Örebro
Örebro Castle
Örebro
Coordinates: 59°16′N 15°13′E / 59.267°N 15.217°E / 59.267; 15.217Coordinates: 59°16′N 15°13′E / 59.267°N 15.217°E / 59.267; 15.217
Country	Sweden
Province	Närke
County	Örebro County
Municipality	Örebro Municipality
Charter	1404
Area[1]
• Total	49.27 km2 (19.02 sq mi)
Population (31 December 2010)[1]
• Total	107,038
• Density	2,172/km2 (5,630/sq mi)
Demonym	Örebroare
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Website	orebro.se

Örebro [œrəˈbruː] is a city, the seat of Örebro Municipality and the capital of Örebro County in Sweden with 107,038 inhabitants in 2010.^[1]

History[link]

Örebro circa 1700, in Suecia antiqua et hodierna, with the castle in the middle.

Örebro received its Royal Charter and city privileges not later than 1404.

Örebro literally means a bridge over gravel banks, which is how the geography looks, with the stream Svartån draining into the lake Hjälmaren. The location became a natural seat of commerce in the (Scandinavian) medieval time, and is mentioned in print in the 13th century. Old buildings from the early days include the foundations of the city church, a building which has undergone several modifications. The natural center of the city is otherwise the magnificent Örebro Castle, situated on an islet in the Svartån, and dividing the town into a northern and a southern part. This castle was constructed during the stewardship of Birger Jarl during the early 13th century and then modified and enlarged during the reign of King Gustav Vasa in the 1560s.

Notable events in Örebro's history include the national diet meeting at Örebro in 1810, where Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte was elected crown prince of Sweden.

Although a trade town, Örebro remained small until the second half of the 19th century, when it grew rapidly as a center of the national shoe-manufacturing industry (see: History of Närke).

Geography and climate[link]

Örebro, like the rest of the areas close to Mälardalen, has a cold temperate, humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) that is mildened due to the proximity to water and the Gulf Stream which makes it a borderline oceanic climate.

Sites of interest[link]

Rebel leader Engelbrekt in front of Örebro City Hall.

Örebro's old town Wadköping is located on the banks of Svartån (black stream). It contains many 18th and 19th century wooden houses, along with museums and exhibitions. The water tower of Örebro, named Svampen (The Mushroom), is a popular destination as an outlook tower. In 1958, a replica of the tower was built in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

The watertower Svampen (The Mushroom). A restaurant is located at the top of the building.

Common bookstore in central Örebro.

Örebro University is one of Sweden's most recent, being upgraded from högskola (university college) in 1999. It currently has around 16,000 students and a staff of 1,100. Gustavsvik, the largest water park in the Nordic countries, is located just a kilometer south of central Örebro. With more than 700,000 visitors per year, it is one of the most popular tourist and leisure establishments in Sweden. Only Liseberg, Gröna Lund and Skansen are more popular. In the summer the manor of Karlslund is a very popular place to visit.

Örebro University

Karlslund Manor

Örebro Castle

Olaus Petri Church

Nerikes Allehanda, the local newspaper's current offices in Örebro.

Notable natives[link]

Culture and Media[link]

• Hjalmar Bergman, author
• Fares Fares, actor
• Josef Fares, Film director
• Peter Flack, comedian
• Ernst Kirchsteiger, TV-profile
• Jan-Peter Lahall, photographer, writer
• Edita Morris, author
• Karl Axel Pehrson, artist
• Mary Stävin, former Miss World, actress
• Cajsa Warg, Cookery book author

Music[link]

• Ulla Billquist, Former singer
• Jens Bogren, Producer
• Stephan Berg, Songwriter, winner of Eurovision Song Contest 1991
• Jussi Björling, Former Operatic tenor singer
• Lolita Pop, Former Rock band
• Millencolin, punk rock band
• Nasum, grindcore band
• Path Of No Return, Hardcore Metal band
• Nina Persson, lead singer of the rock group The Cardigans
• Mats Ronander, Rock musician
• Dan Swanö, multi-instrumentalist, lead vocalist of Edge of Sanity
• Witchcraft, doom metal band
• Dead Man, psychedelic rock/folk rock band
• Spetsnaz, EBM electronic band
• Terror Punk Syndicate, electro-industrial band
• Rob Marcello [Guitarplayer]
• Truckfighters, Stoner Rock / Desert Rock band
• Firestone]], Stoner Rock band

