- published: 02 Mar 2008
- views: 290524
- author: joanfontainefan
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
MORE VIDEOS
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Abigail Adams
- Abigail Fillmore
- Acre
- Adlai Stevenson II
- African-American
- Al Smith
- Albany, New York
- Alice Frazier
- Alpha Kappa Alpha
- Anna Hall Roosevelt
- Anna Harrison
- Aplastic anemia
- Archibald Roosevelt
- Arik Ascherman
- Authority control
- Autobiography
- Bamie Roosevelt
- Barbara Bush
- Barbara Cooney
- Benjamin Spock
- Bernard Lown
- Bess Truman
- Betty Ford
- Blanche Wiesen Cook
- Bone marrow
- Bonus Army
- Brandeis University
- Campobello Island
- Canada
- Carmine DeSapio
- Caroline Harrison
- Catholic
- Catholic Church
- Charles Malik
- Child labor
- Constitution Hall
- Corinne Alsop Cole
- Corliss Lamont
- Cornelius Roosevelt
- César Chávez
- Da Capo Press
- Dalton School
- Daniel Ellsberg
- David Cortright
- Debutante
- Deems Taylor
- Dennis Kucinich
- Diphtheria
- Doctor of Laws
- Dolley Madison
- Dorothy Day
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- E. Stanley Jones
- Edith Ballantyne
- Edith Roosevelt
- Edwin T. Dahlberg
- Ehud Bandel
- Eleanor (book)
- Eleanor Roosevelt
- Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
- Elizabeth Monroe
- Ellen Axson Wilson
- Elliott Roosevelt
- Elliott Roosevelt I
- Emily Donelson
- Engagement
- Esther Peterson
- Executive Order 9066
- Fala (dog)
- Find a Grave
- Finishing school
- Florence Harding
- Folkways Records
- Four Freedoms
- Francisco Franco
- Frank Sinatra
- Franklin Roosevelt
- Freedom House
- Gandhi Peace Award
- George McGovern
- George T. Bye
- Georgia (U.S. state)
- Grace Coolidge
- Greer Garson
- Groton School
- Half-staff
- Hall Roosevelt
- Harriet Lane
- Harry S Truman
- Harry S. Truman
- Harvard University
- Hazel Rowley
- Helen Caldicott
- Helen Herron Taft
- Herbert Lehman
- Honeymoon
- Honorary degree
- Howard Frazier
- Hudson River
- Human rights
- Hyde Park, New York
- Ida Saxton McKinley
- Inaugurated
- Indiana
- Infant mortality
- Internet Archive
- James Roosevelt
- James Warburg
- Jane Irwin Harrison
- Jane Pierce
- John F. Kennedy
- John Haynes Holmes
- John Peters Humphrey
- Joseph P. Lash
- Joseph Persico
- Julia Gardiner Tyler
- Julia Grant
- Junior League
- Karen Jacob
- Kay Camp
- Kermit Roosevelt
- Lady Bird Johnson
- Laura Bush
- Lillian Faderman
- Lincoln Memorial
- Linus Pauling
- Lorena Hickok
- Lou Henry Hoover
- Louis Howe
- Louis McHenry Howe
- Louisa Adams
- Lowell Thomas
- Lucius Walker
- Lucretia Garfield
- Lucy Mercer
- Lucy Webb Hayes
- Magna Carta
- Maine
- Malacañang Palace
- Mamie Eisenhower
- Manhattan
- Margaret Taylor
- Marguerite LeHand
- Marian Anderson
- Marie Souvestre
- Martha Washington
- Martin Ennals
- Mary Arthur McElroy
- Mary Harriman Rumsey
- Mary Harrison McKee
- Mary McLeod Bethune
- Mary Todd Lincoln
- Maurice Eisendrath
- McCarthyism
- Michael True
- Michelle Obama
- Millard Harmon
- Minimum wage
- Morgenthau Plan
- Muncie, Indiana
- My Day
- Nancy Reagan
- New Brunswick
- New Deal
- New Deal coalition
- New Year's Day
- New York
- New York City
- New York Governor
- Nickname
- Nobel Peace Prize
- Norman Thomas
- Norvelt
- Paralysis
- Pat Nixon
- Pater familias
- Paul Blanshard
- Peace Corps
- Penguin Books
- Peter Benenson
- Playboy Press
- Poliomyelitis
- Portal Hudson Valley
- Protestant
- Pulitzer Prize
- Queen Elizabeth II
- Ralph Bellamy
- Ramon Magsaysay
- Ramsey Clark
- Randall Forsberg
- René Cassin
- Richard Nixon
- Robert Jay Lifton
- Roland Bainton
- Roosevelt family
- Rosalynn Carter
- Rose Cleveland
- Roy Bourgeois
- Russell Sage College
- Sapphire
- Sara Roosevelt
- Sarah Childress Polk
- Sarah Yorke Jackson
- Second-wave feminism
- Social worker
- Socialite
- Spanish Civil War
- Springwood Estate
- St. Patrick's Day
- Tammany Hall
- The New School
- The New York Times
- The New Yorker
- Theodore Roosevelt
- Thomas Finletter
- Tivoli, New York
- Troy, New York
- Tuberculosis
- Tuskegee Airman
- Tuskegee Airmen
- U Thant
- United Nations
- United States
- United States Senate
- Viking Press
- W. Averell Harriman
- Waldorf-Astoria
- Warner Books
- Washington, D. C.
- Wayne Morse
- Wendell Willkie
- Westbrook Pegler
- White House
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikipedia Media help
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Willard Uphaus
- William Halsey, Jr.
- World War II
-
Bonus Army
The Bonus Army was the popular name of an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers—17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups—who gathered in Washington, D.C., in the spring and summer of 1932 to demand immediate cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. Its organizers called it the Bonus Expeditionary Force to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Force, while the media called it the Bonus March. It was led by Walter W. Waters, a former Army sergeant.
Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression. The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945. Each service certificate, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment plus compound interest. The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates.
Retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler, one of the most popular military figures of the time, visited their camp to back the effort and encourage them. On July 28, U.S. Attorney General William D. Mitchell ordered the veterans removed from all government property. Washington police met with resistance, shots were fired and two veterans were wounded and later died. Veterans were also shot dead at other locations during the demonstration. President Herbert Hoover then ordered the army to clear the veterans' campsite. Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur commanded the infantry and cavalry supported by six tanks. The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were driven out, and their shelters and belongings burned.
wn.com/Bonus_Army -
Brandeis University
Brandeis University (
/ˈbrændaɪs/) is an American private research university with a liberal arts focus. It is located in the southwestern corner of Waltham, Massachusetts, nine miles (14 km) west of Boston. The University has an enrollment of approximately 3,200 undergraduate and 2,100 graduate students. In 2011, it was ranked by the U.S. News and World Report as the number 31 national university in the United States.Forbes listed Brandeis University as number 57 among all national universities and liberal arts colleges combined in 2010.
Brandeis was founded in 1948 as a nonsectarian Jewish-sponsored coeducational institution on the site of the former Middlesex University. The university is named for Louis Brandeis (1856–1941), the first Jewish Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Names associated with the conception of Brandeis include Israel Goldstein, George Alpert, C. Ruggles Smith, Albert Einstein, and Abram L. Sachar.
C. Ruggles Smith was the son of Dr. John Hall Smith, founder of Middlesex University, who had died in 1944. In 1946, the university was on the brink of financial collapse. At the time, it was one of the few medical schools in the U. S. that did not impose a Jewish quota; but it had never been able to secure AMA accreditation—in part, its founder believed, due to institutional antisemitism in the AMA—and, as a result, Massachusetts had all but shut it down.
wn.com/Brandeis_University -
Campobello Island
Campobello Island is a Canadian island located at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay, adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay, and within the Bay of Fundy. The island is part of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, but is actually physically connected by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge with Lubec, Maine - the easternmost tip of the continental United States.
Measuring 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) long and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) wide, it has an area of 39.6 square kilometres (15.3 sq mi). In addition to the Lubec bridge, the island is accessible in the summer months by an automobile ferry from nearby Deer Island and from there by another ferry to mainland New Brunswick. The island's permanent population in 2011 was 925. The majority of residents are employed in the fishing/aquaculture or tourism industries.
The island was originally settled by the Passamaquoddy Nation, who called it Ebaghuit.
The first Europeans were reportedly from the French expedition of Pierre Dugua de Monts (Sieur de Monts) and Samuel de Champlain, who founded the nearby St. Croix Island settlement in 1604. France named the island Port aux Coquilles ("Shell Harbour"). Following the War of the Spanish Succession, under terms of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), the island came under British control and was placed in the colony of Nova Scotia, having ceased to be included in the French colony of Acadia.
wn.com/Campobello_Island -
Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
wn.com/Canada -
Dalton School
The Dalton School, originally called the Children's University School, is a private university-preparatory school on New York City's Upper East Side and a member of both the New York Interschool and the Ivy Preparatory School League. The school is located in three buildings, all in Manhattan: the middle and high schools for grades 4–12 are located at 108 East 89th Street; this building is referred to as simply "The Dalton School" or "Big Dalton". Grades K–3 are taught at a group of townhouses located at 51-63 East 91st Street between Madison and Park; this group of buildings is known as "First Program" or "Little Dalton". The primary center for physical education and sports facilities is the Physical Education Center at 200 East 87th Street, although many sports teams practice on Randall's Island.
Inspired by the intellectual fervor at the turn of the century, educational thinkers, such as John Dewey, began to envision a new, progressive, American approach to education. Helen Parkhurst caught the spirit of change and created the Dalton Plan. Aiming to achieve a balance between each child's talents and the needs of the growing American community, Parkhurst created an educational model that captured the progressive spirit of the age. Specifically, she had these objectives: to tailor each student's program to his or her needs, interests, and abilities; to promote both independence and dependability; and to enhance the student's social skills and sense of responsibility toward others. Parkhurst developed a three-part plan that continues to be the structural foundation of a Dalton education: House, Assignment, and Lab.
wn.com/Dalton_School -
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (
i/ˈdʒɔrdʒⁱə/) is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. Named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 21, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870. Georgia is the 24th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the 50 United States. From 2007 to 2008, 14 of Georgia's counties ranked among the nation's 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South.Atlanta is the state's capital and its most populous city.
Georgia is bordered on the south by Florida; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina; on the west by Alabama; and on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina. The northern part of the state is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, a mountain range in the Appalachian Mountains system. The central piedmont extends from the foothills to the fall line, where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the continental coastal plain of the southern part of the state. The highest point in Georgia is Brasstown Bald, 4,784 feet (1,458 m); the lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean.
wn.com/Georgia_(U.S._state) -
Groton School
Groton School is a private, Episcopal, college preparatory boarding school located in Groton, Massachusetts, U.S. It enrolls approximately 375 boys and girls, from the eighth through twelfth grades.
The school is a member of the Independent School League and is one of the most selective and elite boarding schools in New England. In late 2007, the Wall Street Journal listed Groton School as one of the world's top 50 schools for its success in preparing students to enter top American universities.
Groton School was founded in 1884 by the Rev. Endicott Peabody, a member of a prominent Massachusetts family and an Episcopal clergyman. The land for the school was donated to Peabody by two brothers, James and Prescott Lawrence, whose family home was located on Farmers Row in Groton, Massachusetts, north of Groton School's present location. Backed by affluent figures of the time, such as the Rt. Rev. Phillips Brooks, the Rev. William Lawrence, William Crowninshield Endicott, J.P. Morgan, and his father, Samuel Endicott Peabody, Peabody received pledges of $39,000 for the construction of a schoolhouse, if an additional $40,000 could be raised as an endowment. (According to the school's 2006 calendar year tax returns, the endowment is worth over $368,000,000 today.)
wn.com/Groton_School -
Harvard University
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Although never formally affiliated with a church, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's curriculum and students became secular throughout the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's forty year tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a centralized research university, and Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. Drew Gilpin Faust was elected the 28th president in 2007 and is the first woman to lead the university. Harvard has the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world, standing at $32 billion as of September 2011.
wn.com/Harvard_University -
Hyde Park, New York
Hyde Park is a town located in the northwest part of Dutchess County, New York, United States, just north of the city of Poughkeepsie. The town is most famous for being the hometown of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
The population was 21,571 at the 2010 census. US 9 passes through the town near the Hudson River.
Hyde Park is the location of the Culinary Institute of America, a residential college devoted to culinary and pastry arts.
Settlement of the region officially began around 1742, but may have begun as early as 1710. The name of the area was changed to "Hyde Park" around 1810. Previously, it was part of the Fauconnier Patent and was named "Stoutenburgh", after an early settler. Part of the town was from the Great Nine Partners Patent of 1697.
Dr. John Bard had called his estate "Hyde Park" in honor of Edward Hyde, who was Lord Cornbury and Governor of New York. In 1804 a tavern keeper whose business was slow named the tavern "Hyde Park Inn", much to the annoyance of Dr. Bard. Miller, the tavern keeper, applied for a post office to be located at his Inn, which was nothing unusual. The request was granted as the "Hyde Park Post office". Because the Post Office's name was "Hyde Park", and thus residents' mailing address was "Hyde Park", the area slowly started to be commonly called "Hyde Park". Finally, this caused a change of the settlement's name from Stoutenburgh to Hyde Park officially in 1812. Hyde Park was included in the Town of Clinton until 1821, when the town of Hyde Park was formed.
wn.com/Hyde_Park,_New_York -
Maine
Maine (i/ˈmeɪn/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, New Hampshire to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is both the northernmost and easternmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery—its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, its heavily forested interior and picturesque waterways—as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.
For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European encounter, several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area. The first European settlement in Maine was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement in Maine, the short-lived Popham Colony, was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations, and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements survived. Patriot and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts. On March 15, 1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the 50 United States.
wn.com/Maine -
Malacañang Palace
The Malacañan Palace, commonly known simply as Malacañang or "the Palace", is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the Philippines. It is located at 1000 José P. Laurel Street, San Miguel, Manila. The house was built in 1750 in Spanish Colonial style. It has been the residence of every Philippine head of government since Rafael de Echague y Berminghan. During the American period, Governors-General Francis Burton Harrison and Dwight F. Davis built an executive building, the Kalayaan Hall, which was later transformed into a museum.
Originally a summer house built by Spanish aristocrat Don Luís Rocha, the structure was sold to Colonel Jose Miguel Formente, and was later purchased by the state in 1825. Since then, Malacañan Palace became the temporary residence of every Governor-General. During the Spanish–American War, Malacañan Palace became the residence of the American Civil Governors, William Howard Taft being the first. During the American period, many administrative buildings were constructed and the Palace was refurbished. To date, Emilio Aguinaldo, was the only head of state who did not live in the Palace complex, instead residing in his private home, in Kawit, Cavite. The Palace was seized by rebels several times, starting from the People Power Revolution, the 1989 coup attempt, where the palace was bombed by T-28 Trojans, the 2001 Manila riots, EDSA II and the May 1 riots.
wn.com/Malacañang_Palace -
Manhattan
Manhattan (/mænˈhætən/) is the most densely populated and the oldest of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the U.S. state of New York. The borough and county consist of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island,Mill Rock, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a very small area on the mainland bordering the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, expanded northward, and then between 1874 and 1898, annexed land from surrounding counties.
The New York County is the most densely populated county in the United States, and one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a 2010 population of 1,585,873 living in a land area of 22.96 square miles (59.5 km2), or 69,464 residents per square mile (26,924/km²), more dense than any individual American city. It is also one of the wealthiest counties in the United States, with a 2005 per capita income above $100,000. Manhattan is the third-largest of New York's five boroughs in population, and its smallest borough in land area.
wn.com/Manhattan -
Muncie, Indiana
Muncie ( /ˈmʌnsi/) is a city in Center Township, Delaware County in east central Indiana, best known as the home of Ball State University and the birthplace of the Ball Corporation. It is the principal city of the Muncie, Indiana, Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 118,769. The city population, as of the 2010 Census, is 70,085.
The area was first settled in the 1770s by the Delaware Indians, who had been transported from their tribal lands near the east coast to Ohio and eastern Indiana. They founded several towns along the White River including Munsee Town (according to historical map of "The Indians" by Clark Ray), near the site of present-day Muncie. The tribes were forced to cede their land to the federal government and move farther west in 1818, and in 1820 the area was opened to white settlers. The city of Muncie was incorporated in 1865. Contrary to popular legend, the city is not named after a mythological Chief Munsee, rather it was named after Munsee Town, the white settlers' name for the Indian village on the site, "munsee" meaning a member of the Delaware tribe.
wn.com/Muncie,_Indiana -
New Brunswick
New Brunswick (French: Nouveau-Brunswick; pronounced: [nuˈvo bʁɔnˈzwik]) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only province in the federation that is constitutionally bilingual (English–French).Fredericton is the capital and Saint John is the most populous city. Greater Moncton is the province's largest Census Metropolitan Area. Through the 2011 nation wide census, Statistics Canada estimates the provincial population in 2011 to have been 751,171; a majority of the population is English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin.
The province's name comes from the English and French partial transcription of the city of Brunswick (Braunschweig in German) located in modern day Lower Saxony, northern Germany (and former duchy of the same name), the ancestral home of the Hanoverian George III of the United Kingdom.
New Brunswick is bounded by: on the north by Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula and Chaleur Bay; along the east coast by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Northumberland Strait; in the southeast corner the narrow Isthmus of Chignecto connects New Brunswick to the Nova Scotia peninsula; in the south by the Bay of Fundy coast, (which with a rise of 16 m (52 ft), has amongst the highest tides in the world); and in the west by the US state of Maine.
wn.com/New_Brunswick -
New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
wn.com/New_York -
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. It is awarded to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."
Per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a 5-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded in Oslo City Hall on 10 December each year. The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law (1947–89), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–46) and the Parliament (1901–04).
According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."
wn.com/Nobel_Peace_Prize -
Russell Sage College
Russell Sage College (often Russell Sage or RSC) is a women's college located in Troy, New York, approximately 150 miles (240 km) north of New York City in the Capital District. It is one of the three colleges that make up The Sage Colleges. It enrolls approximately 750 undergraduates, plus 150 graduate and doctoral students studying through both Russell Sage and the Sage Graduate School.
RSC was founded in 1916 by Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage, a suffragist, as a "school of practical arts." She named the college after her husband, Russell, who was a Congressman from New York. With Eliza Kellas, head of the Emma Willard School, Mrs. Sage was active in the women’s suffrage movement; in founding the new College, they proposed to offer women the means of independence through the combination of broad education in the liberal arts with preparation for specific professional careers. Initially, the college operated under the charter of the Emma Willard School, granting its first baccalaureate degree in 1918 and graduating its first class in 1920. In 1927, the New York State Board of Regents granted a separate charter for Russell Sage College and reaffirmed the status of Emma Willard as a secondary school.
wn.com/Russell_Sage_College -
Troy, New York
Troy is a city in the US State of New York and the seat of Rensselaer County. Troy is located on the western edge of Rensselaer County and on the eastern bank of the Hudson River. Troy has close ties to the nearby cities of Albany and Schenectady, forming a region popularly called the Capital District. The city is one of the three major centers for the Albany-Schenectady-Troy Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which has a population of 850,957. At the 2010 census, the population of Troy was 50,129. Troy's motto is Ilium fuit, Troja est, which means "Ilium was, Troy is".
Before European arrival, the area was settled by the Mahican Indian tribe. There were at least two settlements within today's city limits, Panhooseck and Paanpack. The Dutch began settling in the mid 17th century; the patroon Kiliaen van Rensselaer called the area Pafraets Dael, after his mother. Control of New York passed to the English in 1664 and in 1707 Derick Van der Heyden purchased a farm near today's downtown area. In 1771 Abraham Lansing had his farm in today's Lansingburgh laid out into lots. Responding to Lansing's success to the north, in 1787, Van der Heyden's grandson Jacob had his extensive holdings surveyed and laid out into lots as well, calling the new village Vanderheyden.
wn.com/Troy,_New_York -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Waldorf-Astoria
The Waldorf-Astoria is a luxury hotel in New York. It has been housed in two historic landmark buildings in New York City. The first, designed by architect Henry J. Hardenbergh, was on the Fifth Avenue site of the Empire State Building. The present building at 301 Park Avenue in Manhattan is a 47-story, 190.5 m (625 ft) Art Deco landmark, designed by architects Schultze and Weaver and dating from 1931. Lee S Jablin, Harman Jablin Architects, fully renovated and upgraded the historical property to its original grandeur during the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s. The Waldorf Astoria New York is a member of Hilton's Luxury and Lifestyle Brands along with Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts and Conrad Hotels & Resorts.
The Waldorf-Astoria was the first hotel to offer room service, making a huge impact for the future of the hotel industry.
The hotel is now branded as the Waldorf=Astoria, with a double hyphen, but originally a single hyphen was employed between "Waldorf" and "Astoria," as recalled by a popular expression and song, "Meet Me at the Hyphen." The equal sign was chosen to signify the equality between the Waldorf and Astor families. It also visually represents "Peacock Alley," the hallway between the two hotels that once stood where the Empire State building now stands today.
wn.com/Waldorf-Astoria -
Washington, D. C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a federal district to become the national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution. The District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state. It was formed from land along the Potomac River donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia; however, the Virginia portion was returned by Congress in 1846.
A new capital city named after George Washington was founded in 1791 to the east of the preexisting port of Georgetown. Congress consolidated the City of Washington, Georgetown, and the remaining unincorporated area within the District under a single municipal government in 1871. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, located on the country's Pacific coast.
Washington, D.C., had an estimated population of 617,996 in 2011. The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's population to over one million during the workweek. The Washington Metropolitan Area, of which the District is a part, has a population of nearly 5.6 million, the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the country.
wn.com/Washington,_D._C. -
White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
wn.com/White_House
-
A. J. Muste
The Reverend Abraham Johannes "A.J." Muste (1885–1967) (pronounced "MUSS-tee") was a Dutch-born American clergyman and political activist. Muste is best remembered for his work in the labor movement, pacifist movement, and the US civil rights movement.
A.J. Muste was born January 8, 1885 in the small port city of Zierikzee, located in the Southwestern province of Zeeland in the Netherlands. Muste's father, Martin Muste, was a coachman who drove for a family that was part of Zeeland's hereditary nobility. With his economic prospects limited in Holland, Martin Muste decided to follow four of his wife Adriana's brothers to emigration in America, making the cross-Atlantic trip as Third Class passengers in January 1891.
Muste's mother became ill aboard ship and remained hospitalized for a month at Ellis Island following the family's arrival. Upon her recovery, the family headed west for Grand Rapids, Michigan, where Adriana's four brothers worked at in a variety of small business pursuits.
The family attended services at the Grand Rapids Dutch Reformed Church, a Calvinist congregation in which religious services were conducted in the Dutch language and its very existence was testimony to the number of Dutch immigrants who made their way to the area. Dancing was prohibited by the church as a form of sinfulness, as was the singling of secular music and the viewing of performances in the dramatic theatre.
wn.com/A._J._Muste -
Abigail Adams
Abigail Adams (née Smith; November 22 [O.S. November 11] 1744 – October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, who was the second President of the United States, and the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth. She was the first Second Lady of the United States, and the second First Lady of the United States.
Adams is remembered for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the Continental Congresses. John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters, and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics. The letters serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front.
Abigail Adams was born in the North Parish Congregational Church in Weymouth, Massachusetts, to the Reverend William Smith and Elizabeth (née Quincy) Smith. On her mother's side she was descended from the Quincy family, a well-known political family in the Massachusetts colony. Through her mother she was a cousin of Dorothy Quincy, wife of John Hancock. Adams was also the great-granddaughter of the Rev. John Norton, founding pastor of Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts, the only remaining 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in Massachusetts.
wn.com/Abigail_Adams -
Abigail Fillmore
Abigail Powers Fillmore (March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853), wife of Millard Fillmore, was First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853.
Abigail was born in Stillwater, New York, 1798, in Saratoga County, New York. She was the daughter of the Reverend Lemuel Powers, a Baptist minister, and Abigail Newland-Powers, Abigail grew up in Moravia, New York, not far from the Fillmore farm. Her father died shortly after her birth. Her mother moved the family westward, thinking her scanty funds would go further in a less settled region, and ably educated her small son and daughter beyond the usual frontier level with the help of her husband's library.
In 1819, she took a teaching post at the new academy in New Hope, where her oldest pupil was 19-year-old Millard Fillmore. The world of knowledge and Fillmore's steady progress in it drew them together, and gradually the relationship of teacher and student evolved into romantic attachment.
After a long courtship, Millard, aged 26, and Abigail, aged 27, were married on February 5, 1826, by the Reverend Orasius H. Smith at the home of the bride's brother Judge Powers in Moravia, New York. Without a honeymoon, they settled at East Aurora, New York. Mrs. Fillmore continued to teach school until the birth of her first son and maintained a lifelong interest in education. She shared her husband's love of books and helped build their personal library.
wn.com/Abigail_Fillmore -
Adlai Stevenson II
Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (/ˈædleɪ/; February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent oratory, and promotion of liberal causes in the Democratic Party. He served as the 31st Governor of Illinois, and received the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1952 and 1956; both times he was defeated by Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination for a third time in the election of 1960, but was defeated by Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. After his election, President Kennedy appointed Stevenson as the Ambassador to the United Nations; he served from 1961 to 1965. He died on July 14, 1965 in London, England after suffering a heart attack.
