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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan -
Agra
Agra (; , {{lang-ur|) is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India. With a population of 1,686,976 (2010 est.), it is one of the most populous cities in Uttar Pradesh and the 19th most populous in India. Agra can also refer to the administrative district that has its headquarters in Agra city.
http://wn.com/Agra -
Agra Fort
Agra Fort (, {{lang-ur|) is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, India. It is about 2.5 km northwest of its more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled city.
http://wn.com/Agra_Fort -
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad () is the largest city in Gujarat, India. It is the seventh largest city and eighth largest metropolitan area of India, with a city population of approximately 3.96 million and metropolitan population of 5.41 million. Located on the banks of the River Sabarmati, the city is the administrative centre of Ahmedabad district and was the capital of Gujarat from 1960 to 1970; the capital was shifted to Gandhinagar thereafter. In the middle of 1990's it was the fifth largest city in India.In colloquial Gujarati, the city is commonly called Amdavad.
http://wn.com/Ahmedabad -
Ajmer
Ajmer (, ), formerly written Ajmere, is a city in Ajmer District in India's Rajasthan state. Surrounded by the Aravalli Mountains, Ajmer, also known as Ajaymeru, was the city once ruled by Prithviraj Chauhan. Its population was approximately 500,000 in 2001. The city gives its name to Ajmer district, and also to a former province of British India called Ajmer-Merwara, which, after India's independence, became the state of Ajmer. On November 1, 1956, it was merged into Rajasthan state.
http://wn.com/Ajmer -
Amber, India
Amber was a city of Rajasthan state, India, it is now part of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation. Founded by the Meena Raja Alan Singh (He was from Chanda clan of Meenas), Amber was a flourishing settlement as far back as 967 AD. Around 1037 AD, it was conquered by the Kachwaha clan of Rajputs. Much of the present structure known as Amber Fort is actually the palace built by the great conqueror Raja Man Singh I who ruled from 1590 - 1614 AD. The palace contains several spectacular buildings such as the Diwan-i-Khas and the elaborately painted Ganesh Poll built by the renowned warlord Mirza Raja Jai Singh I (Man Singh I's grandson). The old and original fort of Amber dating from earlier Rajas or the Meena period is what is known in the present day as Jaigarh fort, which is actually the main defensive structure, rather than the palace itself, although the two structures are interconnected by series of encompassing fortification.
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Basra
http://wn.com/Basra -
Battle of Plassey
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Plassey -
Bengal
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 290px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
http://wn.com/Bengal -
Bibi Ka Maqbara
http://wn.com/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara -
Bikaner
Bikaner is a District in the northwest of the state of Rajasthan in northern India. The city is the administrative headquarters of Bikaner District and Bikaner division. It was formerly the capital of the princely state of Bikaner. The city was founded by Rao Bika and Jats as the spot which Rao Bika selected for his capital, was the birthright of a Nehra Jat, who would only concede it for this purpose on the condition that his name should be linked in perpetuity with its surrender. Naira, or Nera, was the name of the proprietor, which Bika added to his own, thus composing that of the future capital, Bikaner. in 1486 and from its small origins it has developed into the fourth largest city in Rajasthan. The Ganga Canal completed in 1928 and the Indira Gandhi Canal completed in 1987 have allowed the farming of crops such as mustard, cotton, Groundnut, wheat and vegetables. Other industries include wool production and the mining of Gypsum, plaster of Paris and bentonite.
http://wn.com/Bikaner -
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia University) is a private research university in New York City and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. It was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, and is one of only three United States universities to have been founded under such authority.
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Delhi
Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
http://wn.com/Delhi -
Goa
http://wn.com/Goa -
Gujarat
Gujarat (, , , ) is a state in India. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati speaking people of India. The state encompasses major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization such as Lothal and Dholavira. Gujarat played an important role in the economic history of India throughout the history of India. It is home to major ports in India's ancient and modern history, leading it to become one of the main trade and commerce center of India. Lothal, one of the world's first ports, is located in Gujarat. Mohandas Gandhi, considered as India's "father of the nation", was a Gujarati who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British rule. Even today, Gujarat has one of the fastest growing economies in India.
http://wn.com/Gujarat -
Gurdaspur district
Gurdaspur district is a district in the state of Punjab, situated in the northwest part of India. Gurdaspur is the district headquarters. It borders Narowal District of Pakistani Punjab, Kathua District of Jammu and Kashmir, the Punjab districts of Amritsar and Hoshiarpur, and Chamba and Kangra districts of Himachal Pradesh. Two main rivers Beas and Ravi passes through the district. The Mughal emperor Akbar is said to have been enthroned in a garden near Kalanaur, a historically important town in the district.
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Haridwar
http://wn.com/Haridwar -
Hindukush
http://wn.com/Hindukush -
Humayun's Tomb
http://wn.com/Humayun's_Tomb -
Hyderabad State
http://wn.com/Hyderabad_State -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian subcontinent; on the west by East Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica). It is the only ocean to be named after a country, i.e., India.
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran -
Janjira
http://wn.com/Janjira -
Jeddah
Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; Jidda) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the Red Sea and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Makkah Province, the largest sea port on the Red Sea, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. The population of the city currently stands at over 3.4 million. It is an important commercial hub in Saudi Arabia.
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Kabul
http://wn.com/Kabul -
Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
http://wn.com/Lahore -
Lahore Fort
http://wn.com/Lahore_Fort -
Lalbagh Fort
Lalbagh Fort () (also known as "Fort Aurangabad") is an incomplete Mughal palace fortress at the Buriganga River in the southwestern part of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Construction was commenced in 1678 by Prince Muhammad Azam during his 15-month long vice-royalty of Bengal, but before the work could complete, he was recalled by Aurangzeb. His successor, Shaista Khan, did not complete the work, though he stayed in Dhaka up to 1688. His daughter Iran Dukht nick named pari bibi (Fairy Lady) died here in 1684 and this led him to consider the fort to be ominous.
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Madhya Pradesh
http://wn.com/Madhya_Pradesh -
Mecca
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
http://wn.com/Mecca -
Medina
http://wn.com/Medina -
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire (, ; Urdu: ; self-designation: , ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in former English usage, was an Indian-Islamic power that ruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries and ended in the mid-19th century.
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New Delhi
http://wn.com/New_Delhi -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Persia
http://wn.com/Persia -
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf, in Southwest Asia, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is also controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf (by the Arab nations on the Arab side of the gulf) or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, and Gulf of Basra by Turkey, although none of the latter three terms is recognized internationally.
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Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Portuguese Empire
http://wn.com/Portuguese_Empire -
Portuguese India
http://wn.com/Portuguese_India -
Qandahar
http://wn.com/Qandahar -
Ranthambore Fort
Ranthambore Fort is a formidable fort and has been a focal point of historical developments of Rajasthan. It is situated near Sawai Madhopur town in Rajasthan.
http://wn.com/Ranthambore_Fort -
Red Fort
http://wn.com/Red_Fort -
Sapper
A sapper or combat engineer is an combatant soldier who performs a wide variety of combat engineering duties; typically including, but not limited to, bridge-building, laying or clearing minefields, demolitions, field defenses, general construction and building, as well as road and airfield construction and repair. He is also trained to serve as an infantryman when needed in both defensive and offensive operations and is fully involved in modern counter-insurgency operations. A sapper's tasks have, throughout history, including modern day counter-insurgency operations, been devoted to the mission-critical tasks involving facilitating movement and logistics of allied forces and impeding that of enemies. This active combatant career field is normally limited to males in most countries due to legislation.
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Siege of Diu
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Sikandra, Agra
http://wn.com/Sikandra_Agra -
Sindh
http://wn.com/Sindh -
Siwana
Siwana is a village in Barmer district in Indian state of Rajasthan, located 151 km from Barmer. The place is known for its fort.
http://wn.com/Siwana -
Surat
Surat () is the commercial capital of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative capital of Surat district. As of 2010 Surat is the fifth most populous city and seventh largest metropolitan area of india. Surat with its twin city navsari has a population of over 6.3 million. Surat Metropolitan Region is widely regarded as one of the cleanest Metropolitan Regions in the country with the city proper being the third cleanest city in India after Chandigarh and Mysore.
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Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal (; , "crown of buildings", ; also "the Taj") is a mausoleum located in Agra, India. It is one of the most recognizable structures in the world. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is widely considered as one of the most beautiful buildings in the world and stands as a symbol of eternal love.
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Umerkot
Umarkot or Umer Kot, also known as Omarkot and Omercote, () is town in the Umerkot District in Sindh, Pakistan. The city is well connected with the other large cities like Karachi, the provincial capital and Hyderabad.
http://wn.com/Umerkot -
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh (, {{Lang-ur|), pronounced , "Northern Province"), often referred to as U.P., is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 190 million people,
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Wazir Khan Mosque
http://wn.com/Wazir_Khan_Mosque
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Abbas I of Persia
http://wn.com/Abbas_I_of_Persia -
Adham Khan
http://wn.com/Adham_Khan -
Aishwarya Rai
http://wn.com/Aishwarya_Rai -
Akbar
http://wn.com/Akbar -
Akbar Shah II
http://wn.com/Akbar_Shah_II -
Alamgir II
http://wn.com/Alamgir_II -
Allen Lane
Sir Allen Lane (21 September 1902 – 7 July 1970) (born Allen Lane Williams), was a British publisher who founded Penguin Books, bringing high quality, paperback fiction and non-fiction to the mass market.
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Amartya Sen
http://wn.com/Amartya_Sen -
Amir Khusrau
http://wn.com/Amir_Khusrau -
Antonio Vivaldi
http://wn.com/Antonio_Vivaldi -
Asaf Khan
http://wn.com/Asaf_Khan -
Ashutosh Gowariker
Ashutosh Gowariker () (born 15 February 1964) is an Indian film director, actor, writer and producer. He is known for directing the films Lagaan (2001), Swades (2004) and Jodhaa Akbar (2008). He was nominated for an Academy Award and European Film Award, and has won a number of other awards, including a National Film Award, five Filmfare Awards, and seven international film festival awards. He also became a voting member for the Academy Awards in 2005.
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Ataga Khan
Shamsuddin Muhammad Atgah Khan (Ataga Khan) (died 1562), also known as '''Khan-e-Kalan Shamsu'd-Din Muhammad Khan Atgah Khan', held important positions in the court, including that of wakil'' (advisor or minister) to which he was appointed in November 1561,much to displeasure of Maham Anga, whose son Adham Khan, eventually murdered him in 1562. Ataga Khan was the husband of Ji Ji Anga, one of Akbar's wet nurses.
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Aurangzeb
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Babur
http://wn.com/Babur -
Bahadur Shah I
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Bahadur Shah II
royalty
http://wn.com/Bahadur_Shah_II -
Baji Rao I
http://wn.com/Baji_Rao_I -
Banda Singh Bahadur
http://wn.com/Banda_Singh_Bahadur -
Baz Bahadur
Miyan Bayezid Baz Bahadur was the last sultan of Malwa, who reigned from 1555 to 1562. He succeeded his father, Shuja'at Khan. He is known for his romantic liaison with Roopmati, a singer of Rajput birth.
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Bertrice Small
Bertrice Small (b. December 9, 1937 in Manhattan, New York, New York, U.S.A.) is an U.S.American New York Times bestselling writer of historical and erotic romance novels. Bertrice lives on Long Island, New York with her husband George Small. She is a member of The Authors Guild, Romance Writers of America, PAN, and PASIC. She is also a member of RWA's Long Island chapter, L.I.R.W., and is its easternmost member.
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Bhagwant Das
http://wn.com/Bhagwant_Das -
Birbal
http://wn.com/Birbal -
Catalan people
The Catalans are the people from, or with origins in Catalonia, a historical Nation and today an Autonomous Community in Spain. The inhabitants of the adjacent portion of southern France (known in Catalonia proper as Catalunya Nord, and in France as the Pays Catalan) are sometimes included in this definition.
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Faizi
Shaikh Abu al-Faiz ibn Mubarak, popularly known by his pen-name, Faizi (24 September 1547, Agra–5 October 1595, Lahore) was a Persian poet of late medieval India. In 1588, he became the ''Malik-ush-Shu'ara'' (poet laureate) of Akbar's Court. He was the elder brother of Akbar's historian Abul Fazl. Akbar highly recognized the genius in him and appointed him tutor for his sons and gave place to him among his decorative 'Nav Ratnas'.
http://wn.com/Faizi -
Furrukhsiyar
http://wn.com/Furrukhsiyar -
Gokula
Gokula () or Gokul Singh () (died 1670 AD) was a Jat chieftain of Sinsini village in Bharatpur district () in Rajasthan, India. Later, he became a chieftain of Tilpat in Haryana. His father's name was Madu. Madu had four sons namely, Sindhuraj, Ola, Jhaman and Saman. The second son Ola later became famous as Gokula. Gokula provided leadership to the Jat peasants who challenged the Imperial power. Gokula inspired the Jats to fight the Mughals.
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Gondi people
http://wn.com/Gondi_people -
Guru Gobind Singh
http://wn.com/Guru_Gobind_Singh -
Guru Hargobind
http://wn.com/Guru_Hargobind -
Guru Nanak
http://wn.com/Guru_Nanak -
Hafez
http://wn.com/Hafez -
Hamida Banu Begum
http://wn.com/Hamida_Banu_Begum -
Hemu
http://wn.com/Hemu -
Henry Every
http://wn.com/Henry_Every -
Hiravijaya
http://wn.com/Hiravijaya -
Hrithik Roshan
http://wn.com/Hrithik_Roshan -
Humayun
http://wn.com/Humayun -
Ibrahim Lodi
Ibrahim Lodi () (b.? - April 21, 1526) was one of the ruler of the Lodi dynasty who became the last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate in India. He was an Afghan (specifically of the Ghilzai tribe of Pashtuns) who ruled over much of India from 1517 to 1526, when he was defeated by Babur and his Kabul army.
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Irfan Habib
Irfan Habib (lang-ur|, ; born 1931) is an Indian Marxist historian, a former Chairman of the Indian Council of Historical Research and a Padma Bhushan awardee. He is a Professor Emeritus at Aligarh Muslim University. He has served in the Indian History Congress for many years. Irfan Habib and R.S. Sharma have been historians of international repute even before the Indian Council of Historical Research was set up.
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Islam Shah
http://wn.com/Islam_Shah -
Ismail I
http://wn.com/Ismail_I -
Jadunath Sarkar
Sir Jadunath Sarkar () was a prominent Indian Bengali historian.
http://wn.com/Jadunath_Sarkar -
Jahandar Shah
http://wn.com/Jahandar_Shah -
Jahangir
http://wn.com/Jahangir -
Jaimal and Patta
Jaimal Rathore of Badnor and Patta of Kelwa (Jaimal Rathore: cousin of Meerabai and Fateh Singh Sisodiya) were the warriors who faced attack of Akbar in 1567 and 1568 AD on the fort of Chittor. Both were aged 16 years.When Akbar attacked Chittor, Rana Udai Singh II left the fort together with his family. Jaimal Rathore of Merta was appointed qiledar (Commander in charge) of the fort. Akbar arrived at Chittor on 23 October 1567 AD and sieged the fort. The siege continued for at least four months. Ultimately Akbar ordered his men to bury mines and explode them to demolish the walls of the fort so that the Mughal army could enter it. The people inside the fort were running short of food and water and other supplies. Finally Akbar was able to damage a wall of the fort. Next morning on 23 February 1568 AD Jaimal Rathore started repairing part of the damaged wall. Akbar noticed him walking on the walls and guessed from his clothing that he was an important person. He shot at him with his gun "Sangram" and wounded Jaimal in the leg.
http://wn.com/Jaimal_and_Patta -
James Tod
http://wn.com/James_Tod -
Jerry Bentley
http://wn.com/Jerry_Bentley -
Kabir
: Al-Kabir ("the Great") is also one of the 99 names of God in Islam. For a complete disambiguation page, see Kabir (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/Kabir -
Kim Stanley Robinson
Kim Stanley Robinson (born March 23, 1952) is an American science fiction writer known for his award-winning Mars trilogy. His work delves into ecological and sociological themes regularly, and many of his novels appear to be the direct result of his own scientific fascinations, such as the fifteen years of research and lifelong fascination with the planet Mars.
http://wn.com/Kim_Stanley_Robinson -
Maharana Pratap
http://wn.com/Maharana_Pratap -
Malik Ambar
http://wn.com/Malik_Ambar -
Man Singh
http://wn.com/Man_Singh -
Mariam-uz-Zamani
http://wn.com/Mariam-uz-Zamani -
Moinuddin Chishti
http://wn.com/Moinuddin_Chishti -
Muhammad
http://wn.com/Muhammad -
Muhammad Shah
http://wn.com/Muhammad_Shah -
Muzaffar Alam
Muzaffar Alam is the George V. Bobrinskoy Professor in [http://salc.uchicago.edu/ South Asian Languages & Civilizations] and the College at University of Chicago
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Nader Shah
http://wn.com/Nader_Shah -
Nawab of Awadh
|align="right"
http://wn.com/Nawab_of_Awadh -
Ottoman Empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Parsi
Parsi or Parsee () refers to a member of the larger of the two Zoroastrian communities in South Asia, the other being the Irani community.
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Pashtun people
http://wn.com/Pashtun_people -
Persian people
Ethnic group|group = Persian Speakers
http://wn.com/Persian_people -
Prithviraj Kapoor
http://wn.com/Prithviraj_Kapoor -
Queen Elizabeth I
http://wn.com/Queen_Elizabeth_I -
Raja Man Singh
http://wn.com/Raja_Man_Singh -
Rajput
A Rajput is a member of one of the major Hindu Kshatriya (warrior) groups of India and are a ruling class of the Indian subcontinent. They enjoy a reputation as soldiers; many of them serve in the Indian Armed Forces, while persons of Rajput ancestry also serve in the Pakistani Armed Forces. During the British Raj, the Government accepted them and recruited them heavily into their armies. Current-day Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh is home to most of the Rajputs, although demographically the Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found spread through much the subcontinent, particularly in North India and central India.
