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Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
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Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
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Alexandria
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Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Antioch
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Areopagus
:This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met. It is also the term for the judicial body which met there. For the 16th century literary movement, see Areopagus (poetry). For the regional government during the Greek War of Independence, see Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece. For the modern Greek Supreme Court, see Court of Cassation (Greece).
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Asia Minor
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Attalid dynasty
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
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Baltimore
Baltimore () is the largest independent city in the United States and the largest city and cultural center of the U.S. state of Maryland. The city is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is sometimes referred to as Baltimore City in order to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County. Founded in 1729, Baltimore is a major U.S. seaport and is situated closer to major Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. The harbor is now home to Harborplace, a shopping, entertainment, and tourist center, and the National Aquarium in Baltimore. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy. Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital are now the city's largest employers.
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Cambridge
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Cayster River
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Classical Athens
The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508-322 BC) was a notable polis (city-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Hippias. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War) . The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.
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Crete
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Cyclades
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Cyprus
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Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (, ), formerly known as the Hellespont
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Egypt
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Ephesus
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Florence, Italy
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Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania, including Saranda and Himara, and a large number of Greek islands, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands, and other islands include the Strophades, Sphagia, Schiza, Sapientza and Kythira. The sea is one of the most seismic areas in the world.
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Ischia
Ischia () is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples. The roughly trapezoidal island lies about 30 km from Naples and measures around 10 km east to west and 7 km north to south with a coastline and a surface area of . It is almost entirely mountainous, with the highest peak being Mount Epomeo at 788 meters.. The island has a population of over 60,000 people.
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Italy
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Ithaca
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Milan
Milan (, ; Western Lombard: Milan, ) is a city in Italy and the capital of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1,310,000, while the urban area is the first in Italy and the fifth largest in the European Union with a population of 4,345,000 over an area of . The Milan metropolitan area, by far the largest in Italy, is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 7,400,000.
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Miletus
http://wn.com/Miletus -
Mycenae
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Mykonos
Mykonos () is a Greek island and a top tourist destination, renowned for its cosmopolitan character which attract large numbers of tourists. The island is part of the Cyclades, lying between Tinos, Syros, Paros and Naxos. It spans an area of and rises at an elevation of at its highest point. The island is composed primarily of granite. It has little natural fresh water and relies on the desalination of sea water in order to meet its needs. There are 9,320 inhabitants (2001) most of whom live in the largest town, Mykonos, also known as Chora (i.e. the Town in Greek, a common denomination in Greece when the name of the island itself is the same as the name of the principal town), which lies on the west coast.
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Naples
Naples ( , , Neapolitan: Napule) is a city in Italy; it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. Known for its rich history, art, culture, architecture, music, and gastronomy, Naples has played an important role in the the Italian peninsula and beyond for much of its existence, which began more than 2,800 years ago. Situated on the west coast of Italy by the Gulf of Naples, the city is located halfway between two volcanic areas, Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields.
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Oxford
Oxford () is a city, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. For a distance of some along the river, in the vicinity of Oxford, the Thames is known as The Isis.
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Parthenon
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: ) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BCE. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
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Peloponnese
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Pergamon
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Richard Bentley
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Samos
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Smyrna
Smyrna () was an ancient city located at a central and strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Thanks to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to prominence. The ancient city is located at two sites within modern Izmir, Turkey. While the first site, likely to have started as a native foundation, rose to prominence during the Archaic Period as one of the principal ancient Greek settlements in western Anatolia, the second, whose foundation is associated with Alexander the Great, reached metropolitan proportions especially during the period of the Roman Empire, from which time and particularly from after a 2nd century AD earthquake, most of the present-day remains date.
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Sparta
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Temple of Hephaestus
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Temple of Zeus
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully-developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, when the cult of Zeus was joined the already establish cult here of Hera.
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Thermopylae
http://wn.com/Thermopylae -
Troy
http://wn.com/Troy -
Vichten
Vichten () is a commune and small town in central Luxembourg, in the canton of Redange.
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Zeus
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Achaeans (Homer)
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Achilles
In Greek mythology, Achilles (Ancient Greek: , Achilleus) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad.
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Aeschylus
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Aesop
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Alan Wace
http://wn.com/Alan_Wace -
Albert Lord
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Alcaeus of Mytilene
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Alcibiades
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Alexander the Great
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Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
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Anaximander
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Andrew Dalby
Andrew Dalby (b. 1947 in Liverpool) is an English linguist, translator and historian who has written articles and several books on a wide range of topics including food history, language, Classical texts, and Wikipedia.
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Antisthenes
Antisthenes (; c. 445-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
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Archilochus
:For the hummingbird genus, see ''Archilochus.
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Archimedes
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Aristophanes
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Aristotle
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Arsinoe III
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Aspasia
Aspasia (ca. 470 BC–ca. 400 BC, Greek: ) was a Milesian woman who was famous for her involvement with the Athenian statesman Pericles. Very little is known about the details of her life. She spent most of her adult life in Athens, and she may have influenced Pericles and Athenian politics. She is mentioned in the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day.
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Bacchylides
Bacchylides () (5th century BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets which included his uncle Simonides. The elegance and polished style of his lyrics have been a commonplace of Bacchylidean scholarship since at least Longinus (De Sublimitate 33,5). Some scholars however have associated these qualities with superficial charm. He has often been compared unfavourably with his contemporary, Pindar, as "a kind of Boccherini to Pindar's Haydn", yet the differences in their styles doesn't allow for easy comparison and "to blame Bacchylides for not being Pindar is as childish a judgement as to condemn...Marvel for missing the grandeur of Milton." His career coincided with the ascendency of dramatic styles of poetry, as embodied in the works of Aeschylus or Sophocles, and he is in fact one of the last poets of major significance within the more ancient tradition of purely lyric poetry. The most notable features of his lyrics are their clarity in expression and simplicity of thought, making them an ideal introduction to the study of Greek lyric poetry in general and to Pindar's verse in particular.
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Barry B. Powell
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Caria
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David Binning Monro
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Democritus
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Demosthenes
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Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus (Greek: ), was a Greek historian who lived in the 1st century BC. According to Diodorus' own work, he was born at Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira). With one exception, antiquity affords no further information about Diodorus' life and doings beyond what is to be found in his own work, Bibliotheca historica. Only Jerome, in his Chronicon under the year of Abraham 1968 (49 BC), writes, "Diodorus of Sicily, a writer of Greek history, became illustrious". His English translator, Charles Henry Oldfather, remarks on the "striking coincidence" that one of only two known Greek inscriptions from Agyrium (I.G. XIV, 588) is the tombstone of one "Diodorus, the son of Apollonius".
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Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope ( Diogenes ho Sinopeus), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic, he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey) in 412 or 404 BCE
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Empedocles
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Epaminondas
Epaminondas (Greek: ) (ca. 410 BC – 362 BC) or Epameinondas was a Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics. In the process he broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years, having been defeated in the Messenian War ending in 600 BC. Epaminondas reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities. He was militarily influential as well, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics.
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Ephorus
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Epicurus
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Euclid
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Euripides
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G. S. Kirk
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Galaton
Galaton (Ancient Greek: ) was an ancient Greek painter, whose picture representing Homer vomiting, and other poets gathering up what fell from him, is mentioned by Aelian ( V. H. xiii. 22) and by a scholiast to Lucian (i. p. 499, ed. Wetstein), who calls the painter Gelaton. He probably lived under the Ptolemy IV Philopator (222-205 BC), and his picture was no doubt intended to ridicule the Alexandrian epic poets.
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Geoffrey Kirk
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Gilbert Murray
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Gorgias
Gorgias (, ca. 485-c.380 BCE) "the Nihilist", Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. "Like other Sophists he was an itinerant, practicing in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to invite miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies."
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Greeks
Ethnic group
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Gregory Nagy
Gregory Nagy (in Hungarian: Nagy Gergely) (pronounced /nadj;/), born in Budapest Hungary in 1942 , is an American professor of Classics at Harvard University, specializing in Homer and archaic Greek poetry. Nagy is known for extending Milman Parry and Albert Lord's theories about the oral composition-in-performance of the Iliad and Odyssey. Since 2000, he has been the director of the Center for Hellenic Studies, a Harvard school in Washington DC. He is the Francis Jones Professor of Classical Greek Literature and Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard, and continues to teach half-time at the Harvard campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts. From 1994 to 2000, he served as Chair of the Classics Department at Harvard University. He was Chair of Harvard's undergraduate Literature Concentration from 1989 to 1994. He served as the president of the American Philological Association in the academic year 1990-91.