Although Stevenson was born in Los Angeles, he was a member of a famous Illinois political family. His grandfather Adlai E. Stevenson I was Vice President of the United States under President Grover Cleveland from 1893–1897. His father, Lewis G. Stevenson, never held an elected office, but was appointed Secretary of State of Illinois (1914–1917) and was considered a strong contender for the Democratic vice-presidential nomination in 1928. A maternal great-grandfather, Jesse W. Fell, had been a close friend and campaign manager for Abraham Lincoln; Stevenson often referred to Fell as his "favorite" ancestor. His mother was Helen Davis Stevenson. Stevenson's eldest son, Adlai E. Stevenson III, became a U.S. Senator from Illinois (1970–1981). Actor McLean Stevenson was a second cousin once removed.
wn.com/Adlai_Stevenson_II -
African-American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
wn.com/African-American -
Anna Hall Roosevelt
Anna Rebecca Livingston Ludlow Hall Roosevelt (March 17, 1863 – December 7, 1892) was the mother of First Lady of the United States, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt. Anna was the eldest child of Valentine Gill Hall (1834–1880) and Mary Livingston Ludlow (1843–1919). She was a descendant of Livingston family, Her siblings were: Elizabeth (1865–1944), Valentine Jr. (1867–1934), Mary (1869–1872), Edward (1872–1932), Edith (1873–1920) and Maude (1877–1952).
Anna, a celebrated beauty, married Elliott Roosevelt, the brother of future President Theodore Roosevelt in December 1883. Anna bore Elliott three children: Anna Eleanor (1884–1962), Elliott Jr. (1889–1893), and Gracie Hall (1891–1941).
Like other society ladies, Anna Roosevelt had no profession beyond the role of wife and mother. Roosevelt was responsible however for numerous social events and charity balls. Within the circles that she and Elliott moved, both men and women fawned over Anna's beauty. By contrast, Anna was somewhat ashamed of her daughter Eleanor's plainness and even nicknamed Eleanor "Granny", due to her serious demeanor.
wn.com/Anna_Hall_Roosevelt -
Anna Harrison
Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison (July 25, 1775 - February 25, 1864), wife of President William Henry Harrison and grandmother of President Benjamin Harrison, was nominally First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841, but she never entered the White House.
Anna was born at her father's estate Solitude, just outside Morristown, New Jersey (present day Wheatsheaf Farms subdivision off Sussex Avenue in Morris Township, New Jersey ) on July 25, 1775 to Judge John Cleves Symmes and Anna Tuthill Symmes of Long Island. Her father was a Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and later became a prominent landowner in southwestern Ohio. When her mother died in 1776 her father disguised himself as a British soldier to carry her on horseback through the British lines to her grandparents on Long Island, who cared for her during the war. Her father was also a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress and the Chairman of the Sussex County Committee of Safety.
She grew up in Long Island, receiving an unusually broad education for a woman of the times. She attended Clinton Academy at Easthampton, Long Island, and the private school of Isabella Graham in New York City.
wn.com/Anna_Harrison -
Arik Ascherman
Arik Ascherman (born 1959) is a Reform rabbi and co-founder and Director of Special Projects for Rabbis for Human Rights, an Israeli organization for which he previously served as Executive Director. As a human rights activist, he has spearheaded protests to defend Palestinians against Israeli settler violence. He appears in the 2010 documentary Israel vs Israel.
Ascherman grew up in Erie, Pennsylvania and attended Harvard University. Though he planned to attend rabbinical school immediately after graduation, he was not accepted, and instead joined Interns for Peace, a coexistence project which sent him to the Israeli Arab city of Tamra and the Israeli Jewish city of Kiryat Ata to work from 1981 to 1983. After that, he returned to the United States to complete his rabbinical training. He immigrated to Israel in 1994. In 1988 he co-founded Rabbis for Human Rights. He attributes his interest in activism on behalf of Palestinians to the rabbinic concept of tikkun olam (lit. "repairing the world"), referring to universal human rights and social justice.
wn.com/Arik_Ascherman -
Bamie Roosevelt
Anna Roosevelt Cowles (January 18, 1855 – August 25, 1931) was the older sister of United States President Theodore Roosevelt and the aunt of Eleanor Roosevelt. Her childhood nickname was Bamie, a derivative of bambina, but as an adult, her family began calling her "Bye" because of her tremendous on-the-go energy - (Hi Bamie, bye Bamie). Throughout the life of her brother, Theodore, she remained a constant source of emotional support and practical advice. On the child-bed death of her brother Theodore's young wife Alice, Bamie took custody of the child, assuming parental responsibility for TR's first daughter, Alice Lee Roosevelt.
Anna was born in a brownstone home at 28 East 20th Street in New York City on January 18, 1855. Her parents were Martha and Theodore Roosevelt. Her other siblings were Elliott Roosevelt and Corinne Roosevelt. Anna was afflicted by a spinal ailment that led to her being partially crippled and confined by corrective steel braces as a child.
TR's daughter, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, once remarked that had Bamie, with her incredible intelligence and energy, been born a 19th Century man, without the social restrictions that the era placed on women, she would have been president instead of her brother. Bamie's niece, Eleanor Roosevelt, stated in her autobiography that Bamie had "an able man's mind." Although she was not a stunningly gorgeous woman like her mother, Mittie or her sisters-in-law, her natural intelligence and energy was magnetic to both men and women. She remained an emotional pillar of strength for all the Roosevelts.
wn.com/Bamie_Roosevelt -
Barbara Cooney
Barbara Cooney (August 6, 1917 – March 10, 2000) was an American children's author and illustrator of more than 200 books and double Caldecott Medalist. She has written books for six decades. Her books have been translated into 10 languages.
Cooney was born on 6 August 1917 in Room 1127 of the Hotel Bossert in Brooklyn, New York, to Russell Schenck Cooney (a stockbroker) and Mae Evelyn Bossert (a painter). She had a twin brother and two younger brothers. She attended Buckley Country Day School and later Boarding School.
She later graduated from Smith College with a history degree, and her first book illustrated, Ake and His World, by the Swedish poet Bertil Malmberg, was published a year after graduation. During World War II, she served in the Women’s Army Corps. Soon after her service, she met and married Guy Murchie(Jr), in 1944 and had two children (Gretel and Barnaby.) She later divorced, and remarried Charles Talbot Porter in July 1949 and had two more children (Charles and Phoebe.)
Ten years later, she won her first Caldecott for Chanticleer and the Fox , a book that she illustrated and adapted the text from Chaucer. Between then and when she picked the other Caldecott in 1980 for Ox-Cart Man (written by Donald Hall), she traveled a lot, picking up ideas to draw and, occasionally, write. In 1983 she and Miss Rumphius won the National Book Award in category Picture Books (split with William Steig and Doctor De Soto).
wn.com/Barbara_Cooney -
Benjamin Spock
Benjamin McLane Spock (May 2, 1903 – March 15, 1998) was an American pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care, published in 1946, is one of the biggest best-sellers of all time. Throughout its first 52-years, Baby and Child Care was the second-best-selling book, next to the Bible. Its message to mothers is that "you know more than you think you do."
Spock was the first pediatrician to study psychoanalysis to try to understand children's needs and family dynamics. His ideas about childcare influenced several generations of parents to be more flexible and affectionate with their children, and to treat them as individuals. In addition to his pediatric work, Spock was an activist in the New Left and anti Vietnam War movements during the 1960s and early 1970s. At the time his books were criticized by Vietnam War supporters for allegedly propagating permissiveness and an expectation of instant gratifications that led young people to join these movements, a charge Spock denied. Spock also won an Olympic gold medal in rowing in 1924 while attending Yale University.
wn.com/Benjamin_Spock -
Bernard Lown
Bernard Lown, M.D. (born June 7, 1921 in Utena, Lithuania) is the original developer of the defibrillator and is an internationally known peace activist. International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, an organization he helped to create, was awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize for its work against nuclear proliferation. He now has a Cardiovascular Center in Brookline, MA called Lown Cardiovascular Center right in Coolige Corner, and a bridge named in his honor in the twin cities of Lewiston and Auburn, Maine.
Born in Lithuania, he emigrated at age 13 with his parents to the US, initially to Maine shortly before the outbreak of World War II, and subsequently studied to become a specialist in cardiology.
Bernard Lown attended the University of Maine in Orono and majored in Zoology. He graduated from the institution in 1942 and wrote an Honors Thesis entitled "Multiple Alleles in Sex Determination of the Parasitic Wasp, Harborbracon."
Up until the late 1950s, fibrillation of the heart could be treated only by drug therapy. In 1956 American cardiologist Paul Zoll published a paper describing resuscitation of open-heart surgery patients by means of a 110 volt alternating current electric shock (derived from a wall socket) and conducted to the sides of the exposed heart by metal plate "paddles". While being an advance in emergency resuscitation, the technique was later to be shown to be both damaging to the heart muscle and of unpredictable effectiveness in reverting ventricular fibrillation.
wn.com/Bernard_Lown -
Bess Truman
Bess Truman (née Elizabeth Virginia Wallace) (February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982), was the wife of Harry S. Truman and First Lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953.
She had known her future husband since they attended the same school in Independence, Missouri. As First Lady, she did not enjoy big social events, and was relieved to quit Washington. Dying at 97, she remains the longest-lived First Lady.
Elizabeth Virginia Wallace was born to David Willock Wallace (1860–1903) and his wife, the former Margaret Elizabeth Gates (1862–1952), in Independence, Missouri, and was known as Bessie during her childhood. She was the eldest of four; three brothers: Frank Gates Wallace, (4 March 1887 - 12 August 1960), George Porterfield Wallace, (1 May 1892 - 24 May 1963), David Frederick Wallace, (7 January 1900 - 30 September 1957).
Harry Truman, whose family moved to town in 1890, always kept his first impression of when he saw her at Sunday school: "Golden curls" and "the most beautiful blue eyes." A relative said, "there never was but one girl in the world" for him. They attended the same schools from fifth grade through high school.
wn.com/Bess_Truman -
Betty Ford
Elizabeth Ann Bloomer Warren Ford (April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011), better known as Betty Ford, was First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977 during the presidency of her husband Gerald Ford. As First Lady, she was active in social policy and created precedents as a politically active presidential wife.
Throughout her husband's term in office, she maintained high approval ratings despite opposition from some conservative Republicans who objected to her more moderate and liberal positions on social issues. Ford was noted for raising breast cancer awareness following her 1974 mastectomy and was a passionate supporter of, and activist for, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Pro-choice on abortion and a leader in the Women's Movement, she gained fame as one of the most candid first ladies in history, commenting on every hot-button issue of the time, including feminism, equal pay, the ERA, sex, drugs, abortion, and gun control. She also raised awareness of addiction when she announced her long-running battle with alcoholism in the 1970s.
wn.com/Betty_Ford -
Blanche Wiesen Cook
Blanche Wiesen Cook (born April 20, 1941 in New York City), Distinguished Professor of history at John Jay College in the City University of New York, is the author of Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume One 1884-1933, a Los Angeles Times Book Prize winning biography of Eleanor Roosevelt. Cook's biography is controversial because of her claims that Roosevelt had a lesbian affair with reporter Lorena Hickok [1]. An out lesbian, Cook is also the author of Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume 2 , The Defining Years, 1933-1938, and The Declassified Eisenhower: A Divided Legacy of Peace and Political Warfare.
wn.com/Blanche_Wiesen_Cook -
Carmine DeSapio
Carmine Gerard DeSapio (December 10, 1908 – July 27, 2004) was an American politician from New York City. He was the last head of the Tammany Hall political machine to be able to dominate municipal politics.
DeSapio was born in lower Manhattan. His father was an Italian immigrant, while his mother was of the second generation. He graduated from Fordham University in 1931.
He started his career in the Tammany Hall organization as an errand boy and messenger for precinct captains. Tammany Hall was the name given to the Democratic political machine that dominated New York City politics from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the election of Fiorello H. La Guardia in 1933. He was first elected a district captain in 1939, but was rejected by the leadership in the struggle between Irish and Italian interests for control of the organization. In 1943 he was accepted as district leader for lower Greenwich Village.
In 1949, DeSapio became the youngest Boss in the history of Tammany Hall, succeeding Hugo Rogers, and his Italian heritage signaled the end of Tammany's longtime dominance by Irish-American politicians. Throughout his political life, DeSapio gained notoriety from alleged involvement with organized crime, even though he fought to distance the organization from the unsavory days of Boss Tweed, and allegations of corruption. In 1951, Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee concluded that DeSapio was feeding the interests of New York's most powerful mobster Frank Costello, and that Costello had become the lead person who influenced decisions made by the Tammany Hall council. In reply to questions by journalists, DeSapio admitted to having met Costello a number of times but insisted that politics was never discussed. He was seen with Costello at a fund-raising dinner for the Salvation Army at the Copacabana club in 1949.
wn.com/Carmine_DeSapio -
Caroline Harrison
Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison (October 1, 1832 – October 25, 1892), wife of Benjamin Harrison, was first lady of the United States from 1889 until her death.
Caroline Scott was born in Oxford, Ohio, the second daughter of the Reverend Dr. John Witherspoon Scott, a Presbyterian minister and professor of science and math at Miami University, and Mary Potts Neal. Although the family was not well-off, Caroline's father made sure that his children were well-educated. Wherever they lived, he always filled the house with books, art, and music. Religion, too, played a large part in his and the family's life.
In 1845, Dr. Scott, along with several other professors, were fired from their positions after a dispute with the university president, George Junkin, over slavery; Scott opposed it, Junkin supported it. After his dismissal, the entire family moved to College Hill, near Cincinnati, where Scott had accepted a job teaching chemistry and physics at Farmer's College. It was in Cincinnati that young Caroline met one of her father's students and her future husband, Benjamin Harrison. The two began a courtship that would last nearly a decade before their marriage in 1853.
wn.com/Caroline_Harrison -
Charles Malik
Charles Habib Malik (1906 - 28 December 1987) (Arabic: شارل مالك) was a Lebanese philosopher and diplomat.
Born in Bterram (Btourram), Lebanon, Malik was the son of Dr. Habib Malik and Zarifa Karam. Considered closest to the Kalash family, he was educated at the American Mission School for Boys, now Tripoli Evangelical School for Girls and Boys in Tripoli and the American University of Beirut, where he graduated with a degree in mathematics and physics. He moved on to Cairo in 1929, where he developed an interest in philosophy, which he proceeded to study at Harvard (under Alfred North Whitehead) and in Freiburg, Germany under Martin Heidegger in 1932. His stay in Germany, however, was short-lived. He found the policies of the Nazis unfavorable, and left soon after they came to power in 1933. In 1937, he received his Ph.D. in philosophy (based on the metaphysics in the philosophies of Whitehead and Heidegger) from Harvard University. He taught there as well as at other universities in the United States. After returning to Lebanon, Malik founded the Philosophy department at the American University of Beirut, as well as a cultural studies program (the 'civilization sequence program'). He remained in this capacity until 1945 when he was appointed to be the Lebanese ambassador to the United States and the United Nations.
wn.com/Charles_Malik -
Corinne Alsop Cole
Corinne Alsop Cole (born Corinne Douglas Robinson July 2, 1886 in Orange, New Jersey – June 23, 1971 in Avon, Connecticut) was the daughter of Douglas Robinson and his wife Corinne Roosevelt and a niece of Theodore Roosevelt.
Corinne Douglas Robinson was the second of four children and the only daughter. She enjoyed a childhood of privilege and grew up on her parents' New Jersey estate. Travel and horseback rides were part of Corinne's childhood.
Like her cousin Eleanor Roosevelt, she attended Allenswood Academy in England under the tutelage of Mlle. Marie Souvestre and though she enjoyed Souvestre and the school itself, she found Souvestre abrasive and threatening. Upon her return to the states, she participated in the wedding of Franklin and Eleanor, being a bridesmaid to Eleanor. Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Robinson gave a debut party for their only daughter in 1904, which according to The New York Times, "was not a large affair."
In 1909, Corinne Douglas Robinson was married to Joseph Wright Alsop IV and became the mother of four children, Joseph Wright Alsop V (1910–1989) who became a journalist and columnist, Corinne Roosevelt Alsop (1912–1997), journalist and columnist Stewart Johonnot Alsop, Sr. (1914–1974) and John deKoven Alsop (1915–2000).
wn.com/Corinne_Alsop_Cole -
Cornelius Roosevelt
Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt (January 30, 1794 – July 17, 1871) was an American businessman from New York City and a member of the Roosevelt family.
Roosevelt was born January 30, 1794 in New York City, the son of James Jacobus Roosevelt and Maria Van Schaack, and the last full-blooded Dutch Roosevelt of his line. He attended Columbia College but academic life did not suit him, and he did not graduate. However, he was adept at business; an importer of hardware and plate glass, he became his father's partner, inherited a large fortune, and was one of the five richest men in New York City. He was one of the founders of the Chemical Bank of New York City, which later became Chase. He died July 17, 1871 in Oyster Bay, New York.
He married Margaret Barnhill (1799–1861) and had six children, five of whom reached adulthood: Silas Weir, James Alfred, Cornelius Van Schaack, Jr., Robert Barnhill (1829–1906), and Theodore (1831–1878), the father of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
wn.com/Cornelius_Roosevelt -
César Chávez
Cesar Estrada Chavez (locally: [ˈsesaɾ esˈtɾaða ˈtʃaβes]; March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was an American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW).
A Mexican American, Chavez became the best known Latino civil rights activist, and was strongly promoted by the American labor movement, which was eager to enroll Hispanic members. His public-relations approach to unionism and aggressive but nonviolent tactics made the farm workers' struggle a moral cause with nationwide support. By the late 1970s, his tactics had forced growers to recognize the UFW as the bargaining agent for 50,000 field workers in California and Florida. However, by the mid-1980s membership in the UFW had dwindled to around 15,000.[citation needed]
After his death he became a major historical icon for the Latino community, and for liberals generally, symbolizing support for workers and for Hispanic power based on grass roots organizing and his slogan "Sí, se puede" (Spanish for "Yes, it is possible" or, roughly, "Yes, it can be done"). His supporters say his work led to numerous improvements for union laborers. His birthday, March 31, has become Cesar Chavez Day, a state holiday in three US states. Many parks, cultural centers, libraries, schools, and streets have been named in his honor in cities across the United States.
wn.com/César_Chávez -
Daniel Ellsberg
Daniel Ellsberg, PhD, (born April 7, 1931) is a former United States military analyst who, while employed by the RAND Corporation, precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers. He was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2006. He is also known for a fundamental contribution to decision theory, the Ellsberg paradox.
Ellsberg was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1931, the son of Adele D. (née Charsky) and Harry Ellsberg. His parents were Jewish and had converted to Christian Science, and he was raised in a Christian Science atmosphere. He grew up in Detroit, Michigan, and attended Cranbrook Kingswood School. His mother had wanted her son to be a concert pianist but he stopped playing in July 1946 when she was killed in a car crash, together with his sister, after his father fell asleep at the wheel of the car in which the family was traveling and crashed into a culvert wall.
wn.com/Daniel_Ellsberg -
David Cortright
David Cortright is an American scholar and peace activist. He is Director of Policy Studies at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame and Chair of the Board of the Fourth Freedom Forum.
Cortright has a long history of public advocacy for disarmament and the prevention of war. As a soldier during the Vietnam War, Cortright joined with fellow soldiers to speak out against the war as part of the GI peace movement. In 1978 Cortright was named the executive director of The Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy, which under his direction became the largest disarmament organization in the U.S.
Cortright initiated the merger of SANE and the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign and served for a time as co-director of the merged organization. In 2002 Cortright helped to found the Win Without War coalition in opposition to the U.S. invasion of Iraq.
Cortright has written widely on nonviolent social change, nuclear disarmament, and the use of multilateral sanctions and incentives as tools of international diplomacy. He has provided research services to several foreign ministries, including those of Canada, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan, Germany, Denmark, and The Netherlands, and has advised agencies of the United Nations, the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, the International Peace Academy, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
wn.com/David_Cortright -
Deems Taylor
Joseph Deems Taylor (December 22, 1885 – July 3, 1966) was an American composer, music critic, and promoter of classical music. Nat Benchley, author of The Lost Algonquin Roundtable, referred to him as "the dean of American music."
Deems Taylor was born in New York City to JoJo and Katherine Taylor. He attended New York University.
Taylor married three times. His first wife was Jane Anderson. They married in 1910 and divorced in 1918. In 1921, he married an actress and writer named Mary Kennedy. They had a daughter, Joan Kennedy Taylor, in 1926, and divorced in 1934. Taylor married his third and final wife, costume designer Lucille Watson-Little, in 1945. They divorced eight years later.
Taylor initially planned to become an architect; however, despite minimal musical training he soon took to music composition. The result was a series of works for orchestra and/or voices. In 1916 he wrote the cantata The Chambered Nautilus, followed by Through the Looking-Glass (for orchestra) in 1918, earning him public praise and recognition.
wn.com/Deems_Taylor -
Dennis Kucinich
Dennis John Kucinich ( /kuːˈsɪnɪtʃ/; born October 8, 1946) is the U.S. Representative for Ohio's 10th congressional district, serving since 1997. He was furthermore a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections.
The district includes most of western Cleveland as well as suburbs such as Parma and Lakewood. He is a member of the House Committee on Education and the Workforce.
From 1977 to 1979, Kucinich served as the 53rd mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, a tumultuous term in which he survived a recall election and was successful in a battle against selling the municipal electric utility before being defeated for reelection by George Voinovich.
Through his various governmental positions and campaigns, Kucinich has attracted attention for consistently delivering "the strongest liberal" perspective. This perspective has been shown by his actions, such as bringing articles of impeachment against President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney, and being the only Democratic candidate in the 2008 election to have voted against invading Iraq, although eventual nominee Barack Obama had also opposed the Iraq War at the time it was started, even though he had not been in Congress at the time.
wn.com/Dennis_Kucinich -
Dolley Madison
Dolley Payne Todd Madison (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the spouse of the fourth President of the United States, James Madison, and was First Lady of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was notable for her social gifts and helped define the role of the First Lady. Her success as a hostess contributed to increasing the popularity of Madison as president.
During the previous administration of Thomas Jefferson, a widower and their friend, she occasionally acted as First Lady for him to fulfill the ceremonial functions more usually associated with the President's wife. She also aided in the completion and furnishing the interior of the newly constructed White House.
In the past, biographers and others stated that her given name was Dorothea after her aunt, or Dorothy, and that Dolly was a nickname. But, her birth was registered with the New Garden Friends Meeting as Dolley, and her will of 1841 states "I, Dolly P. Madison". Based on manuscript evidence and the scholarship of recent biographers, Dollie, spelled with an "i", appears to have been her given name at birth. Spelling was more variable in those years. Historians have settled on using Dolley as the spelling of her given name.
wn.com/Dolley_Madison -
Dorothy Day
Dorothy Day, Obl.S.B., (8 November 1897 – 29 November 1980) was an American journalist, social activist and devout Catholic convert; she advocated the Catholic economic theory of Distributism. She was also considered to be an anarchist, and did not hesitate to use the term. In the 1930s, Day worked closely with fellow activist Peter Maurin to establish the Catholic Worker movement, a nonviolent, pacifist movement that continues to combine direct aid for the poor and homeless with nonviolent direct action on their behalf.
The cause for Day's canonization is open in the Catholic Church.
Dorothy Day was born in the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, and raised in San Francisco and Chicago. She was born into a family described by one biographer as "solid, patriotic, and middle class". Her father, John Day, was a Tennessee native of Scotch-Irish heritage, while her mother, Grace Satterlee, a native of upstate New York, was of English ancestry. Her parents were married in an Episcopalian church located in Greenwich Village, a neighborhood where Day would spend much of her young adulthood.
wn.com/Dorothy_Day -
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (pronounced /ˈaɪzənhaʊər/, EYE-zən-how-ər; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He had previously been a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II, and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.
Eisenhower was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, and was reared in a large family in Kansas, by parents with a robust work ethic and religious background. As one of five sons, he was conditioned by a competitive atmosphere which instilled self-reliance. He attended and graduated from West Point, and later was married with two sons. After World War II Eisenhower served as Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman, then assumed the post of President at Columbia University.
wn.com/Dwight_D._Eisenhower -
E. Stanley Jones
Eli Stanley Jones (1884–1973) was a 20th century Methodist Christian missionary and theologian. He is remembered chiefly for his interreligious lectures to the educated classes in India, thousands of which were held across the Indian subcontinent during the first decades of the 20th century. According to his and other contemporary reports, his friendship for the cause of Indian self-determination allowed him to become friends with leaders of the up-and-coming Indian National Congress party. He spent much time with Mahatma Gandhi, and the Nehru family. Gandhi challenged Jones and, through Jones' writing, the thousands of Western missionaries working there during the last decades of the British Raj, to include greater respect for the mindset and strengths of the Indian character in their work.
This effort to contextualize Christianity for India was the subject of his seminal work, The Christ of the Indian Road (ISBN 0-687-06377-9), which sold more than 1 million copies worldwide after its publication in 1925.
wn.com/E._Stanley_Jones -
Edith Roosevelt
Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948) was the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt and served as First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1901 to 1909.
Born in Norwich, Connecticut, the daughter of Charles Carow (1825–1883), a merchant, and the former Gertrude Elizabeth Tyler (1836–1895) and a granddaughter of Daniel Tyler who was a general in the American Civil War, Edith grew up next door to Theodore "T.R." Roosevelt in New York and was best friends with his younger sister Corinne. She was T.R.'s first real playmate outside his immediate family.
She and her sister Emily Tyler Carow (1865–1939) were brought up in an environment of comfort and tradition. An infant brother, Kermit (b. February 1860; d. August 1860) died one year before her birth.
At Miss Comstock's school, Edith acquired the proper finishing touch for a young lady of that era. A quiet girl who loved books, she was often T.R.'s companion for summer outings at Oyster Bay, Long Island; but this ended when he entered Harvard College. Although she attended his wedding to Alice Hathaway Lee in 1880, their lives ran separately until 1885.
wn.com/Edith_Roosevelt -
Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/ˈɛlɨnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt/; October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women.
In the 1940s, Roosevelt was one of the co-founders of Freedom House and supported the formation of the United Nations. Roosevelt founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943 to advance support for the formation of the UN. She was a delegate to the UN General Assembly from 1945 and 1952, a job for which she was appointed by President Harry S. Truman and confirmed by the United States Senate. During her time at the United Nations she chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Truman called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements.
wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt -
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002) was the queen consort of King George VI from 1936 until her husband's death in 1952, after which she was known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, to avoid confusion with her daughter, Queen Elizabeth II. She was the last queen consort of Ireland and empress consort of India.