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Rajputs
http://wn.com/Rajputs -
Ram Singh I
http://wn.com/Ram_Singh_I -
Rana Sanga
http://wn.com/Rana_Sanga -
Rani Durgavati
http://wn.com/Rani_Durgavati -
Rao Udaisingh
Rao Udai Singh (reigned 1583-95), also known by the sobriquet Mota Raja (the fat king) was the Rathore ruler of Marwar, which was later known as Jodhpur (in the present day Rajasthan state of India). After the death of his father Rao Maldeo on November 7, 1562 a fatricidal war for succession started and his younger brother Rao Chandrasen crowned himself in the capital Jodhpur. But his reign was short lived as Akbar's army occupied Merta in the same year and the capital in 1563. Udai Singh later joined the Mughal service.
http://wn.com/Rao_Udaisingh -
Sadashivrao Bhau
http://wn.com/Sadashivrao_Bhau -
Sadiq Ali
Sadiq Ali is a senior politician of Kashmir (India), a noted poet and writer and an active environmentalist. He has been an elected legislator of the Kashmir State Assembly for three consecutive terms. Mr Sadiq Ali was born in Srinagar into an influential business family. His father, the late Mr. Jaffer Ali was a world renowned Papier-Machie artist and businessman.
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Saiyid Nurul Hasan
Saiyid Nurul Hasan was a historian of medieval India, a prolific author, and a statesman in the Government of India.
http://wn.com/Saiyid_Nurul_Hasan -
Salim Chishti
Shaikh Salim Chishti () was Sufi saint during Mughal Empire in South Asia. Salim Chishti (1478-1572) was one of the famous Sufi saints of the Chishti Order in India. Salim Chishti was the descendant of the famous Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti whose tomb is in Ajmer, Rajasthan.
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Salim Chisti
http://wn.com/Salim_Chisti -
Salman Rushdie
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie (lang-ur| ; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. He achieved notability with his second novel, ''Midnight's Children'' (1981), which won the Booker Prize in 1981. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. His style is often classified as magical realism mixed with historical fiction, and a dominant theme of his work is the story of the many connections, disruptions and migrations between the Eastern and Western worlds.
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Sambhaji
Sambhaji Raje Bhosale (14 May 1657 – 11 March 1689), was the eldest son and successor of Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha empire.
http://wn.com/Sambhaji -
Sanjay Khan
http://wn.com/Sanjay_Khan -
Seydi Ali Reis
Seydi Ali Reis (1498 – 1563) was an Ottoman admiral.
http://wn.com/Seydi_Ali_Reis -
Shah Jahan
http://wn.com/Shah_Jahan -
Sher Shah Suri
http://wn.com/Sher_Shah_Suri -
Shivaji
http://wn.com/Shivaji -
Sikandar Shah Suri
Sikandar Shah Suri (died 1559) was the sixth ruler of Sur dynasty, a late medieval Pashtun (Afghan) dynasty of northern India. He became the sultan of Delhi after overthrowing Ibrahim Shah Suri.
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Suraj Mal
http://wn.com/Suraj_Mal -
Tahmasp I
http://wn.com/Tahmasp_I -
Tardi Baig Khan
http://wn.com/Tardi_Baig_Khan -
The Great
http://wn.com/The_Great -
Timur
http://wn.com/Timur -
Vikram Gokhale
Vikram Gokhale (occasionally credited as Vikram Gokhle) is an well known Indian film, television and stage actor, notable for his roles in Marathi theatre and Hindi films and television. He is the son of another well known veteran Marathi theater and film actor Chandrakant Gokhale, who acted in 68 Marathi and 16 Hindi films besides 64 Marathi plays and several Marathi TV serials over a span of 75 years.
http://wn.com/Vikram_Gokhale
Jodhaa Akbar (2008)
"Jodhaa Akbar (2008)" Actors
- Hrithik Roshan
- Aishwarya Rai
- Kulbhushan Kharbanda
- Suhasini Mulay
- Raza Murad
- Rajesh Vivek
- Ila Arun
- Digvijay Purohit
- Dilnaz Irani
- Sonu Sood (ii)
- Amin Hajee (ii)
- Amitabh Bachchan
"Jodhaa Akbar (2008)" Director
Akbar Filmography
- Suno Sasurjee (2004)
- Rajaji (1999)
- Prem Aggan (1998)
- Chachi 420 (1997)
- Tere Mere Sapne (1996)
- PremGranth (1996)
- Chhote Sarkar (1996)
- Love Love Love (1989)
- Duniya (1984)
- Teri Kasam (1982)
- Ghar (1978)
- Zameer (1975)
- Jeene Ki Raah (1969)
Akbar Filmography
Akbar, S. Filmography
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JEFFERY DALLAS - Akbar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
iTunes: bit.ly | Amazon: amzn.to Tweet it: bit.ly Follow Jeffery on Twitter: twitter.com Like Jeffery on Facebook: facebook.com Written & Directed by Julian Smith Cinematography by: Julian Smith & Justin Johns ( youtube.com ) © 2012 Papertown Entertainment
http://wn.com/JEFFERY_DALLAS_Akbar
ARRehman - Khwaja Mere Khwaja (Jodhaa Akbar)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:35
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Lyrics and translation thanks to khel03 and Azan786: Khwajaji, khwaja (O saint khwaja) Khwajaji, khwaja, khwaja ji (O saint khwaja) ; (O saint khwaja) Ya gharib nawaz (The one who cherishes/soothes the poor) Ya moinuddin, ya khwaja ji (O moinuddin chisti), (O khwaja saint) Khwaja mere khwaja (O saint khwaja) Dil mein sama ja (Reside in my heart) Shaho ka shah tu (You are the king of kings) Ali ka dulara (Ali's beloved) Khwaja mere khwaja dil mein sama ja (O saint khwaja); (Reside in my heart) Beqaso ki taqdeer, tune hai sawari (The destiny of the ones in despair, you have changed for the better) Khwaja mere khwaja (O saint khwaja) Tere darbar mein khwaja (At your door, o khwaja) Door toh hai dekha (Ive seen it from far) Sar jhuka te hai auliya (Your confidents/protectors/confessors bow down to you) Tu hai Hindalwali khwaja (You are the hindalwali Khwaja) Rutba hai pyara (Your status is glorious/great) Chahne se tujhko khwaja ji mustafa ko paya (By wishing/worshipping you Khwaja, I have found muhammed [the chosen one]) Khwaja mere khwaja (O saint khwaja) Dil mein sama ja (Reside in my heart) Shaho ka shah tu (You are the king of kings) Ali ka dulara (Ali's beloved) Mere peer ka sadka (The alms of my old age) Hai mere peer ka sadka (It is the charity of my old age) Tera daaman hai thama (That I have come in your refuge) Khawajaji Tali har bala humari (All my problems/crisis have been averted) Chaya hai khumar tera (Your trance is all over me) Jitna bhi rashk kare beshak (No ...
http://wn.com/ARRehman_Khwaja_Mere_Khwaja_Jodhaa_Akbar
Akbar the Great - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:44
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Akbar the Great - Part 1 The magnificent and moving story of "Jalaluddin Mohammed, known to posterity as "Akbar The Great" is chronicled in this mega - epic which vividly re - captures one of the most dazzling and outstanding accounts of chivalry valour and statesmanship in the history of the world. The brilliant exploits and the invincible might of the mughal armies as they raze one enemy castle after another, are marvelously sublimated by this supreme philosopher king as he introduces radical solutions for a strife - torn kingdom in the form of Din - E - Ilahi the divine faith and Sulh - I - kul universal brotherhood as the ideology of an Empire. An awe-inspiring narrative of the transformation of India from a trouble - torn & warning geographical mass, into a harmonious, prosperous and patriotic nation pledged to uphold equality, fraternity and liberty long before the modern world discovered these virtues. Watch the brilliant and fascination story of "Akbar The Great". The serial has been produced and directed by Akbar Khan, a well established motion picture producer, director and leading film actor. The first fifteen episodes of the TV Serial "The Sword of Tipu Sultan" directed by him, have already received worldwide praise. Although the scenario - script of the serial has been developed and written by our team of eminent writers, all events and happening that appears in the episodes have been drawn from various historical books and therefore are authentic Looking at ...
http://wn.com/Akbar_the_Great_Part_1
Akbar Birbal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
www.rajshri.com The stories of Akbar and Birbal have delighted children and adults alike for generations and have come to become two of the most-loved figures of Indian folklore. Experience the timeless wisdom of the endearing Akbar-Birbal tales in these animated videos.
http://wn.com/Akbar_Birbal
Jodhaa Akbar - Official Trailer (English subtitles)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Watch the official trailer of the movie Jodhaa Akbar starring Hrithik Roshan and Aishwarya Rai.
http://wn.com/Jodhaa_Akbar_Official_Trailer_English_subtitles
Jodhaa Akbar (Full Song) - Inn Lamhon Ke (Hrithik Roshan & Aishwarya Rai) HQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:56
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Watch this video to enjoy the exclusive song "Inn Lamhon Ke" from the movie Jodhaa Akbar
http://wn.com/Jodhaa_Akbar_Full_Song_Inn_Lamhon_Ke_Hrithik_Roshan_Aishwarya_Rai_HQ
Jodha Akbar - Mulumathy (Tamil) - True HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Jodha Akbar (2008) - Mulumathy (Tamil) - Music by 'Isai Puyal' AR Rahman - Starring Krithik Roshan, Aishwarya Rai
http://wn.com/Jodha_Akbar_Mulumathy_Tamil_True_HD
Jodha Akbar (Aishwarya Rai & Hrithik Roshan) - Azeem O Shaan Shahenshah (HQ) Full Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:13
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Watch this video to see the song Azeem O Shaan Shahenshah from the movie Jodhaa Akbar.
http://wn.com/Jodha_Akbar_Aishwarya_Rai_Hrithik_Roshan_Azeem_O_Shaan_Shahenshah_HQ_Full_Song
Jashn-E-Bahaara-Jodhaa Akbar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
Jashn-E-Bahaara-Jodhaa Akbar Starring: * Hrithik Roshan * Aishwarya Rai * Amitabh Bachchan... Narrator With English Subtitles Jashn E Bahar Jodha Askbar AR Rahman Hindi BOllywood Bolly India Indian Roshan He Funny Comedy American Idol (16) +160...
http://wn.com/Jashn-E-Bahaara-Jodhaa_Akbar
Jodhaa Akbar - Aishwarya Rai - Hrithik Roshan - Khawaja Mere Khawaja Full Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Watch this video to see Hritik Roshan dance to the tunes of Khwaja Mere Khwaja in the movie Jodhaa Akbar.
http://wn.com/Jodhaa_Akbar_Aishwarya_Rai_Hrithik_Roshan_Khawaja_Mere_Khawaja_Full_Song
Brand Nubian - Allah U Akbar (Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
© 2006 WMG Allah U Akbar (Video)
http://wn.com/Brand_Nubian_Allah_U_Akbar_Video
Jodhaa Akbar - Theatrical Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
Jodhaa Akbar : Theatrical Trailer - Movie Promo 4 Min 30 Sec
http://wn.com/Jodhaa_Akbar_Theatrical_Trailer
Na'im Akbar on FTP-Part1A: Power is the Mind
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:04
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
"For the People": Psychologist, Dr. Na'im Akbar is interviewed by the late Listervelt Middleton in Africa (1987). To automatically "Play All" parts, please go to the playlists section.
http://wn.com/Na'im_Akbar_on_FTP-Part1A_Power_is_the_Mind
Akbar and Birbal Tales in Hindi - Akbar and Birbal are Greedy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Emperor Akbar has organised a sumptuous feast and both Akbar and Birbal tuck in greedily. The Emperor sees an opportunity to tease Birbal, but does his plan work? To buy this title or any other interesting Appuseries titles please visit To buy any Appu Series CDs or Books, please visit www.appuseries.com
http://wn.com/Akbar_and_Birbal_Tales_in_Hindi_Akbar_and_Birbal_are_Greedy
Azeem O Shaan Shahenshah HD (Jodha Akbar)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:18
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Hindi movie song, jodha akbar
http://wn.com/Azeem_O_Shaan_Shahenshah_HD_Jodha_Akbar
Jodha Akbar--Jashne Bahara(High Quality)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
jodha akbar
http://wn.com/Jodha_Akbar--Jashne_BaharaHigh_Quality
Akbar Birbal Remixed - April Fool
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Watch Akbar Birbal Remixed - April Fool. An irked Akbar Anna holds a gun on Birbal's head and death seems looming large but Birbal turns the tables on him. And how...! Click www.rajshri.com to watch more episodes of Akbar Birbal Remixed.
http://wn.com/Akbar_Birbal_Remixed_April_Fool
Akbar the Great - Part 57
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:14
- Updated: 11 Apr 2012
Akbar The Great - Part 57. The magnificent and moving story of "Jalaluddin Mohammed, known to posterity as "Akbar The Great" is chronicled in this mega - epic which vividly re - captures one of the most dazzling and outstanding accounts of chivalry valour and statesmanship in the history of the world. The brilliant exploits and the invincible might of the mughal armies as they raze one enemy castle after another, are marvelously sublimated by this supreme philosopher king as he introduces radical solutions for a strife - torn kingdom in the form of Din - E - Ilahi the divine faith and Sulh - I - kul universal brotherhood as the ideology of an Empire. An awe-inspiring narrative of the transformation of India from a trouble - torn & warning geographical mass, into a harmonious, prosperous and patriotic nation pledged to uphold equality, fraternity and liberty long before the modern world discovered these virtues. Watch the brilliant and fascination story of "Akbar The Great". The serial has been produced and directed by Akbar Khan, a well established motion picture producer, director and leading film actor. The first fifteen episodes of the TV Serial "The Sword of Tipu Sultan" directed by him, have already received worldwide praise. Although the scenario - script of the serial has been developed and written by our team of eminent writers, all events and happening that appears in the episodes have been drawn from various historical books and therefore are authentic Looking ...
http://wn.com/Akbar_the_Great_Part_57
Adhan - you never heard like this
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Adhan from Riyadh
http://wn.com/Adhan_you_never_heard_like_this
Man Mohana - Jodha Akbar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Plz Visit My Blog's. just-love-songs.blogspot.com http (Blog on Tantra)
http://wn.com/Man_Mohana_Jodha_Akbar
Akbar Khamisu Khan Sindhi folk Alghoza Player Post by Zagham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:28
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
A Morning with Farah Celebrating independence day with folk singers of Pakistan and showing that we are still intact with our roots and culture.So be a part of the show through your massages and live call and enjoy the melody of Pakistan.
http://wn.com/Akbar_Khamisu_Khan_Sindhi_folk_Alghoza_Player_Post_by_Zagham
He Said Allahu Akbar-The Attack On Fort Hood
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:17
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/He_Said_Allahu_Akbar-The_Attack_On_Fort_Hood
Akbar Birbal Remixed - Kachra Ho Gaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 20 Mar 2012
Watch Akbar Birbal Remixed - Kachra Ho Gaya. A 'social worker' for the past many years, Akbar Anna wants to shrug off the tag of the underworld. He almost succeeds...well almost! Click www.rajshri.com to watch more episodes of Akbar Birbal Remixed.
http://wn.com/Akbar_Birbal_Remixed_Kachra_Ho_Gaya
Photo: US Navy / MCS2 Terah L. Mollise
05 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling "Of the best rulers, the people do not know they exist." -Lao Tzu Unlike pseudo messianic governments and their virtual political pretenders, super...
Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
05 Nov 2012
RAMALLAH, West Bank - A Western diplomat says the exhumation of late Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat's remains will take place Nov. 26....
Photo: FEMA / Jocelyn Augustino
05 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling As Iran's Red Crescent Organization readied hundreds of aid workers to fly to New York City, even offering tons of foodstuffs and medical equipment and...
Photo: US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Todd A. Schaffer
06 Nov 2012
- At an unknown location somewhere deep beneath the world's oceans, a British submarine sits primed to launch up to 40 nuclear warheads with a collective destructive power almost 300 times greater...
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
05 Nov 2012
JERUSALEM -- The question seemed simple enough: Would President Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestinian Authority like to go to Safed, the city in northern Israel where he was born in 1935? But there are no...
photo: Creative Commons / Wo st 01
Newstrack India
Tweet New Delhi, Nov 6 (IANS) Qatar Airways is offering customers across India and around the world with great savings to more than 100 destinations during its latest three-day global sale. The 72-hour marathon sale, which starts at 0001 hrs Nov 7 (local time in each market) and ends at 23:59 on Nov...(size: 4.0Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics balochistanElections Advertisement One of Balochistan's largest pro-democracy parties is feverishly trying to form a united front with like-minded parties to win the upcoming elections amidst many a challenge. "The situation is far from normal," Dr. Malik Baloch, a former senator and...(size: 7.0Kb)
France24
A trial opened in Turkey on Tuesday for four former Israeli military commanders charged over the killing of nine Turks aboard a Gaza bound aid ship in 2010. The four, who include the former head of the army, are being tried in absentia. By News Wires (text) Four Israeli ex-military chiefs...(size: 11.4Kb)
Details emerge in Afghan village massacre
06 Nov 2012
Yahoo Daily News
JOINT BASE LEWIS-McCHORD, Wash. (AP) — Staff Sgt. Robert Bales spent the evening on his remote outpost in southern Afghanistan with fellow soldiers, watching a movie about revenge killings, sharing whiskey from a plastic bottle and discussing an attack that cost one of their friends his leg. Within...(size: 31.4Kb)
Anushka to play Rudrama Devi
06 Nov 2012
The Times of India
It's official now! Anushka will be playing Rudrama Devi in Gunasekhar's next historical film. The director, who announced the news on Tuesday, says, "This is my...(size: 1.0Kb)
Saffron fields evoke nostalgia for Kashmir
06 Nov 2012
The Times of India
A 16th-century royal was smitten by the beauty and voice of a singer-poetess in these south Kashmir highlands during a moonlit November night amid the fragrance and magical colours of the blooming saffron flowers. King Yusuf Shah summoned the husband of Zoon, the singer-poetess, to his court. He was...(size: 3.5Kb)
Newstrack India
Tweet Pampore Highlands (Jammu and Kashmir), Nov 6 (IANS) A 16th-century royal was smitten by the beauty and voice of a singer-poetess in these south Kashmir highlands during a moonlit November night amid the fragrance and magical colours of the blooming saffron flowers....(size: 4.5Kb)
Indian Express
The farmers of Kanbha and Bodka villages in Karjan taluka of Vadodara district on Monday said they would not surrender their land for acquisition for the proposed Vadodara-Mumbai Expressway and requested the special land acquisition officer to...(size: 1.6Kb)
Hope rising in Land of Promise
05 Nov 2012
New Straits/Business Times
PEACE DIVIDEND: Sheer willpower and hard work will ensure Bangsamoro people succeed in improving their lives Al-Muiz Usman and his sister, C.T. Raisa, taking part in a procession to welcome the peace initiative. Pix by Sairien Nafis 1 / 1 COTABATO (Mindanao): THE first thing you notice...(size: 3.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
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This article is about the Mughal emperor. For other uses, see Akbar (disambiguation).
| Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar | |
|---|---|
 |
|
 3rd Mughal Emperor |
|
| Predecessor | Humayun |
| Successor | Jahangir |
| Regent | Bairam Khan (1556–1561) |
| Spouse | 30 wives including Mariam-uz-Zamani |
| Issue | |
| Jahangir, Murad, Danyal, 6 daughters others | |
| Full name | |
| Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar I | |
| House | Timurid |
| Father | Humayun |
| Mother | Hamida Banu Begum[1] |
| Born | (1542-10-15)15 October 1542 Umerkot, Sind |
| Died | 27 October 1605(1605-10-27) (aged 63) Fatehpur Sikri, Agra |
| Burial | Sikandra, Agra |
| Religion | Din-i-Ilahi |
Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar (Persian: جلال الدین محمد اکبر - Jalāl ud-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar), also known as Shahanshah Akbar-e-Azam or Akbar the Great (14 October 1542 – 27 October 1605),[2][3] was the third Mughal Emperor. He was of Timurid descent; the son of Emperor Humayun, and the grandson of the Mughal Emperor Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur, the ruler who founded the Mughal dynasty in India. At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of northern and central India. He is most appreciated for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs and during his era, culture and art reached a zenith as compared to his predecessors.