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Hadrian
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Heinrich Schliemann
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Henry Liddell
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Henry Stuart-Jones
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Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
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Herodotus
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Hesiod
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Hipparchus
http://wn.com/Hipparchus -
Hippocrates
http://wn.com/Hippocrates -
Hipponax
Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek iambic poet.
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Homer
http://wn.com/Homer -
Horace
http://wn.com/Horace -
Hypatia
http://wn.com/Hypatia -
Ibycus
Ibycus (Ancient Greek: ) (6th century BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. The extant fragments of his work contain the earliest-known example of the triadic choral lyric and epinician poetry.
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Ioannis Kakridis
Ioannis Kakridis () (1901-1992) was a Greek classical scholar.
http://wn.com/Ioannis_Kakridis -
Joachim Latacz
Joachim Latacz (born 4 April 1934, Katowice, Poland, at that time: Autonomous District of Upper Silesia) is a German classical philologist.
http://wn.com/Joachim_Latacz -
John Milton
http://wn.com/John_Milton -
Karl Lachmann
Karl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm Lachmann (March 4, 1793 - March 13, 1851) was a German philologist and critic.
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Karl Otfried Müller
http://wn.com/Karl_Otfried_Müller -
Leonidas I
http://wn.com/Leonidas_I -
Leucippus
http://wn.com/Leucippus -
Lionel Trilling
Lionel Trilling (born Lionel Mordecai Trilling, 4 July 1905 – 5 November 1975) was an American literary critic, author, and teacher. With wife Diana Trilling, he was a member of The New York Intellectuals and contributor to the Partisan Review; although he did not establish a school of literary criticism, he is one of the great U.S. critics of the twentieth century in tracing the contemporary cultural, social, and political implications of literature, and has been a subject of continued interest, unlike many of his contemporaries.
http://wn.com/Lionel_Trilling -
Lycophron
Lycophron was a Hellenistic Greek tragic poet, grammarian, and commentator on comedy, to whom the poem Alexandra is attributed (perhaps falsely).
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Lycurgus of Sparta
http://wn.com/Lycurgus_of_Sparta -
Lysander
http://wn.com/Lysander -
Martin P. Nilsson
http://wn.com/Martin_P_Nilsson -
Matthew Arnold
:See also, Matthew Arnold School (Staines)
http://wn.com/Matthew_Arnold -
Michael Ventris
Michael George Francis Ventris (12 July 1922 – 6 September 1956) was an English architect and classical scholar who, along with John Chadwick, was responsible for the decipherment of Linear B.
http://wn.com/Michael_Ventris -
Milman Parry
Milman Parry (1902 -December 3, 1935) was a scholar of epic poetry and the founder of the discipline of oral tradition.
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Milo of Croton
http://wn.com/Milo_of_Croton -
Ovid
http://wn.com/Ovid -
Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
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Pausanias (general)
http://wn.com/Pausanias_(general) -
Pericles
http://wn.com/Pericles -
Philip II of Macedon
http://wn.com/Philip_II_of_Macedon -
Pindar
http://wn.com/Pindar -
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato -
Plutarch
http://wn.com/Plutarch -
Polybius
http://wn.com/Polybius -
Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
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Ptolemy
http://wn.com/Ptolemy -
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (, Pyrros; 319-272 BC) was a Greek general of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from ca. 297 BC), and later he became King of Epirus (306-302, 297-272 BC) and Macedon (288-284, 273-272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.
http://wn.com/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus -
Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (, O Pythagoras o Samios, "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
http://wn.com/Pythagoras -
Richard Bentley
http://wn.com/Richard_Bentley -
Robert Fitzgerald
http://wn.com/Robert_Fitzgerald -
Robert Graves
:For the rugby footballer and coach of the same name, see Robert Graves (rugby)
http://wn.com/Robert_Graves -
Sappho
Sappho ( in English; Attic Greek ' , Aeolic Greek ' ) was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired throughout antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.
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Saracens
http://wn.com/Saracens -
Semonides
http://wn.com/Semonides -
Shakespeare
http://wn.com/Shakespeare -
Simonides of Ceos
http://wn.com/Simonides_of_Ceos -
Socrates
http://wn.com/Socrates -
Solon
Solon (ancient Greek: , c. 638 BC–558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
http://wn.com/Solon -
Sophocles
http://wn.com/Sophocles -
Stanley Lombardo
Stanley F. Lombardo (born 1943) is an American professor of Classics at the University of Kansas. He is best known for his translations of the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Aeneid (published by the Hackett Publishing Company and notable for their anachronistic cover artwork). The style of his translations is a more vernacular one, emphasizing conversational English rather than the formal tone of some older American English translations of classical verse. Lombardo designs his translations to be performed orally, as they were in ancient Greece. He also performs the poems, and has recorded them as audio books. In performance he also likes to play the drums, much like Ezra Pound and Dr. Worm.
http://wn.com/Stanley_Lombardo -
Stesichorus
Stesichorus (Ancient Greek: , circa 640 - 555 BC) was the first great poet of the Greek West. He is best known for telling epic stories in lyric metres but he is also famous for some ancient traditions about his life, such as his opposition to the tyrant Phalaris, and the blindness he is said to have incurred and cured by composing verses first insulting and then flattering to Helen of Troy. He was ranked among the nine lyric poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria and yet his work attracted relatively little interest among ancient commentators, which in turn left a disproportionate number of gaps in the modern record as one scholar observed in 1967: "Time has dealt more harshly with Stesichorus than with any other major lyric poet." Recent discoveries, recorded on Egyptian papyrus (notably and controversially, the Lille papyrus, in 1974), have enhanced modern understanding of his work, confirming his role as a link between Homer's epic narrative and the lyric narrative of poets like Pindar.
http://wn.com/Stesichorus -
Strabo
http://wn.com/Strabo -
Thales of Miletus
http://wn.com/Thales_of_Miletus -
Themistocles
Themistocles (Greek: ; "Glory of the Law"); c. 524–459 BC, was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, and was possibly one of the 10 Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
http://wn.com/Themistocles -
Thersites
http://wn.com/Thersites -
Thucidides
http://wn.com/Thucidides -
Thucydides
http://wn.com/Thucydides -
Timocreon
Timocreon, of Ialysus in Rhodes, was a Greek lyric poet who flourished about 480 BC.
http://wn.com/Timocreon -
Trojan Battle Order
The Trojan Battle Order or Trojan Catalogue is a section of the second book of the Iliad listing the allied contingents that fought for Troy in the Trojan War. The catalogue is noted for its deficit of detail compared to the immediately preceding Catalogue of ships, which lists the Greek contingents, and for the fact that only a few of the many Trojans mentioned in the Iliad appear there.
http://wn.com/Trojan_Battle_Order -
Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war is among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. "The Iliad" relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid.
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Turkic languages
The Turkic languages constitute a language family of at least thirty five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.
http://wn.com/Turkic_languages -
Virgil
http://wn.com/Virgil -
Voltaire
http://wn.com/Voltaire -
Walter Leaf
http://wn.com/Walter_Leaf -
William Walter Merry
http://wn.com/William_Walter_Merry -
Xenophon
http://wn.com/Xenophon -
Zeno of Citium
http://wn.com/Zeno_of_Citium -
Zenodotus
Zenodotus (), was a Greek grammarian, literary critic, and Homeric scholar. A native of Ephesus and a pupil of Philitas of Cos, he was the first librarian of the Library of Alexandria. He lived during the reigns of the first two Ptolemies, and was at the height of his reputation about 280 BC.
http://wn.com/Zenodotus
Homer Filmography
- L'Odyssée (2013)
- Penelopa (2009)
- Odysseus and the Cyclops (2008)
- Troy (2004)
- L'odyssée (2003)
- Helen of Troy (2003)
- Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (2002)
- Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (2002)
- O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)
- The Animated Odyssey (2000)
- In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great (1998)
- Battles That Changed the World: The Trojan War (1998)
- The Odyssey (1997)
- In-vulnerabilità d'Achille (tra Sciro e Ilio) (1997)
- To vlemma tou Odyssea (1995)
- Avrio vlepoume... (1995)
- Achilles (1995)
- Great Cities of the Ancient World: The Pyramids and the Cities of the Pharoahs (1994)
- L'odissea (1991)
- Yes We Can (1989)
- The Odyssey (1987)
- Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (1985)
- Uliisses (1982)
- Ulysse 31 (1981)
- Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (1980)
- La odisea de los muñecos (1975)
- The Return of Ulysses to His Homeland (1973)
- Il pistolero dell'Ave Maria (1969)
- L'odissea (1968)
- De wrok van Achilleus (1962)
- Helen of Troy (1956)
- Ulisse (1954)
- Helena (1924)
- L'Odissea (1911)
- L'île de Calypso: Ulysse et le géant Polyphème (1905)
Homer Filmography
Homer Filmography
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Conquer the World in Just One Day
- These Sins Are Long Forgotten
- Stuck in a Moment
- Swan Songs for Broken Voices
- An Endless Trace
- Your Dissaproval Is My Disgust
- Pump the Brakes
- Dead and Gone
- This Charity...
