Thalys

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Franchise(s):	International joint operation service began 1996
Main stations(s):	Paris Nord, Bruxelles Midi/Brussel Zuid, Amsterdam Centraal Köln Hbf
Other stations(s):	Antwerpen-Centraal, Bruges, Chaleroi-Sud, Ghent-Sint-Pieters, Liège-Guillemins, Mons, Namur, Ostend, Aachen Hauptbahnhof, Albertville, Bourg-St-Maurice, Moûtiers, Chambéry-Challes-les-Eaux, Schiphol, Rotterdam Centraal
Fleet size:	9[1] Thalys PBA sets 17 Thalys PBKA sets
Stations called at:	26
Parent company:	SNCF, NMBS/SNCB, Deutsche Bahn
Web site:	www.thalys.com

[ v t e ] Thalys route map
Legend
Amsterdam Centraal Schiphol Rotterdam Centraal Netherlands–Belgium border Antwerpen Centraal Antwerp Oostende Ostend Brugge Bruges Gent Sint Pieters Ghent Essen Hbf Duisburg Hbf Düsseldorf Hbf Köln Hbf Cologne Aachen Hbf Aix-la-Chapelle Germany–Belgium border Liège Guillemins Brussels National Airport Bruxelles Midi/Brussel Zuid Brussels Namur Namur Charleroi Sud Charleroi Mons Mons Belgium–France border x20px Paris Nord 10px 10px 10px x20px Thalys Neige winter service Chambéry Challes-les-Eaux Albertville Albertville Moûtiers Salins-Brides-les-Bains Aime-La Plagne Landry Landry Bourg-Saint-Maurice Thalys Soleil summer service Valence TGV Avignon TGV Aix-en-Provence TGV Marseille Saint-Charles

Thalys is an international high-speed train operator originally built around the high-speed line between Paris and Brussels. This track is shared with Eurostar trains that go from Paris or Brussels to London via Lille and the Channel Tunnel and with French domestic TGV trains. Thalys reaches Amsterdam and Cologne, and its system is operated by Thalys International. Its capital is divided up between SNCF (62%), NMBS/SNCB (28%)^[2] and Deutsche Bahn (10%).

History[link]

The decision to build a high-speed railway between Paris, Brussels, Cologne and Amsterdam was made in 1987. On 28 January 1993,^[3] SNCF, NMBS/SNCB, Nederlandse Spoorwegen and Deutsche Bahn signed an agreement to jointly operate the axis through the brand Thalys, and in 1995 Westrail International was created by the French and Belgium national railways to operate the services. On 4 June 1996 the first train left Paris, taking 2:07 hours to Brussels and 4:47 hours to Amsterdam.^[4]

On 14 December 1997 the LGV Nord and HSL 1 lines opened, allowing the travel time from Paris to Brussels to be reduced to 1:25 hours. At the same time service commenced to Cologne and Aachen in Germany, and Bruges, Charleroi, Ghent, Mons, Namur and Ostend in Belgium. On 19 December 1998 the Thalys Neige service started to the ski resorts of Tarentaise Valley and Bourg St. Maurice. In May 1999, the new high-speed line serving Charles de Gaulle Airport opened, and Thalys started direct services from the Airport to Brussels, including code sharing agreements with Air France, American Airlines and Northwest Airlines. On 28 November 1999, the company changed its name to Thalys International. In 2000, the Thalys Soleil started services to the summer resort Valence—this service was extended in 2002 to Marseille and Avignon. In 2003, services started to Brussels International Airport and the Thalys Nuits d’Eté service to Marne-la-Vallée. Deutsche Bahn purchased 10% of the company in 2007.^[4] From 14 June 2009 the journey between Brussels and Cologne was shortened by 19 minutes when a new high speed line (HSL 3) between Liège and Aachen opened. The new high-speed line was initially only used by Deutsche Bahn's thrice-daily ICE trains running between Brussels and Frankfurt. Although HSL 3 was completed in 2007, Thalys trains had at this time not yet been equipped with the ETCS signalling equipment necessary to use the new line. As a result, Thalys did not operate on the new link until 13 December 2009. For this same reason, Thalys did not start operating on the HSL 4/HSL-Zuid high-speed line between Antwerp and Amsterdam until 13 December 2009.

Since 29 August 2011, one return journey to Cologne has been extended to Essen Hauptbahnhof.^[5] From 30 October 2011, one return journey to Brussels will be extended to Brussels National Airport^[6].

Routes[link]

Beyond Brussels, the main cities Thalys trains reach are Antwerp, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Liège, Bruges, Ghent, Charleroi, Aachen and Cologne. Trains to these destinations run partly on dedicated high-speed tracks, and partly on conventional tracks shared with normal-speed trains. The high-speed lines used by Thalys are HSL 1 between Paris and Brussels, HSL 4/HSL-Zuid between Antwerp and Amsterdam, and the HSL 2 and HSL 3 between Brussels and Aachen. For its seasonal operations within France, other high-speed lines are used.

Plans to continue the line past Cologne to Frankfurt had to be abandoned because the power Germany's 15 kV electric system provides is insufficient for the Thalys train sets to operate at full speed on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line.^[7][8]

Journeys from Brussels (Brussels-South) to Paris (Gare du Nord) are normally 1 hour, 22 minutes, for a distance of approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi). Peak speed is 300 km/h (186 mph) on a dedicated high-speed railway track.