Akbar was 13 years old when he ascended the Mughal throne in Delhi (February 1556), following the death of his father Humayun.[4] During his reign, he eliminated military threats from the powerful Pashtun descendants of Sher Shah Suri, and at the Second Battle of Panipat he decisively defeated the newly self-declared Hindu king Hemu.[5][6] It took him nearly two more decades to consolidate his power and bring all the parts of northern and central India into his direct realm. He influenced the whole of the Indian Subcontinent as he ruled a greater part of it as an emperor. As an emperor, Akbar solidified his rule by pursuing diplomacy with the powerful Hindu Rajput caste, and by marrying Rajput princesses.[5][7]
Akbar's reign significantly influenced art and culture in the country. He was a great patron of art and architecture [8] He took a great interest in painting, and had the walls of his palaces adorned with murals. Besides encouraging the development of the Mughal school, he also patronised the European style of painting. He was fond of literature, and had several Sanskrit works translated into Persian and Persian scriptures translated in Sanskrit apart from getting many Persian works illustrated by painters from his court.[8] During the early years of his reign, he showed intolerant attitude towards Hindus and other religions, but later exercised tolerance towards non-Islamic faiths by rolling back some of the strict sharia laws.[9][10][11] His administration included numerous Hindu landlords, courtiers and military generals. He began a series of religious debates where Muslim scholars would debate religious matters with Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians and Portuguese Roman Catholic Jesuits. He treated these religious leaders with great consideration, irrespective of their faith, and revered them. He not only granted lands and money for the mosques but the list of the recipients included a huge number Hindu temples in north and central India, Christian churches in Goa.
Contents |
Early years and name[link]
Shahzada (son of the emperor) Akbar was born on 15 October 1542 (the fourth day of Rajab, 949 AH), at the Rajput Fortress of Umerkot in Sindh (in modern day Pakistan), where Emperor Humayun and his recently wedded wife, Hamida Banu Begum, daughter of Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, a Persian Shia, were taking refuge. After the capture of Kabul by Humayun, Badruddin's circumcision ceremony was held and his date of birth and name were changed to throw off evil sorcerers[12] and he was renamed Jalal-ud-din Muhammad by Humayun, a name which he had heard in his dream at Lahore.[3] Part 10:..the birth of Akbar Humayun nama, Columbia University.
Humayun had been driven into exile in Persia by the Pashtun leader Sher Shah Suri.[13] Akbar did not go to Persia with his parents but grew up in the village of Mukundpur in Rewa (in present day Madhya Pradesh).[citation needed] Akbar and prince Ram Singh I, who later became the Maharajah of Rewa, grew up together and stayed close friends through life.[citation needed] Later, Akbar moved to the eastern parts of the Safavid Empire (now a part of Afghanistan) where he was raised by his uncle Mirza Askari. He spent his youth learning to hunt, run, and fight, but he never learned to read or write. This lifestyle of his childhood made him a daring, powerful and a brave warrior but he remained illiterate throughout his life. Although this did not hinder his search of knowledge as it is said whenever he used to go to bed, there would be somebody reading for the king.[14][better source needed]
Following the chaos over the succession of Sher Shah Suri's son Islam Shah, Humayun reconquered Delhi in 1555, leading an army partly provided by his Persian ally Tahmasp I. A few months later, Humayun died. Akbar's guardian, Bairam Khan concealed the death in order to prepare for Akbar's succession. Akbar succeeded Humayun on 14 February 1556, while in the midst of a war against Sikandar Shah to reclaim the Mughal throne. In Kalanaur, Punjab, the 13 year old Akbar was enthroned by Bairam Khan on a newly constructed platform, which still stands.[15][dead link][16] He was proclaimed Shahanshah (Persian for "King of Kings"). Bairam Khan ruled on his behalf until he came of age.[17][18]
Military achievements[link]
Military innovations[link]
Akbar was known in his own time as a military genius. Due to the constant state of war between the Hindu Rajputs and the Mughal Empire, particularly after the wounding of the Mughal commander Khan Kilan by Rajput nobles in the year 1572, Akbar began to utilize the Kitar alongside the Mughal Talwars in battle. The latest Matchlocks were mass produced by the finest craftsmen and effectively employed during various conflicts. Akbar also ordered the manufacture of the finest chain-plate armors other protections that made his War elephants and Sowars invincible in combat. Akbar also began to utilize metal cylinder rockets known as bans[19] particularly against War elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal.
Akbar also began to believe that War elephants were the keys to military success, he believed that a single "Armored Elephant" was equal to 500 Sowars at the center of the battlefield. Akbar also noted that elephants have the ability to move through the densest of forests clearing through woods and paving way for both the Mughal Sepoys, Sowars and Cannons. Akbar personally owned 5000 well trained elephants and recorded the use of almost 40,000 across his Mughal Empire. Akbar is also known to have replaced pairs of elephant tusks with a pair of double-curved Tusk Swords. War elephants were also utilized to carry out executions of those who fought against the Mughal Emperor.[20] Akbar was also the first to place advanced swivel guns and cannons atop of Howdahs, thus combining firepower and mobility on the battlefield and sieges.[21]
The Mughal Emperor Akbar also distributed crescent military standards and kettledrums to his finest servicemen.
Early conquests[link]
Akbar decided early in his reign that he should conquer the threat of Sher Shah's dynasty, and decided to lead an army against the strongest of the three, Sikandar Shah Suri, in the Punjab. He left Delhi under the regency of Tardi Baig Khan. Sikandar Shah Suri presented no major concern for Akbar, and often withdrew from territory as Akbar approached.[22]
The Hindu king Hemu, however, commanding the Afghan forces, defeated the Mughal Army and captured Delhi on 6 October 1556.[17] Urged by Bairam Khan, who remarshalled the Mughal army before Hemu could consolidate his position, Akbar marched on Delhi to reclaim it.[23] Akbar's army, led by Bairam Khan, met the larger forces of Hemu on November 5, 1556 at the Second Battle of Panipat, 50 miles (80 km) north of Delhi. The battle was going in Hemu's favour when an arrow pierced Hemu's eye, rendering him unconscious. The leaderless army soon capitulated and Hemu was captured and executed.[24]
The victory also left Akbar with over 1,500 war elephants which he used to re-engage Sikandar Shah at the siege of Choopa. Sikandar, along with several local chieftains who were assisting him, surrendered and so was spared death. With this, the whole of Punjab was annexed to the Mughal empire. Before returning to Agra, Akbar sent a detachment of his army to Jammu, which defeated the ruler Raja Kapur Chand and captured the kingdom.[25] Between 1558 and 1560, after moving the capital from Delhi to Agra, Akbar further expanded the empire by capturing and annexing the kingdoms of Gwalior, northern Rajputana and Jaunpur.[26]
After a dispute at court, Akbar dismissed Bairam Khan in the spring of 1560 and ordered him to leave on Hajj to Mecca.[26] Bairam left for Mecca, but on his way was goaded by his opponents to rebel.[24] He was defeated by the Mughal army in the Punjab and forced to submit. Akbar, however forgave him and gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage, of which Bairam chose the latter.[27]
After dealing with the rebellion of Bairam Khan and establishing his authority. Akbar went on to expand the Mughal empire by subjugating local chiefs and annexing neighbouring kingdoms.[29] The first major conquest was of Malwa in 1561, an expedition that was led by Adham Khan and carried out with such savage cruelty that it resulted in a backlash from the kingdom enabling its ruler Baz Bahadur to recover the territory while Akbar was dealing with the rebellion of Bairam Khan.[30] Subsequently, Akbar sent another detachment which captured Malwa in 1562, and Baz Bahadur eventually surrendered to the Mughals and was made an administrator by Akbar. Around the same time, the Mughal army also conquered the kingdom of the Gonds, after a fierce battle between Asaf Khan[disambiguation needed 
], the Mughal governor of Allahabad, and Rani Durgavati queen of the Gonds.[31] However after the victory of the Mughals, Asaf Khan allegedly misappropriated most of the wealth plundered from the kingdom and later Akbar subsequently ordered him to restore some of the wealth, apart from installing Durgavati's son, a convert to Islam, as the local administrator of the newly conquered region.[32]
Over the course of Akbar's conquest of Malwa, he brought most of present-day Rajasthan, Gujarat and Bengal under his control, but Akbar believed that Chittorgarh Fort was a major threat to Mughal Empire because it housed Rajputs who were considered sworn enemies of the Mughals, in the year 1567 Akbar began to gather his forces who were briefly interrupted during the Battle of Thanesar, but by autumn Akbar was prepared to mount his siege. Chittorgarh Fort was ruled by Udai Singh who often gave refuge to the enemies of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Udai Singh's kingdom was of great strategic importance as it lay on the shortest route from Agra to Gujarat and was also considered a key to central Rajasthan. Fearing Akbar's impending assault Udai Singh retired to the hills, leaving two warriors Jaimal and Patta in charge of the fort.[32]
In October 1567, the Mughal army of approximately 5000 men led by Akbar surrounded and besieged 8000 Hindu Rajputs during the Siege of Chittorgarh and within a few months Akbar's ranks expanded to over 50,000 men. After an arduous siege Akbar ordered his men and augmented them to lift baskets of earth in order to create a hill in front of the fort by which the Mughal Cannons could be placed. As the Mohur Hill was completed Akbar placed his cannons and mortars near its tip, he then organized his sappers to plant mines under the heavy stone walls of the fortress of Chittor, but the mines exploded prematurely during an assault killing about a hundred Mughal Sowars, as the siege continued it is believed that a shot from Akbar's own Matchlock wounded or killed the commander of the already demoralized Hindu Rajputs.[33] The fortress of Chittor finally fell on February 1568 after a siege of four months. The fort was then stormed by the Mughal forces, and a fierce resistance was offered by members of the garrison stationed inside. When the Rajput women were ordered to commit Jauhar (self immolation), Akbar had realized that victory was near and the Mughals launched their final assault over 30,000 inhabitants of Chittorgarh Fort were killed by the victorious Mughal army. Akbar then ordered the heads of his enemies to be displayed upon towers erected throughout the region, in order to demonstrate his authority.[34][35]
The total loot that fell into the hands of the Mughal was distributed throughout the Mughal Empire.[36] Akbar then ordered the statues of two of the "armored elephants" that led the Mughal assault be carved and erected at the chief gate of the Agra Fort.[32][37] Akbar then built similar spiked-gates throughout his fortresses in order to deter elephant attacks. It is said that the brass candlesticks taken from the Kalika temple after its destruction were given to the shrine of Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer, a shrine that Akbar vowed to rebuild after his victory.[34][38] Akbar then celebrated the victory over Chittor and Ranthambore by laying the foundation of a new city, 23 miles (37 km) W.S.W of Agra in 1569. It was called Fatehpur Sikri ("city of victory").[39]
In the year 1568, the 26 year old Mughal Emperor Akbar reigned supreme, bolstered by his success, he was looking forward to widespread acclamation as one of the greatest Muslim conqueror within and beyond his realm and was given the honorable title Zill-e-Ilahi (Zeal of Allah). He gathered miniature painters, who illustrated the Mughal forces that fought during the Siege of Chittorgarh in the Fatahnama-i-Chittor issued by him after the conquest of Chittor at Ajmer, where he stayed for some time and then returned to Agra, on Ramadan 10, 975.AH/March 9, 1568AD. After Akbar's conquest of Chittor, two major Rajput clans remained opposed to him - the Sisodiyas of Mewar and Hadas of Ranthambore.
Ranthambore Fort was reputed to be the most powerful fortress in Rajasthan, was conquered by the Mughal army in 1569 during the Siege of Ranthambore, making Akbar the master of almost the whole of Rajputana. As a result, most of the Rajput kings, including those of Bikaner, Bundelkhand and Jaisalmer submitted to Akbar. Only the clans of Mewar continued to resist Mughal conquest and Akbar had to fight with them from time to time for the greater part of his reign.[32][34] Among the most prominent of them was Maharana Pratap who declined to accept Akbar's suzerainty and also opposed the marriage etiquette of Rajputs who had been giving their daughters to Mughals. He renounced all matrimonial alliances with Rajput rulers who had married into the Mughal dynasty, refusing such alliances even with the princes of Marwar and Amer until they agreed to sever ties with the Mughals.[40]
Consolidation[link]
Having conquered Rajputana, Akbar turned to Gujarat, whose government was in a state of disarray after the death of its previous ruler, Bahadur Shah. The province was a tempting target as it was a center of world trade, it possessed fertile soil and had highly developed crafts.[41] The province had been occupied by Humayun for a brief period, and prior to that was ruled by the Delhi Sultanate.[32] In 1572, Akbar marched to Ahmedabad, which capitulated without offering resistance. He took Surat by siege, and then crossed the Mahi river and defeated his estranged cousins, the Mirzas, in a hard-fought battle at Sarnal.[41][42] During the campaign, Akbar met a group of Portuguese merchants for the first time at Cambay. Having established his authority over Gujarat, Akbar returned to Agra, but Mirza-led rebellions soon broke out. Akbar returned, crossing Rajasthan at great speed on camels and horses, and reached Ahmedabad in eleven days - a journey that normally took six weeks. Akbar's army of 3000 horsemen then defeated the enemy forces numbering 20000 in a decisive victory on 2 September 1573.[41]
Administration[link]
Political government[link]
Akbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the Delhi Sultanate, but the functions of various departments were carefully reorganised by laying down detailed regulations for their functioning:[43]
- The revenue department was headed by a wazir, responsible for all finances and management of jagir and inam lands.
- The head of the military was called the mir bakshi, appointed from among the leading nobles of the court. The mir bakshi was in charge of intelligence gathering, and also made recommendations to the emperor for military appointments and promotions.
- The mir saman was in charge of the imperial household, including the harems, and supervised the functioning of the court and royal bodyguard.
- The judiciary was a separate organization headed by a chief qazi, who was also responsible for religious endowments.
Akbar departed from the policy of his predecessors in his treatment of the territories he conquered. Previous Mughals extracted a large tribute from these rulers and then leave them to administer their dominions autonomously; Akbar integrated them into his administration, providing them the opportunity to serve as military rulers. He thus simultaneously controlled their power while increasing their prestige as a part of the imperial ruling class.[44] Some of these rulers went on to become the navaratnas in Akbar's court.
Taxation[link]
Akbar set about reforming the administration of his empire's land revenue by adopting a system that had been used by Sher Shah Suri. A cultivated area where crops grew well was measured and taxed through fixed rates based on the area's crop and productivity. However, this placed hardship on the peasantry because tax rates were fixed on the basis of prices prevailing in the imperial court, which were often higher than those in the countryside.[45] Akbar changed to a decentralized system of annual assessment, but this resulted in corruption among local officials and was abandoned in 1580, to be replaced by a system called the dahsala.[46] Under the new system, revenue was calculated as one-third of the average produce of the previous ten years, to be paid to the state in cash. This system was later refined, taking into account local prices, and grouping areas with similar productivity into assessment circles. Remission was given to peasants when the harvest failed during times of flood or drought.[46] Akbar's dahsala system is credited to Raja Todar Mal, who also served as a revenue officer under Sher Shah Suri,[47] and the structure of the revenue administration was set out by the latter in a detailed memorandum submitted to the emperor in 1582-83.[48]
Other local methods of assessment continued in some areas. Land which was fallow or uncultivated was charged at concessional rates.[49] Akbar also actively encouraged the improvement and extension of agriculture. The village continued to remain the primary unit of revenue assessment.[50] Zamindars of every area were required to provide loans and agricultural implements in times of need, to encourage farmers to plough as much land as possible and to sow seeds of superior quality. In turn, the zamindars were given a hereditary right to collect a share of the produce. Peasants had a hereditary right to cultivate the land as long as they paid the land revenue.[49] While the revenue assessment system showed concern for the small peasantry, it also maintained a level of distrust towards the revenue officials. Revenue officials were guaranteed only three-quarters of their salary, with the remaining quarter dependent on their full realisation of the revenue assessed.[51]
Military organization[link]
Main article: Mansabdari
An Emperor shall be ever Intent on Conquest, Ohterwise His enemies shall rise in arms against him.
Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar,
Akbar organized his army as well as the nobility by means of a system called the mansabdari. Under this system, each officer in the army was assigned a rank (a mansab), and assigned a number of cavalry that he had to supply to the imperial army.[47] The mansabdars were divided into 33 classes. The top three commanding ranks, ranging from 7000 to 10000 troops, were normally reserved for princes. Other ranks between 10 and 5000 were assigned to other members of the nobility. The empire's permanent standing army was quite small and the imperial forces mostly consisted of contingents maintained by the mansabdars.[52] Persons were normally appointed to a low mansab and then promoted, based on their merit as well as the favour of the emperor.[53] Each mansabdar was required to maintain a certain number of cavalrymen and twice that number of horses. The number of horses was greater because they had to be rested and rapidly replaced in times of war. Akbar employed strict measures to ensure that the quality of the armed forces was maintained at a high level; horses were regularly inspected and only Arabian horses were normally employed.[54] The mansabdars were remunerated well for their services and constituted the highest paid military service in the world at the time.[53]
Capital of the empire[link]
Akbar was a follower of Salim Chishti, a holy man who lived in the region of Sikri near Agra. Believing the area to be a lucky one for himself, he had a mosque constructed there for the use of the priest. Subsequently, he celebrated the victories over Chittor and Ranthambore by laying the foundation of a new walled capital, 23 miles (37 km) west of Agra in 1569, which was named Fatehpur ("town of victory") after the conquest of Gujarat in 1573 and subsequently came to be known as Fatehpur Sikri in order to distinguish it from other similarly named towns.[32] Palaces for each of Akbar's senior queens, a huge artificial lake, and sumptuous water-filled courtyards were built there. However, the city was soon abandoned and the capital was moved to Lahore in 1585. The reason may have been that the water supply in Fatehpur Sikri was insufficient or of poor quality. Or, as some historians believe, Akbar had to attend to the northwest areas of his empire and therefore moved his capital northwest. Other sources indicate Akbar simply lost interest in the city[55] or realised it was not militarily defensible. In 1599, Akbar shifted his capital back to Agra from where he reigned until his death.
Diplomacy[link]
Matrimonial alliances[link]
The practice of giving Hindu princesses to Muslim kings in marriage was known much before Akbar's time, but in most cases these marriages did not lead to any stable relations between the families involved, and the women were lost to their families and did not return after marriage.[56][57]
However, Akbar's policy of matrimonial alliances marked a departure from India from previous practice in that the marriage itself marked the beginning of a new order of relations, wherein the Hindu Rajputs who married their daughters or sisters to him would be treated on par with his Muslim fathers-in-law and brothers in-law in all respects except being able to dine and pray with him or take Muslim wives. These Rajputs were made members of his court and their daughters' or sisters' marriage to a Muslim ceased to be a sign of degradation, except for certain orthodox elements who still considered it a sign of humiliation.[57]
The Kacchwaha Rajput, Raja Bharmal, of Amber, who had come to Akbar's court shortly after the latter's accession, entered into an alliance by giving his daughter Harkha Bai (also called Jodhaa Bai) in marriage to the emperor.[58][59] Harkha Bai became Muslim and was renamed Mariam-uz-Zamani.[citation needed] She died in 1623. A mosque was built in her honor by her son Jahangir in Lahore.[60] Bharmal was made a noble of high rank in the imperial court, and subsequently his son Bhagwant Das and grandson Man Singh also rose to high ranks in the nobility.[56]
Other Rajput kingdoms also established matrimonial alliances with Akbar, but matrimony was not insisted on as a precondition for forming alliances. Two major Rajput clans remained aloof – the Sisodiyas of Mewar and Hadas of Ranthambore. In another turning point of Akbar's reign, Raja Man Singh I of Amber went with Akbar to meet the Hada leader, Surjan Hada, to effect an alliance. Surjan accepted an alliance on the condition that Akbar did not marry any of his daughters. Consequently, no matrimonial alliance was entered into, yet Surjan was made a noble and placed in charge of Garh-Katanga.[56] Certain other Rajput nobles did not like the idea of their kings marrying their daughters to Mughals. Rathore Kalyandas threatened to kill both Mota Raja Rao Udaisingh and Jahangir because Udai Singh had decided to marry his daughter to Jahangir. Akbar on hearing this ordered imperial forces to attack Kalyandas at Siwana. Kalyandas died fighting along with his men and the women of Siwana committed Jauhar.[61]
The political effect of these alliances was significant. While some Rajput women who entered Akbar's harem converted to Islam, they were generally provided full religious freedom, and their relatives, who continued to remain Hindu, formed a significant part of the nobility and served to articulate the opinions of the majority of the common populace in the imperial court.[56] The interaction between Hindu and Muslim nobles in the imperial court resulted in exchange of thoughts and blending of the two cultures. Further, newer generations of the Mughal line represented a merger of Mughal and Rajput blood, thereby strengthening ties between the two. As a result, the Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals, and Rajput soldiers and generals fought for the Mughal army under Akbar, leading it in several campaigns including the conquest of Gujarat in 1572.[62] Akbar's policy of religious tolerance ensured that employment in the imperial administration was open to all on merit irrespective of creed, and this led to an increase in the strength of the administrative services of the empire.[63]
Another legend is that Akbar's daughter Meherunnissa was enamoured by Tansen and had a role in his coming to Akbar's court.[64] Tansen converted to Islam from Hinduism, apparently on the eve of his marriage with Akbar's daughter.[65][66]
Relations with the Portuguese[link]
At the time of Akbar's ascension in 1556, the Portuguese had established several fortresses and factories on the western coast of the subcontinent, and largely controlled navigation and sea-trade in that region. As a consequence of this colonialism, all other trading entities were subject to the terms and conditions of the Portuguese, and this was resented by the rulers and traders of the time including Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.[68]
in the year 1572 the Mughal Empire annexed Gujarat and acquired its first access to the sea, the local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese have begun to exert their control in the Indian Ocean. Hence Akbar's was conscious of the threat posed by the presence of the Portuguese, remained content with obtaining a cartaz (permit) from them for sailing in the Persian Gulf region.[69] At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the Siege of Surat in 1572, the Portuguese, recognising the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to adopt diplomacy instead of war, and the Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations.[70] Akbar's efforts to purchase and secure from the Portuguese some of their compact Artillery pieces were unsuccessful and that is the reason why Akbar could not establish the Mughal navy along the Gujarat coast.[71]
Akbar accepted the offer of diplomacy, but the Portuguese continually acknowledged their authority and power in the Indian Ocean, in fact Akbar was highly concerned when he had to request a permit from the Portuguese before any ships from the Mughal Empire were to depart for the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina.[72] In 1573, he issued a firman directing Mughal administrative officials in Gujarat not to provoke the Portuguese in the territory they held in Daman. The Portuguese, in turn, issued passes for the members of Akbar's family to go on Hajj to Mecca. The Portuguese made mention of the extraordinary status of the vessel and the special status to be accorded to its occupants.[73]
In the year 1579 Jesuits from Goa were allowed to visit the court of Akbar, the Jesuit did not confine themselves to the exposition of their own beliefs, but reviled Islam and the Prophet in unrestrained language. Their comments enraging the Imam's and Ulama, who objected to the remarks of the Jesuit, but Akbar however ordered their comments to be recorded and observed the Jesuits and their behavior carefully. This event was followed by a rebellion of Muslim clerics led by Mullah Muhammad Yazdi and Muiz-ul-Mulk, the chief Qadi of Bengal in the year 1581, when these rebels wanted to overthrow Akbar and insert his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim ruler of Kabul on the Mughal throne. Akbar however successfully defeated the rebels and had grown more cautious about his guests and his proclamations, which he later checked with his advisers carefully.[74]
Relations with the Ottoman Empire[link]
In the year 1555, while Akbar was still a child the Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis visited the Mughal Emperor Humayun. Later in the year 1569, during the early years of Akbar's rule another Ottoman Admiral Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis arrived on the shores of the Mughal Empire. These Ottoman Admirals sought to end the growing threats of the Portuguese Empire during their Indian Ocean campaigns. During his reign Akbar himself is known to have sent six documents addressing the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.[75][76]
In 1576 Akbar sent a very large contingent of pilgrims led by Khwaja Sultan Naqshbandi, Yahya Saleh, with 600,000 gold and silver coins and 12,000 Kaftans of honor and large consignments of rice.[77] In October 1576, the Mughal Emperor Akbar, sent a delegation including members of his family including his aunt Gulbadan Begum and his consort Salima, on Hajj by two ships from Surat including an Ottoman vessel, which reached the port of Jeddah in 1577 and then proceeded towards Mecca and Medina.[78] Four more caravans were sent from 1577 to 1580, with exquisite gifts for the authorities of Mecca and Medina.[79][80]
The imperial Mughal entourage stayed in Mecca and Medina for nearly four years, and attended the Hajj four times. During this period Akbar even financed the pilgrimages of many poor Muslims from the Mughal Empire and also funded the foundations of the Qadiriyya Sufi Order's dervish lodge in the Hijaz[81]. The Mughals eventually set out for Surat and their return was assisted by the Ottoman Pasha in Jeddah.[82]. Due to Akbar's attempts to build Mughal presence in Mecca and Medina, the local Sharif's began to have more confidence in the financial support provided by Mughal Empire, this lessened their dependency upon Ottoman bounty[83]. Mughal-Ottoman trade also flourished during this period, in fact merchants loyal to Akbar are known to have reached and sold spices, dyestuff, cotton and shawls in the Bazaars of Aleppo after arriving and journeying upriver through the port of Basra.[84]
According to some accounts Mughal Emperor Akbar expressed a desire to form an alliance with the Portuguese, mainly in order to advance his interests, but whenever the Portuguese attempted to invade the Ottomans, the Mughal Emperor Akbar proved abortive.[85][86] In 1587 a Portuguese fleet sent to attack Yemen was ferociously routed and defeated by the Ottoman Navy, thereafter the Mughal-Portuguese alliance, immediately collapsed mainly due to the continuing pressure by the Mughal Empire's prestigious vassals at Janjira.[87]
Relations with the Safavid Dynasty[link]
The Safavids and the Mughals had a long history of diplomatic relationship, with the Safavid ruler Tahmasp I having provided refuge to Humayun when he had to flee the Indian subcontinent following his defeat by Sher Shah Suri. During the[\]][.] [.' sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the two empires, along with the Ottoman Empire to the west, were the site of major power struggles in Asia. However, the Safavids differed from the Mughals and the Ottomans in following the Shiite sect of Islam as opposed to the Sunni sect practised by the other two.[88] One of the longest standing disputes between the Safavids and the Mughals pertained to the control of the city of Qandahar in the Hindukush region, forming the border between the two empires.[89] The Hindukush region was militarily very significant owing to its geography, and this was well-recognised by strategists of the times.[90] Consequently, the city, which was being administered by Bairam Khan at the time of Akbar's accession, was invaded and captured by the Persian ruler Husain Mirza, a cousin of Tahmasp I, in 1558.[89] Subsequent to this, Bairam Khan sent an envoy to Tahmasp I's court, in an effort to maintain peaceful relations with the Safavids. This gesture was reciprocated and a cordial relationship continued to prevail between the two empires during the first two decades of Akbar's reign.[91] However, the death of Tahmasp I in 1576 resulted in civil war and instability in the Safavid empire, and diplomatic relations between the two empires ceased for more than a decade, and were restored only in 1587 following the accession of Shah Abbas to the Safavid throne.[92] Shortly afterwards, Akbar's army completed its annexation of Kabul, and in order to further secure the north-western boundaries of his empire, it proceeded to Qandahar. The city capitulated without resistance on April 18, 1595, and the ruler Muzaffar Hussain moved into Akbar's court.[93] Qandahar continued to remain in Mughal possession, and the Hindukush the empire's western frontier, for several decades until Shah Jahan's expedition into Badakhshan in 1646.[94] Diplomatic relations continued to be maintained between the Safavid and Mughal courts until the end of Akbar's reign.[95]
Relations with other medieval kingdoms[link]
Vincent Arthur Smith observes that the merchant Mildenhall was employed in 1600 while the establishment of the Company was under adjustment to bear a letter from Queen Elizabeth to Akbar requesting liberty to trade in his dominions on terms as good as those enjoyed by the Portuguese.[96]
Akbar was also visited by the French explorer Pierre Malherbe.[97]
Religious policy[link]
Akbar, as well as his mother and other members of his family, are believed to have been Sunni Hanafi Muslims.[98] His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and religious narrow-mindednness was frowned upon.[99] From the 15th century, a number of rulers in various parts of the country adopted a more liberal policy of religious tolerance, attempting to foster communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims.[100] These sentiments were earlier encouraged by the teachings of popular saints like Guru Nanak, Kabir and Chaitanya,[99] the verses of the Persian poet Hafez which advocated human sympathy and a liberal outlook,[101] as well as the Timurid ethos of religious tolerance that persisted in the polity right from the times of Timur to Humayun, and influenced Akbar's policy of tolerance in matters of religion.[102] Further, his childhood tutors, who included two Irani Shias, were largely above sectarian prejudices, and made a significant contribution to Akbar's later inclination towards religious tolerance.[102]
One of Akbar's first actions after gaining actual control of the administration was the abolition of jizya, a tax which all non-Muslims were required to pay, in 1562.[99] The tax was reinstated in 1575,[103] a move which has been viewed as being symbolic of vigorous Islamic policy,[104] but was again repealed in 1580.[105] Akbar adopted the Sulh-e-Kul (or Peace to All) concept of Sufism as official policy, integrated many Hindus into high positions in the administration, and removed restrictions on non-Muslims, thereby bringing about a composite and diverse character to the nobility.[106][107] As a mark of his respect for all religions, he ordered the observance of all religious festivals of different communities in the imperial court.[108]
Relation with Jains[link]
Akbar regularly held discussions with Jain scholars and was also greatly impacted by some of their teachings. His first encounter with Jain rituals was when he saw a Jain shravika named Champa's procession after a six month long fast. Impressed by her power and devotion, he invited her guru or spiritual teacher AcharyaHiravijaya Suri to Fatehpur Sikri. Acharya accepted the invitation and began his march towards the Mughal capital from Gujarat.[109]
Akbar was greatly impressed by the scholastic qualities and character of the Acharya. He held several debates and discussions on religion and philosophy in his courts. Arguing with Jains, Akbar remained sceptical of their rituals, and yet became convinced by their arguments for vegetarianism and ended up deploring the eating of all flesh.[110]
The Indian Supreme Court too has cited examples of co-existence of Jain and Mughal architecture. Terming Mughal emperor Akbar as "the architect of modern India", a bench said that Akbar, who had great respect for Jainism, had declared "Amari Ghosana" banning the killing of animals during Paryushan and Mahavir Jayanti. He rolled back the Jazia tax from Jain pilgrim places like Palitana. These farmans were also issued in 1592, 1584 and 1598.[111]
Relations with Shias and Islamic clergy[link]
During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as heretical.[11] In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi - a Shia buried in Delhi - because of the grave's proximity to that of Amir Khusrau, arguing that a "heretic" could not be buried so close to the grave of a Sunni saint, reflecting a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist till the early 1570s.[112] He suppressed Mahdavism in 1573 during his campaign in Gujarat, in the course of which the Mahdavi leader Bandagi Miyan Shiek Mustafa was arrested and brought in chains to the court for debate and released after eighteen months.[112] However, as Akbar increasingly came under the influence of pantheistic Sufi mysticism from the early 1570s, it caused a great shift in his outlook and culminated in his shift from orthodox Islam as traditionally professed, in favor of a new concept of Islam transcending the limits of religion.[112] Consequently, during the latter half of his reign, he adopted a policy of tolerance towards the Shias and declared a prohibition on Shia-Sunni conflict, and the empire remained neutral in matters of internal sectarian conflict.[113] In the year 1578, the Mughal Emperor Akbar famously referred to himself as:
| “ | Emperor of Islam, Emir of the Faithful, Shadow of God on earth, Abul Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi (whose empire Allah perpetuate), is a most just, most wise, and a most God-fearing ruler. | ” |
In 1580, a rebellion broke out in the eastern part of Akbar's empire, and a number of fatwas, declaring Akbar to be a heretic, were issued by Qazis. Akbar suppressed the rebellion and handed out severe punishments to the Qazis. In order to further strengthen his position in dealing with the Qazis, Akbar issued a mazhar or declaration that was signed by all major ulemas in 1579.[114][115] The mahzar asserted that Akbar was the Khalifa of the age, the rank of the Khalifa was higher than that of a Mujtahid, in case of a difference of opinion among the Mujtahids, Akbar could select any one opinion and could also issue decrees which did not go against the nass.[116] Given the prevailing Islamic sectarian conflicts in various parts of the country at that time, it is believed that the Mazhar helped in stabilizing the religious situation in the empire.[114] It made Akbar very powerful due to the complete supremacy accorded to the Khalifa by Islam, and also helped him eliminate the religious and political influence of the Ottoman Khalifa over his subjects, thus ensuring their complete loyalty to him.[117]
Throughout his reign the Mughal Emperor Akbar was a patron of influential Muslim scholars such as Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi and Tahir Muhammad Thattvi.
Din-i-Ilahi[link]
Main article: Din-i-Ilahi
Akbar was deeply interested in religious and philosophical matters. An orthodox Muslim at the outset, he later came to be influenced by Sufi mysticism that was being preached in the country at that time, and moved away from orthodoxy, appointing to his court several talented people with liberal ideas, including Abul Fazl, Faizi and Birbal. In 1575, he built a hall called the Ibadat Khana ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri, to which he invited theologians, mystics and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements and discussed matters of spirituality with them.[99] These discussions, initially restricted to Muslims, were acrimonious and resulted in the participants shouting at and abusing each other. Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening and extending even into areas such as the validity of the Quran and the nature of God. This shocked the orthodox theologians, who sought to discredit Akbar by circulating rumours of his desire to forsake Islam.[114] Akbar's choices, decisions, decrees, discussions and regulations on religious matters even caused some of his brilliant courtiers like Qutb-ud-din Khan Koka and Shahbaz Khan Kamboh to criticize the emperor in the court.