- ...
- ...
- ...
- ... Into the Abyss
- A New Breath
- The Punkrock Verses
- Portrait of Stupidity
- Your Economy Is Our New World Order
- Losing Ground, Breaking Chains
- Time for a Turn
- And God Created Man, Boy What a Mistake
- Escaping the Circle
- We Don't Live Here Anymore
- L'Espoir comme une flamme
- Circles in the North
- Taking Me Home
- Dawson Creek
- Survivor
- In the Beginning
- Love's Coming
- Four Days and Nights 'Without You'
- Cyrano in the Park
- Lonely Woman
- Sunrise
- Dandelion Wine
Send this Playlist by SMS
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The Simpsons - Donut Hell
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Published: 08 Jul 2008
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Homer sells his soul to the devil for a donut and is sent to the ironic punishment lab to suffer. S5 E5.
http://wn.com/The_Simpsons_Donut_Hell
The Simpsons - Homer Evolution
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Published: 24 May 2008
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Homer evolves from a single cell organism into a couch potato.
http://wn.com/The_Simpsons_Homer_Evolution
Homer's Iliad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:06
- Published: 12 Aug 2008
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
A good overview of Homer's epic treatment of the Trojan War.
http://wn.com/Homer's_Iliad
The Simpsons - Voices: Bart, Homer, Lisa, Moe, Mr. Burns
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Published: 16 Nov 2007
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
here is some of the voices from the simpsons! bart, lisa, homer, moe with more. *WiiiEE*
http://wn.com/The_Simpsons_Voices_Bart,_Homer,_Lisa,_Moe,_Mr_Burns
The Simpsons - No Tv and No Beer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Published: 31 Oct 2008
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
All TV and No Beer make Homer go crazy. S6:Ep6. Halloween Treehouse of Horror V.
http://wn.com/The_Simpsons_No_Tv_and_No_Beer
SU2C: Homer's Colonoscopy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Published: 16 Oct 2008
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
Finally, we get to see what's up Homer's you-know-what. To see more humorous and educational videos on early detection, stand up with us at www.standup2cancer.org
http://wn.com/SU2C_Homer's_Colonoscopy
Homer Votes 2012 | The Simpsons | Animation on Fox
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Published: 20 Sep 2012
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Who will Homer Simpson vote for in the 2012 Elections? Barack Obama or Mitt Romney? Subscribe now for more The Simpsons clips: bit.ly Don't miss an all-new episode of The Simpsons, Sundays at 8/7c, on FOX! Like The Simpsons on Facebook: bit.ly Follow Homer on Twitter: bit.ly Add The Simpsons on Google+: bit.ly Watch full episodes of The Simpsons: bit.ly Check out The Simpson's Official Site: www.thesimpsons.com Like Animation Domination on Facebook bit.ly Check out Animation Domination's Official Site: bit.ly Like Fox on Facebook: bit.ly Follow Fox on Twitter: bit.ly Add Fox on Google+: bit.ly Now the longest-running scripted show in television history, THE SIMPSONS reside in the town of Springfield. HOMER (Dan Castellaneta) works as a safety inspector at the local nuclear power plant; MARGE (Julie Kavner) tries to keep the peace in her family; BART (Nancy Cartwright) is the mischievous 10-year-old hellion; eight-year-old LISA (Yeardley Smith) is the intelligent, saxophone-playing, vegetarian member of the family; and baby MAGGIE conveys emotions via pacifier sucks. Homer Votes 2012 | The Simpsons | Animation on Fox www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Homer_Votes_2012_|_The_Simpsons_|_Animation_on_Fox
Homer Trampoline
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:20
- Published: 18 Aug 2011
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Homer finding the ad for a free trampoline.
http://wn.com/Homer_Trampoline
the simpsons Pinchy the lobster dies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Published: 21 Jul 2011
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
the simpsons Pinchy the lobster dies
http://wn.com/the_simpsons_Pinchy_the_lobster_dies
Video SparkNotes: Homer's The Odyssey summary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:12
- Published: 25 May 2011
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Check out Homer's The Odyssey Video SparkNote: Quick and easy Odyssey synopsis, analysis, and discussion of major characters and themes in the epic poem. For more Odyssey resources, go to www.sparknotes.com/lit/odyssey.
http://wn.com/Video_SparkNotes_Homer's_The_Odyssey_summary
Drunk Dan Castellaneta as Homer Simpson & Matt Groening comedy awards speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Published: 27 Nov 2008
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Dan Castellaneta and Matt Groening at the ITV comedy awards accepting an award. Dan does the entire acceptance speech in Homers voice.
http://wn.com/Drunk_Dan_Castellaneta_as_Homer_Simpson_Matt_Groening_comedy_awards_speech
Dan Castellaneta explains Homer Simpson's "D'oh!" - EMMYTVLEGENDS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Published: 28 Sep 2010
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Full interview at www.emmytvlegends.org
http://wn.com/Dan_Castellaneta_explains_Homer_Simpson's_D'oh!_EMMYTVLEGENDS
Bart & Homer's Excellent Adventure | The Simpsons | Animation on Fox
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:42
- Published: 15 Oct 2012
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Don't miss an all-new episode of THE SIMPSONS on SUN at 8/7c, on FOX! From the episode Treehouse of Horror XXIII. Subscribe now for more The Simpsons clips: bit.ly Like The Simpsons on Facebook: bit.ly Follow Homer on Twitter: bit.ly Add The Simpsons on Google+: bit.ly Watch full episodes of The Simpsons: bit.ly Check out The Simpson's Official Site: www.thesimpsons.com Like Animation Domination on Facebook bit.ly Check out Animation Domination's Official Site: bit.ly Like Fox on Facebook: bit.ly Follow Fox on Twitter: bit.ly Add Fox on Google+: bit.ly Now the longest-running scripted show in television history, THE SIMPSONS reside in the town of Springfield. HOMER (Dan Castellaneta) works as a safety inspector at the local nuclear power plant; MARGE (Julie Kavner) tries to keep the peace in her family; BART (Nancy Cartwright) is the mischievous 10-year-old hellion; eight-year-old LISA (Yeardley Smith) is the intelligent, saxophone-playing, vegetarian member of the family; and baby MAGGIE conveys emotions via pacifier sucks. Bart & Homer's Excellent Adventure | The Simpsons | Animation on Fox www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Bart_Homer's_Excellent_Adventure_|_The_Simpsons_|_Animation_on_Fox
How To Draw Homer Simpson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 09 Nov 2009
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
How To Draw Homer Simpson by Evan Burse. Today I'm Gonna Show You How To Draw Homer Simpson. Step-by-Step Guide on How to draw Homer Simpson: Draw a circle then we're going to draw a smaller circl below & then add two lines on the side & one below kind of curved. Next add two lines for the lower part of his head & neck area. Place in the other circle. This will represent his 2nd eye. And now for his nose; it's kind of like a pickle shape it's going off to the side but it doesn't go past the eyes. Now we draw his brow area. Draw in his center line. That'll help you out later on as you're constructing his head. And for his ear, it goes just below the eye line. Draw a simple curved letter "T". His hair on the side is just a letter "M". And for his mouth you want to measure about two & a half sizes of his nose going down. And that will determine how far the mouth is from the nose. Bring his beard around and draw his lower lip. Extend his neck down further. For his collar, just draw a "V". Make sure you draw a curve all the way around his neck and then go ahead & connect all the lines. Clean up the eye right here. After you put the guide line down the center of his eye balls then you're going to put his pupil on that guide line. Erase a little bit more construction lines and clean it up. And it's time to draw those two strands of hair on top of his bald head. Clean up a lot of your sketchiness and construction lines here. Now or his hair on the side of his head. It should be a <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/How_To_Draw_Homer_Simpson
The Simpsons - Space Chips
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Published: 03 May 2008
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Homer rips open a bag of chips in the spaceship.