Politics[link]

• Henry Allard - Speaker of the parliament 1969–1979
• Leni Björklund, Minister of Defence 2002–2006
• Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, (1390s–1436) rebellious politician and later Sweden's first rikshövitsman
• Erik Agabus Nilsson, Minister of Defence 1917–1920
• Sten Tolgfors, Minister of Defence 2007–2012
• Daniel Westling, husband of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden

Religion[link]

• John Ongman, pastor and founder of the Örebro Missionary Society (today a part of the Evangelical Free Church in Sweden)
• Laurentius Petri, (16th century) Sweden's first Lutheran arch-bishop
• Olaus Petri, (16th century) Principal reformator in Sweden

Science[link]

• Manne Siegbahn, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate
• Gunnar A. Sjögren, Saab designer
• Jonas Wenström, Inventor and engineer

Sports[link]

• Peter Andersson, former NHL hockey player
• Christian Berglund, Former NHL hockey player
• Orvar Bergmark, Former Footballer
• Stig Blomqvist, Rally driver.
• Hasse Borg, Former Footballer
• Magnus Erlingmark, Former Footballer
• Richard Göransson, Swedish Touring Car driver
• Carl Gunnarsson, NHL hockey player
• Oscar Jansson, goalkeeper at Shamrock Rovers F.C..
• Fredrik Lindgren Speedway Rider
• Ludvig Lindgren Speedway Rider
• Thomas Nordahl, Former Footballer
• Ronnie Peterson, Former racing driver
• Johan Röjler, ice speed skater
• Timmy (Battousai) Skoog, World-champion of Kyokushin-Karate, and Grand-master of the European Karate-Association.
• Emra Tahirović, Swedish-Bosnian footballer.

Sports[link]

Football[link]

• Örebro SK are the most popular football team in Örebro County. The club was founded in 1908 and the team currently play in the highest division in Sweden (Allsvenskan).
• KIF Örebro DFF play in the highest level of women's soccer leagues in Sweden (Damallsvenskan).
• BK Forward currently play in Division 1 Norra.
• Örebro SK Ungdom currently playing in Division 2 Norra Götaland .
• Rynninge IK currently play in Division 2 Norra Götaland.
• IFK Örebro currently play in Division 3 Västra Svealand.
• Karlslunds IF HFK currently play in Division 3 Västra Svealand.
• Örebro Syrianska BK currently play in Division 3 Västra Svealand.
• Adolfsbergs IK currently play in Division 4 Örebro.
• FK Bosna 92 currently play in Division 4 Örebro.

Volleyball[link]

• Örebro Volley play in the highest level of women's volleyball leagues in Sweden. They have won the league ten times.

Ice Hockey[link]

• Örebro Hockey currently play in HockeyAllsvenskan (the second level) in the Swedish Hockey League.

American Football[link]

• Örebro Black Knights are an American Football Club that played in the Swedish Championship Finals in 1998 and 1999.

Rugby[link]

• Örebro Universitets IF Rugby

Floorball[link]

• Örebro SK Innebandy
• Lillån IBK
• Axbergs IF
• Nerike IBK

Cycling[link]

• Emilia Fahlin is a cyclist who rides for the professional cycling team Team HTC-High Road.
• [1]

Multi-sports[link]

Karlslunds IF is a muti-sports club specialising in American Football, Bandy, Baseball/Softball, Bowling, Football, Gymnastics, Skiing and Swimming.

Culture[link]

Centralpalatset, one of Örebro's main streets and the most exclusive postal code in the city.