Akbar's effort to evolve a meeting point among the representatives of various religions was not very successful, as each of them attempted to assert the superiority of their respective religions by denouncing other religions. Meanwhile, the debates at the Ibadat Khana grew more acrimonious and, contrary to their purpose of leading to a better understanding among religions, instead led to greater bitterness among them, resulting to the discontinuance of the debates by Akbar in 1582.[118] However, his interaction with various religious theologians had convinced him that despite their differences, all religions had several good practices, which he sought to combine into a new religious movement known as Din-i-Ilahi.[119][120] However, some modern scholars claim that Akbar did not initiate a new religion and did not use the word Din-i-Ilahi.[121] According to the contemporary events in the Mughal court Akbar was indeed angered by the acts of embezzlement of wealth by many high level Muslim clerics.[122]
The purported Din-i-Ilahi was more of an ethical system and is said to have prohibited lust, sensuality, slander and pride, considering them sins. Piety, prudence, abstinence and kindness are the core virtues. The soul is encouraged to purify itself through yearning of God.[123] Celibacy was respected, chastity enforced, the slaughter of animals was forbidden and there were no sacred scriptures or a priestly hierarchy.[124] However, a leading Noble of Akbar's court, Aziz Koka, wrote a letter to him from Mecca in 1594 arguing that the discipleship promoted by Akbar amounted to nothing more than a desire on Akbar's part to portray his superiority regarding religious matters[125] To commemorate Din-e-Ilahi, he changed the name of Prayag to Allahabad (pronounced as ilahabad) in 1583.[126][127]
It has been argued that the theory of Din-i-Ilahi being a new religion was a misconception which arose due to erroneous translations of Abul Fazl's work by later British historians.[128] However, it is also accepted that the policy of sulh-e-kul, which formed the essence of Din-i-Ilahi, was adopted by Akbar not merely for religious purposes, but as a part of general imperial administrative policy. This also formed the basis for Akbar's policy of religious toleration.[129] At the time of Akbar's death in 1605 there were no signs of discontent amongst his Muslim subjects and the impression of even a theologian like Abdu'l Haq was that close ties remained.[130]
Historical accounts[link]
Personality[link]
Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian Abul Fazal in the books Akbarnama and Ain-i-akbari. Other contemporary sources of Akbar's reign include the works of Badayuni, Shaikhzada Rashidi and Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi.
Akbar was an artisan, warrior, artist, armourer, blacksmith, carpenter, emperor, general, inventor, animal trainer (reputedly keeping thousands of hunting cheetahs during his reign and training many himself), lacemaker, technologist and theologian.[131]
Akbar was said to have been a wise emperor and a sound judge of character. His son and heir, Jahangir, wrote effusive praise of Akbar's character in his memoirs, and dozens of anecdotes to illustrate his virtues.[132] According to Jahangir, Akbar was "of the hue of wheat; his eyes and eyebrows were black and his complexion rather dark than fair". Antoni de Montserrat, the Catalan Jesuit who visited his court described him as follows:
"One could easily recognize even at first glance that he is King. He has broad shoulders, somewhat bandy legs well-suited for horsemanship, and a light brown complexion. He carries his head bent towards the right shoulder. His forehead is broad and open, his eyes so bright and flashing that they seem like a sea shimmering in the sunlight. His eyelashes are very long. His eyebrows are not strongly marked. His nose is straight and small though not insignificant. His nostrils are widely open as though in derision. Between the left nostril and the upper lip there is a mole. He shaves his beard but wears a moustache. He limps in his left leg though he has never received an injury there."[133]
Akbar was not tall but powerfully built and very agile. He was also noted for various acts of courage. One such incident occurred on his way back from Malwa to Agra when Akbar was 19 years of age.[citation needed]
Akbar rode alone in advance of his escort and was confronted by a tigress who, along with her cubs, came out from the shrubbery across his path. When the tigress charged the emperor, he was alleged to have dispatched the animal with his sword in a solitary blow. His approaching attendants found the emperor standing quietly by the side of the dead animal.[134]
Abul Fazal, and even the hostile critic Badayuni, described him as having a commanding personality. He was notable for his command in battle, and, "like Alexander of Macedon, was always ready to risk his life, regardless of political consequences". He often plunged on his horse into the flooded river during the rainy seasons and safely crossed it. He rarely indulged in cruelty and is said to have been affectionate towards his relatives. He pardoned his brother Hakim, who was a repented rebel. But on rare occasions, he dealt cruelly with offenders, such as his maternal uncle Muazzam and his foster-brother Adham Khan, who was twice defenestrated for drawing Akbar's wrath.[citation needed]
He is said to have been extremely moderate in his diet. Ain-e-Akbari mentions that during his travels and also while at home, Akbar drank water from the Ganges river, which he called ‘the water of immortality’. Special people were stationed at Sorun and later Haridwar to dispatch water, in sealed jars, to wherever he was stationed.[135][better source needed] According to Jahangir's memoirs, he was fond of fruits and had little liking for meat, which he stopped eating in his later years. He was more religiously tolerant than many of the Muslim rulers before and after him. Jahangir wrote:
"As in the wide expanse of the Divine compassion there is room for all classes and the followers of all creeds, so... in his dominions, ... there was room for the professors of opposite religions, and for beliefs good and bad, and the road to altercation was closed. Sunnis and Shias met in one mosque, and Franks and Jews in one church, and observed their own forms of worship.[132] "
To defend his stance that speech arose from hearing, he carried out a language deprivation experiment, and had children raised in isolation, not allowed to be spoken to, and pointed out that as they grew older, they remained mute.[136]
Akbar is also said to have thrown a man out of a window, then grab his body and proceed to throw him out again to make sure he was dead. [137]
Hagiography[link]
During Akbar's reign, the ongoing process of inter-religious discourse and syncretism resulted in a series of religious attributions to him in terms of positions of assimilation, doubt or uncertainty, which he either assisted himself or left unchallenged.[138] Such hagiographical accounts of Akbar traversed a wide range of denominational and sectarian spaces, including several accounts by Parsis, Jains and Jesuit missionaries, apart from contemporary accounts by Brahminical and Muslim orthodoxy.[139] Existing sects and denominations, as well as various religious figures who represented popular worship felt they had a claim to him. The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity.[138]
[edit] Akbarnāma, the Book of Akbar
Main article: Akbarnama
The Akbarnāma (Persian: اکبر نامہ), which literally means Book of Akbar, is a official biographical account of Akbar, the third Mughal Emperor (r. 1542–1605), written in Persian. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times.[140]
The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by Abul Fazl, one of the Nine Jewels (Hindi: Navaratnas) of Akbar’s royal court. It is stated that the book took seven years to be completed and the original manuscripts contained a number of paintings supporting the texts, and all the paintings represented the Mughal school of painting, and work of masters of the imperial workshop, including Basawan, whose use of portraiture in its illustrations was an innovation in Indian art.[140]
Death and legacy[link]
On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentery, from which he never recovered. He is believed to have died on or about 27 October 1605, after which his body was buried at a mausoleum in Sikandra, Agra.[141]
Akbar left behind a rich legacy both for the Mughal Empire as well as the Indian subcontinent in general. He firmly entrenched the authority of the Mughal empire in India and beyond, after it had been threatened by the Afghans during his father's reign,[142] establishing its military and diplomatic superiority.[143] During his reign, the nature of the state changed to a secular and liberal one, with emphasis on cultural integration. He also introduced several far-sighted social reforms, including prohibiting sati, legalising widow remarriage and raising the age of marriage.
The Mughal descendants include Imran Mughal Imran (1986–present) who resides in Old Lahore, Pakistan. [144]
Citing Akbar's melding of the disparate 'fiefdoms' of India into the Mughal Empire as well as the lasting legacy of "pluralism and tolerance" that "underlies the values of the modern republic of India", Time magazine included his name in its list of top 25 world leaders.[145]
In popular culture[link]
- In 2008, director Ashutosh Gowariker released a film telling the story of Akbar and his wife Hira Kunwari (known more popularly as Jodha Bai), titled Jodhaa Akbar. Akbar was played by Hrithik Roshan and Jodhaa was played by Aishwarya Rai.
- Akbar was portrayed in the award-winning 1960 Hindi movie Mughal-e-Azam (The great Mughal), in which his character was played by Prithviraj Kapoor.
- Akbar and Birbal were portrayed in the Hindi series Akbar-Birbal aired on Zee TV in late 1990s where Akbar's role was essayed by Vikram Gokhale.
- A television series, called Akbar the Great, directed by Sanjay Khan was aired on DD National in the 1990s.
- A fictionalized Akbar plays an important supporting role in Kim Stanley Robinson's 2002 novel, The Years of Rice and Salt.
- Akbar is also a major character in Salman Rushdie's 2008 novel The Enchantress of Florence.
- Amartya Sen uses Akbar as a prime example in his books The Argumentative Indian and Violence and Identity.
- Bertrice Small is known for incorporating historical figures as primary characters in her romance novels, and Akbar is no exception. He is a prominent figure in two of her novels, and mentioned several times in a third, which takes place after his death. In This Heart of Mine the heroine becomes Akbar's fortieth "wife" for a time, while Wild Jasmine and Darling Jasmine centre around the life of his half-British daughter, Yasaman Kama Begum (alias Jasmine).
- Akbar is featured in the video game Sid Meier's Civilization 4: Beyond the Sword as a "great general" available in the game.
- Akbar is also the AI Personality of India in the renowned game Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties.
- The violin concerto nicknamed "Il Grosso Mogul" written by Antonio Vivaldi in the 1720s, and listed in the standard catalogue as RV 208, is considered to be indirectly inspired by Akbar's reign.
- In Kunal Basu's The Miniaturist, the story revolves around a young painter during Akbar's time who paints his own version of the Akbarnamu'
- Akbar is mentioned as 'Raja Baadshah' in the Chhattisgarhi folktale of Mohna de gori kayina
- Akbar is the main character in Empire of the Moghul: Ruler of the World, the third book in a quintet based on the 5 great Mughal Emperors of the Mughal Dynasty by Alex Rutherford.
- Akbar is the protagonist in Dirk Collier's historical novel 'The Emperor's Writings, Memories of Akbar the Great' (Delhi, 2011; translated into Dutch under the title 'Afscheid van de keizer'), a fictional autobiography in which Akbar speaks to his son Jahangir, via a series of posthumous letters.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Google Images
- ^ "Akbar". TENNYSON'S OWN NOTES TO AKBAR'S DREAM. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/tennyson/akbarsnotes.html. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ^ a b Conversion of Islamic and Christian dates (Dual) As per the date convertor Baadshah Akbar's birth date, as per Humayun nama, of 04 Rajab, 949 AH, corresponds to 14 October 1542.
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 104
- ^ a b Fazl, Abul. Akbarnama Volume II.
- ^ Prasad, Ishwari (1970). The life and times of Humayun. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ishwari%20Prasad%20life%20and%20times%20of%20humayun&hl=en&lr=&oi=scholart.
- ^ "Akbar". Columbia Encyclopedia. 2008. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Akbar.html. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
- ^ a b Maurice S. Dimand (1953). "Mughal Painting under Akbar the Great". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 12 (2): 46–51. JSTOR 3257529.
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 84
- ^ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2005). Mughals and Franks. Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-19-566866-7.
- ^ a b Habib 1997, p. 85
- ^ Hoyland, J.S.; Banerjee S.N. (1996). Commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J: On his journey to the court of Akbar, Asean Educational Services Published. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 57. ISBN 81-206-0807-0.
- ^ Banjerji, S.K.. Humayun Badshah.
- ^ Fazl, Abul. Akbarnama Volume I.
- ^ "Gurdas". Government of Punjab. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080527210721/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/government/gurdas1.GIF. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
- ^ History Gurdaspur district website.
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 226
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 337
- ^ Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3 - YouTube
- ^ Warrior Empire-The Mughals 3/9 - YouTube
- ^ Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 2 - YouTube
- ^ Majumdar 1984, pp. 104–105
- ^ Chandra 2007, pp. 226–227
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 227
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 3
- ^ a b Smith 2002, p. 339
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 228
- ^ Painting - Akbar directing the attack against Rai Surjan Hada at Ranthambhor Fort - Victoria & Albert Museum - Search the Collections
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 4
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 229
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 230
- ^ a b c d e f Chandra 2007, p. 231
- ^ Warrior Empire-The Mughals 4/9 - YouTube
- ^ a b c Smith 2002, p. 342
- ^ Chandra, Dr. Satish (2001). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Har Anand Publications. p. 107. ISBN 81-241-0522-7.
- ^ Payne, Tod (1994). Tod's Annals of Rajasthan: The Annals of Mewar. Asian Educational Services. p. 71. ISBN 81-206-0350-8.
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 343
- ^ Watson, C.C. (1904). Rajputana District Gazetteers. Scottish Mission Industries Co., Ltd.. p. 17.
- ^ Hastings, James (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 10. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-3682-5.
- ^ James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, 2 vols. London, Smith, Elder (1829, 1832); New Delhi, Munshiram Publishers, (2001), pp. 83-4. ISBN 81-7069-128-1
- ^ a b c Chandra 2007, p. 232
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 344
- ^ Chandra 2007, pp. 240–241
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 15
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 233
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 234
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 236
- ^ Moosvi 2008, p. 160
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 235
- ^ Moosvi 2008, pp. 164–165
- ^ Moosvi 2008, p. 165
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 359
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 238
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 237
- ^ Petersen, A. (1996). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. New York: Routledge.
- ^ a b c d Chandra 2007, p. 243
- ^ a b Sarkar 1984, p. 37
- ^ Sarkar 1984, p. 36
- ^ Chandra 2007, pp. 242–243
- ^ Nath 1982, p. 52
- ^ Alam, Muzaffar; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998). The Mughal State, 1526-1750. Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-19-563905-6.
- ^ Sarkar 1984, pp. 38–40
- ^ Sarkar 1984, p. 38
- ^ Maryam Juzer Kherulla (12 October 2002). "Profile: Tansen — the mesmerizing maestro". Dawn (newspaper). http://dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/021012/yworld5.htm. Retrieved 2 October 2007. [dead link]
- ^ India Divided, By Rajendra Prasad, pg. 63
- ^ A History of Hindi Literature, By F. E. Keay, pg. 36
- ^ The Cambridge history of the British Empire, Volume 2 by Arthur Percival Newton p.14
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 256
- ^ Habib 1997, pp. 256–257
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 259
- ^ part2_16
- ^ part2_19
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 260
- ^ part2_12
- ^ Six Ottoman Documents On Mughal-Ottoman Relations During The Reign Of Akbar
- ^ Book Reviews : NAIMUR RAHMAN FAROOQI, Mughal-Ottoman Relations: A Study of the Political and Diplomatic Relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748, Delhi...
- ^ Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations ... - Naimur Rahman Farooqi - Google Boeken
- ^ Moosvi 2008, p. 246
- ^ Ottoman court chroniclers (1578). Muhimme Defterleri, Vol. 32 f 292 firman 740, Shaban 986.
- ^ Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1999). Akbar and his age. Northern Book Centre. p. 218. ISBN 978-81-7211-108-3.
- ^ http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Fy-C2gHkpecC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=Evliya+%C3%87elebi+and+native+americans&source=bl&ots=b4bNJrIHqS&sig=irQ5uEs-Gq2sCm7FEBfFFvg415k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TsuDT6XCIMLntQbapOT2Bg&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=indians&f=false
- ^ Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations ... - Naimur Rahman Farooqi - Google Boeken
- ^ http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Fy-C2gHkpecC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=Evliya+%C3%87elebi+and+native+americans&source=bl&ots=b4bNJrIHqS&sig=irQ5uEs-Gq2sCm7FEBfFFvg415k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TsuDT6XCIMLntQbapOT2Bg&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=indians&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Fy-C2gHkpecC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=Evliya+%C3%87elebi+and+native+americans&source=bl&ots=b4bNJrIHqS&sig=irQ5uEs-Gq2sCm7FEBfFFvg415k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TsuDT6XCIMLntQbapOT2Bg&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=indian&f=false
- ^ Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations ... - Naimur Rahman Farooqi - Google Boeken
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 158
- ^ Ottoman court chroniclers (1588). Muhimme Defterleri, Vol. 62 f 205 firman 457, Avail Rabiulavval 996.
- ^ Ali 2006, p. 94
- ^ a b Majumdar 1984, p. 153
- ^ Ali 2006, pp. 327–328
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 154
- ^ Majumdar 1984, pp. 154–155
- ^ Majumdar 1984, pp. 153–154
- ^ Ali 2006, p. 327
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 155
- ^ VA Smith (1919). Akbar the Great Moghul. Oxford. p. 292.
- ^ Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 1 by Donald F. Lach,Edwin J. Van Kley p.393 [1]
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 80
- ^ a b c d Chandra 2007, p. 253
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 252
- ^ Hasan 2007, p. 72
- ^ a b Habib 1997, p. 81
- ^ Day, Upendra Nath (1970). The Mughal Government, A.D. 1556-1707. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 134.
- ^ Ali 2006, p. 159
- ^ Dasgupta, Ajit Kumar (1993). History of Indian Economic Thought. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 0-415-06195-4.
- ^ Ali 2006, pp. 164–165
- ^ Hasan 2007, pp. 72–73
- ^ Hasan 2007, p. 73
- ^ Sanghmitra. Jain Dharma ke Prabhavak Acharya. Jain Vishwa Bharati, Ladnu.
- ^ Sen, Amartya (2005). "13". The Argumentative Indian. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9687-0.
- ^ "Ahmedabad turned Akbar veggie". The Times of India. 23 November 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Ahmedabad-turned-Akbar-veggie/articleshow/5259184.cms. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ a b c Habib 1997, p. 86
- ^ Ali 2006, pp. 165–166
- ^ a b c Chandra 2007, p. 254
- ^ Ali 2006, p. 159
- ^ Hasan 2007, p. 79
- ^ Hasan 2007, pp. 82–83
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 255
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 256
- ^ "Din-i Ilahi — Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030480/Din-i-Ilahi. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ Sharma, Sri Ram (1988). The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 81-215-0395-7.
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 348
- ^ Roy Choudhury, Makhan Lal (1941), The Din-i-Ilahi, or, The religion of Akbar (3rd ed.), New Delhi: Oriental Reprint (published 1985, 1997), ISBN 81-215-0777-4
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 138
- ^ Koka,Aziz (1594). King's College Collection, MS 194. This letter is preserved in Cambridge University Library. p. ff.5b-8b.