http://wn.com/The_Simpsons_Space_Chips
The Many D'ohs of Homer Simpson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Published: 18 Jan 2012
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
From Season 1-20 of The Simpsons, the D'ohs that Homer Simpson says. There are a few missing but not that many, almost complete.
http://wn.com/The_Many_D'ohs_of_Homer_Simpson
Homer's life in 2 minutes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Published: 11 Jan 2010
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
"Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind" is the ninth episode of The Simpsons' nineteenth season. Homer pushed off by his "guardian angels," Patty and Selma. While falling, Homer's life flashes before his eyes this video (sorry for my bad english) =P btw Music is Everyday by Carly Commando!!!
http://wn.com/Homer's_life_in_2_minutes
Homer eats dough-nutz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Published: 19 Oct 2008
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
homer eats donuts... with a magical twist
http://wn.com/Homer_eats_dough-nutz
Homer Simpson Best Moments
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Published: 07 Oct 2009
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Please subscribe!
http://wn.com/Homer_Simpson_Best_Moments
The Pontiac Stinger - The Most Ridiculous Concept/Future Car Ever
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Published: 25 Feb 2009
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
The door panel doubles up as an ice box, and two portable vacuum cleaners...It's just absurd.
http://wn.com/The_Pontiac_Stinger_The_Most_Ridiculous_Concept_Future_Car_Ever
Simpsons - Homer and the Any Key
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:20
- Published: 13 Mar 2011
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Homer searching for the Any Key.
http://wn.com/Simpsons_Homer_and_the_Any_Key
How to draw Homer Simpson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Published: 27 Jul 2007
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
plz many comments 映画公開記念!
http://wn.com/How_to_draw_Homer_Simpson
Medal of Homer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Published: 12 Sep 2007
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Medal of Homer, only in The Simpsons Game. In stores November 1st. Go to www.ea.com/simpsons
http://wn.com/Medal_of_Homer
Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Allen Pfenninger
Public Domain / National Gallery
Public Domain / Ammodramus
Public Domain / Ammodramus
Public Domain / Ammodramus
Public Domain / Ammodramus
Public Domain / Ammodramus
Public Domain / Ammodramus
Public Domain / Ammodramus
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jason Behnke
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jason Behnke
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Dominique Pineiro
Creative Commons / Moses Jacob Ezekiel
Creative Commons / DanMS
Creative Commons / Wknight94
Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
Creative Commons / Billy Hathorn
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Adam Moss
Creative Commons / Winslow Homer
Creative Commons / Wknight94
Creative Commons
US Coastguard
US Coastguard
US Coastguard / U.S. Coast Guard photo courtesy Cutter Roanoke Island
US Coastguard / PA3 Brent Erb
US Coastguard
Photo: AP / Thao Nguyen
22 Oct 2012
Cycling's governing body agreed Monday to strip Lance Armstrong of his seven Tour de France titles and ban him for life, following a report from the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency that accused him of leading...
Photo: U.S. Army Courtesy
23 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling As the two armies faced each other on that fateful day, a day in which perhaps the die had already been cast, a ground swell of experienced and newly...
Photo: US Army / Brendan Mackie
21 Oct 2012
Top Pentagon leaders, White House advisers and members of Congress from both parties have long regarded the rapid expansion of Afghanistan’s army and police as a crucial element of the U.S. exit...
Photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
22 Oct 2012
KANPUR: The beautifully decorated pandals and fun events organised in them offered a bouquet of Bengali culture and modern entertainment to residents of industrial city on the second day of Durga Puja...
Photo: AP / Alessandra Tarantino
23 Oct 2012
L'AQUILA (ITALY): An Italian court convicted seven scientists and experts of manslaughter on Monday for failing to adequately warn citizens before an earthquake struck central Italy in 2009, killing...
Dodgers' Santiago dominant in five frames
25 Oct 2012
MLB
Andres Santiago has a dozen strikeouts over 11 innings in three AFL starts. (Jordan Megenhardt/MLB.com) After a pair of shaky outings to begin the fall, Dodgers prospect Andres Santiago returned to midseason form on Wednesday. The Mesa starter allowed one hit over five shutout innings, but the...(size: 3.5Kb)
Sandoval homers off Verlander in Game 1
25 Oct 2012
my SA
Pablo Sandoval hits a solo homer to center off Justin Verlander on an 0-2 pitch with two outs in the bottom of the first inning. Giants lead 1-0. High fastball, 95 mph. Wow! Amazing that he was able to get on top of that pitch. Quick hands. Very talented hitter. Barry Zito's average fastball...(size: 2.0Kb)
Detroit Free Press
SAN FRANCISCO -- Skip the debate about whether the better team or the hotter team has the advantage going into the World Series -- the San Francisco Giants are both. Deeper, more well-rounded, more fundamentally sound -- that should pretty much sum up the Giants' talent edge over the Detroit Tigers....(size: 3.9Kb)
Detroit Free Press
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This article is about the Greek poet Homer and the works attributed to him. For other meanings, see Homer (disambiguation).
"Homeric" redirects here. For other uses, see Homeric (disambiguation).
 Idealized portrayal of Homer dating to the Hellenistic period. British Museum. |
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In the Western classical tradition, Homer (
/ˈhoʊmər/; Ancient Greek: Ὅμηρος, Hómēros) is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics lie at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature.
When he lived is unknown. Herodotus estimates that Homer lived 400 years before Herodotus' own time, which would place him at around 850 BC;[1] while other ancient sources claim that he lived much nearer to the supposed time of the Trojan War, in the early 12th century BC.[2] Modern researchers appear to place Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC.