Born into a family of British nobility as The Honourable Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, she became Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon when her father inherited the Scottish Earldom of Strathmore and Kinghorne in 1904. She came to prominence in 1923 when she married Albert, Duke of York, the second son of King George V and Queen Mary. As Duchess of York, she – along with her husband and their two daughters Elizabeth and Margaret – embodied traditional ideas of family and public service. She undertook a variety of public engagements, and became known as the "Smiling Duchess" because of her consistent public expression.
In 1936, her husband unexpectedly became King when his brother, Edward VIII, abdicated in order to marry the American divorcée Wallis Simpson. Queen Elizabeth accompanied her husband on diplomatic tours to France and North America before the start of World War II. During the war, her seemingly indomitable spirit provided moral support to the British public. In recognition of her role as an asset to British morale, Adolf Hitler described her as "the most dangerous woman in Europe". After the war, her husband's health deteriorated and she was widowed at the age of 51.
wn.com/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon -
Elizabeth Monroe
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830) was First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825, as the wife of James Monroe, fifth President of the United States, who held the office for two terms.
Born in New York in 1768, Elizabeth was the daughter of Lawrence Kortright, an officer in the British army who had made a fortune privateering during the French and Indian War, and Hannah Aspinwall. She acquired social grace and elegance at an early age. A gown in the collection of the James Monroe Museum indicates she was a petite woman, not taller than 5 feet. She first caught Monroe's attention in 1785 while he was in New York serving as a member of the Continental Congress. James, age twenty-seven, married Elizabeth, age seventeen, on February 16, 1786, in New York City. After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, the newlyweds returned to New York to live with her father until Congress adjourned.Their first child, Eliza, was born in late 1786 or early 1787 in Virginia.
In 1794, James was appointed United States Minister to France by President George Washington. In Paris, as wife of the American Minister during the Reign of Terror, she helped secure the release of Madame La Fayette, wife of the Marquis de Lafayette when she learned of her imprisonment and threatened death by guillotine. The Monroes also provided support and shelter to the American citizen Thomas Paine in Paris, after he was arrested for his opposition to the execution of Louis XVI. While in France, the Monroes' daughter Eliza became friends with Hortense de Beauharnais, step-daughter of Napoleon, and both girls received their education in the school of Madame Jeanne Campan, who had been an advisor on court etiquette to Marie Antoinette. This association led to a friendship between the family of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Monroes.
wn.com/Elizabeth_Monroe -
Ellen Axson Wilson
Ellen Axson Wilson (May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914), first wife of Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1913 until her death.
Born Ellen Louise Axson in Savannah, Georgia, the daughter of the Reverend Samuel Edward Axson, a Presbyterian minister, and Margaret Jane (née Hoyt) Axson, Ellen was a lady of refined tastes with a fondness for art, music and literature.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson first saw her when he was about three and she was only a baby. In April 1883, Woodrow visited his cousin Jesse Woodrow Wilson in Rome, Georgia and met Ellen again—she was now keeping house for her widowed father. He thought, "what splendid laughing eyes!"[citation needed]. They were engaged five months later but postponed the wedding, while he did postgraduate work at Johns Hopkins University and she nursed her ailing father.
Wilson, aged 28, married Ellen, aged 25, on June 24, 1885, at the home of the bride's paternal grandfather in Savannah, Georgia. The wedding was performed jointly by his father, the Reverend Joseph R. Wilson, and her grandfather, the Reverend Isaac Stockton Keith Axson. They honeymooned at Waynesville, a mountain resort in western North Carolina.
wn.com/Ellen_Axson_Wilson -
Elliott Roosevelt
Elliott Roosevelt (September 23, 1910 – October 27, 1990) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and an author. Roosevelt was a son of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.
After World War II, Roosevelt was called in front of a Senate subcommittee to testify about financial irregularities in which he had taken part regarding a military contract for the experimental Hughes XF-11 reconnaissance aircraft. Subsequently, he had a varied career in communications, politics and business.
Elliott Roosevelt was the fourth of Franklin and Eleanor's six children, their third child having died in infancy about a year before Elliott's birth. Roosevelt was named after his maternal grandfather, Elliott Roosevelt. His siblings who reached adulthood were:
Roosevelt attended the Hun School of Princeton and went to Groton School, as did his brothers, but did not continue on to Harvard University. Instead, he worked a series of jobs, finally settling in communications in the 1930s, including a management position in the Hearst radio chain.
wn.com/Elliott_Roosevelt -
Elliott Roosevelt I
Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (February 28, 1860 – August 14, 1894) was the father of Anna Eleanor Roosevelt and the brother of US President Theodore Roosevelt. Elliott and Theodore were of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts. Eleanor later married their Hyde Park cousin and future US President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
Elliott was the third of the four children of Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. and Martha Bulloch Roosevelt. He had one older sister, Anna, and one younger sister, Corinne (grandmother of journalists Joseph and Stewart Alsop). His uncle was the former Confederate States Navy Commander and secret agent James Dunwoody Bulloch, who accompanied Elliott when he left Europe in 1892 to admit himself into an asylum in Virginia. Elliott had a competitive relationship with his older brother, Theodore. At a young age, Elliott (nicknamed Ellie or Nell) was academically more successful than Theodore; however, he was eventually surpassed by his older brother. This competition would continue into the next generation with Theodore's daughter Alice and Elliott's daughter Eleanor. Elliott maintained a charming and winsome personality all his life, which masked a growing drinking problem that started at a young age.
wn.com/Elliott_Roosevelt_I -
Emily Donelson
Emily Donelson (June 1, 1807 – December 19, 1836) was the niece of U.S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady of the United States. Born on June 1st, 1908, her father was John Donelson the brother of her aunt, Rachel Donelson. Emily married her cousin, A.J Donelson on September 16, 1824. After her aunt's divorce with Lewis Robards in 1773 and marriage with military fighter, Andrew Jackson on 1741. Her big problem with not creating a legal divorce, having to separate from Jackson, legally divorced Mr. Robards, and remarried Jackson on 1794. At that point the problem was solved, but during the election of 1828, Republicans and supporters to John Quincy Adams found out the whole thing, and blamed Rachel for a bigamist. Even after Emily's uncle won election, 3 weeks later Rachel died of a deadly heart attack. Emily proudly served as hostess until the Peggy Eaton Affair took place, Emily meanly insulted the scandal's subject, Peggy Eaton, the whole thing leaded to Emily quitting job of hostess, so Ms. Donelson was replaced by Sarah Yorke Jackson. Suffering with tuberculosis during working as hostess, she stayed at her mothers house until Emily's died on December 19, 1836 of her tuberculosis.
wn.com/Emily_Donelson -
Florence Harding
Florence Mabel Kling "Flossie" Harding (previously DeWolfe; August 15, 1860, Marion, Ohio – November 21, 1924), wife of President Warren G. Harding, was the First Lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923.
She married the somewhat-younger Harding when he was a newspaper publisher in Ohio, and she was acknowledged as the brains behind the business. Known as The Duchess, she adapted well to the White House, where she gave notably elegant parties.
She was born Florence Kling, the daughter of Amos Kling, a prominent Marion, Ohio banker, and Louisa Bouton Kling.
Pregnant at age 19, Florence eloped with Henry "Pete" Athenton DeWolfe, her childhood friend and neighbor, in 1880. To date, scholastic researchers have been unable to locate official documentation or a legal marriage license for the couple, leading to the belief that DeWolfe and Harding were never civilly married, but instead declared common law marriage as allowed at the time in Ohio. DeWolfe proved a spendthrift and a heavy drinker. Shortly after the birth of their son Marshall Eugene DeWolfe (also known as Marshall Eugene Kling) in 1880, Florence left her husband and returned to Marion. She divorced DeWolfe in 1886 and resumed her maiden name; he died in 1894 at age 35.
wn.com/Florence_Harding -
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde, better known under the name of Franco, (Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko ˈfɾaŋko]; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general, dictator and the leader of the Nationalist military rebellion in the Spanish Civil War, and totalitarian head of state of Spain, from October 1936 (as a unified nation from 1939 onwards) until his death in November 1975. He came to power while recognizing the principles of the far-right Falange movement, although this was for propaganda reasons, as he belonged to no political party before becoming Head of State. As head of state, Franco used the titles Caudillo de España and Generalísimo, but also was called formally as His Excellency, The Head of State.
Franco was from a military family, and although originally intent on entering the Spanish Navy, he instead became a soldier. He participated in the Rif War in Morocco, becoming the youngest general in Europe by 1926. After returning to the Spanish mainland, he saw service suppressing an anarchist-led strike in 1934, defending the stability of Alcalá-Zamora's conservative government. Following the formation of a Popular Front government, made up of various left-wing factions, instability heightened. Violence between militant groups rose sharply with assassination of conservative parliamentary leader José Calvo Sotelo, in retaliation for the killing of José Castillo. Franco and his co-conspirators used Calvo's death as their pretext for war, as they had already initiated the plan for their rebellion.
wn.com/Francisco_Franco -
Frank Sinatra
Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra, /sɨˈnɑːtrə/, (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer and film actor.
Beginning his musical career in the swing era with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra became an unprecedentedly successful solo artist in the early to mid-1940s, after being signed to Columbia Records in 1943. Being the idol of the "bobby soxers", he released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra in 1946. His professional career had stalled by the 1950s, but it was reborn in 1953 after he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity.
He signed with Capitol Records in 1953 and released several critically lauded albums (such as In the Wee Small Hours, Songs for Swingin' Lovers, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice 'n' Easy). Sinatra left Capitol to found his own record label, Reprise Records in 1961 (finding success with albums such as Ring-a-Ding-Ding!, Sinatra at the Sands and Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim), toured internationally, was a founding member of the Rat Pack and fraternized with celebrities and statesmen, including John F. Kennedy. Sinatra turned 50 in 1965, recorded the retrospective September of My Years, starred in the Emmy-winning television special Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music, and scored hits with "Strangers in the Night" and "My Way".
wn.com/Frank_Sinatra -
George McGovern
George Stanley McGovern (born July 19, 1922) is a historian, author, and former U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party nominee in the 1972 presidential election.
McGovern grew up in Mitchell, South Dakota, where he was a renowned debater. He volunteered for the U.S. Army Air Forces upon the country's entry into World War II and as a B-24 Liberator pilot flew 35 missions over German-occupied Europe. Among the medals awarded him was a Distinguished Flying Cross for making a hazardous emergency landing of his damaged plane and saving his crew. After the war he gained degrees from Dakota Wesleyan University and Northwestern University, culminating in a Ph.D, and was a history professor. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1956 and re-elected in 1958. After a failed bid for the U.S. Senate in 1960, he was elected there in 1962.
As a senator, McGovern was an exemplar of modern American liberalism. He became most known for his outspoken opposition to the growing U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. He staged a brief nomination run in the 1968 presidential election as a stand-in for the assassinated Robert F. Kennedy. The subsequent McGovern–Fraser Commission fundamentally altered the Democratic presidential nominating process, by greatly increasing the number of caucuses and primaries and reducing the influence of party insiders. The McGovern–Hatfield Amendment sought to end the Vietnam War by legislative means but was defeated in 1970 and 1971. McGovern's long-shot, grassroots-based 1972 presidential campaign found triumph in gaining the Democratic nomination but left the party badly split ideologically, and the failed vice-presidential pick of Thomas Eagleton undermined McGovern's credibility. In the general election McGovern lost to incumbent Richard Nixon in one of the biggest landslides in American history. Re-elected Senator in 1968 and 1974, McGovern was defeated in a bid for a fourth term in 1980.
wn.com/George_McGovern -
George T. Bye
George Thurman Bye (October 21, 1887 - November 24, 1957) was the Literary agent of Frank Buck and Eleanor Roosevelt. A prominent figure in the literary world before World War II, Bye rose to fame as the agent of people in the news and amateur authors with something timely or sensational to say, so called “stunt books”.
Bye was educated in public schools. He went to work as a reporter on The Kansas City Star, later becoming the paper's drama critic. In 1912, he joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune. While in Chicago he edited the magazine Motor Age and promoted automobile races. In 1916, after a brief period in government service in Washington, D.C., Bye went to London as correspondent for The Kansas City Star and other papers. He was a reporter for the Stars and Stripes during World War I. Returning to the United States in 1921, Bye joined the New York World. In 1922 he accompanied Walter Hinton, aviator, on a "friendship flight" to Rio de Janeiro. Their plane was wrecked in Cuba, but they found another plane at Pensacola, Florida, and reached the Brazilian capital on February 8, 1923, six months after their departure. On his return to New York, Bye set up his literary agency at 535 Fifth Avenue.
wn.com/George_T._Bye -
Grace Coolidge
Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was the wife of Calvin Coolidge and First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929.
She contributed greatly to her husband's rise to office, balancing his natural shyness with her own outgoing style, though he never discussed politics with her. She proved an exceptionally popular White House hostess.
Born in Burlington, Vermont, the only child of Andrew Issaclar Goodhue (1848–1923), a mechanical engineer and steamboat inspector, and Lemira Barrett Goodhue (1849–1929), Grace graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902, where she was a founding member of the Beta chapter of Pi Beta Phi sorority. She then joined the faculty of the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts, as a lip reading instructor.
While watering flowers outside the school one day in 1903, she happened to look up at the open window of Robert N. Weir's boardinghouse and caught a glimpse of Calvin Coolidge shaving in front of a mirror with nothing on but long underwear and a hat. She burst out laughing at the sight; he heard the noise and turned to look at her. It was their first meeting. After a more formal introduction sometime later, the two were quickly attracted to each other.
wn.com/Grace_Coolidge -
Greer Garson
Greer Garson, CBE (29 September 1904 – 6 April 1996) was a British actress who was very popular during World War II, being listed by the Motion Picture Herald as one of America's top ten box office draws in 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, and 1946. As one of MGM's major stars of the 1940s, Garson received seven Academy Award nominations, winning the Best Actress award for Mrs. Miniver (1942).
Greer Garson was born Eileen Evelyn Greer Garson in Manor Park, Essex (now Greater London), England in 1904, the only child of George Garson (1865–1906), a clerk born in London, but with Scottish lineage, and his wife, Nina (née Nancy Sophia Greer; died 1958). Her maternal grandfather was David Greer, a RIC sergeant in Castlewellan, County Down, Ireland in the 1880s and who later became a land steward to the Annesley family (wealthy landlords who built the town of Castlewellan). He lived in a large detached house built on the lower part of what was known as Pig Street or known locally as the Back Way near Shilliday's builder's yard. The house was called ‘Claremount’ and today the street is named Claremount Avenue. It was often reported that Garson was born in this house. She was, in fact, born in London, but spent much of her childhood in Castlewellan.
wn.com/Greer_Garson -
Hall Roosevelt
Gracie Hall Roosevelt (June 28, 1891 – September 25, 1941) was the youngest brother of former First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt and the nephew of Theodore Roosevelt. He was usually called Hall.
He was named Gracie for his father's aunt, Anna Bulloch Gracie and her husband James, and Hall for his mother's family. When Hall was one year old, his mother, Anna Hall Roosevelt, died, and shortly after his third birthday his father, Elliott Roosevelt, died as well. He and Eleanor were then reared by their grandmother at her estate in Tivoli, New York.
Before his death, Eleanor's father had implored her to act as a mother towards her toddler brother, and it was a request she made good upon for the rest of Hall's life. While at Tivoli, Eleanor doted on Hall, and when he enrolled at Groton in 1907, Eleanor accompanied him as a chaperone. While he was attending Groton, she wrote her brother almost daily, but always felt a touch of guilt that Hall had not had a fuller childhood. She took pleasure in Hall's brilliant performance at school, and was proud of his many academic accomplishments, which included a Masters degree in engineering from Harvard.
wn.com/Hall_Roosevelt -
Harriet Lane
Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903), niece of lifelong bachelor United States President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861. She was one of the few women to hold the position of First Lady while not being married to the President.
Harriet Lane's family was from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. She was the youngest child of Elliott Tole Lane, a merchant, and Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. An orphan after the death of her father when she was 11 years old (her mother had died two years earlier), she requested that her favorite uncle, James Buchanan, be appointed her legal guardian. Buchanan, an unmarried Democratic senator from Pennsylvania, indulged his niece and her sister, enrolling them in boarding schools in Charleston, Virginia (later West Virginia), and then for two years at the Academy of the Visitation Convent in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C. By this time, Buchanan was Secretary of State, and he introduced her to fashionable circles as he had promised.
wn.com/Harriet_Lane -
Harry S Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his unprecedented fourth term.
During World War I, Truman served in combat in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war, he joined the Democratic Party political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City, Missouri. He was elected a county official and in 1934 United States senator. After he had gained national prominence as head of the wartime Truman Committee, Truman replaced vice president Henry A. Wallace as Roosevelt's running mate in 1944.
Truman faced many challenges in domestic affairs. The disorderly postwar reconversion of the economy of the United States was marked by severe shortages, numerous strikes, and the passage of the Taft–Hartley Act over his veto. He confounded all predictions to win election in 1948, helped by his famous Whistle Stop Tour of rural America. After his election, he passed only one of the proposals in his liberal Fair Deal program. He used executive orders to end racial discrimination in the armed forces and created loyalty checks that dismissed thousands of communist supporters from office.
wn.com/Harry_S_Truman -
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his unprecedented fourth term.
During World War I, Truman served in combat in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war, he joined the Democratic Party political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City, Missouri. He was elected a county official and in 1934 United States senator. After he had gained national prominence as head of the wartime Truman Committee, Truman replaced vice president Henry A. Wallace as Roosevelt's running mate in 1944.
Truman faced many challenges in domestic affairs. The disorderly postwar reconversion of the economy of the United States was marked by severe shortages, numerous strikes, and the passage of the Taft–Hartley Act over his veto. He confounded all predictions to win election in 1948, helped by his famous Whistle Stop Tour of rural America. After his election, he passed only one of the proposals in his liberal Fair Deal program. He used executive orders to end racial discrimination in the armed forces and created loyalty checks that dismissed thousands of communist supporters from office.
wn.com/Harry_S._Truman -
Hazel Rowley
Hazel Joan Rowley (16 November 1951 – 1 March 2011) was a British-born Australian author and biographer.
Born in London, Rowley emigrated with her parents to Adelaide at the age of eight. She studied at the University of Adelaide, graduating with Honours in French and German. Later she acquired a PhD in French. She taught literary studies at Deakin University in Melbourne, before moving to the United States.
Rowley's first published biography, of Australian novelist Christina Stead, was critically acclaimed and won the National Book Council's "Banjo" Award for non-fiction in 1994. Her next biographical work was about the African American writer Richard Wright. Her best known book, Tête-à-tête (2005), covers the lives of Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre (de Beauvoir had been the subject of Rowley's PhD thesis). Her last published book is Franklin & Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage, about Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt (2011).
Rowley suffered a cerebral hemorrhage in New York in February 2011 and died there on 1 March.
wn.com/Hazel_Rowley -
Helen Caldicott
Helen Mary Caldicott (born 7 August 1938) is an Australian physician, author, and anti-nuclear advocate who has founded several associations dedicated to opposing the use of nuclear power, depleted uranium munitions, nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons proliferation, war and military action in general. She hosts a weekly radio program, If You Love This Planet. In 2009 she was designated a Women's History Month Honoree by the National Women's History Project.
Born in Melbourne, Australia, Caldicott attended the Fintona Girls' School, and received her medical degree in 1961 from the University of Adelaide Medical School. In 1977 she joined the staff of the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston, and taught pediatrics at the Harvard Medical School from 1977 to 1978.
In 1980, following the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, she left her medical career in order to concentrate on calling the world's attention to what she refers to as the "insanity" of the nuclear arms race and the growing reliance on nuclear power.
wn.com/Helen_Caldicott -
Helen Herron Taft
Helen Louise Herron "Nellie" Taft (June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the fourth child of Judge John Williamson Herron (1827–1912), a law partner of Rutherford B. Hayes, and Harriet Collins (1833–1902), Nellie graduated from the Cincinnati College of Music and taught school briefly before her marriage. With her parents, she attended the twenty-fifth wedding anniversary celebration of President and Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes at the White House in 1877. Her grandfather, Ela Collins and uncle William Collins were both members of Congress.
Two years later, she met William Howard Taft at a bobsledding party in Cincinnati; he was 22 years old, she was 18. He asked her out for the first time in February 1880, but they did not date regularly until 1882. He proposed in April 1885, and she accepted in May.
Taft married Nellie on June 19, 1886, at the home of the bride's parents in Cincinnati. The wedding was performed by the Reverend D.N.A. Hoge of Zanesville, Ohio. Taft's younger brother Horace Taft was best man. The couple honeymooned one day in New York City and four days at Sea Bright, New Jersey, before setting off on a three-month tour of Europe.
wn.com/Helen_Herron_Taft -
Ida Saxton McKinley
Ida Saxton McKinley (June 8, 1847 – May 26, 1907), wife of William McKinley, was First Lady of the United States from 1897 to 1901.
Ida was born in Canton, Ohio, the elder daughter of James Saxton, prominent Canton banker, and Katherine DeWalt. Her grandfather, John Saxton, in 1815 founded The Repository, the city's first and now its only newspaper. A graduate of Brook Hall Seminary, a finishing school in Media, Pennsylvania, Ida was refined, charming, and strikingly attractive when she met William "Bill" McKinley at a picnic in 1867. They did not begin courting until after she returned from a European tour in 1869. While single, she worked for a time as a cashier in her father's bank, a position then usually reserved for men.
William McKinley, aged 27, married Ida Saxton, aged 23, on January 25th, 1871, at the First Presbyterian Church in Canton, then still under construction. Following the wedding, performed by the Reverend E. Buckingham and the Reverend Dr. Endsley, the couple attended a reception at the home of the bride's parents and left on an eastern wedding trip.
wn.com/Ida_Saxton_McKinley -
James Roosevelt
James Roosevelt (December 23, 1907 – August 13, 1991) was the oldest son of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He was a United States Congressman, an officer in the United States Marine Corps, an aide to his father, the official Secretary to the President, a Democratic Party activist, and a businessman.
Roosevelt was born in New York City at 125 East 36th Street. He attended the Potomac School and the National Cathedral School in Washington, D.C., and the Groton School in Massachusetts. At Groton, he rowed and played football, as well as serving as a prefect in his senior year. After graduation in 1926, he attended Harvard University, where he rowed with the freshman and junior varsity crews. At Harvard, he followed some family traditions, joining the Signet Society and Hasty Pudding Club, of which both his father, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and his cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt, had been members, as well as the Fly Club, which his father had joined, and Institute of the 1770. He graduated from Harvard University in 1930 and was elected permanent treasurer of his class.
wn.com/James_Roosevelt -
James Warburg
James Paul Warburg (August 18, 1896 – June 3, 1969) was an American banker. He was notably well known for being the financial adviser to Franklin D. Roosevelt. His father was banker Paul Warburg.
Born in Hamburg, Warburg was educated at Middlesex School and Harvard University. He served in the Navy Flying Corps during World War I before entering a career in business. He was at the First National Bank of Boston between 1919 and 1921. Between 1921 and 1929 he was Vice President at the International Acceptance Bank. He was president at the International Manhattan Company from 1929 to 1931, then president of the International Acceptance Bank from 1931 to 1932. He was Vice Chairman of the Board at Bank of the Manhattan Company between 1932 and 1935.
While at the Bank of the Manhattan, he became financial adviser to President Roosevelt. This included acting as financial adviser at the 1933 London World Economic Conference.
Warburg left government in 1934, having come to oppose certain policies of the New Deal. He was opposed to political isolationism however, and re-entered government service in 1941 as Special Assistant to the Coordinator of Information, William Joseph Donovan. In 1942, when propaganda responsibilities were transferred to the Office of War Information, he became its Overseas Branch Deputy Director. He joined the Society for the Prevention of World War III, a lobby group working for a harsh peace for Germany.
wn.com/James_Warburg -
Jane Irwin Harrison
Jane Irwin Harrison (Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, July 23, 1804–May 11, 1846), wife of William Henry Harrison, Jr., and daughter-in-law of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States. Her grandfather was James Ramsey, who owned Millmont Farm at Montgomery Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania.
President Harrison's wife, Anna Harrison, was too ill to travel when her husband left Ohio for his inauguration. William Henry Harrison, Jr. died in 1838, but assisted by her aunt, Jane Irwin Findlay (her father's sister, who was then seventy-three), Jane Irwin Harrison acted as official hostess during President Harrison's brief tenure in office, which lasted for 32 days in 1841.
Her sister, Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin (1810-1850), married John Scott Harrison in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1831—another son of William Henry Harrison—and was mother of US President Benjamin Harrison.
Jane Irwin Harrison died May 11, 1846 at age 41.
wn.com/Jane_Irwin_Harrison -
Jane Pierce
Jane Means Appleton Pierce (March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863), wife of U.S. President Franklin Pierce, was First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857.
Born in Hampton, New Hampshire, the daughter of Reverend Jesse Appleton, a Congregationalist minister, and Elizabeth Means-Appleton, Jane was a petite, frail, shy, melancholy figure. After the death of her father, who had served as president of Bowdoin College not long before Franklin enrolled there, she at age 13 moved into the mansion of her wealthy maternal grandparents in Amherst.
How she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierce's instructors at Bowdoin. Franklin, aged almost 30, married Jane, aged 28, on November 19, 1834, at the home of the bride's maternal grandparents in Amherst, New Hampshire. Theirs was a small wedding, conducted by a brother-in-law of Jane, the Reverend Silas Aiken. The couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D.C..
wn.com/Jane_Pierce -
John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy
pronunciation (help·info) (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43, the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president. Kennedy is the only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War.
wn.com/John_F._Kennedy -
John Haynes Holmes
John Haynes Holmes (1879–1964) was a prominent Unitarian minister and pacifist, noted for his anti-war activism.