• Swedish Chamber Orchestra

• Örebro is the hometown of the punk-rock band Millencolin. They named one of their albums Pennybridge Pioneers, where Pennybridge stands for Örebro as a colloquial translation into English.
• The influential and highly popular grind band Nasum were formed in Örebro.
• Örebro is one of the public broadcaster SVT's 12 local news districts and has television permises located in the city.

Twin towns - Sister cities[link]

Örebro is twinned with ^[3]

• Łódź, Poland, since 2001 ^[4]
• Drammen, Norway
• Kolding, Denmark
• Lappeenranta, Finland
• Stykkishólmur, Iceland
• Yantai, People's Republic of China
• Terrassa, Spain
• Pau, France

See also[link]

• Örebro Municipality
• Nerikes Allehanda
• Julmust

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Örebro

Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed.) article Örebro.

• Örebro - Official site

v t e Municipalities and seats of Örebro County Municipalities Askersund Degerfors Hällefors Hallsberg Karlskoga Kumla Laxå Lekeberg Lindesberg Ljusnarsberg Nora Örebro Municipal seats Askersund Degerfors Fjugesta Hällefors Hallsberg Karlskoga Kopparberg Kumla Laxå Lindesberg Nora Örebro Counties of Sweden Sweden

v t e Administrative seats of Swedish counties (län) Falun (Dalarna) Gävle (Gävleborg) Gothenburg (Västra Götaland) Halmstad (Halland) Härnösand (Västernorrland) Jönköping (Jönköping) Kalmar (Kalmar) Karlskrona (Blekinge) Karlstad (Värmland) Linköping (Östergötland) Luleå (Norrbotten) Malmö (Skåne) Nyköping (Södermanland) Örebro (Örebro) Östersund (Jämtland) Stockholm (Stockholm) Sundsvall (Västernorrland) Umeå (Västerbotten) Uppsala (Uppsala) Västerås (Västmanland) Växjö (Kronoberg) Visby (Gotland)

v t e 50 most populous urban areas in the Nordic countries  Denmark  Finland  Iceland  Norway  Sweden 1.  Stockholm 1,372,565 2.  Copenhagen 1,199,224 3.  Helsinki 1,061,798 4.  Oslo 907,288 5.  Gothenburg 549,839 6.  Malmö 280,415 7.  Turku 253,332 8.  Aarhus 252,107 9.  Bergen 234,800 10.  Stavanger 221,616 11.  Tampere 215,337 12.  Reykjavik 195,000 13.  Odense 167,615 14.  Trondheim 160,072 15.  Oulu 144,114 16.  Uppsala 140,454 17.  Jyväskylä 132,115 18.  Fredrikstad 126,971 19.  Aalborg 124,921 20.  Västerås 110,877 21.  Örebro 107,038 22.  Linköping 104,232 23.  Lahti 102,383 24.  Drammen 100,023 25.  Kuopio 97,610 26.  Helsingborg 97,122 27.  Jönköping 89,396 28.  Kouvola 87,548 29.  Norrköping 87,247 30.  Skien 86,923 31.  Pori 83,156 32.  Lund 82,800 33.  Umeå 79,594 34.  Joensuu 73,807 35.  Lappeenranta 72,156 36.  Esbjerg 71,576 37.  Gävle 71,033 38.  Kristiansand 67,547 39.  Hämeenlinna 67,293 40.  Tromsø 66,669 41.  Borås 66,273 42.  Eskilstuna 64,679 43.  Södertälje 64,619 44.  Karlstad 61,685 45.  Täby 61,272 46.  Rovaniemi 60,699 47.  Randers 60,656 48.  Vaasa 60,491 49.  Seinäjoki 58,836 50.  Halmstad 58,577

Dalil Benyahia (born April 21, 1990 in Stockholm, Sweden) is an Algerian footballer. He currently plays as a midfielder for IF Brommapojkarna in Sweden's Allsvenskan.

Career[link]

In 2004, Benyahia was chosen as the player of the tournament at the Nike Cup in Sweden and represented the country in a week long high performance training session at Manchester United. In 2006, he was given a one week-trial by Chelsea FC. The following year, he also received a 10-day trial with Ajax Amsterdam.

