feb 11, 2007	AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am (3)	–20 (65-67-70-66=268)	5 strokes	Kevin Sutherland
31	May 13, 2007	The Players Championship	–11 (67-72-69-69=277)	2 strokes	Sergio García
32	Sep 3, 2007	Deutsche Bank Championship	–16 (70-64-68-66=268)	2 strokes	Arron Oberholser, Brett Wetterich, Tiger Woods
33	Feb 17, 2008	Northern Trust Open	–12 (68-64-70-70=272)	2 strokes	Jeff Quinney
34	May 25, 2008	Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial (2)	–14 (65-68-65-68=266)	1 stroke	Tim Clark, Rod Pampling
35	Feb 22, 2009	Northern Trust Open (2)	–15 (63-72-62-72=269)	1 stroke	Steve Stricker
36	Mar 15, 2009	WGC-CA Championship	–19 (65-66-69-69=269)	1 stroke	Nick Watney
37	Sep 27, 2009	The Tour Championship (2)	–9 (73-67-66-65=271)	3 strokes	Tiger Woods
38	Apr 11, 2010	Masters Tournament (3)	–16 (67-71-67-67=272)	3 strokes	Lee Westwood
39	Apr 3, 2011	Shell Houston Open	–20 (70-70-63-65=268)	3 strokes	Chris Kirk, Scott Verplank
40	Feb 12, 2012	AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am (4)	–17 (70-65-70-64=269)	2 strokes	Charlie Wi

PGA Tour playoff record (7–4)

No.	Year	Tournament	Opponent(s)	Result
1	1994	Mercedes Championships	Fred Couples	Won with par on second extra hole
2	1996	Phoenix Open	Justin Leonard	Won with birdie on third extra hole
3	2000	BellSouth Classic	Gary Nicklaus	Won with birdie on first extra hole
4	2000	GTE Byron Nelson Classic	Davis Love III, Jesper Parnevik	Parnevik won with birdie on third extra hole Mickelson eliminated with birdie on second hole
5	2001	Buick Invitational	Frank Lickliter, Davis Love III	Won with double bogey on third extra hole Love eliminated with par on second hole
6	2002	Bob Hope Chrysler Classic	David Berganio, Jr.	Won with birdie on first extra hole
7	2004	Bob Hope Chrysler Classic	Skip Kendall	Won with birdie on first extra hole
8	2005	BellSouth Classic	Arjun Atwal, Rich Beem, Brandt Jobe, José María Olazábal	Won with birdie on fourth extra hole Olazábal eliminated with par on third hole Atwal and Jobe eliminated with par on first hole
9	2007	Nissan Open	Charles Howell III	Lost to par on third extra hole
10	2008	FBR Open	J. B. Holmes	Lost to birdie on first extra hole
11	2012	Northern Trust Open	Keegan Bradley, Bill Haas	Haas won with birdie on second extra hole

European Tour wins (7)[link]

• 2004 Masters Tournament
• 2005 PGA Championship
• 2006 Masters Tournament
• 2008 HSBC Champions (2008 season, 2007 calendar year, co-sanctioned by Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia)
• 2009 WGC-CA Championship, WGC-HSBC Champions (Official event on the European Tour, and co-sanctioned by the PGA Tour, Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour, and PGA Tour of Australasia, but not an official PGA Tour event)
• 2010 Masters Tournament

Note: Majors and WGC-CA Championship are also PGA Tour wins

Challenge Tour wins (1)[link]

• 1993 Tournoi Perrier de Paris

Other wins (5)[link]

• 1997 Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (with Fred Couples and Tom Lehman)
• 2000 Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (with Notah Begay III and Rocco Mediate)
• 2001 Tylenol Par-3 Shootout at Treetops Resort
• 2004 TELUS Skins Game, PGA Grand Slam of Golf

Major championships[link]

Wins (4)[link]

Year	Championship	54 Holes	Winning score	Margin	Runner(s)-up
2004	Masters Tournament	Tied for lead	–9 (72-69-69-69=279)	1 stroke	Ernie Els
2005	PGA Championship	Tied for lead	–4 (67-65-72-72=276)	1 stroke	Thomas Bjørn, Steve Elkington
2006	Masters Tournament (2)	1 shot lead	–7 (70-72-70-69=281)	2 strokes	Tim Clark
2010	Masters Tournament (3)	1 shot deficit	–16 (67-71-67-67=272)	3 strokes	Lee Westwood

Results timeline[link]

LA = Low Amateur
DNP = did not play
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10.

World Golf Championships[link]

Wins (2)[link]

Year	Championship	54 Holes	Winning score	Margin of victory	Runner(s)-up
2009	WGC-CA Championship	Tied for lead	–19 (65-66-69-69=269)	1 stroke	Nick Watney
2009	WGC-HSBC Champions	2 shot lead	–17 (69-66-67-69=271)	1 stroke	Ernie Els

Results timeline[link]