The formative influence played by the Homeric epics in shaping Greek culture was widely recognized, and Homer was described as the teacher of Greece.[3] Homer's works, which are about fifty percent speeches, provided models in persuasive speaking and writing that were emulated throughout the ancient and medieval Greek worlds. Fragments of Homer account for nearly half of all identifiable Greek literary papyrus finds.[4]
Contents |
Period[link]
For modern scholars "the date of Homer" refers not to an individual, but to the period when the epics were created. The consensus is that "the Iliad and the Odyssey date from around the 8th century BC, the Iliad being composed before the Odyssey, perhaps by some decades,"[5] i.e. earlier than Hesiod,[6] the Iliad being the oldest work of Western literature. Over the past few decades, some scholars have argued for a 7th century BC date. Oliver Taplin believes that the conclusion of modern researchers is that Homer dates to between 750 to 650 BC.[7] Some of those who argue that the Homeric poems developed gradually over a long period of time give an even later date for the composition of the poems; according to Gregory Nagy for example, they only became fixed texts in the 6th century BC.[8] The question of the historicity of Homer the individual is known as the "Homeric question"; there is no reliable biographical information handed down from classical antiquity.[9] The poems are generally seen as the culmination of many generations of oral story-telling, in a tradition with a well-developed formulaic system of poetic composition. Some scholars, such as Martin West, claim that "Homer" is "not the name of a historical poet, but a fictitious or constructed name."[10]
Life and legends[link]
_-_Homer_and_his_Guide_(1874).jpg)
"Homer" is a Greek name, attested in Aeolic-speaking areas,[11] and although nothing definite is known about him, traditions arose purporting to give details of his birthplace and background. The satirist Lucian, in his True History, describes him as a Babylonian called Tigranes, who assumed the name Homer when taken "hostage" (homeros) by the Greeks.[12] When the Emperor Hadrian asked the Oracle at Delphi about Homer, the Pythia proclaimed that he was Ithacan, the son of Epikaste and Telemachus, from the Odyssey.[13] These stories were incorporated into the various[14] Lives of Homer compiled from the Alexandrian period onwards.[15] Homer is most frequently said to be born in the Ionian region of Asia Minor, at Smyrna, or on the island of Chios, dying on the Cycladic island of Ios.[15][16] A connection with Smyrna seems to be alluded to in a legend that his original name was Melesigenes ("born of Meles", a river which flowed by that city), with his mother the nymph Kretheis. Internal evidence from the poems gives evidence of familiarity with the topography and place-names of this area of Asia Minor, for example, Homer refers to meadow birds at the mouth of the Caystros (Iliad 2.459ff.), a storm in the Icarian sea (Iliad 2.144ff.), and mentions that women in Maeonia and Caria stain ivory with scarlet (Iliad 4.142).[17]
The association with Chios dates back to at least Semonides of Amorgos, who cited a famous line in the Iliad (6.146) as by "the man of Chios". An eponymous bardic guild, known as the Homeridae (sons of Homer), or Homeristae ('Homerizers')[18] appears to have existed there, tracing descent from an ancestor of that name,[19] or upholding their function as rhapsodes or "lay-stitchers" specialising in the recitation of Homeric poetry. Wilhelm Dörpfeld[20] suggests that Homer had visited many of the places and regions which he describes in his epics, such as Mycenae, Troy, the palace of Odysseus at Ithaca and more. According to Diodorus Siculus, Homer had even visited Egypt.[21]
The poet's name is homophonous with ὅμηρος (hómēros), "hostage" (or "surety"), which is interpreted as meaning "he who accompanies; he who is forced to follow", or, in some dialects, "blind".[22] This led to many tales that he was a hostage or a blind man. Traditions which assert that he was blind may have arisen from the meaning of the word in both Ionic, where the verbal form ὁμηρεύω (homēreúō) has the specialized meaning of "guide the blind",[23] and the Aeolian dialect of Cyme, where ὅμηρος (hómēros) is synonymous with the standard Greek τυφλός (tuphlós), meaning 'blind'.[24] The characterization of Homer as a blind bard goes back to some verses in the Delian Hymn to Apollo, the third of the Homeric Hymns,[25] verses later cited to support this notion by Thucydides.[26] The Cymean historian Ephorus held the same view, and the idea gained support in antiquity on the strength of a false etymology which derived his name from ho mḕ horṓn (ὁ μὴ ὁρῶν: "he who does not see"). Critics have long taken as self-referential[27] a passage in the Odyssey describing a blind bard, Demodocus, in the court of the Phaeacian king, who recounts stories of Troy to the shipwrecked Odysseus.[28]
Many scholars take the name of the poet to be indicative of a generic function. Gregory Nagy takes it to mean "he who fits (the Song) together".[29] ὁμηρέω (homēréō), another related verb, besides signifying "meet", can mean "(sing) in accord/tune".[30] Some argue that "Homer" may have meant "he who puts the voice in tune" with dancing.[31][32] Marcello Durante links "Homeros" to an epithet of Zeus as "god of the assemblies" and argues that behind the name lies the echo of an archaic word for "reunion", similar to the later Panegyris, denoting a formal assembly of competing minstrels.[33][34]
Some Ancient Lives depict Homer as a wandering minstrel, like Thamyris[35] or Hesiod, who walked as far as Chalkis to sing at the funeral games of Amphidamas.[36] We are given the image of a "blind, begging singer who hangs around with little people: shoemakers, fisherman, potters, sailors, elderly men in the gathering places of harbour towns".[37] The poems, on the other hand, give us evidence of singers at the courts of the nobility. There is a strong aristocratic bias in the poems demonstrated by the lack of any major protagonists of non-aristocratic stock, and by episodes such as the beating down of the commoner Thersites by the king Odysseus for daring to criticize his superiors. In spite of this scholars are divided as to which category, if any, the court singer or the wandering minstrel, the historic "Homer" belonged.[38]
For more details on this topic, see Ancient accounts of Homer, Life of Homer (Pseudo-Herodotus).
Works attributed to Homer[link]
The Greeks of the sixth and early fifth centuries BC understood by "Homer", generally, "the whole body of heroic tradition as embodied in hexameter verse".[39] Thus, in addition to the Iliad and the Odyssey, there are "exceptional" epics which organize their respective themes on a "massive scale".[40] Many other works were credited to Homer in antiquity, including the entire Epic Cycle. The genre included further poems on the Trojan War, such as the Little Iliad, the Nostoi, the Cypria, and the Epigoni, as well as the Theban poems about Oedipus and his sons. Other works, such as the corpus of Homeric Hymns, the comic mini-epic Batrachomyomachia ("The Frog-Mouse War"), and the Margites were also attributed to him, but this is now believed to be unlikely. Two other poems, the Capture of Oechalia and the Phocais were also assigned Homeric authorship, but the question of the identities of the authors of these various texts is even more problematic than that of the authorship of the two major epics.
Problems of authorship[link]
File:Homer Statue Munich.jpg
Statue of Homer outside the Bavarian State Library in Munich
For more details on this topic, see Homeric Question.
The idea that Homer was responsible for just the two outstanding epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, did not win consensus until 350 BC.[41] While many find it unlikely that both epics were composed by the same person, others argue that the stylistic similarities are too consistent to support the theory of multiple authorship. One view which attempts to bridge the differences holds that the Iliad was composed by "Homer" in his maturity, while the Odyssey was a work of his old age. The Batrachomyomachia, Homeric Hymns and cyclic epics are generally agreed to be later than the Iliad and the Odyssey.
Most scholars agree that the Iliad and Odyssey underwent a process of standardisation and refinement out of older material beginning in the 8th century BC. An important role in this standardisation appears to have been played by the Athenian tyrant Hipparchus, who reformed the recitation of Homeric poetry at the Panathenaic festival. Many classicists hold that this reform must have involved the production of a canonical written text.
Other scholars still support the idea that Homer was a real person. Since nothing is known about the life of this Homer, the common joke—also recycled with regard to Shakespeare—has it that the poems "were not written by Homer, but by another man of the same name."[42][43] Samuel Butler argues, based on literary observations, that a young Sicilian woman wrote the Odyssey (but not the Iliad),[44] an idea further pursued by Robert Graves in his novel Homer's Daughter and Andrew Dalby in Rediscovering Homer.[45]
Independent of the question of single authorship is the near-universal agreement, after the work of Milman Parry,[46] that the Homeric poems are dependent on an oral tradition, a generations-old technique that was the collective inheritance of many singer-poets (aoidoi). An analysis of the structure and vocabulary of the Iliad and Odyssey shows that the poems contain many formulaic phrases typical of extempore epic traditions; even entire verses are at times repeated. Parry and his student Albert Lord pointed out that such elaborate oral tradition, foreign to today's literate cultures, is typical of epic poetry in a predominantly oral cultural milieu, the key words being "oral" and "traditional". Parry started with "traditional": the repetitive chunks of language, he said, were inherited by the singer-poet from his predecessors, and were useful to him in composition. Parry called these repetitive chunks "formulas".
Exactly when these poems would have taken on a fixed written form is subject to debate. The traditional solution is the "transcription hypothesis", wherein a non-literate "Homer" dictates his poem to a literate scribe between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. The Greek alphabet was introduced in the early 8th century BC, so it is possible that Homer himself was of the first generation of authors who were also literate. The classicist Barry B. Powell suggests that the Greek alphabet was invented ca. 800 BC by one man, probably Homer, in order to write down oral epic poetry.[47] More radical Homerists like Gregory Nagy contend that a canonical text of the Homeric poems as "scripture" did not exist until the Hellenistic period (3rd to 1st century BC).
New methods try also to elucidate the question. Combining information technologies and statistics, the stylometry allows to scan various linguistic units: words, parts of speech, sounds... Based on the frequencies of Greek letters, a first study of Dietmar Najock[48] particularly shows the internal cohesion of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Taking into account the repartition of the letters, a recent study of Stephan Vonfelt[49] highlights the unity of the works of Homer compared to Hesiod. The thesis of modern analysts being questioned, the debate remains open.
Homeric studies[link]
Main article: Homeric scholarship
The study of Homer is one of the oldest topics in scholarship, dating back to antiquity. The aims and achievements of Homeric studies have changed over the course of the millennia. In the last few centuries, they have revolved around the process by which the Homeric poems came into existence and were transmitted over time to us, first orally and later in writing.