On July 14, 2008, Benyahia signed a 3-year contract with Vejle BK after impressing on trial.^[1] He returned to IF Brommapojkarna in 2009.

International career[link]

On September 29, 2010, Benyahia was called up to the Algerian Under-23 national team for a friendly against Qatar.^[2] On October 12, he made his debut starting in the game, with Algeria winning 1-0.^[3]

External links[link]

• (Swedish) Swedish U-19 NT profile

References[link]

Danny Kirwan
Danny Kirwan with Fleetwood Mac, 18 March 1970
Background information
Birth name	Daniel David Kirwan
Born	(1950-05-13) 13 May 1950 (age 62) Brixton, London, UK
Genres	Rock, blues
Occupations	Musician
Instruments	Vocals, guitar
Years active	1968–1979
Labels	Blue Horizon Reprise DJM
Associated acts	Fleetwood Mac (1968–1972)

Daniel David "Danny" Kirwan (born 13 May 1950 in Brixton, South London) is a British musician best known for his role as guitarist, singer and songwriter with the blues-rock band Fleetwood Mac between 1968 and 1972.

Biography[link]

Early career[link]

Danny Kirwan's guitar skills started attracting attention at an early age, and he was still only 17 when he came to the attention of established British blues band Fleetwood Mac, while he was playing in London with one of his first bands, Boilerhouse. He persuaded Mac's producer Mike Vernon to go and watch Boilerhouse rehearse (in a London basement boiler-room), and Vernon then informed Fleetwood Mac founder Peter Green of his discovery. Green was impressed and Boilerhouse began playing support slots for Fleetwood Mac, allowing Kirwan and Green to jam together and get to know each other. Fleetwood Mac had been constituted as a quartet, but Green had been looking for another guitarist to share some of the workload, in view of slide guitarist Jeremy Spencer's unwillingness to contribute much to Green's songs.^[1] Drummer Mick Fleetwood, previously a member of John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, suggested to Green that Kirwan could join Fleetwood Mac, and although neither Green, bassist John McVie (both also former Bluesbreakers), nor Spencer were entirely convinced,^[2] Fleetwood asked Kirwan to join the band in August 1968.^[3] Kirwan's arrival expanded Fleetwood Mac to a five-piece with three guitarists. He played his first gig with the band on 14 August at the Nag's Head Blue Horizon Club in Battersea, London.^[2]

In an interview with Mike Vernon in June 1999, Green described Kirwan as "a clever boy who got ideas for his guitar playing by listening to all that old-fashioned roaring twenties big band stuff." He added that in those early days, Kirwan "was so into it that he cried as he played".^[4]

Fleetwood Mac[link]

Kirwan in 1970

Kirwan's first recorded work with the band was on the huge instrumental hit single "Albatross". Green later stated that, "I would never have done "Albatross" if it wasn't for Danny. I would never have had a number one hit record."^[2] The B-side of the single was Kirwan's first published tune, the instrumental "Jigsaw Puzzle Blues". This was an old clarinet piece, written by Joe Venuti and Adrian Rollini, and recorded by the Joe Venuti / Eddie Lang Blue Five in 1933. Kirwan had adapted the piece for himself and Green to play on guitar, but Green remembered, "I couldn't do it properly... My style wasn't all that satisfactory to Danny, but his style wasn't all that satisfactory to me." So Kirwan played all the guitar parts himself.^[2]

Kirwan's skills came further to the forefront on the mid-1969 album Then Play On where he split the songwriting and lead vocal duties almost equally with Green, many of the performances featuring their dual lead guitars. Since Spencer hardly played on the album, Kirwan had a significant role in the recording. In fact, his "Coming Your Way" opened Side 1, and his varied musical influences are in evidence throughout, from the flowing instrumental "My Dream" to the 1930s-style "When You Say", which Green had earmarked to be a single until his own composition, "Oh Well", took shape and was chosen instead.^[2]

The UK release of Then Play On featured two extra, slightly older, Kirwan recordings – the sad blues "Without You", and the heavy "One Sunny Day", which was later covered by American blues musician Tinsley Ellis on his 1997 album Fire It Up. The US-only release English Rose from the same era included these two songs, plus the tense blues "Something Inside of Me" and the aforementioned "Jigsaw Puzzle Blues", both also dating from earlier sessions.

