- published: 27 Feb 2006
- views: 6699788
- author: divinefury
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- 50 Cent
- Aaron Allston
- Acamas
- Achaeans (Homer)
- Achilleid
- Achilleion (Corfu)
- Achilleion (Troad)
- Achilleis (trilogy)
- Achilles
- Achilles (band)
- Achilles heel
- Achilles Last Stand
- Achilles' heel
- Achilles' tendon
- Achilleus (emperor)
- Adrastus
- Aeneas
- Aeschylus
- Aesepus
- Aethiopis
- Agamemnon
- Agapenor
- Aithiopis
- Ajax (mythology)
- Ajax the Lesser
- Al Stewart
- Alcathous
- Alcimus (mythology)
- Alesana
- Alexander the Great
- Amazons
- Ambrosia
- Ambrosian Iliad
- Ammianus Marcellinus
- Amphimachus
- Amphion the Epean
- Anabasis Alexandri
- Anchises
- Ancient Greek
- Andromache
- Antenor (mythology)
- Anticlus
- Antilochus
- Antiphates
- Antiphus
- Apollo
- Apollonius of Rhodes
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- Aquileia
- Archelochus
- Arctinus
- Arctinus of Miletus
- Argonautica
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- Arrian
- Arturo Dominici
- Ascalaphus
- Asius (mythology)
- Asteropaeus
- Asteropaios
- Astyanax
- Athena
- Attica
- Automedon
- Axylus
- Balius and Xanthus
- Barry Purves
- Bias (mythology)
- Black Sea
- Bob Dylan
- Brad Pitt
- Briseis
- Calchas
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- Cassandra
- Centaur
- Chiron
- Christopher Logue
- Chryseis
- Chryses
- Cicero
- Class of the Titans
- Classical antiquity
- Clytius
- Corfu
- Coön
- Craig Janacek
- Cycnus
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- Danube Delta
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- Deidamia (mythology)
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- Derek Jacobi
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- Dolon (mythology)
- Donald Revell
- Eleanor Wilner
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- Greeks
- Gregory Nagy
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- Hardcore punk
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- Helen of Troy
- Helen of Troy (film)
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- Wikisource
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- Zeno of Elea
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- Zeus
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Achilleion (Corfu)
Achilleion (Greek: Αχίλλειο or Αχίλλειον) is a palace built in Corfu by Empress (German: Kaiserin) of Austria Elisabeth of Bavaria, also known as Sisi, after a suggestion by Austrian Consul Alexander von Watzberg. Elisabeth was a woman obsessed with beauty, and very powerful, but tragically vulnerable since the loss of her only son, Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria in the Mayerling Incident in 1889. A year later in 1890, she built a summer palace in the region of Gastouri (Γαστούρι), now the municipality of Achilleion, about ten kilometres to the south of the city of Corfu. The palace was designed with the mythical hero Achilles as its central theme. Elisabeth spoke Greek better than any of the Greek queens that were her contemporaries and she expressed a desire to further immerse herself in the Greek culture. Like every other European royal, she had some Byzantine emperors among her distant ancestors.
Elisabeth was given the property by Corfiot Petros Vrailas Armenis. To show her gratitude, Elisabeth rewarded Vrailas Armenis with a large diamond-encrusted brooch to be passed down to the wife of the eldest son.
The palace was designed by Italian architect Raffaele Caritto.Ernst Herter, a famous German sculptor, was commissioned to create works inspired from Greek mythology. His famous sculpture Dying Achilles (Ancient Greek: Αχιλλεύς θνήσκων), created in Berlin in 1884 as inscribed in the statue, forms the centrepiece of the Achilleion Gardens.
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Achilleion (Troad)
Achilleion (Ancient Greek Ἀχίλλειον, Achilleion) was a Greek city in the south-west of the Troad region of Anatolia. It has been located on a promontory known as Beşika Burnu ('cradle promontory') about 8 km south of Sigeion. Beşika Burnu is 2 km south of the modern village of Yeniköy in the Ezine district of Çanakkale province, Turkey. The site considered in Classical Antiquity to be the tomb of Achilles is a short distance inland at a tumulus known as Beşiktepe. Achilleion in the Troad is not to be confused with Achilleion near Smyrna and Achilleion in the territory of Tanagra.
The otherwise obscure polis of Achilleion was most famous in Classical Antiquity for its association with Achilles, after whom it was named ('the place of Achilles'). According to some sources, while passing by Ilion in 334 BC Alexander the Great sacrificed at the Tomb of Achilles. This story became famous, and in the mid 1st century BC it is mentioned by the politician and writer Cicero in his Pro Archia Poeta. In AD 216 the Empreror Caracalla emulated Alexander when, on passing Ilion on his way to a war against Parthia, he held funeral games around the tumulus. Following the abandonment of the settlement at Achilleion in the late Hellenistic period, writers began to associate the tomb with nearby Sigeion to the north.