Some of the main trends in modern Homeric scholarship have been, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Analysis and Unitarianism (see Homeric Question), schools of thought which emphasized on the one hand the inconsistencies in, and on the other the artistic unity of, Homer; and in the 20th century and later Oral Theory, the study of the mechanisms and effects of oral transmission, and Neoanalysis, the study of the relationship between Homer and other early epic material.
Homeric dialect[link]
Main article: Homeric Greek
The language used by Homer is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek. It later served as the basis of Epic Greek, the language of epic poetry, typically in dactylic hexameter.
Homeric style[link]
Aristotle remarks in his Poetics that Homer was unique among the poets of his time, focusing on a single unified theme or action in the epic cycle.[50]
The cardinal qualities of the style of Homer are well articulated by Matthew Arnold:
[T]he translator of Homer should above all be penetrated by a sense of four qualities of his author:—that he is eminently rapid; that he is eminently plain and direct, both in the evolution of his thought and in the expression of it, that is, both in his syntax and in his words; that he is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas; and finally, that he is eminently noble.[51]
The peculiar rapidity of Homer is due in great measure to his use of hexameter verse. It is characteristic of early literature that the evolution of the thought, or the grammatical form of the sentence, is guided by the structure of the verse; and the correspondence which consequently obtains between the rhythm and the syntax—the thought being given out in lengths, as it were, and these again divided by tolerably uniform pauses—produces a swift flowing movement such as is rarely found when periods are constructed without direct reference to the metre. That Homer possesses this rapidity without falling into the corresponding faults, that is, without becoming either fluctuant or monotonous, is perhaps the best proof of his unequalled poetic skill. The plainness and directness of both thought and expression which characterise him were doubtless qualities of his age, but the author of the Iliad (similar to Voltaire, to whom Arnold happily compares him) must have possessed this gift in a surpassing degree. The Odyssey is in this respect perceptibly below the level of the Iliad.
Rapidity or ease of movement, plainness of expression, and plainness of thought are not distinguishing qualities of the great epic poets Virgil, Dante,[52] and Milton. On the contrary, they belong rather to the humbler epico-lyrical school for which Homer has been so often claimed. The proof that Homer does not belong to that school—and that his poetry is not in any true sense ballad poetry—is furnished by the higher artistic structure of his poems and, as regards style, by the fourth of the qualities distinguished by Arnold: the quality of nobleness. It is his noble and powerful style, sustained through every change of idea and subject, that finally separates Homer from all forms of ballad poetry and popular epic.
Like the French epics, such as the Chanson de Roland, Homeric poetry is indigenous and, by the ease of movement and its resultant simplicity, distinguishable from the works of Dante, Milton and Virgil. It is also distinguished from the works of these artists by the comparative absence of underlying motives or sentiment. In Virgil's poetry, a sense of the greatness of Rome and Italy is the leading motive of a passionate rhetoric, partly veiled by the considered delicacy of his language. Dante and Milton are still more faithful exponents of the religion and politics of their time. Even the French epics display sentiments of fear and hatred of the Saracens; but, in Homer's works, the interest is purely dramatic. There is no strong antipathy of race or religion; the war turns on no political events; the capture of Troy lies outside the range of the Iliad; and even the protagonists are not comparable to the chief national heroes of Greece. So far as can be seen, the chief interest in Homer's works is that of human feeling and emotion, and of drama; indeed, his works are often referred to as "dramas".
History and the Iliad[link]
Main article: Historicity of the Iliad
The excavations of Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlik in the late 19th century provided initial evidence to scholars that there was an historical basis for the Trojan War. Research into oral epics in Serbo-Croatian and Turkic languages, pioneered by the aforementioned Parry and Lord, began convincing scholars that long poems could be preserved with consistency by oral cultures until they are written down.[46] The decipherment of Linear B in the 1950s by Michael Ventris (and others) convinced many of a linguistic continuity between 13th century BC Mycenaean writings and the poems attributed to Homer.
It is probable, therefore, that the story of the Trojan War as reflected in the Homeric poems derives from a tradition of epic poetry founded on a war which actually took place. It is crucial, however, not to underestimate the creative and transforming power of subsequent tradition: for instance, Achilles, the most important character of the Iliad, is strongly associated with southern Thessaly, but his legendary figure is interwoven into a tale of war whose kings were from the Peloponnese. Tribal wanderings were frequent, and far-flung, ranging over much of Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean.[53] The epic weaves brilliantly the disiecta membra (scattered remains) of these distinct tribal narratives, exchanged among clan bards, into a monumental tale in which Greeks join collectively to do battle on the distant plains of Troy.
Hero cult[link]
In the Hellenistic period, Homer was the subject of a hero cult in several cities. A shrine, the Homereion, was devoted to him in Alexandria by Ptolemy IV Philopator in the late 3rd century BC. This shrine is described in Aelian's 3rd century AD work Varia Historia. He tells how Ptolemy "placed in a circle around the statue [of Homer] all the cities who laid claim to Homer" and mentions a painting of the poet by the artist Galaton, which apparently depicted Homer in the aspect of Oceanus as the source of all poetry.
A marble relief, found in Italy but thought to have been sculpted in Egypt, depicts the apotheosis of Homer. It shows Ptolemy and his wife or sister Arsinoe III standing beside a seated poet, flanked by figures from the Odyssey and Iliad, with the nine Muses standing above them and a procession of worshippers approaching an altar, believed to represent the Alexandrine Homereion. Apollo, the god of music and poetry, also appears, along with a female figure tentatively identified as Mnemosyne, the mother of the Muses. Zeus, the king of the gods, presides over the proceedings. The relief demonstrates vividly that the Greeks considered Homer not merely a great poet but the divinely inspired reservoir of all literature.[54]
Homereia also stood at Chios, Ephesus, and Smyrna, which were among the city-states that claimed to be his birthplace. Strabo (14.1.37) records an Homeric temple in Smyrna with an ancient xoanon or cult statue of the poet. He also mentions sacrifices carried out to Homer by the inhabitants of Argos, presumably at another Homereion.[55]
Transmission and publication[link]
Though evincing many features characteristic of oral poetry, the Iliad and Odyssey were at some point committed to writing. The Greek script, adapted from a Phoenician syllabary around 800 BC, made possible the notation of the complex rhythms and vowel clusters that make up hexameter verse. Homer's poems appear to have been recorded shortly after the alphabet's invention: an inscription from Ischia in the Bay of Naples, ca. 740 BC, appears to refer to a text of the Iliad; likewise, illustrations seemingly inspired by the Polyphemus episode in the Odyssey are found on Samos, Mykonos and in Italy, dating from the first quarter of the seventh century BC. We have little information about the early condition of the Homeric poems, but in the second century BC, Alexandrian editors stabilized this text from which all modern texts descend.
In late antiquity, knowledge of Greek declined in Latin-speaking western Europe and, along with it, knowledge of Homer's poems. It was not until the fifteenth century AD that Homer's work began to be read once more in Italy. By contrast it was continually read and taught in the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire where the majority of the classics also survived. The first printed edition appeared in 1488 (edited by Demetrios Chalkokondyles and published by Bernardus Nerlius, Nerius Nerlius, and Demetrius Damilas in Florence, Italy).
One often finds books of the Iliad and Odyssey cited by the corresponding letter of the Greek alphabet, with upper-case letters referring to a book number of the Iliad and lower-case letters referring to the Odyssey. Thus Ξ 200 would be shorthand for Iliad book 14, line 200, while ξ 200 would be Odyssey 14.200. The following table presents this system of numeration:
| Iliad | Α | Β | Γ | Δ | Ε | Ζ | Η | Θ | Ι | Κ | Λ | Μ | Ν | Ξ | Ο | Π | Ρ | Σ | Τ | Υ | Φ | Χ | Ψ | Ω |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| book no. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
| Odyssey | α | β | γ | δ | ε | ζ | η | θ | ι | κ | λ | μ | ν | ξ | ο | π | ρ | ς | τ | υ | φ | χ | ψ | ω |
See also[link]
Topics[link]
Modern scholars[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Herodotus 2.53.
- ^ Graziosi, Barbara (2002). The Invention of Homer. Cambridge. pp. 98–101.