When the US track listing of Then Play On was reordered to allow the inclusion of the full version of Green's hit single "Oh Well", two of Kirwan's songs ("My Dream" and "When You Say") were dropped. Only "Coming Your Way", the wistful "Although the Sun Is Shining", and his duet with Green "Like Crying" appeared on all the later non-UK vinyl releases. On the CD release, Kirwan's two dropped songs were reinstated, although "One Sunny Day" and "Without You" were now absent from releases in all territories, including the UK.

Archival packages from this era, such as the Vaudeville Years and Show-Biz Blues double sets, include many more Kirwan songs, showing blues influences as well as the more arcane tastes that led to songs like "Tell Me from the Start" which could have been mistaken for the 1920s-style group The Temperance Seven. Such unusual musical interests prompted band leader Green to dub Kirwan "Ragtime Cowboy Joe".^[2]

Although Fleetwood Mac's hit singles from 1969 to 1970 were all Green-penned tunes, Kirwan's style showed through thanks to Green's increasing desire not to act as the band's main focus. He joined Green in the dual guitar harmonies on "Albatross", and took the solo on "Oh Well Pt. 1". The final hit single from this line-up, "The Green Manalishi", was recorded in a difficult session after Green had announced he was leaving the band. Producer Martin Birch recalls Green growing increasingly frustrated at the results of the session, but that Kirwan reassured him that they would stay there all night until they got it right.^[2]

Kirwan in 1970, while with Fleetwood Mac

The B-side of "The Green Manalishi" was the instrumental "World in Harmony", the only track ever to receive a "Kirwan/Green" joint songwriting credit. Jeremy Spencer recalled that Kirwan and Green had begun to piece their guitar parts together "almost like orchestrally layered guitar work", something which Spencer was not interested in.^[4] Kirwan and Green had already worked on melodic twin guitar demos that sparked rumours in the music press in late 1969 of a duelling guitars project, which ultimately never came to fruition.^[2]

Despite the closeness of their musical partnership, Kirwan and Green did not always get on well personally, with Kirwan's short temper being a problem.^[4] Although Kirwan had high musical standards and concentrated more on rehearsing than the other members, with Green recalling that Kirwan always had to arrive anywhere an hour early,^[2] Green was far more talented when it came to improvisational skills.^[4] Roadie Dennis Keane suggested that the success of "Albatross" and the follow-up single "Man of the World" went to Kirwan's head, and he became more confident, to the point of trying to pressure Green and compete with him.^[2] However, others, like producer Martin Birch, remember that Kirwan was often seeking reassurance from Green, and that he was always in awe of him: "I often got the impression that Danny was looking for Peter's approval."^[2]

After rumours in the music press in early 1970 that Kirwan would leave Fleetwood Mac, it was Green who left in May of that year, and Kirwan later said that he was not surprised at his departure: "We played well together but we didn't get on. I was a bit temperamental you see."^[2]

Sessions away from Fleetwood Mac[link]

In January 1969, Kirwan made his first non–Fleetwood Mac appearance when he contributed to Otis Spann's blues album The Biggest Thing Since Colossus, along with Green and McVie. After Then Play On had been completed, Kirwan worked on Christine McVie's first solo album, simply titled Christine Perfect as she was still using her maiden name at that time. She recorded a version of Kirwan's "When You Say" which was chosen as a single, and Kirwan arranged the string section and acted as producer as well.^[5]

Kirwan also worked on the first solo album from a then-current member of Fleetwood Mac, when Jeremy Spencer released his eponymously titled album in 1970. Kirwan played rhythm guitar and sang backing vocals throughout. The album was not commercially successful but Spencer discovered that he and Kirwan worked well together without Green: "In retrospect, one of the most enjoyable things was working with Danny on it, as it brought out a side of him I hadn't seen."^[6]

Kirwan was also asked to contribute as a session guitarist with the blues band Tramp on their album Tramp (1969). After he left Fleetwood Mac, Kirwan worked with Tramp again on their second album, Put a Record On (1974), and also with Chris Youlden of Savoy Brown on his solo album Nowhere Road (1973).