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Aquileia
{{For the Titular Archbishop of Aquileia}}
Aquileia (Friulian: Acuilee/Aquilee/Aquilea, Venetian: Aquiłeja/Aquiłegia, Slovene: Oglej) is an ancient Roman city in Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 km from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natissa), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times. Today, the city is small (about 3,500 inhabitants), but it was large and prominent in Antiquity, and is one of the main archeological sites of Northern Italy.
Aquileia was founded as a colony by the Romans in 180/181 BC along the Natissa River, on land south of the Julian Alps but about 8 miles north of the lagoons. Presumably named from an indigenous word Akylis, the colony served as a frontier fortress at the north-east corner of transpadane Italy and was intended to protect the Veneti, faithful Roman allies, during the Illyrian Wars and act as a buttress to check the advance of other warlike people, such as the hostile Carni and Histri tribes. In fact, Aquileia was founded on a site not far from where Gaulish invaders had attempted to settle in 183 BC.
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Danube Delta
The Danube Delta (Romanian: Delta Dunării pronounced [ˈdelta ˈdunərij]; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю, Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest river delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent. The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania (Tulcea county), while its northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine (Odessa Oblast). The approximate surface is 4152 km², of which 3446 km² are in Romania. If one includes the lagoons of Razim-Sinoe (1015 km² of which 865 km² water surface), which are located south of the delta proper, but are related to it geologically and ecologically (their combined territory is part of the World Heritage Site), the total area of the Danube Delta reaches 5165 km².
The modern Danube Delta began forming after 4,000 BC in a gulf of the Black Sea, when the sea rose to its present level. A sandy barrier blocked the Danube gulf where the river initially built its delta. Upon filling the gulf with sediments, the delta advanced outside the barrier-blocked estuary after 3,500 BC building several successive lobes: the St. George I (3,500-1,600 BC), the Sulina (1,600-0 BC), the St. George II (0 BC-Present) and the Chilia or Kilia (1600 AD-Present).
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Greece
Greece
i/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] (
listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Leuke
Coordinates: 45°15′18″N 30°12′15″E / 45.255°N 30.20417°E / 45.255; 30.20417 Snake Island, also known as Serpent Island, (Ukrainian: Острів Зміїний, Ostriv Zmiinyi; Romanian: Insula şerpilor), is a Ukrainian island located in the Black Sea near the Danube Delta.
The island is populated. A rural settlement of Bile was established in February 2007, which is part of the Vylkove city, Kiliya Raion, Odessa Oblast. The territorial limits of the continental shelf around Snake Island were delineated by the International Court of Justice.
The island is an igneous rock formation located 35 km from the coast, east of the mouth of the Danube River. The island's coordinates are 45°15′18″N 30°12′15″E / 45.255°N 30.20417°E / 45.255; 30.20417. The island is X-shaped, from S-W to N-E 690 meters by 682 meters from N-W to S-E, covering an area of 0.205 km². The highest area is 41 metres (135 ft) above sea level. The island does not have a prominently featured mountain, but rather a low-slope hill.
The nearest coast location to Snake Island is Kubanskyi Island on the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta, located 35 km (22 mi) away between the Bystroe Channel and Skhidnyi Channel. The closest Romanian coast city, Sulina is 45 km (28 mi) away. The closest Ukrainian city is Vylkove, 50 km (31 mi), however there also is a port Ust-Dunaisk, 44 km (27 mi) away from the island.
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Musée Fabre
The Musée Fabre is a museum in the southern French city of Montpellier, capital of the Hérault département.
The museum was founded by François-Xavier Fabre, a Montpellier painter, in 1825. Beginning in 2003, the museum underwent a 61.2 million euro renovation, which was completed in January 2007. It is one of the main sights of Montpellier and close to the city's main square, the Place de la Comédie. The museum's national importance is recognised by it being classified as a Musée de France by the French Ministry of Culture.