- ^ Heubeck, Alfred; West, Stephanie; Hainsworth, J. B. (1988). A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-19-814047-9.
- ^ Finley, Moses (2002). The World of Odysseus. New York: New York Review of Books. pp. 11–2. ISBN 978-1-59017-017-5. ; Finley's figures are based upon the corpus of literary papyri published before 1963.
- ^ Vidal-Naquet, Pierre (2000). Le monde d'Homère. Perrin. p. 19.
- ^ M. L. West (1966). Hesiod's Theogony. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 40, 46. ISBN 0-585-34339-X.
- ^ Oliver Taplin's chapter on Homer, The Oxford History of the Classical World, Oxford University Press, 1993, p 50
- ^ Nagy, Gregory (2001). Homeric Poetry and Problems of Multiformity: The "Panathenaic Bottleneck. 96. Classical Philology (journal). pp. 109–119.
- ^ G. S. Kirk's comment that "Antiquity knew nothing definite about the life and personality of Homer" represents the consensus (Kirk, The Iliad: a Commentary (Cambridge 1985), v. 1).
- ^ West, Martin (1999). "The Invention of Homer". Classical Quarterly 49 (364).
- ^ Silk, Michael (1987). Homer: The Iliad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-521-83233-0.
- ^ Lucian, Verae Historiae 2.20, cited and tr. Barbara Graziosi‚Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic, Cambridge University Press, 2002 p. 127
- ^ Parke, Herbert W. (1967). Greek Oracles. pp. 136–137 citing the Certamen, 12. ISBN 0-09-084111-5.
- ^ There were seven in addition to an account of a bardic competition between Homer and Hesiod. F. Stoessl,'Homeros' in Der Kleine Pauly: Lexikon der Antike in fünf Bänden, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, München 1979, Bd. 2, p. 1202
- ^ a b Kirk, G.S. (1965). Homer and the Epic: A Shortened Version of the Songs of Homer. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 190. ISBN 0-521-09356-2.
- ^ Homêreôn was one of the names for a month in the calendar of Ios. H.G. Liddell, R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, rev. ed. Sir Henry Stuart-Jones, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1968 ad loc
- ^ Barry B. Powell, ‘Did Homer sing at Lefkandi?’, Electronic Antiquity, July 1993, Vol. 1, No. 2.
- ^ Gilbert Murray, The Rise of the Greek Epic, p. 307
- ^ "The probability is that 'Homer' was not the name of a historical Greek poet but is the imaginary ancestor of the Homeridai; such guild-names in -idai and -adai are not normally based on the name of an historical person". M. L. West, The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997 p. 622. West conjectures a Phoenician prototype for Homer's name, "*benê ômerîm" ("sons of speakers"), id est professional tale-tellers.
- ^ "Troja und Ilion" and "Alt-Ithaka: Ein Beitrag zur Homer-Frage, Studien und Ausgrabungen aus der insel Leukas-Ithaka"
- ^ The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus, Book I, ch. VI.
- ^ P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque, Klincksieck, Paris, 1968, vol. 2 (3–4) p. 797 ad loc.
- ^ H.G. Liddell, R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, rev. ed. Sir Henry Stuart-Jones, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1968 ad loc.
- ^ Pseudo-Herodotus, Vita Homeri1.3 in Thomas W. Allen, Homeri Opera, Tomus V,(1912) 1946 p. 194. Cf. Lycophron, Alexandra, l.422
- ^ Homeric Hymns 3:172–3
- ^ Thucidides, The Peloponnesian War 3:104
- ^ Barbara Graziosi,Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic, Cambridge University Press, 2002 p. 133
- ^ Odyssey, 8:64ff.
- ^ Gregory Nagy, The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1979 p. 296–300
- ^ M. L. West (ed.), Hesiod Theogony, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1966 on line 39, p. 170
- ^ Gilbert Murray, The Rise of the Greek Epic, ibid., p.
- ^ Filippo Càssola (ed.) Inni Omerici, Mondadori, Milan, 1975 p. xxxiii
- ^ Marcello Durante, 'II nome di Omero', in Rendiconti Accademia Lincei, XII, 1957 p. 94–111
- ^ Marcello Durante, Sulla preistoria della tradizione poetica greca,Edizioni dell'Ateneo, Rome 1971 2 vols. vol. 2 p. 185–204, esp. pp. 194ff.
- ^ Iliad, 2.595
- ^ Hesiod, Works and Days, 654–5; Martin P. Nilsson, Homer & Mycenae(12933) University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972 pp. 207ff.
- ^ Joachim Latacz, Homer: His Art and His World, tr. James P. Holoka, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1996, p. 29
- ^ Barbara Graziosi, ibid. esp. p. 134
- ^ Gilbert Murray, The Rise of the Greek Epic', 4th ed. ibid. p. 93
- ^ William G. Thalman, Conventions of Form and Thought in Early Greek Epic Poetry, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1984 p. 119
- ^ Gilbert Murray: The Rise of the Greek Epic, 4th ed. 1934, Oxford University Press reprint 1967 p. 299
- ^ Yorku.ca
- ^ Worldwideschool.org
- ^ Butler, Samuel (1897) The authoress of the Odyssey : where and when she wrote, who she was, the use she made of the Iliad, and how the poem grew under her hands London: Longmans, Green
- ^ Mary Ebbott "Butler's Authoress of the Odyssey: gendered readings of Homer, then and now," (Classics@: Issue 3).
- ^ a b Adam Parry (ed.) The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1987.
- ^ "Signs of Meaning" Science 324 p. 38 3 April 2009, reviewing Powell's Writing and citing Powell's Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet CUP 1991
- ^ Najock Dietmar, 1995, "Letter Distribution and Authorship in Early Greek Epics", Revue informatique et Statistique dans les Sciences Humaines, XXXI, 1 à 4, p. 129-154 [1]
- ^ Vonfelt Stephan, 2010, "Archéologie numérique de la poésie grecque", Université de Toulouse [2]
- ^ Aristotle, Poetics, 1451a 16–29. Cf. Aristotle, "On the Art of Poetry" in T.S. Dorsch (tr.), Aristotle, Horace, Longinus: Classical Literary Criticism, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1965 ch. 8 pp. 42–43
- ^ Matthew Arnold, 'On Translating Homer' (Oxford Lecture, 1861) in Lionel Trilling (ed.) The Portable Matthew Arnold,(1949) Viking Press, New York 1956 pp. 204–228, p. 211
- ^ Dante has Virgil introduce Homer, with a sword in hand, as poeta sovrano (sovereign poet), walking ahead of Horace, Ovid and Lucan. Cf. Inferno IV, 88
- ^ Gilbert Murray, The Rise of the Greek Epic, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1907, pp. 182f., slightly expanded in the 4th. ed. (1934) 1960 pp. 206ff.
- ^ Morgan, Llewelyn, 1999. Patterns of Redemption in Virgil's Georgics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 30.
- ^ Zanker, Paul, 1996. The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity, Alan Shapiro, trans. (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Selected bibliography[link]
Editions[link]
(texts in Homeric Greek)
- Demetrius Chalcondyles editio princeps, Florence, 1488
- the Aldine editions (1504 and 1517)
- Th. Ridel, Strasbourg, ca. 1572, 1588 and 1592.
- Wolf (Halle, 1794–1795; Leipzig, 1804 1807)
- Spitzner (Gotha, 1832–1836)
- Bekker (Berlin, 1843; Bonn, 1858)
- La Roche (Odyssey, 1867–1868; Iliad, 1873–1876, both at Leipzig)
- Ludwich (Odyssey, Leipzig, 1889–1891; Iliad, 2 vols., 1901 and 1907)
- W. Leaf (Iliad, London, 1886–1888; 2nd ed. 1900-1902)
- William Walter Merry and James Riddell (Odyssey i–xii., 2nd ed., Oxford, 1886)
- Monro (Odyssey xiii.–xxiv. with appendices, Oxford, 1901)
- Monro and Allen (Iliad), and Allen (Odyssey, 1908, Oxford).