John Haynes Holmes was born in Philadelphia on November 29, 1879. He studied at Harvard, graduating in 1902, and Harvard Divinity School, which he graduated in 1904. He was then called to his first church in Dorchester, Massachusetts. He married Madeleine Baker in 1904; they had two children, Roger and Frances. In 1907 he was called to the Church of the Messiah (Unitarian) in New York City. He served as its Senior Minister until 1918.
He wrote many books, many hymns, and a play, If This Be Treason, that had a brief run on Broadway. He was a popular lecturer and debater, including a debate over Prohibition with Clarence Darrow (Darrow was against it).
He helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) in 1909, and also the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in 1920, which he later chaired.
He worked closely with Rabbi Stephen Wise of New York; the book Rabbi and Minister details this friendship and their working relationship on social and religious and political causes.
wn.com/John_Haynes_Holmes -
John Peters Humphrey
John Peters Humphrey, OC (April 30, 1905 – March 14, 1995) was a Canadian legal scholar, jurist, and human rights advocate. He is most famous as the author of the first draft of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights.
Humphrey was born to Frank Humphrey and Nellie Peters on April 30, 1905 in Hampton, New Brunswick. His childhood was touched by tragedy as he lost both his parents to cancer; he also lost one of his arms in an accident while playing with fire. Humphrey attended a boarding school where he endured teasing from other students; it is claimed that this was instrumental in building his character and compassion.
Humphrey applied to Mount Allison University at age 15 and was accepted. He transferred to McGill University and lived with his sister Ruth who was a teacher in Montreal. Humphrey graduated from McGill in 1925 where he was awarded a Bachelor of Commerce degree. He promptly enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Law at McGill, graduating in 1927 and 1929 respectively. Upon graduation, Humphrey was awarded a fellowship to study in Paris, sailing from Montreal on the RMS Aurania. He met fellow passenger Jeanne Godreau while onboard and they were married in Paris shortly after arriving.
wn.com/John_Peters_Humphrey -
Joseph P. Lash
Joseph P. Lash (December 2, 1909 - August 22, 1987) was an American radical political activist, journalist, and author. A close friend of Eleanor Roosevelt, Lash won both the Pulitzer Prize for Biography and the National Book Award in Biography for Eleanor and Franklin (1971), the first of two volumes he wrote about the former First Lady.
Joseph P. Lash was born in New York City, the son of the former Mary Avchin and Samuel Lash, ethnic Jewish immigrants from the Russian empire. Joseph was the eldest of three sons and two daughters of the couple.
He received his Bachelor's degree from City College of New York in 1931 and a Master's degree from Columbia University in New York City in 1932.
In 1930, while a Junior at City College, Lash joined the Socialist Party of America (SPA), in which he remained a member until his resignation in 1937.
Following his graduation in 1932, Lash went to work for the League for Industrial Democracy (LID), an independent socialist organization closely tied to the SPA. He remained as the head of the Student League for Industrial Democracy (SLID) and editor of its publication, Student Outlook, from 1933 until 1935. At that time became the Executive Secretary of the American Student Union, a popular front organization which brought together members of the youth organizations of the rival Socialist and Communist parties. Lash served in this capacity until 1939.
wn.com/Joseph_P._Lash -
Julia Gardiner Tyler
Julia Gardiner Tyler (May 4, 1820 or July 29, 1820 – July 10, 1889) was the second wife of John Tyler, the tenth president of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from June 26, 1844, to March 4, 1845.
Julia Gardiner Tyler was born in 1820 on Gardiner's Island off the eastern tip of Long Island, New York. She was the daughter of Juliana McLachlan-Gardiner and David Gardiner, a prominent landowner and New York State Senator from 1824 to 1828. Julia was raised in the New York town of East Hampton as well as in the small hamlet of Bay Shore, Long Island. At the age of 19, she shocked polite society by posing for a department store advertisement that billed her as the "Rose of Long Island".
In early 1842, Julia was introduced to US President John Tyler at a White House reception. They began seeing each other in January 1843 a few months after the death of First Lady Letitia Tyler.
Julia, her sister Margaret, and her father joined a presidential excursion on the new steam frigate Princeton. David Gardiner, along with a number of others, lost his life in the explosion of a huge naval gun. Tyler comforted Julia in her grief and won her consent to a secret engagement, proposing in 1843 at the George Washington Ball. Because of the circumstances surrounding her father's death, the couple agreed to marry with a minimum of celebration. Thus on June 26, 1844, the president slipped into New York City, where the nuptials were performed by the Right Reverend Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk, fourth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, at the Church of the Ascension. President Tyler was aged 54; Julia just 24.
wn.com/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler -
Julia Grant
Julia Boggs Dent Grant (January 26, 1826 – December 14, 1902), was the wife of the 18th President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant, and was First Lady of the United States from 1869 to 1877.
Born Julia Boggs Dent at White Haven plantation west of St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Colonel Frederick Dent, a slaveholding planter and merchant, and Ellen Wrenshall-Dent, Julia was rather plain in appearance[citation needed] and squinted through crossed eyes. In memoirs prepared late in life—unpublished until 1975—she pictured her girlhood as an idyll: "one long summer of sunshine, flowers, and smiles".
She attended the Misses Mauros' boarding school in St. Louis for seven years among the daughters of other affluent parents. She excelled in art and voice. A social favorite in that circle, she met "Ulys" at her home, where her family welcomed him as a West Point classmate of her brother Frederick; soon she felt lonely without him, dreamed of him, and agreed to wear his West Point ring.
Grant proposed several times before Julia finally accepted. When she did, they were sitting on the front steps of her beloved childhood home, a picturesque plantation called White Haven. In 1844 the couple embarked on a four-year engagement, delayed by the Mexican-American War, during which they saw each other only once.
wn.com/Julia_Grant -
Kermit Roosevelt
Kenneth Kermit Roosevelt I MC (October 10, 1889 – June 4, 1943) was a son of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. He was an explorer on two continents with his father, a graduate of Harvard University, a soldier serving in two world wars, with both the British and U.S. Armies, a businessman, and a writer. He fought a lifelong battle with depression and alcoholism, and eventually committed suicide.
Kenneth Kermit Roosevelt was born at the family residence Sagamore Hill in Oyster Bay, New York, the second son born to Theodore Roosevelt and his second wife, Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt. As a child, his nickname was Kermit and as a grown-up, he adopted the name. He had an elder brother, Theodore Jr., and three younger siblings: Ethel, Archibald, and Quentin. His older half sister was Alice, from his father's first marriage to Alice Roosevelt.
As a child, he had little resistance to illness and infection. He had a flair for language, however, and was an avid reader. He showed a talent for writing that led to recording his experiences in World War I in a book.
wn.com/Kermit_Roosevelt -
Lady Bird Johnson
Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007) was First Lady of the United States (1963-69) during the presidency of her husband Lyndon B. Johnson.
Notably well educated for her time, she proved a capable manager and a shrewd investor. After marrying LBJ in 1934, when he was a political hopeful in Austin, Texas, she used a modest inheritance to bankroll his congressional campaign, and then ran his office while he was serving in the Navy. Next, she bought a radio station and then a TV station, which would soon make them millionaires. As First Lady, she broke new ground by liaising directly with Congress, employing her own press secretary, and making a solo electioneering tour.
Johnson was a lifelong advocate for beautifying the nation's cities and highways ("Where flowers bloom, so does hope") and the Highway Beautification Act was informally known as Lady Bird's Bill. She was a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest US civilian honors.
wn.com/Lady_Bird_Johnson -
Laura Bush
Laura Lane Welch Bush (born November 4, 1946) is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush. She was the First Lady from January 20, 2001, to January 20, 2009. She graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in education and soon took a job as a second grade teacher. After attaining her Master's degree in Library Science at the University of Texas at Austin, she was employed as a librarian. She met George Walker Bush in 1977, and they were married later that year. The couple had twin daughters in 1981.
Bush's political involvement began with her marriage. She campaigned during her husband's unsuccessful 1978 run for the United States Congress and later his successful Texas gubernatorial campaign. As First Lady of Texas, Bush implemented many initiatives focused on health, education, and literacy. In 1999, she aided her husband in campaigning for the presidency in a number of ways, most notably delivering a keynote address at the 2000 Republican National Convention, which gained her national attention. She became first lady after her husband defeated Democrat Al Gore in the 2000 election.
wn.com/Laura_Bush -
Lillian Faderman
Lillian Faderman (born 1940) is a scholar whose books on lesbian relationships and romantic friendship in history have earned critical praise and awards. Faderman is a professor of English at California State University in Fresno, California.
Faderman was raised by her mother, Mary, and her aunt, Rae. In 1923, the two emigrated from a shtetl in Latvia to the lower east side of Manhattan, hoping to marry well enough to pay for their sisters and brothers to join them in the United States. The plan was unsuccessful; the rest of the family was killed during Hitler's extermination of European Jews, and Mary blamed herself for not sending enough money to rescue them. Her guilt contributed to a serious mental illness that would profoundly affect her daughter.
Mary and Rae, Faderman's mother and aunt, worked in the garment industry for very little money. Lillian was her mother's third pregnancy; her mother aborted the first two pregnancies at her father's request, but insisted on bearing and raising the third. Mary remarried when Lillian was a teenager and died in 1979, continuing to have a profound influence on her daughter’s life.
wn.com/Lillian_Faderman -
Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator. He was one of the most influential chemists in history and ranks among the most important scientists of the 20th century. Pauling was among the first scientists to work in the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology.
Pauling is one of only four individuals to have won more than one Nobel Prize. He is one of only two people awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields (the Chemistry and Peace prizes), the other being Marie Curie (the Chemistry and Physics prizes), and the only person awarded two unshared prizes.
Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon, as the first-born child of Herman Henry William Pauling (1876–1910) and Lucy Isabelle "Belle" Darling (1881–1926). He was named "Linus Carl," in honor of Lucy's father, Linus, and Herman's father, Carl. Herman and Lucy – then 23 and 18 years old, respectively – had met at a dinner party in Condon. Six months later, the two were married.
wn.com/Linus_Pauling -
Lorena Hickok
Lorena Alice Hickok (March 7, 1893 – May 1, 1968) was an American journalist and confidante of Eleanor Roosevelt. Her relationship with Roosevelt has been the subject of research.
Lorena Hickok, popularly known as "Hick", was born in East Troy in Walworth County, Wisconsin, the daughter of Anna Adelsa (née Waite) and Addison Hickok. During childhood, Hickok experienced a troubled family life, characterized by abuse, unemployment, and repeated moves. She left home at the age of fourteen to work as a maid until her mother's cousin, Ella Ellis, took her in. While living with Ellis, Hickok finished high school and enrolled at Lawrence College in Appleton, Wisconsin.
wn.com/Lorena_Hickok -
Lou Henry Hoover
Lou Henry Hoover (March 29, 1874 – January 7, 1944) was the wife of President of the United States Herbert Hoover and First Lady, 1929-1933.
Marrying her engineer husband in 1899, she travelled widely with him and became a cultivated scholar and linguist. During World War I, Mrs. Hoover helped him in providing relief for Belgian refugees. As First Lady, she oversaw construction of the presidential retreat at Rapidan Camp in Virginia. She was the first First Lady to make regular radio broadcasts to the Nation. She was president of the Girl Scouts of the USA in 1922-1925 and 1935-1937.
Lou Henry was born in Waterloo, Iowa to Charles Delano Henry, a banker, and Florence Ida Weed, his wife. Lou grew up something of a tomboy in Waterloo, Whittier, California and Monterey, California. Charles Henry took his daughter on camping trips in the hills—her greatest pleasures in her early teens. Lou became a fine horsewoman; she hunted, and preserved specimens with the skill of a taxidermist; she developed an enthusiasm for rocks, minerals, and mining. She attended San Jose Normal School and in 1894 enrolled at Stanford University as the school's only female geology major. That year she met Herbert Hoover, then a senior.
wn.com/Lou_Henry_Hoover -
Louis Howe
Louis McHenry Howe (January 14, 1871- April 18, 1936) was an intimate friend and close political advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He, along with Eleanor Roosevelt and Margurite "Missy" LeHand, was one of the few close associates who supported FDR throughout the most difficult stages of his personal and political recuperation after being afflicted by paralytic illness.
Howe is most known for his fierce, astute, and lifelong devotion to the political career of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who publicly credited him (along with James Farley) for his initial election in 1932. Howe was also well known for his ill health and diminutive appearance which was referred to as "gnome-like" or "ghoulish". Part of this antipathy to his appearance may well have been provoked by the success of the Roosevelt campaigns he managed, doubtless a contributing factor to his sickly appearance was his loss of 32 lbs during the 1932 campaign to elect Roosevelt when he worked day and night and slept in his clothes. Howe inspired legends concerning his power over the president. Howe did not really mind the name calling and often when his phone rang, he would pick it up and say in a sepulchral voice, "This is the Medieval Gnome speaking." And, tying up many of the names which had been conferred on him, he even had cards printed with the title, "Colonel Louis Rasputin Voltaire Talleyrand Simon Legree Howe". He favored The New York Times' description of him as "The President's Other I.", The New York Herald Tribune stated of him, "His loyalty is not to himself, or to an abstract ideal of government, but solely to Franklin D. Roosevelt". He was one of the most influential characters in the making of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt's political careers and perhaps most widely known under the title, "king-maker". Howe was also referred to as "The man behind Roosevelt" and Eleanor Roosevelt frankly credited him for his influence on her political development as well.
wn.com/Louis_Howe -
Louis McHenry Howe
Louis McHenry Howe (January 14, 1871- April 18, 1936) was an intimate friend and close political advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He, along with Eleanor Roosevelt and Margurite "Missy" LeHand, was one of the few close associates who supported FDR throughout the most difficult stages of his personal and political recuperation after being afflicted by paralytic illness.
Howe is most known for his fierce, astute, and lifelong devotion to the political career of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who publicly credited him (along with James Farley) for his initial election in 1932. Howe was also well known for his ill health and diminutive appearance which was referred to as "gnome-like" or "ghoulish". Part of this antipathy to his appearance may well have been provoked by the success of the Roosevelt campaigns he managed, doubtless a contributing factor to his sickly appearance was his loss of 32 lbs during the 1932 campaign to elect Roosevelt when he worked day and night and slept in his clothes. Howe inspired legends concerning his power over the president. Howe did not really mind the name calling and often when his phone rang, he would pick it up and say in a sepulchral voice, "This is the Medieval Gnome speaking." And, tying up many of the names which had been conferred on him, he even had cards printed with the title, "Colonel Louis Rasputin Voltaire Talleyrand Simon Legree Howe". He favored The New York Times' description of him as "The President's Other I.", The New York Herald Tribune stated of him, "His loyalty is not to himself, or to an abstract ideal of government, but solely to Franklin D. Roosevelt". He was one of the most influential characters in the making of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt's political careers and perhaps most widely known under the title, "king-maker". Howe was also referred to as "The man behind Roosevelt" and Eleanor Roosevelt frankly credited him for his influence on her political development as well.
wn.com/Louis_McHenry_Howe -
Louisa Adams
Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, born Louisa Catherine Johnson (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852), wife of John Quincy Adams, was First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.
Born in London, she was the only First Lady born outside of the United States. She was the daughter of Joshua Johnson, an American merchant, and Catherine Nuth-Johnson, an Englishwoman. Her father was originally from Maryland and served as United States consul general in London after 1790. She had six sisters: Ann, Caroline, Harriet, Catherine, Elizabeth, and Adelaide, and a brother, Thomas. Louisa grew up in London and Nantes, France, where the family took refuge during the American Revolution. It was in Nantes that four-year-old Louisa first met her future husband, who at 12 was traveling through France with his father.
She again met Adams, this time in London, where her father had been appointed American consul. Adams at first showed interest in her older sister but soon settled on Louisa. John Quincy Adams, aged 30, married Louisa, aged 22, on July 26, 1797, at All Hallows Barking parish in London, England. Adams' father, John Adams, then President of the United States, overcame his initial objections to his son marrying a person born in another country and welcomed his daughter-in-law into the family.
wn.com/Louisa_Adams -
Lowell Thomas
Lowell Jackson Thomas (April 6, 1892 – August 29, 1981) was an American writer, broadcaster, and traveler, best known as the man who made Lawrence of Arabia famous. So varied were Thomas's activities that when it came time for the Library of Congress to catalog his memoirs they were forced to put them in "CT" ("biographies of subjects who do not fit into any other category") in their classification.[citation needed]
Thomas was born in Woodington, Darke County, Ohio, to Harry and Harriet (née Wagner) Thomas. His father was a doctor and his mother a school teacher. In 1900, the family moved to the mining town of Victor, Colorado. There he worked as a gold miner, a cook, and a reporter on the newspaper.
In 1910, Thomas graduated from Victor High School, where one of his teachers was Mabel Barbee Lee. The following year, he graduated from Valparaiso University with bachelor's degrees in education and science. The next year he received both a B.A. and an M.A. from the University of Denver and began work for the Chicago Journal, writing for it until 1914. Thomas also was on the faculty of Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Institute of Technology, where he taught oratory from 1912 to 1914. He then went to New Jersey, where he studied for a master's at Princeton University (he received the degree in 1916) and again taught oratory at the university.
wn.com/Lowell_Thomas -
Lucius Walker
The Reverend Lucius Walker (August 3, 1930 – September 7, 2010) was an American Baptist minister who served as executive director of the Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization in the 1960s and was a persistent advocate for ending the United States embargo against Cuba. He made multiple trips to Cuba with supplies provided in violation of the embargo.
Walker was born on August 3, 1930, in Roselle, New Jersey and was recognized for his preaching skills by the time he was in his teens. He earned his undergraduate degree from Shaw University and then earned a Doctor of Divinity degree from Andover Newton Theological School as part of his "love affair with the teachings of Jesus" and received his ordination in 1958. He later earned a master's degree from the University of Wisconsin, where he majored in social work.
During the 1960s Walker served as executive director of the Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization, where he pushed for greater cooperation between local religious organizations in helping to improve declining neighborhoods, saying in 1969 that "It's a travesty how much churches have said about social justice and how little they have done". Rabbi Marc H. Tanenbaum, who had been the foundation's president, pulled the American Jewish Congress out of the organization in protest against a demand that religious organizations allot $500 million as reparations for slavery. Walker was named associate general secretary of the National Council of Churches in 1973 and returned to the Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization in 1978 after he had been fired for making excessive contributions to community organizers.
wn.com/Lucius_Walker -
Lucretia Garfield
Lucretia Rudolph-Garfield (April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918), wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881.
Born in Hiram, Ohio, the daughter of Zebulon Rudolph, a farmer and co-founder of the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and Arabella Mason-Rudolph, Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was a devout member of the Churches of Christ.
She first met James Garfield in 1849 when they were classmates at Geauga Seminary in Chester, Ohio, and followed him to the Eclectic Institute, where they began dating. She was somewhat plain in appearance, but Garfield was attracted to her keen intellect and appetite for knowledge. While Garfield went on to Williams College, she taught school in Cleveland, Ohio and Bayou, Ohio. They had planned to marry on his graduation in 1856, but decided to postpone the wedding for a couple of years until he was earning more money.
Both James and Crete were 26-years when they married on November 11, 1858 at the home of the bride's parents in Hiram. Although both were members of the churches of Christ, the nuptials were performed by Henry Hitchcock, a Presbyterian minister. The newlyweds did not take a honeymoon but instead set up housekeeping immediately in Hiram.
wn.com/Lucretia_Garfield -
Lucy Webb Hayes
Lucy Ware Webb Hayes (28 August 1831 – 25 June 1889) was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Historians have christened her "Lemonade Lucy" due to her staunch support of the temperance movement; however, contrary to popular belief, she was never referred to by that nickname while living, and it was her husband who banned alcohol from the White House.
Born in Chillicothe, Ohio, the daughter of James Webb, a doctor, and Maria Cook-Webb, Lucy was descended from seven veterans of the American Revolution. Her father died when she was a child. With her mother, she moved to Ohio where in 1847 she met Rutherford B. Hayes. Later that year, she enrolled at Wesleyan Women’s College (now Ohio Wesleyan University) (class of 1850); she was the first first lady to have graduated from college and was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority. Hayes was by this time practicing law in Cincinnati, and the two began dating seriously. He proposed in June 1851.
Rutherford Hayes, aged 30, married Lucy Webb, aged 21, on December 30, 1852, at the home of the bride’s mother in Cincinnati, Ohio. After the wedding, performed by Dr. L.D. McCabe of Delaware, the couple honeymooned at the home of the groom’s sister and brother-in-law in Columbus, Ohio.
wn.com/Lucy_Webb_Hayes -
Mamie Eisenhower
Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the wife of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Mamie married Dwight Eisenhower in 1916, the young couple moved frequently between military quarters in many postings, from Panama to the Philippines. As First Lady, she entertained a wide range of foreign dignitaries, who reacted well to her confident style and splendid costumes. On leaving the White House, she made clear her disapproval of the incoming Kennedys.
Mamie Eisenhower spent her retirement and widowhood at the family farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Hollywood star Mamie Van Doren was so named by Universal Studios in her honor.
Born in Boone, Iowa and named, in part, after the popular song Lovely Lake Geneva, Mamie Geneva Doud was the second child born to John Sheldon Doud, a meatpacking executive, and his wife, the former Elivera Mathilde Carlson. She grew up in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Denver, Colorado, and the Doud winter home in San Antonio, Texas. Her father, who retired at age 36, ran a meatpacking company founded by his father, Doud & Montgomery ("Buyers of Live Hogs"), and had investments in Illinois and Iowa stockyards. Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants. She had three sisters: Eleanor Carlson Doud, Eda Mae Doud, and Mabel Frances "Mike" Doud.
wn.com/Mamie_Eisenhower -
Margaret Taylor
Margaret Mackall Smith "Peggy" Taylor (September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852), wife of Zachary Taylor, was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850.
Born in Calvert County, Maryland, on September 21, 1788, the daughter of Walter Smith, a prosperous Maryland planter and veteran officer of the American Revolution, and Ann Mackall-Smith, "Peggy" was raised amid refinement and wealth.
While visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she was introduced to Lieutenant Zachary Taylor, then home on leave, by Dr. Alexander Duke.
Taylor, aged 25, married Peggy Smith, aged 21, on June 21, 1810, at the home of the bride's sister, Mrs. Mary Chew near Louisville, Kentucky. Their marriage appears to have been a happy one. A devout Episcopalian, Mrs. Taylor prayed regularly for her soldier husband. She became somewhat reclusive because, it is said, she had promised God to give up the pleasures of society if her husband returned safely from war.
The Taylors' surviving children were:
With the rise in Taylor's political career, she literally prayed for his defeat, for she dreaded the personal consequences of his becoming president. By the time she became First Lady, the hardships of following her husband from fort to fort and the birth of several children had taken their toll. A semi-invalid, she remained in seclusion on the second floor of the White House, leaving the duties of official hostess to her daughter Mary Elizabeth "Betty" Taylor.
wn.com/Margaret_Taylor -
Marguerite LeHand
Marguerite Alice "Missy" LeHand (13 September 1898 - 31 July 1944) was private secretary to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt for 21 years.
LeHand was born in Potsdam, New York to Daniel J. and Mary J. (née Graffin) LeHand, who were themselves the children of Irish immigrants. The family later moved to Somerville, Massachusetts. She graduated from Somerville High School in 1917, then attended secretarial school.
After holding a variety of clerical positions, she moved to Washington, DC, where she eventually became a secretary at the Democratic Party's national headquarters (where her brother Daniel also later worked). In 1920, when Franklin Roosevelt was running for Vice President on a ticket with James M. Cox against Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, Roosevelt's office manager, Charles McCarthy, hired LeHand to work in the campaign's Washington office. It was her work on the campaign and her clear personal devotion to Roosevelt that caught the eye of the Roosevelts, who asked her to help with FDR's personal correspondence after the campaign. This in turn led to two more decades of employment.
wn.com/Marguerite_LeHand -
Marian Anderson
Marian Anderson (February 27, 1897 – April 8, 1993) was an African-American contralto and one of the most celebrated singers of the twentieth century. Music critic Alan Blyth said "Her voice was a rich, vibrant contralto of intrinsic beauty." Most of her singing career was spent performing in concert and recital in major music venues and with famous orchestras throughout the United States and Europe between 1925 and 1965. Although offered roles with many important European opera companies, Anderson declined, as she had no training in acting. She preferred to perform in concert and recital only. She did, however, perform opera arias within her concerts and recitals. She made many recordings that reflected her broad performance repertoire of everything from concert literature to lieder to opera to traditional American songs and spirituals.
Anderson became an important figure in the struggle for black artists to overcome racial prejudice in the United States during the mid-twentieth century. In 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) refused permission for Anderson to sing to an integrated audience in Constitution Hall. The incident placed Anderson into the spotlight of the international community on a level unusual for a classical musician. With the aid of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and her husband Franklin D. Roosevelt, Anderson performed a critically acclaimed open-air concert on Easter Sunday, April 9, 1939, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. She sang before a crowd of more than 75,000 people and a radio audience in the millions. Anderson continued to break barriers for black artists in the United States, becoming the first black person, American or otherwise, to perform at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City on January 7, 1955. Her performance as Ulrica in Giuseppe Verdi's Un ballo in maschera at the Met was the only time she sang an opera role on stage.
wn.com/Marian_Anderson -
Marie Souvestre
Marie Souvestre (April 28, 1830 - March 30, 1905) was a feminist educator who sought to develop independent minds in young women.
Souvestre was born on April 28, 1830, in Brest, France, the daughter of French novelist Émile Souvestre.
Souvestre founded the girls' boarding schools Les Ruches ("the beehives") in Fontainebleau, France, where writer Natalie Clifford Barney and her sister Laura Clifford Barney were later educated, and Allenswood, outside London, where her most famous pupil was Eleanor Roosevelt, for whom she became a maternal figure.