The town of Montpellier was given thirty paintings in 1802 which formed the basis of a modest municipal museum under the Empire, moving between various temporary sites. In 1825, the town council accepted a large donation of works from Fabre and the museum was installed in the refurbished Hôtel de Massillian, officially opened on 3 December 1828. Fabre's generosity led others to follow his example, notably Antoine Valedau who donated his collection of Dutch and Flemish masters to the city. On the death of Fabre in 1837, a legacy of more than a hundred pictures and drawings completed the collection.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Troy
Coordinates: 39°57′27″N 26°14′20″E / 39.9575°N 26.23889°E / 39.9575; 26.23889
Troy (Ancient Greek: Ἴλιον, Ilion, and Τροία, Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium;Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa;Turkish: Truva) was a city, both factual and legendary, located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, southeast of the Dardanelles and beside Mount Ida. It is best known for being the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
A new city called Ilium was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople and declined gradually during the Byzantine era.
In 1865, English archaeologist Frank Calvert excavated trial trenches in a field he had bought from a local farmer at Hisarlık, and in 1868, Heinrich Schliemann, wealthy German businessman and archaeologist, also began excavating in the area after a chance meeting with Calvert in Çanakkale. These excavations revealed several cities built in succession. Schliemann was at first skeptical about the identification of Hissarlik with Troy, but was persuaded by Calvert and took over Calvert's excavations on the eastern half of the Hissarlik site, which was on Calvert's property. Troy VII has been identified with the Hittite Wilusa, the probable origin of the Greek Ἴλιον, and is generally (but not conclusively) identified with Homeric Troy.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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Zeus
In the ancient Greek religion, Zeus (
/ˈzjuːs/ ZEWS;Ancient Greek: Ζεύς; Modern Greek: Δίας, Dias) is the "Father of Gods and men" (πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε, patēr andrōn te theōn te) who rules the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father rules the family. He is the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. His Roman counterpart is Jupiter and Etruscan counterpart is Tinia. His Hindu equivalent is Indra.
Zeus is the child of Cronus and Rhea, and the youngest of his siblings. In most traditions he is married to Hera, although, at the oracle of Dodona, his consort is Dione: according to the Iliad, he is the father of Aphrodite by Dione. He is known for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many godly and heroic offspring, including Athena, Apollo and Artemis, Hermes, Persephone (by Demeter), Dionysus, Perseus, Heracles, Helen of Troy, Minos, and the Muses (by Mnemosyne); by Hera, he is usually said to have fathered Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus.
As Walter Burkert points out in his book, Greek Religion, "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence." For the Greeks, he was the King of the Gods, who oversaw the universe. As Pausanias observed, "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men". In Hesiod's Theogony Zeus assigns the various gods their roles. In the Homeric Hymns he is referred to as the chieftain of the gods.
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50 Cent
Curtis James Jackson III (born July 6, 1975), better known by his stage name 50 Cent, is an American rapper, entrepreneur, investor, record producer, and actor. He rose to fame with the release of his albums Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2003) and The Massacre (2005). His album Get Rich or Die Tryin' has been certified eight times platinum by the RIAA.
Born in the South Jamaica of Queens, New York City, Jackson began drug dealing at the age of twelve during the 1980s crack epidemic. After leaving drug dealing to pursue a rap career, he was shot at and struck by nine bullets during an incident in 2000. After releasing his album Guess Who's Back? in 2002, Jackson was discovered by rapper Eminem and signed to Interscope Records. With the help of Eminem and Dr. Dre, who produced his first major commercial successes, Jackson became one of the world's highest selling rappers. In 2003, he founded the record label G-Unit Records, which signed several successful rappers such as Young Buck, Lloyd Banks, and Tony Yayo.
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Acamas
Acamas (Ἀκάμ-ας, -αντος; folk etymology: "unwearying") was a name attributed to several characters in Greek mythology. The following three all fought in the Trojan War, and only the first was not mentioned by Homer.
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Achaeans (Homer)
The Achaeans (Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιοί, Akhaioí) is one of the collective names used for the Greeks in Homer's Iliad (used 598 times) and Odyssey. The other names are the Danaans (Δαναοί, Danaoi used 138 times in the Iliad), Argives (Ἀργεῖοι, used 182 times in the Iliad) while Hellenes (Ἕλληνες) was used only once. In the historical period, the Achaeans were the inhabitants of the region of Achaea, a region in the north central part of the Peloponnese. The city states of this region later formed a confederation known as the Achaean League which was influential during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.
The Homeric "long-haired Achaeans" would have been a part of the Mycenaean civilization that dominated Greece from ca. 1600 BC, with a history as a tribe that may have gone back to the prehistoric Hellenic immigration in the late 3rd millennium BC.
However, by the Archaic and Classical periods, the term 'Achaeans' referred to inhabitants of the much smaller region of Achaea. Herodotus identified the Achaeans of the northern Peloponnese as descendants of the earlier, Homeric Achaeans. According to Pausanias, writing in the 2nd century AD, the term 'Achaean' was originally given to those Greeks inhabiting the Argolis and Laconia. However, this is clearly not the manner in which Homer uses the term.