- ^ Conder, Josiah (1828). The Modern Traveller: a popular description. R.H.Tims. p. 282.
- ^ Deefholts, Margaret; Deefholts, Glenn; Acharya, Quentine (2006). The Way We Were: Anglo-Indian Cronicles. Calcutta Tiljallah Relief Inc. p. 87. ISBN 0-9754639-3-4.
- ^ Ali 2006, pp. 163–164
- ^ Ali 2006, p. 164
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 96
- ^ Habib, Irfan (1992). "Akbar and Technology". Social Scientist 20 (9–10): 3–15. DOI:10.2307/3517712.
- ^ a b Jahangir (1600s). Tuzk-e-Jahangiri (Memoirs of Jahangir).
- ^ [2]"Portraits of Akbar, the Great Mughal" by Tancred Borenius The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs Vol. 82, No. 480 (Mar., 1943), pp. 54+67-68
- ^ Garbe, Richard von (1909). Akbar, Emperor of India. Chicago-The Open Court Publishing Company.
- ^ Hardwar Ain-e-Akbari, by Abul Fazl 'Allami, Volume I, A´I´N 22. The A´bda´r Kha´nah. P 55. Translated from the original persian, by H. Blochmann, and Colonel H. S. Jarrett, Asiatic society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1873 – 1907.
- ^ "1200—1750". University of Hamburg. http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/Miles/1200-1750.html. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
- ^ Bentley, Jerry (2008). Traditions and Encounters, 4th Edition. Traditions and Encounters. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-333067-1.
- ^ a b Sangari 2007, p. 497
- ^ Sangari 2007, p. 475
- ^ a b Illustration from the Akbarnama: History of Akbar Art Institute of Chicago
- ^ Majumdar 1984, pp. 168–169
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 79
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 170
- ^ Chandra 2006, pp. 257–258
- ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (4 February 2011). "Top 25 Political Icons:Akbar the Great". Time magazine. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2046285_2045996_2046303,00.html.
References[link]
- Ali, M. Athar (2006). Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-569661-5.
- Chandra, Satish (2007). History of Medieval India. New Delhi: Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7.
- Habib, Irfan (1997). Akbar and His India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563791-5.
- Hasan, Nurul (2007). Religion, State and Society in Medieval India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-569660-8.
- Moosvi, Shireen (2008). People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-569315-7.
- Nath, R. (1982). History of Mughal Architecture. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-159-1.
- Sangari, Kumkum (2007). "Akbar: The Name of a Conjuncture". In Grewal, J.S.. The State and Society in Medieval India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 475–501. ISBN 978-0-19-566720-2.
- Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). A History of Jaipur. New Delhi: Orient Longman. ISBN 81-250-0333-9.
- Smith, Vincent A. (2002). The Oxford History of India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-561297-4.
Further reading[link]
- Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak Akbar-namah Edited with commentary by Muhammad Sadiq Ali (Kanpur-Lucknow: Nawal Kishore) 1881–3 Three Vols. (Persian)
- Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak Akbarnamah Edited by Maulavi Abd al-Rahim. Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1877–1887 Three Vols. (Persian)
- Henry Beveridge (Trans.) The Akbarnama of Ab-ul-Fazl Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1897 Three Vols.
- Haji Muhammad 'Arif Qandahari Tarikh-i-Akbari (Better known as Tarikh-i-Qandahari) edited & Annotated by Haji Mu'in'd-Din Nadwi, Dr. Azhar 'Ali Dihlawi & Imtiyaz 'Ali 'Arshi (Rampur Raza Library) 1962 (Persian)
- Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia. “Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature”, Word, Image, Text; Studies in Literary and Visual Culture, ed. Shormistha Panja et al., Orient Blacksw an, New Delhi, 2009. ISBN :978812503735
- Satyananda Giri,AKBAR,Trafford Publishing, 2009,ISBN :9781426915611
- Augustus, Frederick; (tr. by Annette Susannah Beveridge) (1890). The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 1). Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta. http://www.archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00buchgoog#page/n8/mode/1up.
- Augustus, Frederick; (tr. by Annette Susannah Beveridge) (1890). Gustav von Buchwald. ed. The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 2). Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta. http://www.archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00augugoog#page/n4/mode/1up.
- Malleson, Colonel G. B. (1899). Rulers Of India: Akbar And The Rise Of The Mughal Empire. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. http://www.archive.org/stream/rulersofindiaakb009177mbp#page/n7/mode/2up.
- Garbe, Dr.Richard von (1909). Akbar - Emperor of India. A picture of life and customs from the sixteenth century. The Opencourt Publishing Company, Chicago. http://www.archive.org/stream/akbaremperorofin00garb#page/n7/mode/2up.
- The Adventures of Akbar by Flora Annie Steel, 1847-1929 -(ebook)
- Smith, Vincent Arthur (1917). Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605. Oxford at The Clarendon Press. http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024056503#page/n7/mode/2up.
- Havell, E. B. (1918). The History of Aryan Rule In India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar. Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York. http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofaryanru00have#page/n9/mode/2up.
- Moreland, W. H. (1920). India at the death of Akbar: An economic study. Macmillan & Co., London. http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022895001#page/n5/mode/2up.
- Monserrate, Father Antonio (1922). The commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J., on his journey to the court of Akbar. Oxford University Press. http://www.archive.org/stream/commentaryoffath00monsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Akbar |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Akbar, Jellaladin Mahommed. |
- Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar The Great
- Akbar, Emperor of India by Richard von Garbe' at Project Gutenberg
- The Mughals: Akbar[dead link]
- The Mughal Emperor Akbar: World of Biography[dead link]
- History of the friendship between Akbar and Birbal
- Photos of Akbar The Great's final resting place
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Akbar
Born: 14 October 1542 Died: 27 October 1605 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Humayun |
Mughal Emperor 1556–1605 |
Succeeded by Jahangir |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Akbar |
| Alternative names | Akbar, Jalaluddin Muhammad (full name); Akbar, Jellaladin Muhammad (alternate form); Akbar, Celalettin Muhammad (alternate form); Akbar the Great (honorific); جلال الدین محمد اکب (Persian) |
| Short description | Mughal emperor |
| Date of birth | (1542-10-14)14 October 1542 |
| Place of birth | Sindh, Pakistan |
| Date of death | 27 October 1605(1605-10-27) |
| Place of death | Fatehpur Sikri, Agra |
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There are many people in history who are commonly appended with the phrase "the Great", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as e Bozorg and e azam in Persian and Urdu respectively.
In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.[1]
The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus)[2] assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "the Great".
The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).
Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.
As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.
Contents |
Rulers[link]
- Abbas I of Persia (1571–1629), Shah of Iran
- Akbar (1542–1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India
- Alain I of Albret (1440–1522), French aristocrat
- Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia
- Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia
- Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias
- Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex
- Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire
- Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty
- Ashot I of Iberia “the Great”(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),
- Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire
- Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand
- Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland
- Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)
- Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736–1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)
- Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden
- Casimir III the Great (1310–1370), King of Poland
- Catherine the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia
- Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India
- Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans
- Chulalongkorn (1853–1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)
- Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks
- Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen
- Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman emperor
- Cyaxares the Great (c. 625-585 BC), third king of Media
- Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire
- Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire
- Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent
- Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse[3]
- Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile
- Frederick the Great (1712–1786), King of Prussia
- Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
- Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe
- Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594–1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader
- Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea[4][5]
- Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC
- Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)
- Henry IV of France (1553–1610), King of France and King of Navarre
- Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea
- Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris
- Hugh Magnus of France (1007–1025), co-King of France
- Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057–1101)
- Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat
- Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Tsar of Russia
- John I of Portugal (1358–1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve
- John II of Aragon (1398–1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre
- Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor
- Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i
- Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India
- Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010–1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia
- Kublai Khan (1215–1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty
- Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales
- Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland
- Mangrai the Great (1238–1317), Lanna, northern Thailand
- Emperor Meiji (1852–1912), Emperor of Japan
- Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)
- Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)
- Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom
- Mstislav I of Kiev (1076–1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus
- Naresuan (1555–1605), King of Ayutthaya
- Narai (1633–1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)
- Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine
- Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)
- K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque
- Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka
- Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia
- Peter the Great (1672–1725), Tsar of Russia
- Peter III of Aragon (1239–1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily
- Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar
- Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar
- Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.[6][7][8]
- Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014–1044), Tamil King of India
- Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt
- Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)
- Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082–1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties
- Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)
- Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev
- Saladin (c. 1138-1193), Kurdish Sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and victor over the Crusaders
- Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent
- Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre
- Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire
- Sejong the Great (1397–1450), Korean king[9]
- Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia
- Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire
- Stephen III of Moldavia (1433–1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)
- Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks
- Taksin (1734–1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)
- Tamar (1160-1123), Queen of the Georgian Empire
- Timur (1336–1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty
- Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie
- Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire
- Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor
- Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia
- Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia
- Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire
- Valdemar I of Denmark (1131–1182), King of Denmark
- Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor
- Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus
- Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy
- William I, Count of Burgundy (1020–1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon
- William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou
- Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)
- Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China
Religious figures[link]
- Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East
- Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia
- Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian
- Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt
- Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader
- Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian
- Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)
- Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint
- Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint
- Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)
- Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine
- Pope John Paul II (1920–2005)
- Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)
- Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit
- Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)
- Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople
- William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites
Other[link]
- Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies
- Emmy the Great, folk singer
- Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III
- Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia
See also[link]
- Epithet
- List of monarchs by nickname
- List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I
- James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus
- Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, whose common honorific "Mahatma" means "Great Soul"
Notes[link]
- ^ In a clay cylinder (online). The expression was used in a propagandistic context: the conqueror wants to show he is a normal Babylonian ruler. The first Persian ruler to use the title in an Iranian context was Darius I of Persia (Darius the Great), in the Behistun Inscription (online).
- ^ Plautus, Mostellaria 775.
- ^ History, Instituto Geografico De Agostini S.p.A., p. 479
- ^ World and Its Peoples:Korea. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. September 2008. p. 887. ISBN 0-7614-7631-8.
- ^ Alison Behnke (2004). North Korea in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 0-8225-1908-9. http://books.google.com/?id=ovWvhyLc6hAC&pg=RA1-PA70&dq=%22Gwanggaeto+the+Great%22.
- ^ Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (December 1919). "An English History of India". Political Science Quarterly 34 (4): 644–653. DOI:10.2307/2142032. JSTOR 2142032. ""The finances of the state were not more centralized under Louis XIV than under Rajaraja the Great.""
- ^ "Heaven sent: Michael Wood explores the art of the Chola dynasty". Royal Academy, UK. http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/ra-magazine/winter2006/features/heven-sent,47,RAMA.html. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ "The Chola Dynasty: Accession of Rajaraja, the Great". Sify.com. http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13219885. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ Christoph Bluth; Gareth Schott (2007). Korea. Polity. p. 10. ISBN 0-7456-3356-0.
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Hrithik Roshan | |
|---|---|
 Hrithik Roshan at Mumbai Police Show Umang in 2011 |
|
| Born | (1974-01-10) 10 January 1974 (age 38) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1980–1986 (child artist) 2000–present |
| Spouse | Suzanne Khan (2000 – present) |
| Children | 2 |
Hrithik Roshan ([ˈrɪt̪ʰɪk ˈroːʃən]; born 10 January 1974)[1] is an Indian film actor. Having appeared as a child actor in several films throughout the 1980s, Roshan made his film debut in a leading role in Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai in 2000. His performance in the film earned him Filmfare Awards for Best Actor and Best Male Debut. He followed it with leading roles in Fiza and Mission Kashmir (both 2000) and a supporting part in the blockbuster Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001), which was India's highest-grossing film in the overseas market up to then.[2]
Following through with several unnoticed performances from 2002 to 2003, he starred in the blockbusters Koi... Mil Gaya (2003) and its sequel Krrish (2006), both of which won him numerous Best Actor awards.[3] Roshan received his third Filmfare Award for Best Actor in 2006 for his performance in the action film Dhoom 2, his biggest commercial success to date, and his fourth for Jodhaa Akbar,[4] for which he was also awarded at the Golden Minbar International Film Festival. These accomplishments have established him as one of the leading contemporary actors of Hindi cinema.[5] He later received further acclaim for his work in Guzaarish (2010), Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2011) and Agneepath (2012).
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early career, until 1999[link]
Roshan's first movie role was as a child artist when he was six years old in the 1980s movie Aasha, where he appeared in a dance sequence as an extra. Roshan went on to play minor roles in Aap Ke Deewane (1980) and Bhagwan Dada (1986) both of which starred his father Rakesh Roshan in the leading role. He then became an assistant director assisting in the production of his father's films Karan Arjun (1995) and Koyla (1997).
Breakthrough, 2000–2002[link]
In 2000, Roshan made his film debut as the leading man in the film Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai opposite another debutante actress Amisha Patel. The film, which was directed by his father and saw him playing a double role, proved to be very successful at the box office and was declared a blockbuster,[6] it also became the highest grossing film of 2000[7] and winner of the Filmfare Best Movie Award. Roshan's performance was well-received, and the film made him an overnight star.[8][9][10] He eventually received both the Filmfare Best Male Debut Award and the Filmfare Best Actor Award for the role. The film entered the Limca Book of Records in 2003 for the most number of awards won by a Bollywood film – 102 awards.[11]
Later that year, Roshan starred in Khalid Mohammed's Fiza. Although the film did poorly at the box office, his performance was praised, earning him another nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare ceremony. Taran Adarsh from indiaFM noted, "The mainstay of the film is undoubtedly Hrithik Roshan. His body language, his diction, his expressions, his overall persona deserves great praise. With this film, Hrithik proves that there is more to him than just being a fashionable rage, a Mills & Boon lover-boy and a sex symbol. His talent comes to the fore in several scenes, especially those with Karisma. All said and done, the show belongs to Hrithik, who saves Fiza to a major extent. A brilliant performance undoubtedly!"[12]
Roshan's last release of the year, Mission Kashmir, became the third highest grossing film of the year.[7] His performance was once again acclaimed with one critic praising him, "Hrithik once again cuts a splendid performance as a youngster sucked in the vortex of terrorism. He is portrayed as anti-government in the early part of the film-- a bold role to play for even a seasoned actor, leave alone a budding superstar." All these achievements promoted him as one of the biggest stars in the industry.[13]
Subhash Ghai's Yaadein was his first release in 2001. This was followed by Karan Johar's melodramatic Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham, which did extremely well at the box office, becoming the second-highest grossing film of 2001 and the biggest hit overseas.[14][15] Roshan's performance was well received and his performance earned him a nomination for Best Supporting Actor at various award ceremonies.
Roshan had an unsuccessful year in 2002 when all three of his releases – Mujhse Dosti Karoge!, Na Tum Jaano Na Hum and Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage – failed to make an impact the box office and were declared flops.[16]
Success, 2003–present[link]
In 2003, he made a comeback with the science-fiction film Koi... Mil Gaya, which saw him playing a mentally disabled young man.[10] The film was the highest grosser of the year and won him many awards, including his second Filmfare Award for Best Actor and his first Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor.[17] Taran Adarsh noted, "Hrithik Roshan dominates the show and packs in a power-packed performance. The role of a mentally challenged person is no cakewalk, but the actor takes to it like a fish takes to water. He manages to pull off the zero to hero routine exceptionally well. As an actor, he scales dizzier heights with this splendid performance."[18] His performance was later included in the 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances" by Filmfare.[19]
Farhan Akhtar's Lakshya was Roshan's only release in 2004; the film was critically acclaimed but did not do well at the box office.[20] His performance was praised by critics.[21] and again, was included in the 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances" by Filmfare.[22]
"Sometimes you can actually tell how an actor has come of age in a movie that deals with coming of age and growing up pangs. Hrithik Roshan´s evolution is marked by a certain self discovery that spreads through the film as it goes on. It´s cinematic translucence at its best. And the perfectionist in Hrithik makes sure that the change is marked not just through the plot but also through his hairstyle, his body language, the look in his eyes... So much so that you grow up along with him, feel his pain and become part of his story. Right to the end."
Roshan took a two-year break from acting before resurfacing with the superhero film Krrish opposite Priyanka Chopra. A sequel to his 2003 film Koi... Mil Gaya, the film was a major box office success and became the second highest grosser of 2006.[23] His performance as a superhero was praised, earning him many Best Actor awards at various award ceremonies, including Star Screen and the International Indian Film Academy.[3] IndiaFM wrote, "To state that Hrithik is the soul of Krrish would be an understatement. If the actor walked away with all noteworthy awards in Koi... Mil Gaya, it's going to be an encore with Krrish. You cannot imagine any other actor enacting the role of a gifted child with aplomb. If his mask and robe look is splendid, watch his makeup, gait and mannerisms as the aged father and you had to agree, he's one of the finest talents on the Indian screen today. Krrish is yet another ground-breaking film in his dazzling repertoire!"[24]
His next film that year was Dhoom 2, a sequel to the 2004 Dhoom. Featured opposite Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Roshan's performance in the movie not only earned him widespread critical acclaim,[3][25] but also his third Filmfare Best Actor Award. The film went on to become the highest grossing film of 2006, as well as one of the most successful films of Bollywood.[23][26]
In 2008, Roshan featured in Ashutosh Gowariker's Jodhaa Akbar opposite Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. He played the historical role of Akbar the Great. The movie did very good business, both in India and abroad.[15][27] His performance in the movie was widely appreciated by critics,[3] earning him his fourth Filmfare Best Actor Award as well as his first international award for Best Actor at the Golden Minbar International Film Festival in Kazan, Russia.[4]
Roshan then appeared in Zoya Akhtar's Luck by Chance (2009), in which he made a guest appearance. The following year, he was seen in Anurag Basu's Kites along with Mexican actress Bárbara Mori and Kangna Ranaut. The film failed to do well at the box office after taking a huge start and was eventually declared a flop. He next acted in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Guzaarish opposite Aishwarya Rai. Upon release, the film received overwhelmingly positive reviews and Roshan's portrayal of Ethan Mascarenhas, a quadriplegic patient earned him several Best Actor nominations at various award ceremonies.