[edit] Kiln House

After Green left in 1970, the band considered splitting up,^[7] but they continued briefly as a four-piece before recruiting keyboard player Christine McVie. Kirwan and Spencer handled the guitars and vocals together on the Kiln House album, released in the summer of that year, and they were able to continue the working relationship they had started whilst recording Spencer's solo album the previous year.^[6]

Kirwan's songs on the album included "Station Man" (co-written with Spencer and John McVie) which became a live staple for some years, stretching into the post-1974 Buckingham-Nicks era. His other songs were "Jewel-Eyed Judy", dedicated to a friend of the band, Judy Wong; the energetic "Tell Me All the Things You Do", and "Earl Gray", an atmospheric instrumental which Kirwan largely composed while Peter Green was still in the band.^[2] Kirwan could also be heard providing distinctive backing vocals to some of Spencer's numbers, such as the 1950s-flavoured album opener, "This Is the Rock".

Other Kirwan compositions from the second half of 1970, such as those that eventually surfaced on the 2003 Madison Blues CD box set, included "Down at the Crown", with lyrics centring on a pub down the lane from the communal band house 'Benifold' in Headley, Hampshire. The unsuccessful single "Dragonfly", recorded late in the year, was also written by Kirwan, and included lyrics adapted from a poem by W. H. Davies. Peter Green said of "Dragonfly", "The best thing he ever wrote... that should have been a hit."^[3] This was not to be the last time Kirwan used a poem as lyrics for a song, and may have been a solution to Kirwan's apparent occasional lack of inspiration when writing lyrics.^[6] The B-side of the single, "The Purple Dancer", was written by Kirwan, Fleetwood and John McVie and uniquely featured Kirwan and Spencer duetting on lead vocals.

Kirwan and Bob Welch[link]

Two tours of the USA followed in support of Kiln House, but the second (during the summer) was blighted by Spencer's bizarre departure from the group, when he disappeared one afternoon in Los Angeles, and was later discovered to have joined the religious cult the Children of God. After an uncomfortable time finishing the tour, during which Peter Green was asked to come back and help out, Californian Bob Welch was recruited to replace Spencer, without an audition as such, after a brief period getting to know the band.^[7] Welch's contrasting attitudes towards Kirwan, on the one hand their difficult personal relationship, and on the other, Welch's respect for Kirwan's musicianship, was a point of focus during the 18 months they were together in Fleetwood Mac. In 1999, Welch stated: "He was a talented, gifted musician, almost equal to Pete Green in his beautiful guitar playing and faultless string bends."^[8] In a later interview, Welch said: "Danny wasn't a very lighthearted person, to say the least. He probably shouldn't have been drinking as much as he did, even at his young age... He was always very intense about his work, as I was, but he didn't seem to ever be able to distance himself from it... and laugh about it. Danny was the definition of 'deadly serious'."^[9]

The last two Fleetwood Mac albums to feature Kirwan showed an increasing maturity in his songwriting and playing, his songs taking up about half of each album. His guitar work also showed noticeably in several songs written by Welch and McVie, as they developed their own songwriting techniques. Future Games, released in 1971, was a departure from its predecessor with the clear absence of Spencer and his 50s rock 'n' roll parodies. Welch brought a couple of new songs, notably the lengthy title track, which featured both guitarists playing long instrumental sections. Kirwan contributed the opener "Woman of 1000 Years" which, according to one unknown critic at the time, "floated on a languid sea of echo-laden acoustic and electric guitars".^[10] His other songs were the melodic "Sands of Time" which was chosen as a single in the USA, and the country-flavoured "Sometimes" which suggested the route he would take during his solo career. Kirwan's influence can also clearly be heard on the two Christine McVie songs, "Morning Rain" and the laid-back and gentle "Show Me a Smile".