The LGV (ligne à grande vitesse) link with Charles de Gaulle Airport allowed Air France to withdraw its air service between Paris and Brussels; instead, Air France books seats on Thalys trains.^[9] Thalys has been given the IATA designator 2H. This is used in conjunction with American Airlines and Northwest Airlines. American Airlines has a code sharing agreement with Thalys for rail service from Charles de Gaulle airport to Brussels-South. The airline alliance SkyTeam also has a code sharing agreement with Thalys for rail service connecting its hub Amsterdam Schiphol Airport with Antwerp-Centraal and Bruxelles Midi/Brussel Zuid. Indian carrier Jet Airways has formed a codeshare agreement with the Thalys rail service between Brussels and Paris.^[10]

Market[link]

This section is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (October 2010)

Thalys targets a passenger market in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany.

The percentage of income coming from different routes^[11] demonstrates on which routes the company is most used:

• Paris-Brussels: 55.6%
• Paris-Belgium (outside Brussels): 8.9%
• Paris-Belgium-Netherlands: 21.3%
• Paris-Belgium-Germany: 11.8%
• Others: 2.4%

52% of customers are from the leisure market; 48% from the business market.

A large segment of Thalys's total sales and income comes from the connection between Paris and Brussels. A comparison is made below between different modes of transport on this route in order to demonstrate the service offered by Thalys and alternative competitors in this particular market.

The comparison has been made for a single trip from Brussels to Paris, for a ticket bought within 24 hours of departure. Despite the European Directive on Competition in Rail Transport (EU Directive 91/440), active since 1 January 2010, there is no alternative provision of high speed train connections on this route (last checked in March 2010). Potential competitors are Deutsche Bahn, Trenitalia and Veolia, as this is regularly stated in the specialized reference newspaper “Ville, Rail et Transport”.

Other information concerning the transport offer:

Before Thalys, in 1996, the train called Etoile du Nord (Northern Star), a Trans Europe Express, was connecting Paris and Brussels in 2h20.^[14]

The prices of Thalys tickets vary widely, even for the same journey and same level of comfort. Here is an example of prices for Paris to Brussels, Comfort 2 (equivalent to 2nd class), maximum price, by ticket category:

About Smoove:

Until the 1990s, regular travelers remember that it was easy to find reduced price tickets at usual departure times (as 8 AM or 6 PM), through the promotional pages of Thalys website. In December 2009, tests effectuated on this site have evidenced that these reduced price tickets have become quite rare, and essentially for unusual departure times (between 6 and 8 AM or after 9 PM (statistics to be found for this).

About Kid and Kid & Co:

Unlike many national train companies, Thalys does not allow children below 12 years old to travel alone. This has been interpreted as a way to rise profits, according categories of users impacted by this measure.^[15]

Since 24 August 2010, there is a supplement of €7 to Thalys (as well as other international high speed tickets) tickets bought at NMBS/SNCB ticket offices at train stations. This is due to a reduction of a sales fee paid by Thalys and Eurostar to NMBS/SNCB.^[16]

Accessibility[link]

Thalys trains are wheelchair-accessible, with assistance of the train staff. Bicycles are not allowed on Thalys, unless disassembled or packed in special wrap. Folding bikes are allowed.^[33]

Rolling stock[link]

Thalys uses two models of trains, both of which are part of the TGV (train à grande vitesse) family of high-speed trains built by Alstom in France.

Class	Image	Type	Top speed		Number	Built	Notes
			mph	km/h
PBA		Electric multiple unit	186	300[34]	9[1]	1996	Tri-current; Operates only on the Paris-Brussels-Amsterdam route.
PBKA		Electric multiple unit	186	300	17	1997	Quadri-current; Operates on Paris-Brussels-Köln-Amsterdam route.

Accidents and Incidents[link]

Thalys PBA near Dordrecht Zuid with a Paris-bound train

• On 9 May 1998 a truck was struck by a Thalys PBKA on an unprotected level crossing; it had attempted to cross the tracks at the crossing when the train arrived. The truck driver was killed in the impact and the train's power unit and first two trailers derailed; the trainset was left heavily damaged. Six passengers were injured and tracks and catenary were broken in the incident. Trailers R1 and R2 had to be scrapped. The trainset was later repaired with the R1 and R2 trailers from a regular TGV trainset.

• On 11 October 2008 a Thalys PBA set bound for Amsterdam collided with a local ICM train set at Gouda railway station in The Netherlands. The Thalys train set had been diverted via Gouda due to engineering work on its usual route. None of the passengers were seriously injured, but both trains incurred serious damage. An investigation concluded that staff of the local ICM was partly to blame as they left the platform whilst still under a red signal.^[35][36]

See also[link]

Thalys PBA and Thalys PBKA in Paris

• LGV Nord
• HSL 1
• HSL 2
• HSL 3
• HSL 4
• HSL-Zuid
• Cologne–Aachen high-speed railway
• Train categories in Europe

References[link]

Further reading[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Thalys

• Brunhouse, Jay (1999). Traveling Europe's Trains. Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 1-56554-854-X. 
• Solomon, Brian (2001). Bullet trains. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-0768-7. 
• International railway journal (2003). A star is born: International railway journal. Simmons-Boardman Pub. Corp. 

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