In July 2011, he appeared in Zoya Akhtar's Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara alongside Abhay Deol, Farhan Akhtar, Katrina Kaif, Kalki Koechlin. The film opened to positive reviews, and Roshan's portrayal was praised. According to Rajeev Masand, "Hrithik Roshan once again brings real depth to his character with a spectacular performance. He’s shy and restrained, then lets go with such fantastic intensity that you make the inward journey with his character".[28] The film was declared as "super-hit" in both in India and Overseas.[29] In the same year Roshan featured as a judge for the dance competition reality show, Just Dance along with Farah Khan and Vaibhavi Merchant.[30][31] The show got the highest opening (a cumulative TRP of 4.7) for a reality show that year for which he was voted as the best TV host by a poll conducted by Ormax Media.[32] In 2012, he then appeared in Agneepath in which he reprise the role of Vijay Deenanath Chauhan opposite Priyanka Chopra. The film has taken a historic opening and has broken all opening-day records.[33]
Besides acting, Roshan made his debut as a singer in Kites, and has also sung in the films Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara and Guzaarish.[34]
A life-size wax figure was installed at London's Madame Tussauds Wax Museum on 20 January 2011, making him the fifth Indian actor to have been replicated as a wax statue in the museum.[35]
Personal life[link]
Roshan was born in Mumbai to a Hindu family of cinema personalities. His father, film director Rakesh Roshan, is the son of music director Roshan, while his mother, Pinky, is the daughter of producer and director J. Om Prakash. Hrithik has an elder sister, Sunaina. His uncle Rajesh Roshan is a famous music director. As a child, Roshan attended the Bombay Scottish School.[36] He later attended Sydenham College, where he earned a bachelor's degree in Commerce.[37]
During an interview he revealed that his childhood was traumatized because of stammering, a defect that surfaced when he was around six years old and plagues him even today. "For oral tests at school, I used to bunk school, I used to fall sick, I used to break my hand, I used to get a sprain" the actor said. He however said that things improved for him gradually, after he started practicing speech therapies on a daily basis.[38]
Roshan is married to Suzanne (Khan) Roshan, owner of Suzanne Roshan's House of Design and daughter of actor Sanjay Khan. Hrithik got married to Suzanne on 20 December 2000. The couple have two sons, Hrehaan, born in 2006 and Hridhaan born in 2008.[39][40] Roshan has two thumbs on his right hand.[41] Although it is usually hidden in his films, it was not hidden in Koi... Mil Gaya, and was even used as a minor plot point, as Jaadoo the alien was also designed to have two thumbs.[42]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Other notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | Aasha | Sunny (Child artist) | |
| 1980 | Aap Ke Deewane | Child artist | |
| 1986 | Bhagwan Dada | Govinda (Child artist) | |
| 2000 | Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai | Rohit/Raj Chopra | Filmfare Award for Best Actor Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut |
| 2000 | Fiza | Amaan Ikramullah | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2000 | Mission Kashmir | Altaaf Khan | |
| 2001 | Yaadein | Ronit Malhotra | |
| 2001 | Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... | Rohan Raichand | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 2002 | Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage | Rohit | |
| 2002 | Na Tum Jaano Na Hum | Rahul Sharma | |
| 2002 | Mujhse Dosti Karoge! | Raj Khanna | |
| 2003 | Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon | Prem Kishen Mathur | |
| 2003 | Koi... Mil Gaya | Rohit Mehra | Filmfare Award for Best Actor Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor |
| 2004 | Lakshya | Karan Shergill | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2006 | Krrish | Krishna Mehra (Krrish)/ Rohit Mehra |
Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2006 | Dhoom 2 | Aryan Singh/Mr.A | Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2006 | I See You | Special appearance in song "Subah Subah" | |
| 2008 | Jodhaa Akbar | Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar | Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2008 | Krazzy 4 | Special appearance in song "Krazzy 4" | |
| 2009 | Luck by Chance | Ali Zaffar Khan | |
| 2010 | Kites | Jai Singhania | |
| 2010 | Guzaarish | Ethan Mascarenhas | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2011 | Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara | Arjun Saluja | Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actor |
| 2011 | Don 2 | Special appearance | |
| 2012 | Agneepath | Vijay Deenanath Chauhan | |
| 2013 | Krrish 3 | Krishna Mehra/Krrish | Filming [43] |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Hrithik Roshan overview and filmography". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004335/. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
- ^ "The Hrithik Roshan Station". IBOS. http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/clsActorDisplay.asp?actor=Hrithik+Roshan&layout=filmography. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ a b c d "Hrithik the super hero...". Indiatimes Movies. 3 March 2009. http://movies.indiatimes.com/News-Gossip/News/Hrithik-the-super-hero-/articleshow/2830710.cms. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
- ^ a b "Jodhaa Akbar, Hrithik win awards at Golden Minbar Film Festival in Russia". Bollywood Hungama. 23 October 2008. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2008/10/23/12089/index.html. [dead link]
- ^ N, Patcy (19 December 2006). "Mr Talented". Rediff.com. http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2006/dec/19yrsl1.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ "Boxofficeindia.com". Boxofficeindia.com. http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
- ^ a b "Box Office 2000". http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA==. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ^ Rajendran, Girija (18 August 2000). "A perfect professional has come to stay". Chennai, India: The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2000/08/18/stories/09180221.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ Mitlal, Madhur (7 January 2001). "A year of surprises and shocks". The Tribune. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010107/spectrum/bolly.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
- ^ a b Verma, Sukanya (15 December 2003). "Bollywood's top 5, 2003: Hrithik Roshan". Rediff.com. http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/dec/15intro.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ "2003 tidbits". http://www.hrithikrules.com/filmography/knph/Limca.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
- ^ "Fiza: Movie Review". http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/6577/index.html. Retrieved 2000-12-15.
- ^ "Top Actors". http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ^ "Box Office 2001". http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ==. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ^ a b "Overseas Earnings (Figures in Ind Rs)". http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ^ "Box Office 2002". http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=208&catName=MjAwMg==. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ^ "Box Office 2003". http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw==. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ^ "Koi... Mil Gaya: Movie Review". http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/7019/index.html. Retrieved 2003-08-08.
- ^ "80 Iconic Performances 5/10". Filmfare. http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-510-955.html. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
- ^ "Box Office 2004". http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA==. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ^ "Lakshya: Movie Review". http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/7151/index.html. Retrieved 2004-06-18.
- ^ a b "80 Iconic Performance 9/10". Filmfare. 2010-06-09. http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performance-910-990.html. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
- ^ a b "Box Office 2006". http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg==. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ^ "Krrish: Movie Review". http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/12415/index.html. Retrieved 2006-06-22.
- ^ "Dhoom 2: Movie Review". http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/12546/index.html. Retrieved 2006-11-24.
- ^ "All Time Earners Inflation Adjusted". http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ^ "Box Office 2008". http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA==. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
- ^ Masand, Rajeev. "Singin’ in (the) Spain!". Rajeev Masand – movies that matter. http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/singin-in-the-spain/comment-page-1/#comment-3942. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ TOI, TNN (2011-08-10). "Singham and ZNMD continue to rule the BO". Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-10/box-office/29871593_1_singham-new-releases-films. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Just Dance Press Release by Star Plus". Starplus.startv.in. http://starplus.startv.in/news/1746/first-look-just-dance-with-hrithik-roshan.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ "‘Just Dance’ finally hits small screens with Hrithik Roshan on judging panel". Dubaichronicle.com. http://www.dubaichronicle.com/2011/06/16/hrithik-roshan-hits-the-small-screen-with-just-dance/. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
- ^ "Hrithik Roshan voted as the best TV host". Times of India. 2011-10-01. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-01/tv/30234682_1_hrithik-roshan-reality-show-tv-host. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
- ^ "I’m overwhelmed, relieved: Hrithik Roshan". The Times Of India. 2012-01-30. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-30/news-interviews/30676258_1_agneepath-karan-malhotra-vijay-dinanath-chauhan.
- ^ "Hrithik, Farhan and Abhay Deol sing for Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara". Bollywoodhungama.com. 2010-12-16. http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/12/16/15085/index.html. Retrieved 2011-08-25. [dead link]
- ^ Hrithik Roshan's wax statue unveiled at Madame Tussauds[dead link]. Bollywoodhungama.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-26.
- ^ "Rediff On The NeT: Transcript of the Hrithik Roshan Chat". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/chat/hritchat.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ^ "Welcome To Sydenham College". Sydenham.edu. http://www.sydenham.edu/prominent_alumni.html. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ^ "Stammering made my childhood hell: Hrithik". indianexpress. 2009-09-24. http://indianexpress.com/news/stammering-made-my-childhood-hell-hrithik/521078/.htm. Retrieved 22 december 2010.
- ^ "Another son for Hrithik and Suzanne". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/01son.htm. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
- ^ "Hrithik's son to be named Hridhaan". IANS, DNA News. http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1020810&CatID=1. Retrieved 23 March 2006.
- ^ Ahmed, Afsana (2004-06-01). "'Impossible dreams can come true'". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/711649.cms. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ "'Koi... Mil Gaya'". mjsimpson. http://www.mjsimpson.co.uk/reviews/koimilgaya.html. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
- ^ "Rakesh Roshan gears up for Krrish 2". The Times of India. 2011-07-11. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-11/news-interviews/29760510_1_krrish-k2-film. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Roshan, Hrithik |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | 1974-01-10 |
| Place of birth | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Aishwarya Rai | |
|---|---|
 Aishwarya Rai in Cannes film festival 2012 |
|
| Born | Aishwarya Rai (1973-11-01) 1 November 1973 (age 38)[1] Mangalore, Karnataka, India |
| Residence | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India[2] |
| Other names | Aishwarya Rai Bachchan |
| Occupation | actor, model |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Spouse | Abhishek Bachchan (2007–present) |
| Children | Aaradhya Bachchan |
| Signature | 150px |
Aishwarya Rai, known also as Aishwarya Rai Bachchan after her marriage[3] (Tulu pronunciation [əjɕʋərjaː rəj]; born 1 November 1973) is an Indian film actress. She worked as a model before starting her acting career, and ultimately won the Miss World pageant in 1994. Rai has featured in films in various languages including Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, and Bengali.
Often cited by the media as the "most beautiful woman in the world",[4][5][6] Rai made her acting debut with Mani Ratnam's Tamil film Iruvar (1997), and had her first commercial success in Jeans (1998). She found success in Bollywood with Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999) and Devdas (2002) and eventually won two Filmfare Awards in the Best Actress category.
After a series of unsuccessful films during 2003–2005, she appeared in the blockbuster action thriller Dhoom 2 (2006) and subsequently featured in such films as Guru (2007), Jodhaa Akbar (2008), and Enthiran (2010). She gained critical acclaim for her performances in offbeat, independent films such as Chokher Bali (2003), Raincoat (2004), and Provoked (2007).[7][8] Rai has thus established herself as one of the leading contemporary actresses of Indian cinema.[9][10]
Rai's off-screen roles include duties as brand ambassador for various charity organisations and campaigns. She is married to fellow actor Abhishek Bachchan, son of actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan. In 2009 she was honoured with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award given by the Government of India.
Contents |
Early life and background[link]
Rai was born into an ethnic Bunt[11] family in Mangalore, Karnataka.[12] Her father, Krishnaraj, was a marine biologist, while her mother, Brindya, is a housewife.[1] She has one elder brother, Aditya Rai, who is an engineer in the merchant navy. He co-produced one of her movies, Dil Ka Rishta (2003).[13]
The family moved to Mumbai, where Rai attended the Arya Vidya Mandir High School.[1] Rai did her intermediate schooling at Jai Hind College for a year,[14] and then joined DG Ruparel College[15] in Matunga, securing 90 percent in the HSC exams.[1][16] She trained in classical dance and music for five years during her teens.[16] Her favourite subject was zoology, so she initially considered a career in medicine.[16] With plans to become an architect, she enrolled at Raheja College, but later gave up her education to pursue a career in modelling.[14]
Modelling career[link]
One of her earliest modelling assignment was, when she was in the ninth grade, for Camlin Pencils.[16] One of her professors at Jai Hind College took pictures of her which were published in a fashion magazine.[17] In 1991 Rai took part in the Ford Supermodel Contest and also appeared in Vogue Magazine.[15] She has been on the cover of Vogue three times.[18]
Rai became popular after appearing in a Pepsi commercial with actor Aamir Khan.[16] She modelled for Longines watches, Coca-Cola,[19] Lakmé Cosmetics, Casio pager, Philips, Palmolive,[17] Lux, and Fuji films.[20] She continued to model while pursuing her studies in architecture.[1][17] She was named the official brand ambassador for De Beers diamonds in India.[20]
In the 1994 Miss India contest, she won second place, behind Sushmita Sen, and was crowned Miss India World.[21] She went on to win the Miss World[22] title the same year, where she also won the Miss Photogenic award.[23] After winning the pageant, she gave up her studies and spent one year reigning as Miss World in London.[21] Rai continued to pursue a career as a model until she became an actress.[24]
Acting career[link]
Early work (1997–98)[link]
Rai made her acting debut in Mani Ratnam's Tamil biopic film Iruvar (1997), where she worked alongside Mohanlal.[25] The film was a critical success and won many awards, including Best Film award at the Belgrade International Film Festival,[26] and two National Film Awards.[26] Rai appeared in dual roles, one of which was a depiction of political leader and former actress J. Jayalalithaa.[27] Rai made her Bollywood debut in the film in Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya, opposite Bobby Deol, which released the same year; the film was unsuccessful at the box office.[28] Her third project, Jeans (1998), a high-budget Tamil film directed by S. Shankar, was a commercial success. The film included the song "Poovukkul", written by Vairamuthu, in which Rai's character is compared to the seven wonders of the world and described as the eighth.[29][30] The film was India's official entry to the Academy Awards in that year.[31]
Success (1999–2002)[link]
In 1999 Rai starred in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, opposite Salman Khan and Ajay Devgan.[32] The film had Rai playing Nandini, who is forced to marry Devgan despite being in love with another man (Khan). Her husband tries to help her locate her previous love, and his caring attention eventually wins her over. Rai's portrayal won her critical acclaim, with a review on Rediff.com stating, "Aishwarya looks beautiful as usual ... This film will most likely draw her accolades from all over, may be even get her recognised as an actress the way Manisha Koirala did in Khamoshi. In many scenes, there is no trace of makeup and she looks very fresh".[33] The film was her first box office success in Bollywood, and earned her a Filmfare Best Actress Award.[34]
In the same year she appeared in Subhash Ghai's Taal,[35] in which she played Mansi, a young village woman who becomes a big pop star after being hurt by her lover, played by Akshay Khanna. The film was an average grosser in India but was a big success outside India, especially in the United States, where it became the first Indian film in the top 20 on Variety's box office list.[36] Her performance was praised, with a reviewer from Rediff.com writing, "After being praised for her looks and acting talent in Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, Aishwarya has excelled in Taal. She looks ethereal and unlike the former film, has a very sober and soft role. Though she looks pained and tragic in most of the film, she does a good job of a woman who is very protective of her father and one who doesn't think twice before rejecting a lover who has insulted her father."[37] She received another Best Actress nomination from the Filmfare Awards for her work in the film.[38]
In 2000 she appeared in Mansoor Khan's Josh alongside Shahrukh Khan and Chandrachur Singh, in which she plays a Catholic named Shirley who falls in love with the sibling of her brother's enemy.[39] The film was a commercial success.[40] Later that year she appeared in Satish Kaushik's Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai, opposite Anil Kapoor. It was a moderate success, and her performance earned her a Filmfare Best Actress Award nomination.[41] Later that year she played a supporting role in Aditya Chopra's Mohabbatein, alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Shahrukh Khan. The second-highest grosser of the year, the film was a major commercial success, and earned her a Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award nomination.[41][42] Later that year, she starred in the Tamil film Kandukondain Kandukondain, alongside Mammooty, Ajith Kumar, and Tabu. Rai plays Tabu's younger sibling, a dreamer at heart, whose hopes come crashing down when she discovers she's been cheated by her lover.[43] Directed by Rajiv Menon, the movie was a successful venture commercially.[7][44]
In 2002 Rai appeared alongside Shahrukh Khan and Madhuri Dixit in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Devdas, an adaptation of Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel of the same name.[45] She played the role of Paro (Parvati), the love interest of the protagonist, played by Khan. The film received a special screening at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival.[46] It became the highest-grossing film of the year in India and overseas, earning a revenue of Rs 390 million domestically.[47][48] Devdas won numerous awards, including 10 Filmfare Awards, and Rai received her second Filmfare Best Actress Award for her performance.[49]
Professional setback (2003–05)[link]
In 2003 she acted in Rituparno Ghosh's Bengali film Chokher Bali, an adaptation of Rabindranath Tagore's novel of the same name.[50] She portrays the character of a young woman called Binodini,[51] who is left on her own when her sickly husband dies soon after they are married.[52] Rai's performance in the film was well-received by critics, with "Derek Elley" from Variety writing, "Rai dominates the film with her delicately sensual presence and physical grace".[53] The film was critically acclaimed and did well at the box office,[54][55] That year she appeared in the Bollywood film Dil Ka Rishta, with Arjun Rampal, and Rohan Sippy's Kuch Na Kaho, alongside Abhishek Bachchan,[56] neither of which fared well at the box office.[56][57]
In 2004 she appeared alongside Martin Henderson in Bride and Prejudice, Gurinder Chadha's Bollywood-style English adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. She played Lalita Bakshi, the film's version of Austen's character Elizabeth Bennet. Based on 131 reviews, the film has a rating of 64 percent at the review website Rotten Tomatoes.[58] She played a negative role for the first time in Rajkumar Santoshi's Khakee, which also featured Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar, Ajay Devgan, and Jayapradha. The film was a box office success.[59] In the same year she worked with director Rituparno Ghosh for the second time, in Raincoat, where she starred alongside Ajay Devgan. The film was highly acclaimed by critics, with Rai receiving rave reviews for her performance.[60] The Hindu commented "Raincoat can easily be Aishwarya Rai's best performance, and as Neerja, the former beauty queen appears to have shed her inhibitions about looking unglamorous. What is more, she seems to have made an earnest effort to emote, using less of her body and limbs and more of her face, and eyes in particular".[61]
In 2005 she appeared in Shabd, a film based on a love triangle, alongside Sanjay Dutt and Zayed Khan. The film was unsuccessful at the box office; it received average reviews from critics.[62] Her next release was Paul Mayeda Berges's The Mistress of Spices, based on the novel of the same name by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni,[63] in which she starred alongside Dylan McDermott.[64] The film received negative reviews from critics,[65] and was a commercial failure.[66] The same year she made a special appearance in a hugely popular seven-minute dance sequence for the song "Kajra Re", with Amitabh Bachchan and Abhishek Bachchan, in Shaad Ali's Bunty Aur Babli.[67]
Recent work (2006–present)[link]
In 2006 Rai portrayed the title role in J P Dutta's Umrao Jaan, the story of a courtesan and poetess from 19th-century Lucknow. The movie is the second adaptation of the Urdu novel Umrao Jaan Ada (1905), by Mirza Hadi Ruswa. Rai's work received mixed reviews, and the film was a critical and commercial failure. Critics particularly felt the new version is poor when compared to the acclaimed 1981 version by Muzaffar Ali, which starred Rekha in the title role. BBC critic Poonam Joshi wrote, "While only Aishwarya could emulate the grace and poise of Rekha, she doesn't quite capture the intensity of Umrao's abiding melancholy", commenting that "her incandescent beauty and artistry... does indeed keep the audience watching, though not necessarily emotionally engaged."[68] Later that year she appeared as a master thief, Sunheri, in the Yash Raj Films production of Dhoom 2, directed by Sanjay Gadhvi. The ensemble cast included Hrithik Roshan, Abhishek Bachchan, Bipasha Basu, and Uday Chopra. The movie was a blockbuster, and became the highest grossing film of the year in India, earning revenues of over Rs 770 million domestically.[69] A controversy arose regarding a scene containing a kiss between her and Hrithik Roshan.[70] Rai's performance received mostly negative reviews, with a reviewer on Rediff.com writing, "Ash's character too is all gloss and no depth. You seldom feel any tension in her behaviour and expressions as she accompanies the master thief on potentially dangerous missions. Sunehri enters the film nearly 50 minutes after its opening in a disguise. In no time, she is wearing the flimsiest of clothes. Once she opens her mouth—and she does it two minutes after appearing in the film—she spoils the image. There is no sensuality any more, and half an hour later, one wonders what made the master thief fall for her."[71] Nonetheless, her performance earned her a sixth nomination for Filmfare Best Actress Award.