The following year, Bare Trees was released, containing five Kirwan songs including another instrumental, "Sunny Side of Heaven", and the album-closer "Dust" with its lyric taken from a romantic poem by British war poet Rupert Brooke, although Brooke was not credited. "Danny's Chant" featured heavy use of the wah-wah guitar effect and was effectively an instrumental piece but for Kirwan's wordless scat vocals. "Child of Mine", which touched upon the absence of Kirwan's father during his childhood, and "Bare Trees" opened each side of the LP and showed funk and slight jazz leanings. An unissued Kirwan track, "Trinity", was played live for a period during 1971–1972 and the studio version was eventually released on the 1992 box set 25 Years – The Chain.

Fired from Fleetwood Mac[link]

Kirwan shouldered much of the songwriting responsibility during this troubled and uncertain period for the band, through the changes in both the line-up and in musical style. The pressure showed in his health and he suffered problems with alcoholism; stories abound of Kirwan not eating for several days at a time, subsisting largely on beer. He gradually became estranged from the other band members,^[7] and things came to a head during the autumn of 1972. Before a concert on that year's US tour, Kirwan and Welch rowed over tuning and Kirwan flew into a rage, smashing his guitar and refusing to go onstage. Instead he watched while the rest of the band struggled through without him, and offered unwelcome criticism afterwards.^[11] Kirwan had to be sacked by Fleetwood, who had hitherto been the only other member still speaking to him. Fleetwood later said: "It was a torment for him, really, to be up there, and it reduced him to someone who you just looked at and thought 'My God'. It was more a thing of, although he was asked to leave, the way I was looking at it was, I hoped, it was almost putting him out of his agony."^[7]

Kirwan's reaction was initially one of surprise, and it seemed he had little idea of how alienated from the other band members he had become,^[7] but shortly afterwards he met up with his replacement Bob Weston. Weston described the meeting: "He was aware that I was taking over, and rather sarcastically wished me the best of luck – then paused and added, 'You're gonna need it.' I read between the lines that he was pretty angry with the band." ^[12]

Solo career and beyond[link]

In early 1974, Kirwan and another recently-fired member of Fleetwood Mac, Dave Walker, joined forces with keyboardist Paul Raymond, bassist Andy Silvester and drummer Mac Poole to form a short-lived band called Hungry Fighter.^[13] This group played only one gig, at the University of Surrey in Guildford, England, which was not recorded. According to Walker, although Kirwan's playing was "superb", the band did not function properly because "perhaps we were not focused enough musically, and in addition, Danny Kirwan's problems were just starting and this made communication extremely difficult."^[13]

Guided by ex-Fleetwood Mac manager Clifford Davis, Kirwan later recorded three solo albums for DJM Records, showing a gentler side as opposed to the blues guitar dynamics of his earlier Fleetwood Mac days. The first of these, Second Chapter (1975) was filled with various musical influences, including a style close to that of Paul McCartney late in his Beatles career.^[14] Many songs were very simple musically, with little more than infectious melody and basic lyrics to carry them along. Lyrical themes rarely ventured beyond love.

1976's Midnight in San Juan featured a reggae-inspired cover of The Beatles' "Let It Be", which was released as a single in the USA. Otherwise, Kirwan tended towards the simple tunes and they arguably benefitted from the absence of the slightly cloying production on the previous LP. Lyrically the subject matter still largely dwelt upon love, but apparently less cheerfully than before, with growing themes of loneliness and isolation, such as on the closing track "Castaway". There was also a song, "Look Around You", written by another Mac refugee, Dave Walker, with whom Kirwan had worked in Hungry Fighter a couple of years previously.