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Achilles
In Greek mythology, Achilles (Ancient Greek: Ἀχιλλεύς, Akhilleus, pronounced [akʰillěu̯s]) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad.
Plato named Achilles the most handsome of the heroes assembled against Troy.
Later legends (beginning with a poem by Statius in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel. As he died because of a small wound on his heel, the term Achilles' heel has come to mean a person's principal weakness.
Achilles' name can be analyzed as a combination of ἄχος (akhos) "grief" and λαός (Laos) "a people, tribe, nation, etc." In other words, Achilles is an embodiment of the grief of the people, grief being a theme raised numerous times in the Iliad (frequently by Achilles). Achilles' role as the hero of grief forms an ironic juxtaposition with the conventional view of Achilles as the hero of kleos (glory, usually glory in war).
Laos has been construed by Gregory Nagy, following Leonard Palmer, to mean a corps of soldiers, a muster. With this derivation, the name would have a double meaning in the poem: When the hero is functioning rightly, his men bring grief to the enemy, but when wrongly, his men get the grief of war. The poem is in part about the misdirection of anger on the part of leadership.
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Aeneas
In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas ( /ɪˈniːəs/; Greek: Αἰνείας, Aineías, derived from Greek Αἰνή meaning "to praise") was a Trojan hero, the son of the prince Anchises and the goddess Aphrodite. His father was the second cousin of King Priam of Troy, making Aeneas Priam's second cousin, once removed. The journey of Aeneas from Troy (with help from Aphrodite), which led to the founding of a hamlet south of Rome, is recounted in Virgil's Aeneid. He is considered an important figure in Greek and Roman legend. Aeneas is a character in Homer's Iliad, Quintus Smyrnaeus' Posthomerica, and Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
In the Iliad, Aeneas is the leader of the Trojans' Dardanian allies (Trojans — descendants of Dardanus), as well as a third cousin and principal lieutenant of Hector, son of the Trojan king Priam. In the poem, Aeneas' mother Aphrodite frequently comes to his aid on the battlefield; he is a favorite of Apollo. Aphrodite and Apollo rescue Aeneas from combat with Diomedes of Argos, who nearly kills him, and carry him away to Pergamos for healing. Even Poseidon, who normally favors the Greeks, comes to Aeneas' rescue after he falls under the assault of Achilles, noting that Aeneas, though from a junior branch of the royal family, is destined to become king of the Trojan people. Aeneas killed 28 people in the Trojan War.
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Aeschylus
Aeschylus (Ancient Greek: Αἰσχύλος, Aiskhulos; c. 525/524 BC – c. 456/455 BC) was the first of the three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays can still be read or performed, the others being Sophocles and Euripides. He is often described as the father of tragedy: our knowledge of the genre begins with his work and our understanding of earlier tragedies is largely based on inferences from his surviving plays. According to Aristotle, he expanded the number of characters in plays to allow for conflict amongst them whereas, previously, characters had interacted only with the chorus.
Only seven of his estimated seventy to ninety plays have survived into modern times, and there is a longstanding debate about his authorship of one of these plays, Prometheus Bound. Fragments of some other plays have survived in quotes and more continue to be discovered on Egyptian papyrus, often giving us surprising insights into his work. He was probably the first dramatist to present plays as a trilogy and his Oresteia is the only ancient example of the form to have survived.
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Aesepus
In Greek mythology, Aesepus (Αἴσηπος) may refer to:
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Agamemnon
In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (Ancient Greek: Ἀγαμέμνων; modern Greek: Αγαμέμνονας, "very steadfast") was the son of King Atreus and Queen Aerope of Mycenae, the brother of Menelaus, the husband of Clytemnestra, and the father of Electra and Orestes. Mythical legends make him the king of Mycenae or Argos, thought to be different names for the same area. When Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was abducted by Paris of Troy, Agamemnon commanded the united Greek armed forces in the ensuing Trojan War.
On Agamemnon's return from Troy he was murdered (according to the fullest version of the oldest surviving account, Odyssey Book 11, l.409f.) by Aegisthus, the lover of his wife Clytemnestra. In old versions of the story: "The scene of the murder, when it is specified, is usually the house of Aegisthus, who has not taken up residence in Agamemnon's palace, and it involves an ambush and the deaths of Agamemnon's followers too". In some later versions Clytemnestra herself does the killing, or they do it together, in his own home.