Dorothy Bussy, the sister of writer Lytton Strachey, anonymously published a novel, Olivia (1949), about her experience as a student at Les Ruches, focusing on the protagonist's crush on the headmistress Mlle. Julie (i.e., Souvestre). Bussy later taught Shakespeare at Allenswood.
wn.com/Marie_Souvestre -
Martin Ennals
Martin Ennals (27 July 1927 – 5 October 1991) was a British human rights activist. Ennals served as the Secretary-General of Amnesty International from 1968 to 1980. He went on to help found the British human rights organisation ARTICLE 19, followed by International Alert in 1985.
During Ennals's tenure as Secretary General, Amnesty International was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, the Erasmus Prize, and the UN Human Rights Award.
Born in 1927 in Walsall, Staffordshire to Arthur Ford Ennals and his wife Jessie Edith Taylor. Ennals was educated at Queen Mary's Grammar School and The London School of Economics, where he received a degree in international relations. Ennals worked for The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) from 1951 to 1959. In 1959, Ennals became a founding member of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and also become Secretary General of the National Council for Civil Liberties, a position that he held until 1966, when he become Information and Publications Officer of the Commission for Racial Equality.
wn.com/Martin_Ennals -
Mary Arthur McElroy
Mary Arthur McElroy (July 5, 1841 – January 8, 1917) was the sister of 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess for his administration (1881-1885). She assumed the role because Arthur's wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died only a year and a half earlier.
Mary Arthur was born in Greenwich, New York to William and Malvina S. Arthur. She was the last of nine children. She attended the Emma Willard School Seminary in Troy, New York and later married insurance salesman John McElroy (in 1851). They lived in Albany, New York and had four children.
In November 1880, McElroy's brother Chester Arthur was elected vice president. In July 1881, President James Garfield was fatally wounded and died on September 19, 1881. Arthur succeeded him, and asked McElroy to care for his young daughter Ellen and act as "Mistress of the White House." Because she had her own family in Albany, McElroy lived in Washington, D.C. only during the busy winter social season. Although Arthur never officially granted her the protocol of a formal position, she proved to be a popular and competent hostess. The procedures she and her brother developed for the social functions were used by future First Ladies for decades.
wn.com/Mary_Arthur_McElroy -
Mary Harriman Rumsey
Mary Harriman Rumsey (November 17, 1881-December 18, 1934) was the founder of The Junior League for the Promotion of Settlement Movements, later known as the Junior League of the City of New York of the Association of Junior Leagues International Inc. Mary was the daughter of railroad magnate, E.H. Harriman and sister to W. Averell Harriman, former New York State Governor and United States Diplomat.
Mary Harriman Rumsey was born on November 17, 1881, the oldest of six children to railroad industrialist, E.H. Harriman and his wife Mary Averell Harriman. Mary attended Barnard College where she specialized in Sociology.
Inspired by a lecture on the settlement movement, Mary along with several friends began volunteering at the College Settlement on Rivington Street in New York City's Lower East Side, a large immigrant enclave. Through her work at the College Settlement, Mary became convinced that there was more she could do to help others. Subsequently, Mary and a group of 80 debutantes established the Junior League for the Promotion of Settlement Movements in 1901, while she was still a student at Barnard College. The purpose of the Junior League would be to unite interested debutantes in joining the Settlement Movement in New York City.
wn.com/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey -
Mary Harrison McKee
Mary Scott Harrison McKee (April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930) was the first lady to her father President Benjamin Harrison, when her mother, Caroline Harrison, was seriously ill and then died.
She was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Mary Harrison married James Robert McKee, one of the founders of the General Electric company, in November 1884. They had two children, Benjamin Harrison McKee (known as Baby McKee), and Mary Lodge McKee.
Following her mother's death in October, 1892 and after her father's defeat for reelection, Mrs. McKee and the former president became estranged over his romantic involvement with her cousin, Mary Lord Dimmick, the former first lady's niece. Upon Harrison's marriage to Dimmick in 1896, Mrs. McKee and the president did not speak again. She tried to return to Indianapolis to be by his side when he died in March, 1901, but arrived several hours after his death.
She died at the age of 72 and was buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis, Indiana.
She is the most recent first lady of the United States not to be the wife of a President.
wn.com/Mary_Harrison_McKee -
Mary McLeod Bethune
Mary Jane McLeod Bethune (July 10, 1875 – May 18, 1955) was an American educator and civil rights leader best known for starting a school for African American students in Daytona Beach, Florida, that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University and for being an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Born in South Carolina to parents who had been slaves and having to work in fields at age five, she took an early interest in her own education. With the help of benefactors, Bethune attended college hoping to become a missionary in Africa. When that did not materialize, she started a school for African American girls in Daytona Beach. From six students it grew and merged with an institute for African American boys and eventually became the Bethune-Cookman School. Its quality far surpassed the standards of education for African American students, and rivaled those of schools for white students. Bethune worked tirelessly to ensure funding for the school, and used it as a showcase for tourists and donors, to exhibit what educated African-Americans could do. She was president of the college from 1923 to 1942 and 1946 to 1947, one of the few women in the world who served as a college president at that time.
wn.com/Mary_McLeod_Bethune -
Mary Todd Lincoln
Mary Ann (née Todd) Lincoln (December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.
A member of a large, wealthy Kentucky family, Mary was well educated. After living in the Todd House and a finishing school during her teens, she then moved to Springfield, Illinois and lived with her sister, Elizabeth. Mary was courted by Stephen Douglas, against whom her later husband notably debated. She and Abraham had four sons, only one of whom outlived her. Their home of about 15 years still stands in Springfield.
Lincoln suffered from headaches and other illness through much of her adult life. She supported her husband throughout his presidency, and was witness to his assassination.
Born in Lexington, Kentucky, the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a banker, and Elizabeth Parker Todd, Mary was raised in comfort and refinement. When Mary was six, her mother died; her father married Elizabeth "Betsy" Humphreys Todd in 1826. Mary had a difficult relationship with her stepmother. From 1832, Mary lived in what is now known as the Mary Todd Lincoln House, an elegant 14-room residence in Lexington. From her father's two marriages, Mary had a total of 14 siblings.
wn.com/Mary_Todd_Lincoln -
Michelle Obama
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is the wife of the 44th and incumbent President of the United States, Barack Obama, and is the first African-American First Lady of the United States. Raised on the South Side of Chicago, Obama attended Princeton University and Harvard Law School before returning to Chicago and to work at the law firm Sidley Austin, where she met her future husband. Subsequently, she worked as part of the staff of Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley, and for the University of Chicago Medical Center.
Throughout 2007 and 2008, she helped campaign for her husband's presidential bid and delivered a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. She is the mother of two daughters, Malia and Sasha, and is the sister of Craig Robinson, men's basketball coach at Oregon State University. As the wife of a Senator, and later the First Lady, she has become a fashion icon and role model for women, and an advocate for poverty awareness, nutrition and healthy eating.
wn.com/Michelle_Obama -
Millard Harmon
Millard Fillmore Harmon Jr. (January 19, 1888 - March 3, 1945) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army Air Forces during the Pacific campaign in World War II.
He was born in 1888 at Fort Mason, California. He was from a military family - his father was a colonel, one brother a major general and another a colonel. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1912 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, serving with the 28th and 9th Infantry Regiments. In 1914 he was ordered to the Philippines, and two years later detailed to the newly-organized Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps. That year he accompanied the Mexican Punitive Expedition and did aerial patrol work along the border.
Two weeks before the United States entered World War I, Harmon, then a first lieutenant, was on his way to France. There he attended aviation schools in Paris, served at Allied and American headquarters, and was finally attached to the French 13th Group de Combat as a pilot during the Somme defensive, for which he was awarded the Croix de Guerre.
wn.com/Millard_Harmon -
Nancy Reagan
Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921) is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
Nancy was born in New York City; her parents divorced soon after her birth and she grew up in Maryland, living with an aunt and uncle while her mother pursued acting jobs. As Nancy Davis, she was an actress in Hollywood in the 1940s and 1950s, starring in films such as Donovan's Brain, Night into Morning, and Hellcats of the Navy. In 1952 she married Ronald Reagan, who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild, and they had two children. Nancy was the First Lady of California when her husband was Governor from 1967 to 1975. In that capacity, she began work with the Foster Grandparents Program.
Nancy Reagan became First Lady of the United States in January 1981 following her husband's election. She was criticized early in his first term largely due to her decision to replace the White House china, despite it being paid for by private donations. Nancy restored a Kennedy-esque glamor to the White House following years of lax formality, and her interest in high-end fashion garnered much attention, as well as criticism. She championed recreational drug prevention causes by founding the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign, which was considered her major initiative as first lady. Always protective of her husband, more controversy ensued when it was revealed in 1988 that she had consulted an astrologer to assist in planning the president's schedule after the 1981 assassination attempt on her husband. She had a strong influence on her husband and played a role in a few of his personnel and diplomatic decisions.
wn.com/Nancy_Reagan -
Norman Thomas
Norman Mattoon Thomas (November 20, 1884 – December 19, 1968) was an American Presbyterian minister who achieved fame as a socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.
Thomas was the oldest of six children, born November 20, 1884 in Marion, Ohio to Emma Williams Mattoon and Weddington Evans Thomas, a Presbyterian minister. Thomas had an uneventful midwestern childhood and adolescence, helping to put himself through Marion High School as a paper carrier for Warren G. Harding's Marion Daily Star. Like other paper carriers, he reported directly to Florence Kling Harding. "No pennies ever escaped her," said Thomas. The summer after he graduated from high school his father accepted a pastorate at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, which allowed Norman to attend Bucknell University. He left Bucknell after one year to attend Princeton University, the beneficiary of the largesse of a wealthy uncle by marriage. Thomas graduated magna cum laude from Princeton University in 1905.
wn.com/Norman_Thomas -
Pat Nixon
Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States, and was First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974.
Born in Ely, Nevada, she grew up with her two brothers in what is now Cerritos, California, graduating from high school in 1929. She attended Fullerton Junior College and later the University of Southern California. She paid for her schooling by working multiple jobs, including pharmacy manager, typist, X-ray technician, and retail clerk. In 1940, she married lawyer Richard Nixon and they had two daughters. She campaigned for her husband in his successful congressional campaigns of 1946 and 1948. Richard Nixon was elected Vice President in the Eisenhower administration, whereupon Pat undertook many missions of goodwill with her husband and gained favorable media coverage. She assisted her husband in both his unsuccessful 1960 presidential campaign, and later in his successful presidential campaign of 1968.
wn.com/Pat_Nixon -
Paul Blanshard
Paul Beecher Blanshard (August 27, 1892 – January 27, 1980) was a controversial American author, assistant editor of The Nation magazine, lawyer, socialist, secular humanist, and from 1949 an outspoken critic of Catholicism.
Paul and his twin brother Brand were born in Fredericksburg, Ohio where their father, Francis, was a Congregational minister. Rev. Blanshard and his wife, Emily Coulter Blanshard were Canadian. They met in high school while living in Weston, Ontario, immediately north of Toronto. When the twins were 12 months, their mother fell down stairs holding a lighted oil lamp. Her clothing caught fire, and she died a day later of severe burns.
The Rev. Blanshard brought his sons to Grand Rapids, Michigan for maternal care by his mother, Orminda Adams Blanshard, widow of Methodist clergyman Shem Blanshard. Francis left them in her care, briefly to pastor a church in Helena, Montana. In 1899 the four moved south to Edinburg, Ohio. Upon being diagnosed with tuberculosis, Francis was advised to seek the drier climate of the American West. In 1902, Rev. Blanshard bade his mother and sons goodbye. They moved northwest to Bay View, Michigan and he moved alone to Albuquerque, New Mexico where, in 1904, he died, alone in a tent.
wn.com/Paul_Blanshard -
Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, and head of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations. She is also head of state of the Crown Dependencies.
Elizabeth was born in London, and educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne as George VI in 1936 on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, in which she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. On the death of her father in 1952, she became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Her coronation service in 1953 was the first to be televised. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. Today, in addition to the first four aforementioned countries, Elizabeth is Queen of Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.
wn.com/Queen_Elizabeth_II -
Ralph Bellamy
Ralph Bellamy (June 17, 1904 – November 29, 1991) was an American actor whose career spanned sixty-two years.
He was born Ralph Rexford Bellamy in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Lilla Louise (née Smith), a native of Canada, and Charles Rexford Bellamy. He ran away from home when he was fifteen and managed to get into a road show. He toured with road shows before finally landing in New York City, New York. He began acting on stage there and by 1927 owned his own theatre company. In 1931, he made his film debut and worked constantly throughout the decade first as a lead then as a capable supporting actor. Bellamy was cast in the lead role in the film Straight from the Shoulder (1936) and also in the film It Can't Last Forever (1937) with Edward J. Pawley.
He received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Awful Truth (1937) with Irene Dunne and Cary Grant, and played a similar part, that of a naive boyfriend competing with the sophisticated Grant character, in His Girl Friday (1940). He portrayed detective Ellery Queen in a few films during the 1940s, but as his film career did not progress, he returned to the stage, where he continued to perform throughout the fifties. Highly regarded within the industry, he was a founder of the Screen Actors Guild and served as President of Actors' Equity from 1952-1964.
wn.com/Ralph_Bellamy -
Ramon Magsaysay
Ramón del Fierro Magsaysay (31 August 1907 – 17 March 1957) was the seventh President of the Republic of the Philippines, serving from 30 December 1953 until his death in a 1957 aircraft disaster. An automobile mechanic, Magsaysay was appointed military governor of Zambales after his outstanding service as a guerilla leader during the Pacific War. He then served two terms as Liberal Party congressman for Zambales before being appointed as Secretary of National Defense by President Elpidio Quirino. He was elected President under the banner of the Nacionalista Party.
Ramón Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales on August 31, 1907 to Exequiel Magsaysay, a blacksmith, and Perfecta del Fierro, a schoolteacher. He entered the University of the Philippines in 1927. He worked as a chauffeur to support himself as he studied engineering; later, he transferred to the Institute of Commerce at José Rizal College (1928–1932), where he received a baccalaureate in commerce. He then worked as an automobile mechanic and shop superintendent.
wn.com/Ramon_Magsaysay -
Ramsey Clark
William Ramsey Clark (born December 18, 1927) is an American lawyer, activist and former public official. He worked for the U.S. Department of Justice, which included service as United States Attorney General from 1967 to 1969, under President Lyndon B. Johnson. He supervised the drafting and played an important role in the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968. Since leaving public office Clark has led many left-wing activism campaigns, including opposition to the War on Terror, and he has offered legal defense to controversial figures such as Lyndon LaRouche, Slobodan Milošević and Saddam Hussein.
Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, to Thomas Campbell Clark, who was also a United States Attorney General and a justice of the Supreme Court, and Mary Jane (née Ramsey), the daughter of a prominent Texas judge and lawyer Wiliam Franklin Ramsey. Clark served in the United States Marine Corps in 1945 and 1946, then earned a B.A. degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 1949, and an M.A. and a J.D. from the University of Chicago in 1950. While at the Texas he was a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity.
wn.com/Ramsey_Clark -
Randall Forsberg
Dr. Randall Caroline Forsberg (July 23, 1943 – October 19, 2007) led a lifetime of research and advocacy on ways to reduce the risk of war, minimize the burden of military spending, and promote democratic institutions. Her career started at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in 1968. In 1974 she moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts (where she earned her Ph.D. in 1980) to found the Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies as well as to launch the national Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign.
Talks at West Point, the US Air Force Academy, the National Defense University, and the German War College; and met with senior government officials of Russia, China, Germany, Norway, and other countries. She was on the board or advisory board of the Boston Review, Arms Control Association, Journal of Peace Research, University of California Institute for Global Cooperation and Conflict, and Women's Action for New Directions from ____ until her death in 2007.
http://bostonreview.net/BR27.5/forsberg.html
wn.com/Randall_Forsberg -
René Cassin
René Samuel Cassin (born 5 October 1887 in Bayonne, France – died 20 February 1976 in Paris, France) was a French jurist, law professor and judge. The son of a French-Jewish merchant, he served as a soldier in World War I, and later went on to form the Union Fédérale, a leftist, pacifist Veterans organisation. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1968 for his work in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948. That same year, he was also awarded one of the UN's own Human Rights Prizes. René Cassin founded the French Institute of Administrative Sciences (IFSA) which was recognized as a public utility association.
As French delegate to the League of Nations from 1924 to 1938, Cassin pressed for progress on disarmament and in developing institutions to aid the resolution of international conflicts.
Working from a draft composed by Canadian scholar and professor of law, John Humphrey, he reduced the draft from 46 basic articles to 44. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as eventually adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December contained 30 human rights articles from the original draft.
wn.com/René_Cassin -
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937, and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968, he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
wn.com/Richard_Nixon -
Robert Jay Lifton
Robert Jay Lifton (born May 16, 1926) is an American psychiatrist and author, chiefly known for his studies of the psychological causes and effects of war and political violence and for his theory of thought reform. He was an early proponent of the techniques of psychohistory.
A leading scholar of the Holocaust and an internationally renowned author of several books, including "The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide" and "The Genocidal Mentality: Nazi Holocaust and the Nuclear Threat", agrees that what happened to the Bosnian Muslims "merits the use of the word genocide." He is a recipient of a Nobel Lectureship, the Holocaust Memorial Award, and the Gandhi Peace Award. Since the 1960s, Dr. Lifton has been recognized internationally for his research on genocide. According to Dr. Lifton,
"What's happening there [in Bosnia] merits the use of the word genocide. There is an effort to systematically destroy an entire group. It's even been conceptualized by Serbian nationalists as so-called 'ethnic cleansing.' That term signifies mass killing, mass relocation, and that does constitute genocide."
wn.com/Robert_Jay_Lifton -
Roland Bainton
Roland Herbert Bainton (1894–1984) was a British born American Protestant church historian.
He was born in Ilkeston, Derbyshire,England and came to the United States in 1902. He received an A.B. degree from Whitman College, and B.D. and Ph.D.. degrees from Yale University. He also received a number of honorary degrees including a D.D. from Meadville Theological Seminary and from Oberlin College, Dr. Theologiae from the University of Marburg, Germany, and Litt.D. from Gettysburg College. A specialist in Reformation history, Bainton was for forty-two years Titus Street Professor of ecclesiastical history at Yale, and he continued his writing well into his twenty years of retirement.
Bainton's father was a pacifist, and he himself married a Quaker. Graduating from seminary just as World War I began, he affiliated with the Society of Friends' unit of the American Red Cross. Although he was ordained as a Congregationist minister, he never served as the pastor of a congregation.
Bainton wore his scholarship lightly and had a lively, readable style. His most popular books were Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (1950)--which sold more than a million copies—and The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century (1952), both of which were widely used as textbooks. In all he was the author of more than thirty books on Christianity. Many of Bainton's books are illustrated with examples taken from his collection of medieval and Renaissance drawings, woodcuts, and engravings. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1954.
wn.com/Roland_Bainton -
Rosalynn Carter
Eleanor Rosalynn Carter (born Eleanor Rosalynn Smith; August 18, 1927) is the wife of the former President of the United States Jimmy Carter and in that capacity served as the First Lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981. As First Lady and after, she has been a leading advocate for numerous causes, perhaps most prominently for mental health research. She was politically active in her White House years as her husband's closest adviser and sat in on Cabinet and policy meetings. She also served as an envoy abroad, most notably to Latin America.
Carter was born in Plains, Georgia, the eldest of the four children of Allie M. Smith (1905–2000), a dressmaker, and Wilburn Edgar Smith (1896–1940), an automobile mechanic and farmer. Her brothers were William Jerrold "Jerry" Smith (engineer, 1929–2003) and Murray Lee Smith (teacher and minister, 1932–2003) and her sister is Lillian Allethea Smith Wall (born 1936).
Her father died of leukemia when she was 13 and she helped her mother to raise her younger siblings, as well as to assist in the dressmaking business in order to meet the family's financial obligations. Carter graduated as valedictorian of Plains High School and then attended Georgia Southwestern College.
wn.com/Rosalynn_Carter -
Rose Cleveland
Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (June 13, 1846 - November 22, 1918), was the First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother U.S. President Grover Cleveland's two administrations.
wn.com/Rose_Cleveland -
Roy Bourgeois
Roy Bourgeois (born 27 January 1938 in Louisiana) is an American activist. He was ordained a priest in the Maryknoll order of the Roman Catholic Church and is founder of the human rights group SOA Watch or the School of the Americas Watch.
Father Bourgeois was excommunicated latae sententiae for his participation in a women's ordination ceremony in August 2008.
Bourgeois was born in Lutcher, Louisiana. He grew up in a conservative working class family, and attended the University of Southwestern Louisiana and graduated with a bachelor of science degree in geology.
After graduation, Bourgeois entered the United States Navy and served as an officer for four years. He spent two years at sea, one year at a station in Europe, and one year in Vietnam. He received the Purple Heart during a tour of duty in Vietnam, however he later returned it.
After military service, he entered the seminary of the Catholic missionary order of Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers (Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America). He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1972 and sent to Bolivia.
wn.com/Roy_Bourgeois -
Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891) was the wife of the 11th President of the United States, James Polk, and the 12th woman to serve as First Lady.
Sarah Childress was born in 1803 to Joel Childress, a prominent planter, merchant, and land speculator, and Elizabeth Whitsitt Childress—the third of their six children. Sarah was well educated for a woman of her time and place, attending the exclusive Moravians' "female academy" at Salem, North Carolina. She was then schooled at what is now Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 1817, one of the few institutions of higher learning available to women in the early 19th century.
Sarah met James Polk while both were receiving instruction from Samuel P. Black in Murfreesboro, Tennessee; he was 19, she was 12. Several years later James began courting her, and in 1823 the two became engaged. Sarah Childress, aged 20, married James Polk, aged 28, on January 1, 1824, at the plantation home of the bride's parents near Murfreesboro. The Polks had no children of their own, but raised a nephew, Marshall Tate Polk (1831–1884) as their personal ward. After her husband's death, Mrs. Polk assumed guardianship of an orphaned niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847–1924), and raised the girl as her own.
wn.com/Sarah_Childress_Polk -
Sarah Yorke Jackson
Sarah Yorke Jackson (July 16, 1803 – August 23, 1887) was the daughter-in-law of U.S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady of the United States from November 26, 1834 to March 4, 1837.
Sarah was born on July 16, 1803 into a wealthy family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father Peter Yorke, a sea captain and successful merchant, died in 1815. Her mother Mary Haines Yorke died during a trip to New Orleans in 1820 leaving Sarah and her two sisters orphaned. She was raised by two aunts.
Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr., the adopted son of Andrew Jackson, in Philadelphia on November 24, 1831. After an extended honeymoon at the White House, the new couple left for The Hermitage, Jackson's plantation in Tennessee. The couple remained at the Hermitage managing the plantation until a fire destroyed much of the main house in 1834. The couple and their two young children went to Washington to live with President Jackson at the White House. Later she was an artist for 15 years.
wn.com/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson -
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939. The war began after a pronunciamiento (declaration of opposition) by a group of generals under the leadership of José Sanjurjo against the elected government of the Second Spanish Republic, at the time under the leadership of President Manuel Azaña. The rebel coup was supported by a number of conservative groups including the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right, monarchists such as the religious conservative Carlists, and the Fascist Falange. The uprising was authoritarian and anti-separatist in inspiration; anti-Basque and anti-Catalan feeling marked the Nationalist zone.
Following the only partially successful coup, Spain was left militarily and politically divided. From that moment onwards, general Francisco Franco began a protracted war of attrition against the established government for the control of the country. The rebel forces received the support of Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy, as well as neighbouring Portugal, while the Soviet Union and Mexico intervened in support of the Republican government or loyalist side.
wn.com/Spanish_Civil_War -
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt ( /ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ ROH-zə-velt; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. Roosevelt was 42 years old when sworn in as President of the United States in 1901, making him the youngest president ever; he beat out the youngest elected president, John F. Kennedy, by only one year. Roosevelt was also one of only three sitting presidents to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, the other two being Woodrow Wilson and Barack Obama.
wn.com/Theodore_Roosevelt -
Thomas Finletter
Thomas Knight Finletter (November 11, 1893 – April 24, 1980), was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman.
Finletter was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Thomas Dickson Finletter and Helen Grill Finletter. He took his early education at The Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with both bachelor of arts degree in 1915 and bachelor of laws in 1920. He also served as editor-in-chief of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review. In World War I, he served with the 312th Field Artillery advancing to the rank of captain. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1920 and the New York Bar in 1921.
Finletter practiced law in New York until he began his government service in 1941, as a special assistant to Secretary of State Cordell Hull on international economic affairs. In 1943, he was appointed executive director and later deputy director of the Office of Foreign Economic Coordinator (OFEC). In this post, he was in charge of planning economic activities related to liberated areas and was in control of matters of foreign exchange and matters relating to the operations of the Alien Property Custodian. Finletter resigned his post in 1944, when the functions of OFEC were absorbed by the newly created Foreign Economic Administration.
wn.com/Thomas_Finletter -
Tuskegee Airmen
The Tuskegee Airmen ( /tʌsˈkiːɡiː/) is the popular name of a group of African American pilots who fought in World War II. Formally, they formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Corps (United States Army Air Forces after June 20, 1941).
The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States armed forces. During World War II, African Americans in many U.S. states were still subject to the Jim Crow laws. The American military was racially segregated, as was much of the federal government. The Tuskegee Airmen were subjected to racial discrimination, both within and outside the army. Despite these adversities, they trained and flew with distinction. All black military pilots who trained in the United States trained at Tuskegee, including five Haitians.