- D.B. Monro and T.W. Allen 1917-1920, Homeri Opera (5 volumes: Iliad = 3rd edition, Odyssey = 2nd edition), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814528-4, ISBN 0-19-814529-2, ISBN 0-19-814531-4, ISBN 0-19-814532-2, ISBN 0-19-814534-9
- H. van Thiel 1991, Homeri Odyssea, Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09458-4, 1996, Homeri Ilias, Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09459-2
- M.L. West 1998-2000, Homeri Ilias (2 volumes), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71431-9, ISBN 3-598-71435-1
- P. von der Mühll 1993, Homeri Odyssea, Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71432-7
- Ilias in Wikisource
Interlinear translations[link]
- The Iliad of Homer a Parsed Interlinear, Handheldclassics.com (2008) Text ISBN 978-1-60725-298-6
English translations[link]
Main article: English translations of Homer
This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
- Augustus Taber Murray (1866–1940)
- Homer: Iliad, 2 vols., revised by William F. Wyatt, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press (1999).
- Homer: Odyssey, 2 vols., revised by George E. Dimock, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press (1995).
- Robert Fitzgerald (1910–1985)
- The Iliad, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2004) ISBN 0-374-52905-1
- The Odyssey, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1998) ISBN 0-374-52574-9
- Robert Fagles (1933–2008)
- The Iliad, Penguin Classics (1998) ISBN 0-14-027536-3
- The Odyssey, Penguin Classics (1999) ISBN 0-14-026886-3
- Stanley Lombardo (b. 1943)
- Iliad, Hackett Publishing Company (1997) ISBN 0-87220-352-2
- Odyssey, Hackett Publishing Company (2000) ISBN 0-87220-484-7
- Iliad, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-08-3
- Odyssey, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-06-7
- The Essential Homer, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-12-1
- The Essential Iliad, (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-10-5
- Samuel Butler (novelist) (1835–1902)
- The Iliad, Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-04-1
- The Odyssey, Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-05-8
- Herbert Jordan (b. 1938)
- "Iliad", University of Oklahoma Press (2008) ISBN 978-0-8061-3974-6 (soft cover); ISBN 978-0-8061-3942-5 (cloth bound)
General works on Homer[link]
- Pierre Carlier, Homère, Fayard 1999. ISBN 2-213-60381-2
- Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Le monde d'Homère, Perrin 2000. ISBN 2-262-01181-8
- Jacqueline de Romilly, Homère, Presses Universitaire de France, 5th ed. 2005. ISBN 2-13-054830-X
- J. Latacz 2004, Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-926308-6; 5th updated and expanded edition, Leipzig 2005 (in Spanish 2003 ISBN 84-233-3487-2, modern Greek 2005 ISBN 960-16-1557-1)
- Robert Fowler (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Homer, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004. ISBN 0-521-01246-5
- I. Morris and B. B. Powell 1997, A New Companion to Homer, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-09989-1
- B. B. Powell 2007, "Homer," 2nd edition. Oxford. ISBN 978-1-4051-5325-5
- Wace, A.J.B.; F.H. Stubbings (1962). A Companion to Homer. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-07113-1.
Influential readings and interpretations[link]
- E. Auerbach 1953, Mimesis, Princeton (orig. publ. in German, 1946, Bern), chapter 1. ISBN 0-691-11336-X
- M.W. Edwards 1987, Homer, Poet of the Iliad, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-3329-9
- B. Fenik 1974, Studies in the Odyssey, Wiesbaden ('Hermes' Einzelschriften 30).
- M.I. Finley, The World of Odysseus 1954, rev. ed. 1978.
- I.J.F. de Jong 1987, Narrators and Focalizers, Amsterdam/Bristol. ISBN 1-85399-658-0
- G. Nagy 1980, "The Best of the Achaeans", Baltimore. ISBN 978-0-8018-6015-7
Commentaries[link]
- Iliad:
- P.V. Jones (ed.) 2003, Homer's Iliad. A Commentary on Three Translations, London. ISBN 1-85399-657-2
- G. S. Kirk (gen. ed.) 1985-1993, The Iliad: A Commentary (6 volumes), Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-28171-7, ISBN 0-521-28172-5, ISBN 0-521-28173-3, ISBN 0-521-28174-1, ISBN 0-521-31208-6, ISBN 0-521-31209-4
- J. Latacz (gen. ed.) 2002–, Homers Ilias. Gesamtkommentar. Auf der Grundlage der Ausgabe von Ameis-Hentze-Cauer (1868–1913) (6 volumes published so far, of an estimated 15), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-74307-6, ISBN 3-598-74304-1
- N. Postlethwaite (ed.) 2000, Homer's Iliad: A Commentary on the Translation of Richmond Lattimore, Exeter. ISBN 0-85989-684-6
- M.W. Willcock (ed.) 1976, A Companion to the Iliad, Chicago. ISBN 0-226-89855-5
- Odyssey:
- A. Heubeck (gen. ed.) 1990–1993, A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey (3 volumes; orig. publ. 1981–1987 in Italian), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814747-3, ISBN 0-19-872144-7, ISBN 0-19-814953-0
- P. Jones (ed.) 1988, Homer's Odyssey: A Commentary based on the English Translation of Richmond Lattimore, Bristol. ISBN 1-85399-038-8
- I.J.F. de Jong (ed.) 2001, A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-46844-2
Trends in Homeric scholarship[link]
- "Classical" analysis
- A. Heubeck 1974, Die homerische Frage, Darmstadt. ISBN 3-534-03864-9
- R. Merkelbach 1969, Untersuchungen zur Odyssee (2nd edition), Munich. ISBN 3-406-03242-7
- D. Page 1955, The Homeric Odyssey, Oxford.
- U. von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff 1916, Die Ilias und Homer, Berlin.
- F.A. Wolf 1795, Prolegomena ad Homerum, Halle. Published in English translation 1988, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-10247-3
- Neoanalysis
- M.E. Clark 1986, "Neoanalysis: a bibliographical review," Classical World 79.6: 379–94.
- J. Griffin 1977, "The epic cycle and the uniqueness of Homer," Journal of Hellenic Studies 97: 39–53.
- J.T. Kakridis 1949, Homeric Researches, London. ISBN 0-8240-7757-1
- W. Kullmann 1960, Die Quellen der Ilias (Troischer Sagenkreis), Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-515-00235-9
- Homer and oral tradition
- E. Bakker 1997, Poetry in Speech: Orality and Homeric Discourse, Ithaca NY. ISBN 0-8014-3295-2
- J.M. Foley 1999, Homer's Traditional Art, University Park PA. ISBN 0-271-01870-4
- G.S. Kirk 1976, Homer and the Oral Tradition, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-21309-6
- A.B. Lord 1960, The Singer of Tales, Cambridge MA. ISBN 0-674-00283-0
- M. Parry 1971, The Making of Homeric Verse, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-520560-X
- B. B. Powell, 1991, Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet, ISBN 0-521-58907-X
Dating the Homeric poems[link]
- R. Janko 1982, Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-23869-2
Further reading[link]
- Ford, Andrew (1992). Homer : the poetry of the past. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2700-2.
- Kirk, G.S. (1962). The Songs of Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Schein, Seth L. (1984). The mortal hero : an introduction to Homer's Iliad. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05128-9.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Homer |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Homeros |
 |
Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
- Iliad by Homer
- Works by Homer at Project Gutenberg.
- Works by or about Homer in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Iliad bilingual edition bks 1–12 at archive.org
- Collection of Homer-related links
- Greek lessons based on Homer
- Clyde Pharr, Homer and the study of Greek
- Homer
- SORGLL: Homer, Iliad, Bk I, 1–52; read by Stephen Daitz
- Racing Odysseus: A College President Becomes a Freshman Again A former college president attended St. John's College and wrote a memoir about his experience reading Homer, rowing Crew, and examining the importance of a liberal arts education in today’s society.
- Heath, Malcolm (May 4, 2001). "Aristotle's Poetics: Notes on Homer's Iliad and Odyssey". Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080908005656/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/resources/poetics/poet-hom.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-01
- Translation issues: Iliad translator Herbert Jordan (U. of Oklahoma Press 2008) describes translation issues including: how literal should it be; whether to call the besiegers Achaeans, Argives, Danaans, or Greeks; how—and whether—to translate "winged words"; what the wall by the ships looked like; whether the besiegers slept in tents, huts, camps—or nothing.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Homer |
| Alternative names | Ὅμηρος |
| Short description | Author |
| Date of birth | ca. 8th century BC |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Homer
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
