LIMNOLOGY 101 / LIMNOLOGY 101 Courte
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LIMNOLOGY
101 Courtesy of the WI
Lakes Partnership Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Wisconsin Association of LakesUniversity of Wisconsin
Extension
,Wisconsin Lakes ,OVERVIEW
Unique Properties of Water
Lake Types
Physical,
Chemical, Biological and
Habitat Characteristics Technical
Aspects ,UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF WATER
Universal Solvent
Chemical
Molecular Structure H20 Greatest Density at 4º C or 39º F ,UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF WATER Physical Properties
71%
Earth’s
Surface Covered by
Water <1%
Water on Earth is
Freshwater .009% water on Earth is Freshwater Lakes ,HYDROLOGIC CYCLE ,OVERVIEW Unique Properties of Water
Lake Types Physical, Chemical, Biological and Habitat Characteristics Technical Aspects ,LAKE TYPES
Seepage
Groundwater Drainage Drainage Impoundments
Oxbow ,SEEPAGE LAKE
Natural Lake
Water
Source Groundwater
Precipitation
Runoff No
Stream Outlet/ Inlet ,SEEPAGE LAKE
Round Lake,
Chippewa County
,GROUNDWATER DRAINAGE Natural Lake
Water Source Groundwater
Precipitation
Limited Runoff Has Stream Outlet ,GROUNDWATER DRAINAGE LAKE
Sand Lake, Chippewa County
,DRAINAGE LAKE Water Source
Streams
Groundwater Precipitation Runoff Stream
Drained ,DRAINAGE LAKE
Long Lake, Chippewa County
,IMPOUNDMENT A manmade lake
Dammed riveror stream ,IMPOUNDMENT
Lake Altoona,
Eau Claire County
,OXBOW
Half Moon Lake, Chippewa County
Lake Hallie, Chippewa County
,OVERVIEW Unique Properties of Water
Lake Types Physical, Chemical, Biological and Habitat Characteristics Technical Aspects ,PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Mixing /
Stratification
Lake
Depth Retention Time /
Flushing Rate
Drainage Basin/ Lake
Area Ratio
Influence of
Watershed Runoff ,MIXING/ STRATIFICATION ,LAKE DEPTH MATTERS
Deep Lakes
Stratify
Shallow Lakes Continuous
Nutrient Recycling ,RETENTION
TIME/FLUSHING
RATE How long would it take to fill a drained lake?
Retention
Time Matters Long Lake &
Altoona Round Lake,
7 years
Lake Altoona, 22 days ,DRAINAGE BASIN/LAKE AREA RATIO Seepage Lake- small
Drainage Lake- large watershed Seepage Lake w/ drainage area mapped Round Lake
,LANDSCAPE POSITION
,CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS Nutrients
P
N pH Hardness/ Alkalinity
Dissolved Oxygen(optimum 5 ppm) ,LIMITING NUTRIENT PRINCIPLE …That Nutrient in Least SupplyRelative to Plant Needs
N:P Ratio in plant
Tissue 10:1 - 15:1 If the Ratio of N:P in Water is <10:1
Nitrogen Limited >15:1 Phosphorus Limited
,PHOSPHORUS LIMITATIONLAKE
227 ,BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Viruses/
Bacteria/ Fungi
Primary -
Producers Algae/ Macrophyte Zooplankton/ Inverts
Fish ,ALGAE Primary
Energy Sourcefor Invertebrates
Can be
Nuisance Produce O2 ,AQUATIC PLANTS Habitat
Energy Dissipation O2 Producers ,ZOOPLANKTON &AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES Zooplankton
Dragonfly
,
FISH Planktivore Piscivore Benthivore
,TROPHIC PYRIMID ,OVERVIEW Unique Properties of Water
Lake Types Physical, Chemical, Biological and Habitat Characteristics Technical Aspects ,TROPHIC STATE ,TROPHIC STATE ,TROPHIC STATE ,TROPHIC STATE Nutrients &
Productivity
Sediment & Accumulation
Species Shifts
Species Richness ,LAKE LITTORAL
ZONE Functions
Intercepts Nutrients
Refuge from
Predators Nursery for Fish Oligotrophic
Northern Lake Eutrophic
Southern Lake
,
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS/ CHLOROPHYLL a RELATIONSHIP Phosphoruscauses algaeto grow
,LAKE
HABITAT ZONES ,LAKE LITTORAL ZONE Functions
Intercepts Nutrients
Refuge from Predators Nursery for Fish Oligotrophic Northern Lake Eutrophic Southern Lake
,ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNS OF DEGRADATION ,LOSS OF WATER
CLARITY ,HYPOLIMNETIC DO DEPLETION ,NUISANCE ALGAE BLOOMS ,FISHERIES DEGRADATION ,PALEOLIMNOLGY ,LEAVING A LEGACY
Help Protect Wisconsin’s… WATER RESOURCES