Although the 477th Bombardment Group "worked up" on North American B-25 Mitchell bombers, they never served in combat; the Tuskegee 332nd Fighter Group was the only operational unit, first sent overseas as part of Operation Torch, then seeing action in Sicily and Italy, before being deployed as bomber escorts in Europe, where they were very successful.
wn.com/Tuskegee_Airmen -
U Thant
U Thant (/ˌuː ˈθɑːnt/;Burmese: ဦးသန္႔; MLCTS: u:san.; Burmese pronunciation: [ʔú θa̰ɴ]; January 22, 1909 – November 25, 1974) was a Burmese diplomat and the third Secretary-General of the United Nations, from 1961 to 1971. He was chosen for the post when his predecessor, Dag Hammarskjöld, died in September 1961.
"U" is an honorific in Burmese, roughly equal to "Mr". "Thant" was his only name. In Burmese he was known as Pantanaw U Thant, in reference to his home town of Pantanaw.
Thant was born in Pantanaw, Lower Burma, and was educated at the National High School in Pantanaw and at University College, Rangoon, where he studied history. He was the eldest of four sons and was born into a family of well-to-do landowners and rice merchants. His father, Po Hnit, had helped establish The Sun (Thuriya) newspaper in Rangoon and had been educated in Calcutta, British India. He was also a founding member of the Burma Research Society. U Thant's father, according to Thant Myint-U (U Thant's grandson), had both Buddhist and Muslim forebears. His father died when Thant was fourteen, and a series of inheritance disputes forced Thant's mother, Nan Thaung, and her four children into difficult financial times. His brothers U Khant, U Thaung, and Tin Maung, were also politicians and scholars.
wn.com/U_Thant -
W. Averell Harriman
William Averell Harriman (November 15, 1891 – July 26, 1986) was an American Democratic Party politician, businessman, and diplomat. He was the son of railroad baron E. H. Harriman. He served as Secretary of Commerce under President Harry S. Truman and later as the 48th Governor of New York. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1952, and again in 1956 when he was endorsed by President Truman but lost to Adlai Stevenson. Harriman served President Franklin D. Roosevelt as special envoy to Europe and served as the U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union and U.S. Ambassador to Britain. He served in numerous U.S. diplomatic assignments in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.
William Averell Harriman was born in New York City, the son of railroad baron Edward Henry Harriman and Mary Williamson Averell, and brother of E. Roland Harriman. Harriman was a close friend of Hall Roosevelt (brother of Eleanor Roosevelt).
During the summer of 1899, Harriman's father organized the Harriman Alaska Expedition, a philanthropic-scientific survey of coastal Alaska and Russia that attracted twenty-five of the leading scientific, naturalist and artist luminaries of the day, including John Muir, John Burroughs, George Bird Grinnell, C. Hart Merriam, Grove Karl Gilbert, and Edward Curtis, along with 100 family members and staff, aboard the steamship George Elder. Young Harriman would have his first introduction to Russia, a nation that he would spend a significant amount of attention on in his later life in public service.
wn.com/W._Averell_Harriman -
Wayne Morse
Wayne Lyman Morse (October 20, 1900 – July 22, 1974) was a politician and attorney from Oregon, United States, known for his proclivity for opposing his parties' leadership, and specifically for his opposition to the Vietnam War on constitutional grounds.
Born in Madison, Wisconsin, and educated at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Minnesota Law School, Morse moved to Oregon in 1930 and began teaching at the University of Oregon School of Law. During World War II he was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican; he became an Independent after Dwight D. Eisenhower's election to the presidency in 1952. While an independent, he set a record for performing the longest one-person filibuster in the history of the Senate. Morse joined the Democratic Party in 1955, and was reelected twice while a member of that party.
Morse made a brief run for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination in 1960. A few years later, Morse was one of only two Senators who opposed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which authorized the president to take military action in Vietnam without a declaration of war. He continued to speak out against the war in the ensuing years, and lost his 1968 bid for reelection to Bob Packwood, who criticized his strong opposition to the war. Morse made two more bids for reelection to the Senate before his death in 1974.
wn.com/Wayne_Morse -
Wendell Willkie
Wendell Lewis Willkie (/ˈwɛndl[unsupported input] ˈl[unsupported input]ɨs ˈwɪlki/; February 18, 1892 – October 8, 1944) was a corporate lawyer in the United States and a dark horse who became the Republican Party nominee for the president in 1940. A member of the liberal wing of the GOP, he crusaded against those domestic policies of the New Deal that he thought were inefficient and anti-business. Willkie, an internationalist, needed the votes of the large isolationist element, so he waffled on the bitterly debated issue of America's role in World War II, losing support from both sides. His opponent Franklin D. Roosevelt won the 1940 election with 55% of the popular vote and 85% of the electoral vote.
Afterward, Roosevelt found Willkie to be compatible politically with his plans and brought him aboard as an informal ambassador-at-large. Willkie criss-crossed the globe on the former army bomber The Gulliver, bringing home a vision of "One World" freed from imperialism and colonialism. "One World" was Willkie's travelogue of his travels and meetings of the then-Allies heads of state, as well as ordinary citizens and soldiers in regions such as Russia and Iran. His liberalism lost him supporters in the GOP and he dropped out of the 1944 race, then died of a heart attack. He never held political office.
wn.com/Wendell_Willkie -
Westbrook Pegler
Francis James Westbrook Pegler (August 2, 1894 – June 24, 1969) was an American journalist and writer. He was a popular columnist in the 1930s and 1940s famed for his opposition to the New Deal and labor unions. Pegler criticized every president from Herbert Hoover to FDR ("moosejaw") to Harry Truman ("a thin-lipped hater") to John F. Kennedy. He also criticized the Supreme Court, the tax system, and labor unions. In 1962, he lost his contract with King Features Syndicate, owned by the Hearst Corporation, after he started criticizing Hearst executives. His late writing appeared sporadically in publications that included the John Birch Society's American Opinion.
Pegler was born August 2, 1894, in Minneapolis, Minnesota where his father, Arthur James Pegler, was a newspaper editor.
The Roman Catholic Pegler married Julia Harpman, a onetime New York Daily News crime reporter from a Jewish family in Tennessee. Later he married his secretary Maude Wettje.
Westbrook was the youngest American war correspondent during World War I, working for United Press. He became a sports columnist after the war but soon wrote general interest articles. He moved in 1925 to the Chicago Tribune and in 1933 to the Scripps Howard syndicate, where he worked closely with his friend Roy Howard. He built up a large readership for his column 'Mister Pegler' and elicited this observation by Time magazine in its October 10, 1938 issue:
wn.com/Westbrook_Pegler -
William Halsey, Jr.
Fleet Admiral William Frederick Halsey, Jr., United States Navy, (October 30, 1882 – August 16, 1959) (commonly referred to as "Bill" or "Bull" Halsey), was a U.S. Naval officer. He commanded the South Pacific Area during the early stages of the Pacific War against Japan. Later he was commander of the Third Fleet through the duration of hostilities.
Halsey was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, on October 30, 1882, the son of US Navy Captain William F. Halsey, Sr.. His father was a descendant of Senator Rufus King, who was an American lawyer, politician, diplomat, and Federalist candidate for both Vice President (1804, 1808) and President of the United States (1816). Halsey attended the Pingry School.
After waiting two years to receive an appointment to the United States Naval Academy, the young Halsey decided to study medicine at the University of Virginia to then get into the Navy as a physician. He chose Virginia because his best friend, Karl Osterhause, was there. While there Halsey joined the prestigious Delta Psi fraternity. After his first year Halsey received his appointment to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, and entered the Academy in the Fall of 1900.
wn.com/William_Halsey,_Jr.
Roosevelt, Eleanor Filmography
- Edward & George: Two Brothers, One Throne (2012)
- Sing Your Song (2011)
- Hubert H Humphrey: The Art of the Possible (2010)
- FDR: A Presidency Revealed (2005)
- René Lévesque, héros malgré lui (2003)
- Roots of the Cuban Missile Crisis (2001)
- They Drew Fire (2000)
- History Lessons (2000)
- Ils ont filmé la guerre en couleur (2000)
- ABC 2000: The Millennium (1999)
- Biography of the Millennium: 100 People - 1000 Years (1999)
- The Great Depression (1998)
- Royal Family at War (1995)
- Hiroshima: Why the Bomb Was Dropped (1995)
- Nixon (1995)
- Fame in the Twentieth Century (1993)
- Stalking the President: A History of American Assassins (1992)
- The Speeches Collection: John F. Kennedy (1990)
- All This and World War II (1976)
- Brother Can You Spare a Dime (1975)
- F.D.R. (1965)
- The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965)
- President Kennedy's Birthday Salute (1962)
- At This Very Moment (1962)
- The Joker Is Wild (1957)
- Näin syntyi nykypäivä 1900-1950 (1951)
- Universal Newsreel (1945)
- Universal Newsreel (1945)
- Women in Defense (1941)
- Pastor Hall (1940)
- The Royal Visit (1939)
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Whats my line? - Eleanor Roosenvelt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:04
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
1953 - 54
http://wn.com/Whats_my_line?_Eleanor_Roosenvelt
1953 - 54
The Eleanor Roosevelt Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
The Eleanor Roosevelt Story
http://wn.com/The_Eleanor_Roosevelt_Story
The Eleanor Roosevelt Story
- published: 20 Aug 2007
- views: 55133
- author: kaplanrichard
Eleanor Roosevelt interviews JFK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Eleanor Roosevelt's 1961 talk show with JFK about starting the Peace Corps
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt_interviews_JFK
Eleanor Roosevelt's 1961 talk show with JFK about starting the Peace Corps
- published: 22 Sep 2009
- views: 38863
- author: wgbhstocksales
Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Speech by Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt for a TV Program on Human Rights Day Archival footage from the FDR Presidential Library
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Human_Rights_Speech
Speech by Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt for a TV Program on Human Rights Day Archival footage from the FDR Presidential Library
- published: 11 Jun 2009
- views: 12293
- author: FDRLibrary
Eleanor Roosevelt Living History Programs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:38
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Part I - Intro to three Eleanor Roosevelt Living History Programs 1. "This is My Story" Eleanor Roosevelt during the Great Depression Meet first lady Eleanor Roosevelt in 1937, during her husband's second term as president, in the unfolding years of the New Deal. Hear her views on how you can make a difference in the midst of a strife-filled world — views at least as relevant today as they were seven decades ago. 2. "What We Are Fighting For" Eleanor Roosevelt during World War II It is December 1942. Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt has just returned from England where she visited with soldiers, generals, royalty, and the working people. Find out how the First Lady feels about the individual's role in a world torn by war, hardship, and uncertainty. 3. "Hammering Out Human Rights" Eleanor Roosevelt at the United Nations Dubbed "First Lady of the World" by President Truman, Eleanor Roosevelt speaks of the ground-breaking, grueling, tempestuous, and eventually triumphant development of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a Magna Carta for humankind. You may be surprised to find out how important Human Rights are to your life, and to the potential longevity of the United States
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Living_History_Programs
Part I - Intro to three Eleanor Roosevelt Living History Programs 1. "This is My Story" Eleanor Roosevelt during the Great Depression Meet first lady Eleanor Roosevelt in 1937, during her husband's second term as president, in the unfolding years of the New Deal. Hear her views on how you can make a difference in the midst of a strife-filled world — views at least as relevant today as they were seven decades ago. 2. "What We Are Fighting For" Eleanor Roosevelt during World War II It is December 1942. Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt has just returned from England where she visited with soldiers, generals, royalty, and the working people. Find out how the First Lady feels about the individual's role in a world torn by war, hardship, and uncertainty. 3. "Hammering Out Human Rights" Eleanor Roosevelt at the United Nations Dubbed "First Lady of the World" by President Truman, Eleanor Roosevelt speaks of the ground-breaking, grueling, tempestuous, and eventually triumphant development of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a Magna Carta for humankind. You may be surprised to find out how important Human Rights are to your life, and to the potential longevity of the United States
- published: 15 Feb 2011
- views: 2170
- author: EleanorRooseveltLH
Creative Quotations from Eleanor Roosevelt for Oct 11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
A thought provoking collection of Creative Quotations from Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962); born on Oct 11. US first lady, social reformer; She was "First Lady of the World", US delegate to UN, 1945-53, and wrote "It's Up to the Women," 1953.
http://wn.com/Creative_Quotations_from_Eleanor_Roosevelt_for_Oct_11
A thought provoking collection of Creative Quotations from Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962); born on Oct 11. US first lady, social reformer; She was "First Lady of the World", US delegate to UN, 1945-53, and wrote "It's Up to the Women," 1953.
- published: 27 Sep 2008
- views: 6492
- author: CreativeQuotations
Eleanor roosevelt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
Eleanor roosevelt
http://wn.com/Eleanor_roosevelt
Eleanor roosevelt
- published: 26 Jan 2008
- views: 23023
- author: lordjewel
Model Leadership- Eleanor Roosevelt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 06 Mar 2012
Eleanor Roosevelt is considered the greatest First Lady of all time. She was influential both in and out of the white house for her work with women's suffrage, human rights and civil rights. She was truly a model leader
http://wn.com/Model_Leadership_Eleanor_Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt is considered the greatest First Lady of all time. She was influential both in and out of the white house for her work with women's suffrage, human rights and civil rights. She was truly a model leader
- published: 06 Mar 2012
- views: 655
- author: PLIColorado
Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:40
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City on October 11, 1884. ... During Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, Eleanor Roosevelt was an active First
http://wn.com/Biography_of_Eleanor_Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City on October 11, 1884. ... During Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, Eleanor Roosevelt was an active First
- published: 26 Jul 2008
- views: 6098
- author: dan izzo
Eleanor Roosevelt Tells One 1943/9/30
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
"Eleanor Roosevelt convulses audiences as she relates a whopper involving the Japs and her husband." sound of Mrs. Roosevelt speaking. (partial newsreel)
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Tells_One_1943_9_30
"Eleanor Roosevelt convulses audiences as she relates a whopper involving the Japs and her husband." sound of Mrs. Roosevelt speaking. (partial newsreel)
- published: 16 Sep 2006
- views: 11377
- author: UniversalNewsreels
Hillary at the eighth annual Eleanor Roosevelt Legacy Committee luncheon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:02
- Updated: 26 Jun 2012
Hillary at the eighth annual Eleanor Roosevelt Legacy Committee luncheon
http://wn.com/Hillary_at_the_eighth_annual_Eleanor_Roosevelt_Legacy_Committee_luncheon
Hillary at the eighth annual Eleanor Roosevelt Legacy Committee luncheon
- published: 08 Oct 2008
- views: 12194
- author: hillaryclintondotcom
Eleanor Roosevelt addresses the United Nations on the ratification of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt_addresses_the_United_Nations_on_the_ratification_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights
- published: 02 Dec 2008
- views: 41133
- author: UNAUSA01
Eleanor Roosevelt Margarine Commercial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:27
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Mrs. Roosevelt for Good Luck Margarine (1959)
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Margarine_Commercial
Mrs. Roosevelt for Good Luck Margarine (1959)
- published: 24 Jul 2008
- views: 15673
- author: joeypropeller
Mini BIO - Eleanor Roosevelt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:13
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
Biography of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and her proactive campaigning for husband, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, for his policies and programs unlike her predecessors.
http://wn.com/Mini_BIO_Eleanor_Roosevelt
Biography of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and her proactive campaigning for husband, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, for his policies and programs unlike her predecessors.
- published: 01 Mar 2012
- views: 659
- author: BiographyChannel
Eleanor Roosevelt's Lesbian Lust
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Updated: 04 May 2012
let's debate history !! -- The history channel did a documentary this week on the personal lives of past united states presidents. franklin roosevelt was in this documentary and Miss AB Nancy Cook was in the segment about roosevelt's affairs. Miss Cook was from massena new york. she was close friends for a time period with eleanor roosevelt -- but a fact has been brought up over the years -- and was clearly pointed out -- without saying in the documentary was mrs. roosevelt miss cook's gay lover along with another close female associate? In this blog I speak about this and the facts I have been told locally over the years by now deceased people who knew the roosevelt's. the cottage and the quilt are two factors that make you wonder. -- john daniel one link and recent book I found to debate this: lesbianlife.about.com
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt's_Lesbian_Lust
let's debate history !! -- The history channel did a documentary this week on the personal lives of past united states presidents. franklin roosevelt was in this documentary and Miss AB Nancy Cook was in the segment about roosevelt's affairs. Miss Cook was from massena new york. she was close friends for a time period with eleanor roosevelt -- but a fact has been brought up over the years -- and was clearly pointed out -- without saying in the documentary was mrs. roosevelt miss cook's gay lover along with another close female associate? In this blog I speak about this and the facts I have been told locally over the years by now deceased people who knew the roosevelt's. the cottage and the quilt are two factors that make you wonder. -- john daniel one link and recent book I found to debate this: lesbianlife.about.com
- published: 17 Mar 2009
- views: 9346
- author: johnswackyworld
The League and Eleanor Roosevelt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/The_League_and_Eleanor_Roosevelt
- published: 12 Jun 2010
- views: 1855
- author: LeagueofWomenVoters
Eleanor Roosevelt, Help Needy 1933/11/1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
"Chicago: Impressive scenes as Mrs. Roosevelt, speaking before 8000 members of the Illinois Federation of Professional and Women's Clubs, urges women throughout the nation to aid the destitute unemployed by co-operating with local unemployment committees in their fund raising efforts." sound of Eleanor Roosevelt speaking. (partial newsreel)
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt,_Help_Needy_1933_11_1
"Chicago: Impressive scenes as Mrs. Roosevelt, speaking before 8000 members of the Illinois Federation of Professional and Women's Clubs, urges women throughout the nation to aid the destitute unemployed by co-operating with local unemployment committees in their fund raising efforts." sound of Eleanor Roosevelt speaking. (partial newsreel)
- published: 19 Sep 2006
- views: 12164
- author: UniversalNewsreels
Eleanor Roosevelt: "Training Women For War Production" c 1942 National Youth Administration WW II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:37
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
more at quickfound.net "Young women in wartime jobs. Camera: D. Nichols and FB Hyde. Narrator: Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt." Public domain film from the Library of Congress Prelinger Archive, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and mild video noise reduction applied. The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original). en.wikipedia.org Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/ˈɛlɨnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt/; October 11, 1884 -- November 7, 1962) was the longest serving First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women. In the 1940s, Roosevelt was one of the co-founders of Freedom House and supported the formation of the United Nations. Roosevelt founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943 to advance support for the formation of the UN. She was a delegate to the UN General Assembly from 1945 and 1952, a job for which she was appointed by President Harry S. Truman and confirmed by ...
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Training_Women_For_War_Production_c_1942_National_Youth_Administration_WW_II
more at quickfound.net "Young women in wartime jobs. Camera: D. Nichols and FB Hyde. Narrator: Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt." Public domain film from the Library of Congress Prelinger Archive, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and mild video noise reduction applied. The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original). en.wikipedia.org Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/ˈɛlɨnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt/; October 11, 1884 -- November 7, 1962) was the longest serving First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women. In the 1940s, Roosevelt was one of the co-founders of Freedom House and supported the formation of the United Nations. Roosevelt founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943 to advance support for the formation of the UN. She was a delegate to the UN General Assembly from 1945 and 1952, a job for which she was appointed by President Harry S. Truman and confirmed by ...
- published: 05 Nov 2012
- views: 94
- author: webdev17
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt speech
http://wn.com/First_Lady_Eleanor_Roosevelt_speech
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt speech
- published: 05 Jan 2009
- views: 19828
- author: dan izzo
Eleanor Roosevelt 1884 - 1962
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:40
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
Eleanor Roosevelt 1884 - 1962 , America's most influential First Lady blazed paths for women and led the battle for social justice everywhere.
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt_1884_1962
Eleanor Roosevelt 1884 - 1962 , America's most influential First Lady blazed paths for women and led the battle for social justice everywhere.
- published: 03 Mar 2008
- views: 21238
- author: dan izzo
Two Speeches By Eleanor Roosevelt (United Nations & Carnegie Hall)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Two Speeches By Eleanor Roosevelt (United Nations & Carnegie Hall) taken from Great Speeches Vol. 6
http://wn.com/Two_Speeches_By_Eleanor_Roosevelt_United_Nations_Carnegie_Hall
Two Speeches By Eleanor Roosevelt (United Nations & Carnegie Hall) taken from Great Speeches Vol. 6
- published: 22 Oct 2009
- views: 18224
- author: EVGINC
Chautauqua 2009 - Eleanor Roosevelt
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 10 Oct 2011
In live summer performances, scholar performers bring to life the personalities and accomplishments of important figures in history. Audience interactions make these shows fast-moving and fascinating. Jackie Robinson, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Woody Guthrie visited Maryland this summer! As part of the Maryland Humanities Councils 2009 Chautauqua, Rights and Reformers, scholar/actors brung to life the personalities and accomplishments of these three legendary figures. Eleanor Roosevelt spoke about how she changed both our nation and the world through her commitment to social activism. Programs were held June and July 2009 at The Greenbelt Community Center, the College of Southern Maryland, the Community College of Baltimore County, Catonsville, Garrett College, Montgomery College-Germantown, and Perryville Outlet Center.
http://wn.com/Chautauqua_2009_Eleanor_Roosevelt
In live summer performances, scholar performers bring to life the personalities and accomplishments of important figures in history. Audience interactions make these shows fast-moving and fascinating. Jackie Robinson, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Woody Guthrie visited Maryland this summer! As part of the Maryland Humanities Councils 2009 Chautauqua, Rights and Reformers, scholar/actors brung to life the personalities and accomplishments of these three legendary figures. Eleanor Roosevelt spoke about how she changed both our nation and the world through her commitment to social activism. Programs were held June and July 2009 at The Greenbelt Community Center, the College of Southern Maryland, the Community College of Baltimore County, Catonsville, Garrett College, Montgomery College-Germantown, and Perryville Outlet Center.
