Ma Hushan

Ma Hu-shan (simplified Chinese: 马虎山; traditional Chinese: 馬虎山; pinyin: Mǎ Hushān; 1910–1954) was the brother-in-law and follower of Ma Chung-ying, a Ma Clique warlord. He ruled over an area of southern Xinjiang, nicknamed Tunganistan by westerners from 1934 to 1937.

Tunganistan

Ma Hushan fought against the Russian Red Army and White Russian forces during the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang and defeated them in battle.

Ma Hushan also took part in the war to destroy the First East Turkestan Republic, commanding the 36th division at the Battle of Kashgar and Battle of Khotan.

The 36th division under General Ma Hushan crushed a Charkhlik Revolt by the Uighurs in the Charkhlik oasis.

The 36th division under General Ma Hushan controlled southern Xinjiang's oasis and was nicknamed "Tunganistan" by Peter Fleming. Ma Hushan and the 36th division declared their loyalty to the Kuomintang government in Nanjing and sent emissaries to Nanjing requesting aid to fight against Sheng Shicai's provincial forces and the Soviet Union.