In 2007 she appeared in Mani Ratnam's Guru as Sujata. Speculated to be based on the life of Indian businessman Dhirubhai Ambani, it is a rag to riches story about an ambitious small-town man who ends up as the owner of the biggest corporation in India. The film premièred at the Elgin Theatre in Toronto, Canada, the first Indian film to have a mainstream international premiere in that country.[72][73] The film was critically acclaimed, and performed well at the box office.[74] Critical reception for Rai was mixed. While Nikhat Kazmi from The Times of India wrote that she is "just okay, and fails to register the growth in her character", Rediff.com's Raja Sen described it as "arguably her finest performance, visible especially when she takes over the film's climax."[75][76] Rai received her seventh Filmfare nomination for Best Actress for her performance. In the same year she starred alongside Naveen Andrews and Miranda Richardson in Jag Mundhra's British film Provoked, as Kiranjit Ahluwalia, an Non-resident Indian woman who kills her abusive husband after facing severe domestic violence. Rai received mostly positive reviews for her portrayal. It was screened in the Marché du Film Cannes Film Market during the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. Ahluwalia sat next to Rai during the screening, reportedly holding her hand and sobbing during the most violent scenes.[77] In the same year Rai appeared as a warrior from Kerala named Mira in Doug Lefler's epic film The Last Legion, alongside Sir Ben Kingsley, Colin Firth, and Thomas Sangster. The film was a critical failure.[78]
In 2008 Rai starred alongside Hrithik Roshan in Ashutosh Gowariker's historical drama Jodhaa Akbar. The story is a partly fictionalised account of the life of Muslim Mughal emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, played by Roshan, and his Hindu wife Jodha Bai, played by Rai. The film was a critical and commercial success, earning revenues of over Rs 590 million domestically. Rai's performance in the film was praised by critics, with Rajeev Masand writing, "Aishwarya Rai is wonderfully restrained and uses her eyes expertly to communicate so much, making this one of her finest outings on screen".[79] She earned her eighth nomination for Best Actress at the Filmfare Awards for her performance. Later that year she co-starred with husband Abhishek Bachchan and father-in-law Amitabh Bachchan in Ram Gopal Verma's Sarkar Raj, a sequel to his previous film, Sarkar.[80] She plays the CEO of a major power company that is proposing a new power plant in rural Maharashtra. The film was a critical and commercial success.[81][82]
In 2009 she appeared in Harald Zwart's spy comedy film The Pink Panther 2, playing the role of criminology expert Sonia Solandres. Like its predecessor, the sequel received negative reviews from critics,[83] and did a moderate business of $34,590,360 at the U.S box office.[84] In 2010 she collaborated with Mani Ratnam for a bilingual project, two films featuring Rai portraying a character based on the goddess Sita. The films were shot simultaneously, with Rai's role being one of the only roles which were played by the same performer in both versions. Upon release, the project received mixed reviews. Though both her portrayals of Ragini were praised, the Hindi version—Raavan, alongside Abhishek Bachchan—failed commercially, whilst the Tamil version—Raavanan—was successful. The Hindi version of the film got decent reviews in various US media, including the New York Times and Los Angeles Times, with the former saying, "Raavan has Bollywood glamour aplenty, with the lovely if occasionally dramatically challenged Aishwarya Rai Bachchan", and the latter describing Rai as a scene-stealer.[85]
Rai paired with Rajinikanth in the science fiction Tamil film Enthiran (2010), directed by S. Shankar.[86] The film—the most expensive ever made in India—was released worldwide in 2010, and is the highest-grossing Indian film when all its versions are totalled.[87][88][89] She appeared in Vipul Shah's Action Replayy opposite Akshay Kumar, which received mixed reviews from critics. Rai's final release in 2010 was Guzaarish, her third collaboration with director Sanjay Leela Bhansali and actor Hrithik Roshan. The film tells the story of Ethan Mascarenhas (Roshan), a former magician who has been quadriplegic for twelve years; after years of struggle he files an appeal to the court for euthanasia. Rai played Ethan's strict, devoted, and supportive nurse Sophie D'Souza. The film opened to positive reviews, and Rai's portrayal was praised. According to Nikhat Kazmi, "Aishwarya is a stunning picture of fire and grace, walking away with certain scenes by her sheer vitality."[90][91] In 2011 she received her ninth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. As of May 2011, she is set to appear in Rajkumar Santoshi's next film, Ladies and Gentlemen, along with Abhishek Bachchan,[92] and in Madhur Bhandarkar's next directorial venture, Heroine.[93] The shooting of both films was postponed, due to Rai's pregnancy.[94][95] She will not appear in Heroine, which is going forward with Kareena Kapoor.[96]
Social work[link]
In 1999 Rai participated in a world tour called the Magnificent Five, along with Aamir Khan, Rani Mukerji, Akshaye Khanna, and Twinkle Khanna.[97] In the same year, she was appointed as Longines Ambassador of Elegance.[98] In 2003 she became the first Indian actress to be a jury member at the Cannes Film Festival.[99] In 2003 she became a global brand ambassador of L'Oréal, alongside Andie MacDowell, Eva Longoria, and Penélope Cruz.[100][101] Rai is the brand ambassador for The Eye Bank Association of India's nationwide campaign to promote eye donation in India.[102] In 2005 she became a brand ambassador for Pulse Polio, a campaign established by the Government of India in 1994 to eradicate polio in India.[103] In the same year, Rai was appointed spokesperson for the International Year of Microcredit, raising awareness of the main goals and priorities of the United Nations' poverty alleviation efforts.[104][105]
In February 2005 Rai performed alongside other Bollywood stars at the HELP! Telethon Concert, an event to raise money for the victims of the 2004 tsunami earthquake.[106] Along with other members of the Bachchan family, she laid the foundation of a special school for underprivileged girls in Daulatpur village in Uttar Pradesh in 2008. Construction is being funded by the Bachchan family, and the school will be named after Rai.[107] She appeared along with various other Bollywood actors at the closing ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. The performance showcased Indian culture as a lead-up to India hosting the 2010 Commonwealth Games.[108]
In 2009 Rai was appointed as the first Goodwill Ambassador of Smile Train, an international charity that provides free Cleft lip and palate surgery to children in need. Her work with Smile Train will focus not only on India, but on 76 different developing countries around the world.[109][110]
Personal life[link]
In 1999 Aishwarya began dating Bollywood actor Salman Khan; their relationship was often reported in the media until the couple separated in 2001. Rai cited "abuse (verbal, physical and emotional), infidelity and indignity" on the part of Khan as reasons for ending the relationship.[111] In a 2009 Times of India article, Khan denied ever beating her: "It's not true that I hit a woman."[112]
Rai is married to actor Abhishek Bachchan, they met in 1997.[18] Their engagement was announced on 14 January 2007 and later confirmed by his father, Amitabh Bachchan.[113] The couple married on 20 April 2007 according to traditional Hindu rites of the Bunt community, to which she belongs.[114] Token North Indian and Bengali ceremonies were also performed. The wedding took place in a private ceremony at the Bachchan residence, "Prateeksha", in Juhu, Mumbai.[114] They have been described as a supercouple in the Indian media.[115][116] Rai is very close to her family and lived with them in Bandra, Mumbai, until her marriage.[117][118] Rai is Hindu and deeply religious.[4]
Rai gave birth to a baby girl on 16 November 2011.[119] Her daughter became quite popular by the name of "Beti B" which was christened by the fans and the media, since the couple took over four months to name their daughter. The baby girl was finally named as Aaradhya Bachchan in March 2012.[120]
Awards and honours[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Aishwarya Rai
Aishwarya Rai is a two-time winner of the Filmfare Best Actress Award, and has been nominated for Filmfare Awards eleven times.[41][121] She has won numerous times at the International Indian Film Academy Awards, Star Screen Awards, Zee Cine Awards, and others. In 2009 Rai was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest Indian civilian award, for her contributions to Indian cinema.[122] In 2001 Forbes named Rai among the top five Indian movie stars.[123] In a reader poll conducted by UK's Hello! magazine, she was voted "the most attractive woman of 2003".[124] In the same year, Rai appeared in Rolling Stone magazine's annual "Hot List".[125] In 2004 she was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the world's most influential people, and appeared on the cover of its 2003 Asia edition.[126][127][128] In October 2004 a wax figure of Rai was put on display in London's Madame Tussaud's wax museum.[129] She was the sixth Indian and the second Bollywood personality—after her father-in-law, Amitabh Bachchan—to get this honour. In 2007 the same figure was displayed at Madame Tussaud's Museum in Times Square in New York.[130]
In 2005 she was the subject of a 60 Minutes profile on 2 January, which said that "at least according to thousands of Web sites, Internet polls and even Julia Roberts", she was "the world's most beautiful woman".[4] The same year, a tulip in the Netherlands was named "Aishwarya Rai" after her.[131] Also in 2005, Mattel released a limited edition of Barbie dolls of Aishwarya Rai in the United Kingdom.[132] The British magazine Maxim ranked Rai first on their list of "Hottest Women of India".[133]
Rai appeared on such shows as Late Show with David Letterman, and was the first Bollywood personality to appear on Oprah's "Women Across the Globe" segment. In 2005 Harpers and Queen's list of "Most Beautiful Women in The World" ranked her ninth.[134] In May 2006 Aishwarya was featured in People Magazine as one of the "World's Most Beautiful People".[135] The UK magazine Eastern Eye ranked her third in the list of "Asia's Sexiest Women" in 2006,[136] and she was ranked eighth in 2009.[137] In 2008 American television channel E!: Entertainment listed Aishwarya's eyes as the sexiest on their Sexiest Body Parts list.[138] In 2009 she made appearances on Martha Stewart's show Martha and on the The Tyra Banks Show.[139][140] In the same year Forbes listed Rai at 387th out of 1,411 actors on their list of the most bankable stars in Hollywood. She is the highest-ranked Indian actor on the list.[141][142]
In 2009, Rai refused to accept the second-highest Order Of France, Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, as her father was suffering from a serious illness, and she wanted her whole family to attend the award ceremony.[143] She is the fourth Indian actor—after Sivaji Ganesan, Nandita Das, and Shahrukh Khan—to be chosen for the award. Amitabh Bachchan was chosen for another Order Of France, the Legion of Honour.[144] In June 2009 she was declared the Female Star of The Decade at the tenth International Indian Film Academy Awards, held in Macau.[145] In December 2010 she was declared the "Actress of the Decade" at the BIG Star Entertainment Awards.[146] In March 2011 Rai was honoured by Karnataka Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa at World Kannada Meet (Vishwa Kannada Sammelana) for her contributions to the arts.[147] Later that month she was presented with the "Decade of Global Achievement Honour" by FICCI.[148] She attended the 83rd Academy Awards, along with her husband, Abhishek.[149]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Language | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | Iruvar | Tamil | Pushpavalli / Kalpana | Dubbed into Telugu as Iddaru |
| 1997 | Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya | Hindi | Ashi Kapoor | |
| 1998 | Jeans | Tamil | Madhumita | Dubbed into Telugu and Hindi with the same title |
| 1999 | Aa Ab Laut Chalen | Hindi | Pooja | |
| 1999 | Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam | Hindi | Nandini | Filmfare Best Actress Award |
| 1999 | Ravoyi Chandamama | Telugu | Special appearance | |
| 1999 | Taal | Hindi | Mansi | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award Dubbed into Tamil as Thaalam |
| 2000 | Mela | Hindi | Champakali | Guest appearance |
| 2000 | Kandukondain Kandukondain | Tamil | Meenakshi Bala | Dubbed into Telugu as Priyuralu Pilichindi |
| 2000 | Josh | Hindi | Shirley | |
| 2000 | Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai | Hindi | Preeti Virat | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award |
| 2000 | Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke | Hindi | Sahiba Grewal | |
| 2000 | Mohabbatein | Hindi | Megha | Nominated—Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award |
| 2001 | Albela | Hindi | Sonia | |
| 2002 | Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam | Hindi | Suman | Guest appearance |
| 2002 | Hum Kisi Se Kum Nahin | Hindi | Komal Rastogi | |
| 2002 | 23 March 1931: Shaheed | Hindi | Special appearance | |
| 2002 | Devdas | Hindi | Parvati (Paro) | Filmfare Best Actress Award |
| 2002 | Shakti: The Power | Hindi | Herself | Special appearance in song "Ishq Kamina" |
| 2003 | Chokher Bali | Bengali | Binodhini | |
| 2003 | Dil Ka Rishta | Hindi | Tia Sharma | |
| 2003 | Kuch Naa Kaho | Hindi | Namrata Shrivastav | |
| 2004 | Bride & Prejudice | English | Lalita Bakshi | Dubbed into Hindi as Balle Balle Amritsar to LA |
| 2004 | Khakee | Hindi | Mahalakshmi | |
| 2004 | Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na | Hindi | Diya Malhotra | |
| 2004 | Raincoat | Hindi | Neerja | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award |
| 2005 | Shabd | Hindi | Antara Vashist/Tammana | |
| 2005 | Bunty Aur Babli | Hindi | Special appearance in the song "Kajra Re" | |
| 2005 | Mistress of Spices | English | Tilo | |
| 2006 | Umrao Jaan | Hindi | Umrao Jaan | |
| 2006 | Dhoom 2 | Hindi | Sunehri | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award |
| 2007 | Guru | Hindi | Sujata | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award Dubbed into Tamil as Guru and Telugu as Gurukanth |
| 2007 | Provoked | English | Kiranjit Ahluwalia | Dubbed into Hindi with the same title |
| 2007 | The Last Legion | English | Mira | |
| 2008 | Jodhaa Akbar | Hindi | Jodhaa Bai | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award Dubbed into Tamil and Telugu with the same title |
| 2008 | Sarkar Raj | Hindi | Anita Rajan | |
| 2009 | The Pink Panther 2 | English | Sonia Solandres | Dubbed into French as La Pantera Rosa 2 |
| 2010 | Raavan | Hindi | Ragini Sharma | |
| 2010 | Raavanan | Tamil | Ragini Subramaniam | Dubbed into Telugu as Villain |
| 2010 | Enthiran | Tamil | Sana | Dubbed into Telugu as Robo and Hindi as Robot |
| 2010 | Action Replayy | Hindi | Mala | |
| 2010 | Guzaarish | Hindi | Sofia D'Souza | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award |
See also[link]
References[link]
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Further reading[link]
- Ghosh, Biswadeep (2004). Hall of Fame: Aishwarya Rai. Mumbai: Magna Books. ISBN 978-81-7809-244-7. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tChlAAAAMAAJ&q=aishwarya+rai&dq=aishwarya+rai&hl=en&ei=GC3nTae4HoKiuQOrwbz_DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aishwarya Rai |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rai, Aishwarya |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian actress |
| Date of birth | 1 November 1973 |
| Place of birth | Mangalore, Karnataka, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Aishwarya_Rai
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| He Said | |
|---|---|
| Years active | 1985 (1985)–1989 (1989) |
| Labels | Mute Records |
| Associated acts | Wire Duet Emmo Dome |
He Said was the name used by Wire member Graham Lewis for his solo record releases in the 1980s.
Contents |
Background[link]
The first He Said album titled Hail was released by Mute Records in October 1986. It was produced by Graham Lewis and John Fyer[1] and recorded at Blackwing Studios in London.[2] Collaborators on the album included fellow Wire member Bruce Gilbert and musician Brian Eno, who played a Yamaha DX7 synthesiser on the track I Fall into Your Arms.[2] Two singles were released from the initial album, including Pump and Only One I. The CD release included the September single release, Pulling 3g's / Pale Feet.[1]
In July 1988 Mute released the single Could You, again produced by Lewis and Fryer. This single was included on the last He Said album titled Take Care which was released by Mute the following year.[1]
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
- Hail (Mute Records 1986)
- Take Care (Mute Records 1989)
Singles[link]
- Only One I (1985)
- Pump (1986)
- Pulling 3g's / Pale Feet (1986)
- Could you? (1988)
References[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | He Said |
| Alternative names | Lewis, Graham |
| Short description | Singer |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/He_Said
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Said
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