Kirwan's last album, Hello There Big Boy!, ironically featured guitar contributions by his Fleetwood Mac replacement, Bob Weston. Kirwan was not well at this time and it is not clear how much guitar work he contributed to the recording, though he did sing on all the tracks. Far fewer of the songs were self-penned, and there was one song dug up from his Fleetwood Mac days. There were also backing vocalists for the first time, and musical style was much less distinct. Producer Clifford Davis added the contribution of 87 musicians to the final recording,^[15] and later described the album as "so bad".^[11]

None of Kirwan's solo releases was commercially successful. This can be largely attributed to his total reluctance to perform live. Kirwan did not play any live gigs after a few shows with Tramp and the single performance with Hungry Fighter, all in 1974, leaving all three of his solo albums completely unsupported by any form of extra exposure or active promotion apart from an irregular string of equally unsuccessful singles. None of his singles saw release in continental Europe, which might have been a source of success given Peter Green's resurgence there, particularly in Germany.

Kirwan was married in 1971, but was divorced a few years later,^[15] and he has one son.

Mental health[link]

During the late 1970s Kirwan's mental health deteriorated significantly and since then he has played no further part in the music industry. During the 1980s and 1990s, he endured a period of homelessness living in London.

In a 2009 BBC TV documentary about Peter Green, Clifford Davis blamed Kirwan's deterioration on the same incident that damaged Green's mental stability, i.e. a reaction to LSD taken at a party at a commune in Munich, Germany in late March 1970. Davis stated:

"Peter Green and Danny Kirwan both went together to that house in Munich, both of them took acid as I understand it, [and] both of them, as of that day, became seriously mentally ill."^[16]

However, other sources do not concur that Kirwan was present at the house in Munich. Fleetwood Mac roadie Dinky Dawson remembers that Green was at the party with another roadie, Dennis Keane, and that Kirwan did not go. Dawson also states that when Keane returned to the band's hotel to explain that Green would not leave the commune, neither Kirwan nor Davis travelled to the commune to fetch Green, leaving that job to Keane, Dawson and Mick Fleetwood.^[17]

Recent developments[link]

Kirwan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 for his work as part of Fleetwood Mac, although he did not travel to the induction ceremony.

His three solo albums were given a belated CD release in February 2006, but only in Japan. A limited edition of 2,500 copies of "Second Chapter" was issued by Repertoire Records in early 2008. The rights/royalties situation regarding these releases is currently such that it is not commonly known if Kirwan will see any income from them. Prior to this, only Second Chapter had been available on CD, for a brief period in Germany in 1993.

During the past couple of years, there have been rumours of a reunion of the early line-up of Fleetwood Mac, involving Green and Spencer. Whilst these two guitarists apparently remain unconvinced of the merits of such a project,^[6] Kirwan has remained as silent as ever on the subject. In April 2006, during a question-and-answer session on the Penguin Fleetwood Mac fan website, bass player John McVie said of the reunion idea:

"If we could get Peter and Jeremy to do it, I'd probably, maybe, do it. I know Mick would do it in a flash. Unfortunately, I don't think there's much chance of Danny doing it. Bless his heart."^[18]

Equipment[link]

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1952 Gibson Les Paul Standard, Goldtop, P-90 pickups, no pickguard, later refinished to red.

1959 Les Paul Standard, Cherry Sunburst, no pickguard.

1959 Les Paul Standard, Tobacco Sunburst, no pickguard.

1956 Les Paul Custom, 3 pickup Black Beauty, no pickguard.

Fender Dual Showman Amp

Discography[link]

References[link]

See also[link]

• "The Penguin Biographies: Danny Kirwan". The Penguin. http://www.fleetwoodmac.net/penguin/danny.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-20. 
• Freedland, Jan; Fitzgerald, John (2006-10-01). "Danny Kirwan Biography". The Fleetwood Mac Legacy. http://www.fmlegacy.com/Bios/biodanny.html. Retrieved 2008-05-20. 
• Danny Kirwan discography at MusicBrainz
• Sleeve notes for Then Play On, Kiln House, Ram Jam City, and Second Chapter.
• Fleetwood, Mick; Davis, Stephen (1992). My 25 Years in Fleetwood Mac. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1-56282-936-X. OCLC 25788644. 
• Lewry, Peter (1998). Fleetwood Mac: The Complete Recording Sessions 1967–1997. London: Blandford. ISBN 0-7137-2724-1. OCLC 40608634.