- published: 20 Aug 2009
- views: 927
- author: MDHumanitiesCouncil
Eleanor Roosevelt 1943
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
20th Century: People
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt_1943
20th Century: People
- published: 26 Feb 2009
- views: 1848
- author: Marty Perlmutter
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
09 Dec 2012
Syria's rebel leaders have agreed to come under a united command in a bid to integrate diverse fighting groups and streamline the route for arms essential to their struggle against President Bashar al-Assad. The new body, expected to be announced officially on Sunday, hopes to form the basis of a united rebel front ... "It also aims to get the situation under control once the regime falls." ... 378 Source.. Agencies. Share ... News ... Egypt....(size: 18.6Kb)
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
07 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. The in- and out-fighting between present-day Saudi Arabia and Iran is a mirror image of what occurred to Prophet Muhammad's Islamic Movement right after his death ... Still, and due to prosperity and wealth, an influx of trade goods, religious toleration, an emphasis on learning, and increased food supplies, Islam was becoming a vast empire ... Recent U.S ... Dallas Darling (darling@wn.com)....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Hassan Ammar
08 Dec 2012
Mohamed Morsi, the Egyptian president, is expected to press ahead with talks on ways to end Egypt's worst crisis since he took office even though the country's main opposition leaders have vowed to boycott negotiations. The capital Cairo and other cities have been rocked by violent protests since November 22, when Morsi issued a decree awarding himself sweeping powers that put him above the law ... 575 Source.. Al Jazeera and agencies ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: US Navy / Electronics Technician Seaman Sean Roozen
08 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON — The White House on Friday proposed $60 billion in spending to help the Northeast and mid-Atlantic states recover from Superstorm Sandy and shore up defenses against future disasters. Congress is expected to begin consideration of the relief measure as soon as next week, with lawmakers from states still reeling from the October storm eager for action by the end of the year ... New Jersey Gov ... Andrew M ... New York Reps ... Rep ... 0....(size: 32.2Kb)
The Charlotte Observer
10 Dec 2012
But few knew what to expect when "Hyde Park on Hudson" producer-director Roger Michell ("Notting Hill") cast Bill Murray as Franklin Delano Roosevelt ... Roosevelt relaxed around his cousin and mistress as he did with few others ... "Hyde Park on Hudson" reunites Murray with his "Rushmore" costar Olivia Williams, whose Eleanor Roosevelt combines dignity, opinionated candor and wry annoyance at her husband's scarcely-concealed affairs....(size: 4.4Kb)
Sacramento Bee
10 Dec 2012
But few knew what to expect when "Hyde Park on Hudson" producer-director Roger Michell ("Notting Hill") cast Bill Murray as Franklin Delano Roosevelt ... Roosevelt relaxed around his cousin and mistress as he did with few others ... "Hyde Park on Hudson" reunites Murray with his "Rushmore" costar Olivia Williams, whose Eleanor Roosevelt combines dignity, opinionated candor and wry annoyance at her husband's scarcely-concealed affairs....(size: 4.4Kb)
Huffington Post
09 Dec 2012
Roosevelt. President Franklin Roosevelt greets a young admirer as he sits outside his home in Hyde Park, N.Y., on election night, November 7, 1944 ... Anna Roosevelt Boettinger and the first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt ... Roosevelt. American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882 - 1945) speaking to a crowd of 25,000 at Madison Square Garden in New York on Nov ... Roosevelt ... Roosevelt ... Roosevelt of New York at his Hyde Park, N.Y....(size: 9.4Kb)
Star Tribune
08 Dec 2012
But few knew what to expect when "Hyde Park on Hudson" producer/director Roger Michell ("Notting Hill") cast Bill Murray as Franklin Delano Roosevelt ... "Hyde Park on Hudson" reunites Murray with his "Rushmore" co-star Olivia Williams, whose Eleanor Roosevelt combines dignity, opinionated candor and wry annoyance at her husband's scarcely concealed affairs....(size: 4.6Kb)
The New York Times
08 Dec 2012
This interview with Tony Tjan, chief executive of Cue Ball, a venture capital firm based in Boston, was conducted and condensed by Adam Bryant. Earl Wilson/The New York Times. Tony Tjan, chief executive and a founder of Cue Ball, a venture capital firm in Boston, suggests waiting 24 seconds, 24 minutes, then 24 hours before criticizing a new idea. Corner Office ... Q ... A ... Q ... A ... Q ... Any advice?. A ... Q ... A ... My favorite quote is from Eleanor Roosevelt ... Q ... A....(size: 12.1Kb)
Huffington Post
07 Dec 2012
Roosevelt (1945). Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, speaking during his fourth inauguration ceremony ... Roosevelt (1941). President Franklin Roosevelt speaking from the inaugural stand on Jan ... Roosevelt (1937) ... Roosevelt and first lady Eleanor Roosevelt are seen up Pennsylvania Avenue during the inaugural parade in Washington, Jan ... Roosevelt (1933) ... Theodore Roosevelt (1905)....(size: 9.9Kb)
Huffington Post
07 Dec 2012
Roosevelt. President Franklin Roosevelt greets a young admirer as he sits outside his home in Hyde Park, N.Y., on election night, November 7, 1944 ... Anna Roosevelt Boettinger and the first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt ... Roosevelt. American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882 - 1945) speaking to a crowd of 25,000 at Madison Square Garden in New York on Nov ... Roosevelt ... Roosevelt ... Roosevelt of New York at his Hyde Park, N.Y....(size: 8.9Kb)
Fox News
07 Dec 2012
Roosevelt in "Hyde Park on Hudson."AP. Did Franklin Delano Roosevelt have an affair with his fifth cousin Daisy? Who cares, the King and Queen of England are in town! ... There’s little to take away from “Hyde Park” apart from Bill Murray’s electrifying performance as Roosevelt ... As their relationship begins to take on more than just discussing his stamp collection, Eleanor begins to self-destruct ... Williams is dynamic as Eleanor Roosevelt....(size: 3.2Kb)
The Examiner
07 Dec 2012
Rating for Hyde Park on Hudson. 3 ... The film chronicles the month of June 1939 in upstate New York when King Bertie and Queen Elizabeth of England arrive at President Roosevelt's home to meet with F.D.R ... The most beautiful parts of Mr ... Movie review ... Photo credit. ... Mr ... and the several women in his life, including wife Eleanor Roosevelt (Olivia Williams) ... Ms ... Elizabeth Wilson, Eleanor Bron, Martin McDougall, Nancy Baldwin, Samantha Dakin ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
The Hollywood Reporter
07 Dec 2012
share. Dale Robinette/FilmDistrict. The romantic comedy also stars Jessica Biel, Uma Thurman, Catherine Zeta-Jones and Dennis Quaid ... 'Playing for Keeps'. What the Critics are Saying. Playing for Keeps. Film Review ... PHOTOS ... New releases at the specialty box office this weekend include Focus Features' historical drama Hyde Park an the Hudson, starring Bill Murray as President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Laura Linney as Eleanor Roosevelt....(size: 4.5Kb)
Huffington Post
07 Dec 2012
Roosevelt (1945). Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, speaking during his fourth inauguration ceremony ... Roosevelt (1941). President Franklin Roosevelt speaking from the inaugural stand on Jan ... Roosevelt (1937) ... Roosevelt and first lady Eleanor Roosevelt are seen up Pennsylvania Avenue during the inaugural parade in Washington, Jan ... Roosevelt (1933) ... Theodore Roosevelt (1905)....(size: 10.2Kb)
The Examiner
07 Dec 2012
Laura Linney plays Daisy, who is brought in to Roosevelt’s home at Hyde Park by his mother to provide some diversion when he’s apparently working too hard ... “Hyde Park on the Hudson” is not especially kind to the usually sympathetically treated Eleanor Roosevelt, played here by Olivia Williams as nearly pathologically socially inept....(size: 4.5Kb)
Signon San Diego
07 Dec 2012
FILE - This undated publicity film image released by Focus Features shows, from left, Olivia Williams as Eleanor Roosevelt, Laura Linney as Daisy, and Bill Murray as Franklin D. Roosevelt in a scene from "Hyde Park on Hudson." (AP Photo/Focus Features, Nicola Dove, File) — AP ... His take on President Franklin Delano Roosevelt may not be ......(size: 5.0Kb)
| Eleanor Roosevelt | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| White House portrait | |
| Chairman of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women | |
| In office January 20, 1961 – November 7, 1962 |
|
| President | John F. Kennedy |
| Preceded by | None |
| Succeeded by | Esther Peterson |
| United States Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly | |
| In office December 31, 1946 – December 31, 1952 |
|
| President | Harry S. Truman |
| Chairman of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights | |
| In office 1946–1951 |
|
| Preceded by | New creation |
| Succeeded by | Charles Malik |
| United States Representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights | |
| In office 1947–1953 |
|
| Preceded by | New creation |
| Succeeded by | Mary Lord |
| First Lady of the United States | |
| In office March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 |
|
| President | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Lou Henry Hoover |
| Succeeded by | Elizabeth "Bess" Wallace Truman |
| First Lady of New York | |
| In office January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1932 |
|
| Preceded by | Catherine A. Dunn |
| Succeeded by | Edith Louise Altschul |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-10-11)October 11, 1884 New York, New York United States |
| Died | November 7, 1962(1962-11-07) (aged 78) New York, New York United States |
| Resting place | Hyde Park, New York |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Children | Anna Eleanor, James, Elliott, Franklin, John |
| Occupation | First Lady, politician |
| Religion | Episcopal |
| Signature |  |
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/ˈɛlɨnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt/; October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women.
In the 1940s, Roosevelt was one of the co-founders of Freedom House and supported the formation of the United Nations. Roosevelt founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943 to advance support for the formation of the UN. She was a delegate to the UN General Assembly from 1945 and 1952, a job for which she was appointed by President Harry S. Truman and confirmed by the United States Senate. During her time at the United Nations she chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Truman called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements.[1]
Active in politics for the rest of her life, Roosevelt chaired the John F. Kennedy administration's ground-breaking committee which helped start second-wave feminism, the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. In 1999, she was ranked in the top ten of Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century.[2]
Personal life[link]
Early life[link]
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born at 56 West 37th Street in New York City, the daughter of Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Hall Roosevelt. She was named Anna after her mother and her aunt Anna Cowles; Eleanor after her father, and was nicknamed "Ellie" or "Little Nell".[3] From the beginning, Eleanor preferred to be called by her middle name. She was the niece of President Theodore Roosevelt.
Two brothers, Elliott Roosevelt, Jr. (1889–93) and Hall Roosevelt (1891–1941) were born later. She also had a half brother, Elliott Roosevelt Mann (died 1941), who was born to Katy Mann, a servant employed by the family.[4] Roosevelt was born into a world of immense wealth and privilege, as her family was part of New York high society called the "swells".[5]
Roosevelt acted in such an old fashioned manner as a child that her mother nicknamed her "Granny". Her mother died from diphtheria when Roosevelt was eight and her father, an alcoholic confined to a sanitarium, died less than two years later. Her brother Elliott Jr. died from diphtheria, just like his mother. Thus, she was raised from early adolescence by her maternal grandmother, Mary Ludlow Hall (1843–1919) at Tivoli, New York. In his Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of Eleanor Roosevelt, Joseph P. Lash describes her during this period of childhood as insecure and starved for affection, considering herself "ugly".[5] Nevertheless, even at 14, Roosevelt understood that one's prospects in life were not totally dependent on physical beauty, writing wistfully that "no matter how plain a woman may be if truth and loyalty are stamped upon her face all will be attracted to her."[6]
Roosevelt was tutored privately and, at the age of 15, with the encouragement of her father's sister, her aunt "Bamie", the family decided to send her to Allenswood Academy, a private finishing school outside London, England. The headmistress, Marie Souvestre, was a noted feminist educator who sought to cultivate independent thinking in the young women in her charge. Eleanor learned to speak French fluently and gained self-confidence. Her first-cousin Corinne Robinson, whose first term at Allenswood overlapped with Eleanor's last, said that when she arrived at the school, Eleanor was "everything". She would later study at The New School in the 1920s.[7]
Marriage and family life[link]
In 1902 at age 17, Roosevelt returned to the United States, ending her formal education. On December 14, 1902, Roosevelt was presented at a debutante ball at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel. She was later given a debutante party. As a member of the New York Junior League, she volunteered as a social worker in the East Side slums of New York City. Roosevelt was among the League's earliest members, having been introduced to the organization by her friend, and organization founder, Mary Harriman.
That same year Roosevelt met her father's fifth cousin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was overwhelmed when the 20-year-old dashing Harvard University student demonstrated affection for her. Following a White House reception and dinner with her uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt, on New Year's Day, 1903, Franklin's courtship of Eleanor began. She later brought Franklin along on her rounds of the squalid tenements, a walking tour that profoundly moved the theretofore sheltered young man.
In November 1904, they became engaged, though the engagement was not announced until December 1, 1904, at the insistence of Franklin's mother, Sara Delano Roosevelt. She opposed the union. "I know what pain I must have caused you," Franklin wrote his mother of his decision. But, he added, "I know my own mind, and known it for a long time, and know that I could never think otherwise." Sara took her son on a cruise in 1904, hoping that a separation would squelch the romance, but Franklin returned to Eleanor with renewed ardor. The wedding date was fixed to accommodate President Roosevelt, who agreed to give the bride away. Her uncle's presence focused national attention on the wedding.
Roosevelt, age 20, married Franklin Roosevelt, age 23, her fifth-cousin once removed, on March 17, 1905 (St. Patrick's Day), at the adjoining townhouses of Mrs. Elizabeth Livingston Ludlow and her daughter, Susan "Cousin Susie" Parish in New York City. The Reverend Dr. Endicott Peabody, the groom's headmaster at Groton School, performed the services. The couple spent a preliminary honeymoon of one week at Hyde Park, then set up housekeeping in an apartment in New York. That summer they went on their formal honeymoon, a three-month tour of Europe.
Returning to the U.S., the newlyweds settled in New York City, in a house provided by Franklin's mother, as well as at the family's estate overlooking the Hudson River in Hyde Park, New York. Roosevelt deferred to her mother-in-law in virtually all household matters. She did not gain a measure of independence until her husband was elected to the state senate and the couple moved to Albany, New York. Eleanor Roosevelt was also a member of the Order of the Eastern Star.
The Roosevelts had six children, five of whom survived infancy:
- Anna Eleanor, Jr. (3 May 1906 – 1 December 1975) – journalist, public relations official.
- James (23 December 1907 – 13 August 1991) – businessman, congressman, author.
- Franklin Delano, Jr. (18 March 1909 – 1 November 1909), died aged seven months.
- Elliott (23 September 1910 – 27 October 1990) – businessman, mayor, author.
- Franklin Delano, Jr. (17 August 1914 – 17 August 1988) – businessman, congressman, farmer.
- John Aspinwall (13 March 1916 – 27 April 1981) – merchant, stockbroker.
The family began spending summers at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, on the Maine–Canada border, where Franklin was stricken with a paralytic illness in August 1921, which resulted in permanent paralysis of his legs. Although the disease was widely believed during his lifetime to be poliomyelitis, newer research indicates Roosevelt's illness was more likely Guillain–Barré syndrome, which was scarcely known at the time. Franklin's attending physician, Dr. William Keen, believed it was polio and commended Eleanor's devotion to the stricken Franklin during that time of travail, "You have been a rare wife and have borne your heavy burden most bravely," proclaiming her "one of my heroines".[5] A play and movie depicting that time, Sunrise at Campobello, were produced almost 40 years later.
It was Eleanor who prodded Franklin to return to active life. To compensate for his lack of mobility, she overcame her shyness to make public appearances on his behalf and thereafter served him as a listening post and barometer of popular sentiment.
Relationship with mother-in-law[link]
Roosevelt had a contentious relationship with her domineering mother-in-law, Sara Delano Roosevelt.[8] Long before Eleanor fell in love with her future husband and distant cousin, she already had a relationship with Sara as a distant but highly engaging cousin, with whom she corresponded. Although they had a difficult relationship, Sara sincerely wanted to be a mother to Eleanor and did her best before and during the marriage to fill this role. Sara had her own reasons for attempting to prevent their marriage and historians continue to discuss them. Historians also have had widely diverging opinions on the pluses and minuses of this relationship.[9]
From Sara's perspective, Eleanor was relatively young and inexperienced and lacked maternal support. Sara felt she had much to teach her new daughter-in-law on what a young wife should know. Eleanor, while sometimes resenting Sara's domineering nature, nevertheless highly valued her opinion in the early years of her marriage until she developed the experience and confidence from the school of marital "hard knocks". Historians continue to study the reasons Eleanor allowed Sara to dominate their lives, especially in the first years of the marriage. Eleanor's income was more than half of that of her husband's when they married in 1905 and the couple could have lived still relatively luxuriously without Sara's financial support.[10]
Sara was determined to ensure her son's success in all areas of life including his marriage. Sara had doted on her son to the point of spoiling him, and now intended to help him make a success of his marriage with a woman that she evidently viewed as being totally unprepared for her new role as chatelaine of a great family. Sara would continue to give huge presents to her new grandchildren, but sometimes Eleanor had problems with the influence that came with "mother's largesse."[5]
Tensions with "Oyster Bay Roosevelts"[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Although Roosevelt was always in the good graces of her uncle, Theodore Roosevelt, the pater familias of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts, as the Republican branch of the family was known, she often found herself at odds with his eldest daughter, Alice Roosevelt. Theodore felt Eleanor's conduct to be far more responsible, socially acceptable and cooperative; in short, more "Rooseveltian" than that of the beautiful, highly photogenic, but rebellious and self-absorbed Alice, to whom he would ask, "Why can't you be more like 'cousin Eleanor'?"[original research?] These early experiences laid the foundation for life-long strain between the two high-profile cousins. Though the youthful Alice's comradely relationship with Franklin during the World War I years in Washington is still the object of curiosity among Rooseveltian scholars, both Eleanor's and his relationship with Alice and other Oyster Bay Roosevelts would be aggravated by the widening political gulf between the Hyde Park and Oyster Bay families, as Franklin D. Roosevelt's political career began to take off. In 1924, Eleanor campaigned against her cousin, New York gubernatorial candidate Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., and contributed to his loss and further strained relations between the two Roosevelt branches.
Alice often hosted dinner parties at her Washington, D. C. home, where she promoted the affair between Franklin and Lucy Mercer. Alice would invite both Franklin and Lucy to dine—especially when Eleanor was out of town. Alice must have savored this underhanded revenge. "He deserved a good time," Alice once said of FDR; after all, "he was married to Eleanor."[11]
That said, Alice was not particularly enamored with FDR either; she described Franklin as "two-thirds mush and one-third Eleanor". When Franklin was inaugurated president in 1933, Alice was invited to attend along with her brothers, Kermit and Archie. When Eleanor Roosevelt died in 1962, her cousin Ethel Derby wrote that she would not attend Mrs. Roosevelt's funeral because she did not love her.
FDR's affair and Eleanor's relationships[link]
Despite its happy start and Roosevelt's intense desire to be a loving and loved wife, their marriage almost disintegrated over Franklin's affair with his wife's social secretary Lucy Mercer (later Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd).[12] When Eleanor learned of the affair from Mercer's letters, which she discovered in Franklin's suitcases in September 1918, she was brought to despair and self-reproach. She told Franklin she would insist on a divorce if he did not immediately end the affair. He knew that a divorce would not reflect well on his family, so he ended the relationship.
So implacable was Sara's opposition to divorce that she warned her son she would disinherit him. Corinne Robinson, and Louis McHenry Howe, Franklin's political advisors, were also influential in persuading Eleanor and Franklin to save the marriage for the sake of the children and Franklin's political career. The idea has been put forth that, because Mercer was a Catholic, she would never have married a divorced Protestant. Her relatives maintain that she was perfectly willing to marry Franklin. Her father's family was Episcopal and her mother had been divorced.[13] While Franklin agreed never to see Mercer again, she began visiting him in the 1930s and was with Franklin at Warm Springs, Georgia when he died on April 12, 1945.[14]
Although the marriage survived, Roosevelt emerged a different woman, coming to the realization that she could achieve fulfillment only through her own influence.[5] Ironically, her husband's paralysis would soon place his political future partially in her hands, requiring her to play an active role in New York State Democratic politics. It was a move she had been gradually making, having long held considerable, if repressed, interest in politics and social issues. During the 1920s, as Franklin dealt with his illness, with the coaching of his trusted political adviser Louis McHenry Howe, she became a prominent face among Democratic women and a force in New York state politics.
Although she and her husband were often separated by their activities during these years, their relationship, though at times strained, was close, despite Eleanor's insistence on severing their physical relationship after discovering Franklin's affair. He was to often pay tribute to her care for him during the worst days of his illness, her help to him in his work, encouraging his staff and others to view them as a team, and to her ability to connect with various groups of people. He respected her intelligence and honest and sincere desire to improve the world, even if he sometimes found her too insistent and lacking in political suppleness. "Your back has no bend," he once told her.
In 1926, Franklin took great pleasure in presenting Eleanor with a cottage on the Hyde Park estate, called "The Stone Cottage", where she and her closest friends at the time, Nancy Cook and Marion Dickerman, could escape from the main house. In 1928, she was urged by New York Governor Al Smith, who was the Democratic candidate for president, to press her husband to run for New York Governor in his place. After repeated urgings, she finally placed a call to Franklin, who gleefully told her he'd been successfully dodging all of Smith's frantic calls. She handed the phone to Smith and the rest is history.
Though pleased for Franklin, Eleanor was increasingly despondent as he resumed his career, fearing she would be forced to take on an increasingly ceremonial role. During the 1932 campaign, Louis Howe was horrified to read a note about her feelings of uselessness she had sent to a friend. Howe tore it up, warning the friend to say nothing. An offer by Eleanor to Franklin after the election to take on some of his mail was rebuffed, because it might have offended his secretary, Marguerite "Missy" LeHand.
However, Franklin and Howe had larger plans for Eleanor. The skills she had developed as a political trooper for the women's branch of the New York State Democratic party as well as during her time as New York state's First Lady were to stand her in good stead. Howe made immediate use of her in dealing with the problem of the Bonus Army, unemployed veterans of World War I who had marched and encamped in Washington, D.C., demanding payment of the bonuses promised to them for their wartime service. President Herbert Hoover had viewed them as a dangerous, Communist-inspired group and sent the Army under Commander-in-Chief Douglas MacArthur to drive the group out with tear gas. Roosevelt and Howe took a radically different approach sending food, friendly greetings, and Eleanor. "Hoover sent the Army, Roosevelt sent his wife" became one of the classic lines of the New Deal era.
In 1933, Roosevelt had a very close relationship with Lorena Hickok, to whom she referred as "Hick darling",[15] a reporter who had covered her during the campaign and early days of the Roosevelt administration and sensed her discontent, which spanned her early years in the White House.[16] On the day of Eleanor's husband's inauguration, she was wearing a sapphire ring that Hickok had given her.[16]
Later, when their correspondence was made public, it became clear that Roosevelt would write such endearments as, "I want to put my arms around you & kiss you at the corner of your mouth,"[17] and “I can’t kiss you, so I kiss your picture good night and good morning!”[15] It is unknown if her husband was aware of the relationship, which scholars (including Lillian Faderman,[16] Hazel Rowley and Maurine Beasley[15]) have asserted to be lesbian. Some authors consider "That the Hickok relationship was indeed erotic now seems beyond dispute",[15] while others disagree.[18]
Roosevelt also had a close relationship with a New York State Police sergeant, Earl Miller, whom her husband had assigned as her bodyguard. Prior to that, Miller had been Al Smith's personal bodyguard and was acquainted with Franklin from World War I. Miller was an athlete and had been the Navy's middleweight boxing champion as well as a member of the U.S. Olympic squad at the Antwerp games in 1920.[19]
Roosevelt was 44 years old when she met Miller, 32, in 1929. According to several of Franklin's biographers, Miller became her friend as well as official escort. He taught her different sports, such as diving and riding, and coached her tennis game. There is some speculation that the relationship was a romance rather than a friendship. Blanche Wiesen Cook writes that Miller was Eleanor's "first romantic involvement" in her middle years. James Roosevelt wrote, "I personally believe they were more than friends." Miller denied a romantic relationship.
Roosevelt's friendship with Miller happened during the same years as her husband's relationship with his secretary, Missy LeHand. Smith writes, "[r]emarkably, both ER and Franklin recognized, accepted, and encouraged the arrangement… Eleanor and Franklin were strong-willed people who cared greatly for each other's happiness but realized their own inability to provide for it."[20] Their relationship is said to have continued until her death in 1962. They are thought to have corresponded daily, but all letters have been lost. According to rumors (Elliott and Franklin, Jr. are believed to have actually seen the letters) the letters were anonymously purchased and destroyed or locked away when she died.[21] In later years, Roosevelt was said to have developed a romantic attachment to her physician, David Gurewitsch, though it was likely limited to a deep friendship.
Public life before the White House[link]
Following Franklin's paralytic illness attack in 1921, Eleanor began serving as a stand-in for her incapacitated husband, making public appearances on his behalf, often carefully coached by Louis Howe, with increasingly successful results. She also started working with the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL), raising funds in support of the union's goals: a 48-hour work week, minimum wage, and the abolition of child labor.[5] Throughout the 1920s, Eleanor became increasingly influential as a leader in the New York State Democratic Party while Franklin used her contacts among Democratic women to strengthen his standing with them, winning their committed support for the future. In 1924, she actively campaigned for Alfred E. Smith in his successful re-election bid as governor of New York State. By 1928, Eleanor was actively promoting Smith's candidacy for president and Franklin's nomination as the Democratic Party's candidate for governor of New York, succeeding Smith. Although Smith lost, Franklin won handily and the Roosevelts moved into the governor's mansion in Albany, New York.
In the 1920s, Roosevelt taught literature and American history at the Todhunter School for Girls, now the Dalton School, in New York City.
First Lady of the United States (1933–1945)[link]
Following the Presidential inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt ("FDR") on March 4, 1933, Eleanor became First Lady of the United States. Having seen the strictly circumscribed role and traditional protocol of her aunt, Edith Roosevelt, during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909), Roosevelt set out on a different course. With her husband's strong support, despite criticism of them both, she continued with the active business and speaking agenda she had begun before becoming First Lady, in an era when few women had careers. She was the first to hold weekly press conferences and started writing a widely syndicated newspaper column, "My Day"[22] at the urging of her literary agent, George T. Bye.[citation needed] Roosevelt maintained a heavy travel schedule over her 12 years in the White House, frequently making personal appearances at labor meetings to assure Depression-era workers that the White House was mindful of their plight. In one widely-circulated cartoon of the time from The New Yorker magazine (June 3, 1933) lampooning the peripatetic First Lady, an astonished coal miner, peering down a dark tunnel, says to a co-worker "For gosh sakes, here comes Mrs. Roosevelt!"[23][24]
Eleanor became an important connection for Franklin's administration to the African-American population during the segregation era. During Franklin's terms as President, despite Franklin's need to placate southern sentiment, Eleanor was vocal in her support of the African-American civil rights movement. She was outspoken in her support of Marian Anderson in 1939 when the black singer was denied the use of Washington's Constitution Hall and was instrumental in the subsequent concert held on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The first lady played a role in racial affairs when she appointed Mary McLeod Bethune as head of the Division of Negro Affairs.[24]
One social highlight of the Roosevelt years was the 1939 visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, parents of the currently reigning Queen Elizabeth II and the first British monarchs to set foot on U.S. soil. The Roosevelts were criticized in some quarters for serving hot dogs to the royal couple during a picnic at Hyde Park.[25]
Roosevelt and the media[link]
File:Georgetbye.jpg
Eleanor Roosevelt, George T. Bye (her literary agent, upper right), Deems Taylor (upper left), Westbrook Pegler (lower left), Quaker Lake, Pawling, New York (home of Lowell Thomas), 1938
Eleanor Roosevelt used her high social position to gain access to and presence in the media. Her efforts were seen beyond the political realm and often dealt with a woman’s self-awareness.
At the time of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s presidency, the same time that Eleanor served as First Lady, most women found themselves within the walls of their homes. Only 25% of women worked outside the home. The vast majority of women were unpaid homemakers. Mrs. Roosevelt used her weight in the media as a way to connect with women who found themselves in domestic isolation. With this in mind, Eleanor used three mediums to keep in touch with her female followers. She used the press conference, a daily newspaper column, and magazine articles. These three means opened up the communication into a two-way channel.
Although the First Lady initially wanted to be the voice of the White House to female journalists, Mrs. Roosevelt’s news was often about humanitarian concerns. Her reports stayed true to those issues of the American woman, such as unemployment, poverty, education, rural life, and the role of women in society.
Eleanor held 348 press conferences over the span of her husband’s 12-year presidency. Men were not welcome into these meetings because female journalists were so heavily discriminated against. Roosevelt felt that her information should only be available to those who were not seen as fit to hear information from a man. These conferences encouraged women to think in a broader spectrum, one that was outside of their overwhelming domestic lifestyle.
Roosevelt’s newspaper column “My Day,” ran from 1936 to 1962. The column was seen as a diary of her daily activities. In archiving her life happenings, Eleanor’s column often brought up the same issues as those of her press conferences. Those concerns based upon the public welfare often intrigued readers but were criticized by political experts who said it lacked intellectualism. “My Day” also kept a record of the First Lady’s hectic schedule. The column became somewhat of a newsletter for women in politics.
In the spring of 1933, Eleanor Roosevelt signed with Woman's Home Companion, a leading women’s magazine, to do a monthly column. Roosevelt used the column to answer mail she had received from readers. The allotted space allowed her to discuss more social concerns such as prenatal care, better working conditions, American holidays, and New Deal programs to insure home mortgages. Readers petitioned for help of all kinds to which she responded graciously. During her time in the White House, Eleanor published over sixty articles in magazines with national circulations.
Eleanor Roosevelt recognized a need for American women to take part in media communications. As a public figure she harnessed the power of the media and used it to interact with the women of America. By use of this medium, Roosevelt attempted to break the barriers of the domestic household and broaden the spectrum of women. She also set a precedent for following first ladies to remain in touch with the nation by means of the media.[26][27][28]
World War II[link]
In 1941, Roosevelt, Wendell Willkie, and other Americans concerned about threats to democracy established Freedom House—Roosevelt and Willkie served as the honorary chairpersons of Freedom House in its early years.[29] Once the United States entered World War II, she was active on the homefront, co-chairing a national committee on civil defense with New York Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia and frequently visiting civilian and military centers to boost war morale. She strongly argued against her husband signing Executive Order 9066 that interned thousands of Americans of Japanese ancestry who posed a security risk as possible Japanese sympathizers or spies.
In 1943, Roosevelt was sent on a trip to the South Pacific, scene of a sea-saw battle against the Japanese. The trip became legendary. Her fortitude in enduring the rugged, primitive, malaria infested jungle, and her strength and patience in visiting thousands of wounded servicemen caused the tough as nails Admiral Halsey, who had initially opposed her visit, to offer her praise. To the small amount of civilian criticism directed to Mrs. Roosevelt, a Republican serviceman insisted to a colleague that he and the other soldiers who'd encountered her warmth would gladly personally repay whatever gasoline and rubber her visit cost.
Hoping to improve relations with other countries in the Western Hemisphere, March 1944 saw Roosevelt embark on a whirlwind tour of Latin American countries. For the trip, which would cover a number of nations and involve thousands of air miles, she was given a U.S. government-owned C-87A aircraft, the Guess Where II, a VIP transport plane which had originally been built to carry her husband abroad. After reviewing the poor safety record of that aircraft type (many had either caught fire or crashed during the war), the Secret Service forbade the use of the plane for carrying the president, even on trips of short duration, but approved its use for the First Lady.[30]
File:ChiefAnderson.jpg
Roosevelt flying with Tuskegee Airman Charles "Chief" Anderson in March 1941
Roosevelt especially supported more opportunities for women and African-Americans, notably the Tuskegee Airmen in their successful effort to become the first black combat pilots. She visited the Tuskegee Air Corps Advanced Flying School in Alabama and, at her request, flew with the Chief Flight Instructor Charles "Chief" Alfred Anderson for more than an hour, which had great symbolic value and brought visibility to Tuskegee's pilot training program.[31] She also arranged a White House meeting in July 1941 for representatives of the Tuskegee flight school to plead their cause for more support from the military establishment in Washington.
Roosevelt was a strong proponent of the Morgenthau Plan to de-industrialize Germany in the postwar period,[32][33][34] and was in 1946 one of the few prominent individuals to remain a member of the campaign group lobbying for a harsh peace for Germany.[35]
Years after the White House[link]
After the President's death by stroke on April 12, 1945, at Warm Springs, Georgia, while she remained in Washington, Eleanor Roosevelt learned that Lucy Rutherfurd had been with FDR when he died.[36] Her biographer, Joseph P. Lash, called it a "bitter discovery" and wrote that Roosevelt alluded to this in her memoir of the White House years, This I Remember:
All human beings have failings, all human beings have needs and temptations and stresses. Men and women who live together through long years get to know one another's failings; but they also come to know what is worthy of respect and admiration ... He might have been happier with a wife who was completely uncritical. That I was never able to be, and he had to find it in some other people. Nevertheless, I think I sometimes acted as a spur, even though the spurring was not always wanted or welcome.[36]
United Nations[link]
|
Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
In 1945, U.S. President Harry S. Truman appointed Roosevelt as a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly. In April 1946, Roosevelt became the first chairperson of the preliminary United Nations Commission on Human Rights.[37][38][39] She remained chairperson when the Commission was established on a permanent basis in January 1947.[37] She played an instrumental role, along with René Cassin, John Peters Humphrey and others, in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). On the night of September 28, 1948, Roosevelt spoke on behalf of the Declaration calling it "the international Magna Carta of all mankind".[40] The Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly on December 10, 1948.[41] The vote of the General Assembly was unanimous except for eight abstentions by 8 countries (Byelorussian SSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, as well as Yugoslavia, South Africa and Saudi Arabia) which took exception to the implications of the Declaration as to freedom of the individual.[citation needed] Roosevelt also served as the first United States Representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights[42] and stayed on at that position until 1953, even after stepping down as chair of the Commission in 1951.[39]
In 2008, a plaque commemorating Roosevelt's driving force in the creation and adoption of the UDHR, was inaugurated by Swiss Federal Councillor, Micheline Calmy-Rey in Geneva. This "Magna Carta of our time" was Roosevelt's greatest success – for she forged a common standard of achievement among delegates who had differing government systems, philosophies, religions, cultures and economic levels.
Politically, Roosevelt supported Adlai Stevenson for president in 1952 and 1956 and urged his renomination in 1960. She resigned from her UN post in 1953, when Dwight D. Eisenhower became President.
Although Roosevelt had reservations about John F. Kennedy for his failure to condemn McCarthyism, she supported him for president against Richard Nixon. Kennedy in turn reappointed her to the United Nations, 1961–1962.
Relations with the Catholic Church[link]
In July 1949, Roosevelt had a public disagreement with Francis Joseph Spellman, the Catholic Archbishop of New York, which was characterized as "a battle still remembered for its vehemence and hostility".[43][44] In her columns, Roosevelt had attacked proposals for federal funding of certain nonreligious activities at parochial schools, such as bus transportation for students. Spellman cited the Supreme Court's decision which upheld such provisions, accusing her of anti-Catholicism. Most Democrats rallied behind Roosevelt, and Spellman eventually met with her at her Hyde Park home to quell the dispute. However, Roosevelt maintained her belief that Catholic schools should not receive federal aid, evidently heeding the writings of secularists such as Paul Blanshard.[43] Privately, Roosevelt said that if the Catholic Church gained school aid, "Once that is done they control the schools, or at least a great part of them."[43]
During the Spanish Civil War, Roosevelt favored the republican Loyalists against General Francisco Franco's Nationalists; after 1945, she opposed normalizing relations with Spain.[45] She told Spellman bluntly that "I cannot however say that in European countries the control by the Roman Catholic Church of great areas of land has always led to happiness for the people of those countries."[43] Her son Elliott Roosevelt suggested that her "reservations about Catholicism" were rooted in her husband's sexual affairs with Lucy Mercer and Missy LeHand, who were both Catholics.[46]
Roosevelt's defenders, such as biographer Joseph P. Lash, deny that she was anti-Catholic, citing her public support of Al Smith, a Catholic, in the 1928 presidential campaign and her statement to a New York Times reporter that year quoting her uncle, President Theodore Roosevelt, in expressing "the hope to see the day when a Catholic or a Jew would become president".[47]
Postwar politics[link]
In the late 1940s, Roosevelt was courted for political office by Democrats in New York and throughout the country.
At first I was surprised that anyone should think that I would want to run for office, or that I was fitted to hold office. Then I realized that some people felt that I must have learned something from my husband in all the years that he was in public life! They also knew that I had stressed the fact that women should accept responsibility as citizens. I heard that I was being offered the nomination for governor or for the United States Senate in my own state, and even for Vice President. And some particularly humorous souls wrote in and suggested that I run as the first woman President of the United States! The simple truth is that I have had my fill of public life of the more or less stereotyped kind.[48]
In the 1948 campaign, she was touted by some as the ideal running mate for President Truman. The North Dakota State Democratic Central Committee passed a resolution in 1947 calling for a Truman-Roosevelt ticket, and when Truman was asked if he would consider, he replied, "Why, of course, of course… What do you expect me to say to that?" Nevertheless, Roosevelt rejected the appeals and insisted she had no interest in elective politics. Her son James Roosevelt would later say she refused the opening "because she was afraid of it."[48]
In 1954, Tammany Hall boss Carmine DeSapio defeated Roosevelt's son, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., during the New York Attorney General elections. Roosevelt grew increasingly disgusted with DeSapio's political conduct through the rest of the 1950s. Eventually, she would join with her old friends Herbert Lehman and Thomas Finletter to form the New York Committee for Democratic Voters, a group dedicated to enhancing the democratic process by opposing DeSapio's reincarnated Tammany. Their efforts were eventually successful, and DeSapio was removed from power in 1961.[49]
When President Truman backed New York Governor W. Averell Harriman, who was a close associate of DeSapio, for the Democratic presidential nomination, Roosevelt was disappointed but continued to support Stevenson, who ultimately won the nomination. She backed Stevenson once again in 1960 primarily to block John F. Kennedy, who eventually received the presidential nomination.[43] Nevertheless, she worked hard to promote the Kennedy-Johnson ticket in 1960 and was appointed to policy-making positions by the young president, including the National Advisory Committee of the Peace Corps.[50]
By the 1950s, Roosevelt's international role as spokesperson for women led her to stop publicly attacking the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), though she never supported it. In 1961, President Kennedy’s undersecretary of labor, Esther Peterson proposed a new Presidential Commission on the Status of Women. Kennedy appointed Roosevelt to chair the commission, with Peterson as director. Roosevelt died just before the commission issued its final report. It concluded that female equality was best achieved by recognition of gender differences and needs, and not by an Equal Rights Amendment.[51]
Throughout the 1950s, Roosevelt also embarked on countless national and international speaking engagements, continued to pen her newspaper column, and made appearances on television and radio broadcasts. She averaged one hundred and fifty lectures a year throughout the fifties; many of which were devoted to her activism on behalf of the United Nations.[52] On May 6, 1959, she addressed a crowd of 1,500 students, faculty, and community members at Ball State Teachers College (now Ball State University) in which Roosevelt stressed the urgency of understanding other peoples of the world. Roosevelt stated, “This is what it means to face world leadership. The government cannot do it for us. Many of us do not even know the whole of our own little communities. It would help us all over the world to understand people.”[53]
Roosevelt was responsible for the eventual establishment, in 1964, of the 2,800 acre (11 km2)[54] Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada. This followed a gift of the Roosevelt summer estate to the Canadian and American governments.
Honors and awards[link]
Roosevelt received 48 honorary degrees during her life. Her first, a Doctor of Humane Letters or D.H.L. on June 13, 1929, was also the first honorary degree awarded by Russell Sage College in Troy, New York. Her last was a Doctor of Laws, LL.D. degree granted by what is now Clark Atlanta University in June 1962.
In 1958, Folkways Records released an album by Roosevelt of her documentary on the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. A decade later, she was awarded one of the United Nations Human Rights Prizes. There was an unsuccessful campaign to award her a posthumous Nobel Peace Prize; however, a posthumous nomination has never been considered for the award.[55]
In 1960, Greer Garson played Roosevelt in the movie Sunrise at Campobello, which portrayed Eleanor's instrumental role during Franklin's bout with polio and his protracted struggle to reenter politics in its aftermath.
Westmoreland Homesteads, located in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, was created on April 13, 1934, as one of a series of “subsistence homesteads” under the National Industrial Recovery Act. In 1937, the community changed its name to Norvelt (EleaNOR RooseVELT), following a visit by the first lady. The Norvelt fireman's hall is called Roosevelt Hall. Eleanor, West Virginia, another homestead community, is also named after Roosevelt.
Roosevelt was the first First Lady to receive honorary membership into Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.
Later private life[link]
Following Franklin's death in 1945, Eleanor moved from the White House to Val-Kill Cottage in Hyde Park, New York, where she lived the rest of her life.
Roosevelt was a member of the Brandeis University Board of Trustees, delivering the University's first commencement speech, and joined the Brandeis faculty as a visiting lecturer in international relations in 1959 at the age of 75. On November 15, 1960, she met for the last time with former U.S. President Harry S Truman and his wife, Bess Truman, at the Truman Library and Museum in Independence, Missouri. Roosevelt had raised considerable funds for the construction and dedication of the building. The Trumans would later attend Roosevelt's memorial service in Hyde Park in November 1962.
In 1961, all volumes of Roosevelt's autobiography, which she had begun writing in 1937, were compiled into The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt, which is still in print (Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-80476-X).
Death[link]
Roosevelt was injured in April 1960 when she was struck by a car in New York City. Afterwards, her health began a rapid decline. Subsequently diagnosed with aplastic anemia, she developed bone marrow tuberculosis subsequent to having been treated with cortisone which reactivated the dormant tuberculosis that she had contracted years earlier. Roosevelt died at her Manhattan home on November 7, 1962 at 6:15 p.m., at the age of 78.[56] President Kennedy ordered the lowering of flags to half-staff in her memory.[56] UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson said, "The United States, the United Nations, the world, has lost one of its great citizens. Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt is dead, and a cherished friend of all mankind is gone."[57]
Her funeral at Hyde Park was attended by President John F. Kennedy and former Presidents Truman and Eisenhower. At her memorial service, Adlai Stevenson asked, "What other single human being has touched and transformed the existence of so many?" Stevenson also said that Roosevelt was someone "who would rather light a candle than curse the darkness." She was buried next to Franklin at the family compound in Hyde Park, New York on November 10, 1962.[58]
Eleanor Roosevelt Memorial[link]
A memorial to Roosevelt, dedicated in 1996, was built at the southern end of New York's Riverside Park, at the corner of 72nd Street and Riverside Drive. A bronze statue of Roosevelt at the center of a circular plant bed is the memorial's principal feature. The surrounding granite pavement is inscribed with a summary of her achievements, and a quote from her 1958 speech at the United Nations advocating universal human rights. The sculptor was Penelope Jencks; the landscape architects Bruce Kelly and David Varnell; the architect Michael Middleton Dwyer.[59]
Ancestry[link]
| Ancestors of Eleanor Roosevelt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also[link]
- Arthurdale, West Virginia, a planned community she helped to develop in West Virginia
- Campobello Island
- Eleanor, by Barbara Cooney
- Eleanor Roosevelt College, one of the six undergraduate colleges within University of California, San Diego, which was named in her honor in 1993
- Eleanor Roosevelt High School, several high schools named in her honor
- Eleanor Seagraves, granddaughter and namesake
- Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute
- List of coupled cousins
- Marie Mattingly Meloney, friend and confidante
- Roosevelt family
- Roosevelt Institution
References[link]
- Notes
- ^ "First Lady of the World: Eleanor Roosevelt at Val-Kill". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/26roosevelt/26roosevelt.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
- ^ "Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century". The Gallup Organization. 1999-12-31. http://www.gallup.com/poll/3367/Mother-Teresa-Voted-American-People-Most-Admired-Person-Century.aspx. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
- ^ "Eleanor Roosevelt Biography". National First Ladies' Library. Firstladies.org. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=33. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ Jean Edward Smith, FDR (2007), New York: Random House, 2007, p. 42.
- ^ a b c d e f Lash, Joseph P. (1971). Eleanor and Franklin. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 48, 56, 57, 74, 81, 89–91, 108–10, 111–3, 145, 152–5, 160, 162–3, 174–5, 179, 193–6, 198, 220–1, 225–7, 244–5, 259, 273–6, 297, 293–4, 302–3. ISBN 1-56852-075-1.
- ^ "The First Ladies | The White House". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/ar32.html. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ Friday, Feb. 24, 1967 (1967-02-24). "Education: New School for Old Students". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899426-1,00.html. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ Roosevelt, Eleanor (1992). The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80476-X. , pp. 56, 60, 65, 95–96, 116, 117–118, 135–136, 235
- ^ Cook, Blanche Wiesen (1992). Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume One, 1884–1933. Viking Press. pp. 132–3, 142–3, 150–1, 155, 157, 159–60, 167–9, 174–7, 180–1, 183, 202, 226–9, 233, 250–2, 256–7, 283, 310–2, 330–1, 333–5, 419. ISBN 0-670-80486-X.
- ^ Cook, Blanche Wiesen (1999). Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume Two, 1933–1938. Viking Press. pp. 34, 94–6, 191–2, 255–6, 290, 398. ISBN 0-14-017894-5.
- ^ Allan M. Winkler, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Making of Modern America (Pearson Education: New York, 2006), 37.
- ^ Feldman, Ellen (March 2003). "FDR and His Women" American Heritage. Retrieved 7-28-2010.
- ^ "FDR's Secret Love: How Roosevelt's lifelong affair might have changed the course of a century", U.S. News & World Report, April 18, 2008.
- ^ Franklin and Lucy: President Roosevelt, Mrs. Rutherfurd, and the Other Remarkable Women in His Life, Joseph Persico, ISBN 1-4000-6442-2
- ^ a b c d Russell Baker (9 June 2011). "The Charms of Eleanor". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jun/09/charms-eleanor-roosevelt/?pagination=false.
- ^ a b c Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America, Penguin Books Ltd, 1991, p. 99
- ^ Doris Faber, The Life of Lorena Hickok: E.R.'s Friend, New York: William Morrow, 1980, p. 111
- ^ Eleanor Roosevelt biography.
- ^ Smith, Jean Edward FDR, pp. 246–247, Random House, 2007 ISBN 978-1-4000-6121-1.
- ^ Smith, pp. 347–8, cites Cook, 1 Eleanor Roosevelt pages 429, 442 and James Roosevelt with Bill Libby, My Parents: A Differing View pp. 110–1, Chicago: Playboy Press, 1976.
- ^ Smith, p. 348.
- ^ My Day. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/sfeature/myday.html .
- ^ Mark M. Perlberg, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt in World Book Encyclopedia Yearbook (1963). Chicago: Field Enterprises, p. 437.
- ^ a b American Experience: Eleanor Roosevelt, enhanced transcript, p. 1, 1999: "Eleanor's visit to a mine was satirized in a famous cartoon. 'It was indicated to me,' she responded, 'that there was certainly something the matter with a woman who wanted to see so much and know so much.
- ^ Marist.edu[dead link]
- ^ Eleanor Roosevelt's Vision of Journalism by Maurine Hoffman Beasley
- ^ Eleanor Roosevelt and the media by Maurine Hoffman Beasley
- ^ "Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt". Fdrlibrary.marist.edu. http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/education/resources/bio_er.html. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ "Freedom House website". http://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=1.
- ^ Dorr, Robert F., Air Force One, Zenith Imprint (2002) ISBN 0-7603-1055-6, ISBN 978-0-7603-1055-7, p. l34
- ^ "The Tuskegee Airmen". The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20070713072733/http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/tuskegee.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
- ^ Lexisnexis.com
- ^ GWU.edu
- ^ "Correspondence: 1946". Trumanlibrary.org. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/eleanor/1946.html. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ Steven Casey, "The campaign to sell a harsh peace for Germany to the American public, 1944–1948". History, 90 (297). pp. 62–92. (2005) ISSN 1468-229X
- ^ a b Lash, pp. 929–930.
- ^ a b "Eleanor Roosevelt", Current Biography Yearbook 1949. Published 1950.
- ^ Glendon 2000
- ^ a b "Human Rights Commission". Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. 2003. http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/human-rights-commission.htm. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
- ^ James 1948
- ^ Kenton 1948
- ^ "Mrs. Roosevelt Sees U.S. Uncertain on U.N.". The New York Times. February 18, 1947. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10910FB3D58147B93CAA81789D85F438485F9.
- ^ a b c d e Lash, Joseph P. (1972). Eleanor: The Years Alone. Scarborough, Ont.: New American Library. ISBN 0-393-07361-0. , pp. 156–65, 282.
- ^ Beasley, Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia pp. 498–502
- ^ Beasley, Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia p. 492.
- ^ Elliot Roosevelt and James Brough (1973) An Untold Story, New York: Dell, p. 282.
- ^ Eleanor Roosevelt, as quoted in The New York Times, January 25, 1928 by Lash, p. 419.
- ^ a b "Correspondence: 1948". Trumanlibrary.org. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/eleanor/1948.html. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ Beasley, Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia p. 276
- ^ Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site, National Park Service, 1999.
- ^ Lois Scharf in Beasley, ed. Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia pp. 164–5
- ^ Critical Lives: Eleanor Roosevelt p. 242
- ^ Digital Media Repository, Eleanor Roosevelt Speech Collection.
- ^ NPS.gov[dead link]
- ^ "Selections from ''Eleanor: The Years Alone''". Thirdworldtraveler.com. http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Roosevelt_Eleanor/Eleanor_Years_Alone.html. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ a b "U.S. Flags Flying at Half-Staff As a Tribute to Mrs. Roosevelt" (PDF). The New York Times. November 9, 1962. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=3&res=F00F15FB3D5D147B93CBA9178AD95F468685F9. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
- ^ "1962 In Review". Upi.com. 1976-11-02. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1962/1962-Elections,-Other-Events/12295509437657-7/#title. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ Donald Greyfield (Jan 01, 2001). "Eleanor Roosevelt". Presidential First Lady. Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=896. Retrieved Aug 18, 2011.
- ^ Jean Parker Phifer, Public Art New York (New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009).
Bibliography[link]
- Beasley, Maurine H., et al., eds. The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia (2001) online version
- Beasley, Maurine H. Eleanor Roosevelt: Transformative First Lady (University Press of Kansas; 2010) 304 pages; biography that emphasizes how she used the media to pursue her activism.
- Cook, Blanche Wiesen. Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. 1: 1884–1933 (1992).
- Cook, Blanche Wiesen. Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume 2, The Defining Years, 1933–1938 (2000).
- Glendon, M.A. "John P. Humphrey and the Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Journal of the History of International Law 2000: 250–260. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Indiana University, Bloomington.
- Goodwin, Doris Kearns. No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II, 768 pages, ISBN 0-684-80448-4
- Lachman, Seymour P. "The Cardinal, the Congressmen, and the First Lady." Journal of Church and State (Winter, 1965): 35–66.
- Lash, Joseph. Eleanor and Franklin. New York: W.W. Norton (1971).
- Lash, Joseph. Eleanor: The Years Alone (1972)
- Manly, Chesly. "U.N. Adopts 1st Declaration on Human Rights." Chicago * * O'Farrell, Brigid. She Was One of Us: Eleanor Roosevelt and the American Worker (ILR Press/Cornell University Press; 2011) 304 pages
- Pfeffer, Paula F. "Eleanor Roosevelt and the National and World Women's Parties." Historian, Fall, 1996: 39–58. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Indiana University, Bloomington.
- Pottker, Jan. Sara and Eleanor: The Story of Sara Delano Roosevelt and Her Daughter-In-Law, Eleanor Roosevelt, St. Martin's Press, 416 pages, ISBN 0-312-30340-8
- Rowley, Hazel. Franklin and Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage (Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2010) 345 pages, ISBN 978-0-374-15857-6.
Primary sources[link]
- Roosevelt, David B. Grandmère: A Personal History of Eleanor Roosevelt, Warner Books, 2002, 256 pages, ISBN 0-446-52734-3
- Roosevelt, Eleanor, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt, Da Capo Press ed., 1992, paperback, 439 pages, ISBN 0-306-80476-X, dacapopress.com
- Streitmatter, Roger. Empty Without You: The Intimate Letters of Eleanor Roosevelt and Lorena Hickok, Free Press, 1998, 336 pages, ISBN 0-684-84928-3
- For young readers
- Cooney, Barbara. Eleanor. Viking, 1996, 40 pages, ISBN 978-0-670-86159-0.
- Fleming, Candace. Our Eleanor: a Scrapbook Look at Eleanor Roosevelt's Remarkable Life. Atheneum/Anne Schwartz, 2005, 192 pages, ISBN 978-0-689-86544-2
- Weidt, Maryann N. Stateswoman to the World: a Story about Eleanor Roosevelt. illus. by Lydia M. Anderson. Lerner Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-87614-663-9
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Eleanor Roosevelt |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eleanor Roosevelt |
- White House Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt
- The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project (including over 8000 of her "My Day" newspaper columns, as well as other documents and audio clips)
- First Lady of the World: Eleanor Roosevelt at Val-Kill, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
- Eleanor Roosevelt and the Rise of Social Reform in the 1930's
- Some of My Best Friends Are Negro: Mrs. Roosevelt and her views on race.
- FBI file on Eleanor Roosevelt
- Online Biographical Sketch at George Washington University's Eleanor Roosevelt archival papers site
- Text and Audio of Eleanor Roosevelt's Address to the United Nations General Assembly
- Audio, photographs and transcript documenting Eleanor Roosevelt's speech to a convocation in Assembly Hall at Ball State Teachers College (now Ball State University) in Muncie, Indiana
- American Experience: Eleanor web site for documentary program, including 28 My Day columns and excerpts from her FBI file
- "Mrs. Roosevelt dies at 78", New York Times obituary, November 8, 1962.
- The Truman Library's collection of correspondence between Eleanor Roosevelt and President Harry S. Truman.
- This Is My Story by Eleanor Roosevelt. (Her 1937 autobiography)
- Eleanor Roosevelt interviewed by Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview November 23, 1957
- which celebrates ER's legacy of the UDHR
- Eleanor Roosevelt--View Videos
- Eleanor Roosevelt quotes
- A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Eleanor Roosevelt" is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- Booknotes interview with Blanche Wiesen Cook on Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume 1, 1884-1933, April 11, 1993.
| Honorary titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Catherine A. Dunn |
First Lady of New York 1929-1932 |
Succeeded by Edith Louise Altschul |
| Preceded by Lou Henry Hoover |
First Lady of the United States 1933–1945 |
Succeeded by Bess Truman |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| New title | Chairman of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights 1946–1952 |
Succeeded by Charles Malik |
| United States Representative to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights 1947–1953 |
Succeeded by Mary Lord |
|
| Government offices | ||
| New title | Chairman of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women 1961-1962 |
Succeeded by Esther Peterson |
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Roosevelt, Eleanor |
| Alternative names | Roosevelt, Anna Eleanor |
| Short description | First Lady of the United States |
| Date of birth | October 11, 1884 |
| Place of birth | New York, New York United States |
| Date of death | November 7, 1962 |
| Place of death | New York, New York United States |
http://wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Eleanor Roosevelt
http://cs.wn.com/Eleanor Rooseveltová
http://id.wn.com/Eleanor Roosevelt
http://es.wn.com/Eleanor Roosevelt
http://ru.wn.com/Рузвельт, Элеонора
http://nl.wn.com/Eleanor Roosevelt
http://pl.wn.com/Eleanor Roosevelt
http://fr.wn.com/Eleanor Roosevelt
http://de.wn.com/Eleanor Roosevelt
http://hi.wn.com/एलिनोर रूज़वेल्ट
http://pt.wn.com/Eleanor Roosevelt
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