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Agapenor
Agapenor (Greek: Ἀγαπήνωρ; gen.: Ἀγαπήνορος) was in Greek mythology a leader of the Arcadians in the Trojan war. He was a son of Ancaeus, and grandson of Lycurgus. As king of the Arcadians he received sixty ships from Agamemnon, in which he led his Arcadians to Troy. He also occurs among the suitors of Helen. He was one of the men to be in the Trojan Horse.
On his return from Troy he was cast by a storm on the coast of Cyprus, where he founded the town of Paphos and in it the famous temple of Aphrodite. He also occurs in the story of Alcmaeon: it was to him that Arsinoe (Alphesiboea), Alcmaeon's wife was sold away by her own brothers.
Agapenor had a daughter Laodice, who was known for having sent to Tegea a robe as a gift to Athena Alea, and to have built a temple of Aphrodite Paphia in Tegea.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1867). "article name needed". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
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Ajax (mythology)
Ajax or Aias (/ˈeɪdʒæks/ or /ˈaɪ.əs/; Ancient Greek: Αἴας, gen. Αἴαντος) was a mythological Greek hero, the son of Telamon and Periboea, and king of Salamis. He plays an important role in Homer's Iliad and in the Epic Cycle, a series of epic poems about the Trojan War. To distinguish him from Ajax, son of Oileus (Ajax the Lesser), he is called "Telamonian Ajax," "Greater Ajax," or "Ajax the Great". In Etruscan mythology, he is known as Aivas Tlamunus.
Ajax is the son of Telamon, who was the son of Aeacus and grandson of Zeus, and his first wife Periboea. He is the cousin of Achilles, the most remembered Greek warrior, and is the elder half-brother of Teucer. Many illustrious Athenians, including Cimon, Miltiades, Alcibiades and the historian Thucydides, traced their descent from Ajax. The Italian scholar Maggiani recently showed that on an Etruscan tomb dedicated to Racvi Satlnei in Bologna (5th century BC) there is a writing that says: "aivastelmunsl = family of Ajax Télamon".
In Homer's Iliad he is described as of great stature, colossal frame and strongest of all the Achaeans. Known as the 'bulwark of the Mycenaeans', he was trained by the centaur Chiron (who had trained his father, Telamon, and Achilles' father Peleus), at the same time as Achilles. He was described as vicious, fearless, strong and powerful but also with a very high level of combat intelligence.
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Ajax the Lesser
Ajax (Ancient Greek: Αἴας) was a Greek mythological hero, son of Oileus, the king of Locris. He was called the "lesser" or "Locrian" Ajax, to distinguish him from Ajax the Great, son of Telamon. He was the leader of the Locrian contingent during the Trojan War. He is a significant figure in Homer's Iliad and is also mentioned in the Odyssey and Virgil's Aeneid. In Etruscan legend, he was known as Aivas Vilates.
His mother's name was Eriopis. According to Strabo, he was born in Naryx in Locris, where Ovid calls him Narycius Heroes. According to the Iliad, he led his Locrians in forty ships against Troy. He is described as one of the great heroes among the Greeks. When the grammatical dual form of Ajax is used in the Iliad, it was once believed that it indicated the lesser Ajax fighting side-by-side with Telamonian Ajax, but now it is generally thought that that usage refers to the Greater Ajax and his brother Teucer. In battle, he wore a linen cuirass (λιμνοθώρηξ), was brave and intrepid, especially skilled in throwing the spear and, next to Achilles, the swiftest of all the Greeks.
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Al Stewart
Al Stewart (born Alastair Ian Stewart, 5 September 1945) is a Scottishsinger-songwriter and folk-rock musician.
Stewart came to stardom as part of the British folk revival in the 1960s and 1970s, and developed his own unique style of combining folk-rock songs with delicately woven tales of the great characters and events from history.
He is best known for his 1976 hit single "Year of the Cat", the title song from the platinum album of the same name.
Though Year of the Cat and its 1978 platinum follow-up Time Passages brought Stewart his biggest worldwide commercial successes, earlier albums such as Past, Present and Future from 1973 are often seen as better examples of his intimate brand of historical folk-rock - a style to which he has returned in recent albums.
Stewart was a key figure in a fertile era in British music and he appears throughout the musical folklore of the age. He played at the first ever Glastonbury Festival in 1970, knew Yoko Ono before she met John Lennon, shared a London apartment with a young Paul Simon, and hosted at the legendary Les Cousins folk club in London in the 1960s.
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Alcathous
Alcathous (Ancient Greek: Ἀλκάθοος) was the name of several people in Greek mythology:
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Alcimus (mythology)
In Greek mythology, the name Alcimus (Ἄλκιμος) may refer to:
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas from the Greek αλέξω alexo "to defend, help" + ανήρ aner "man"), was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.
Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II of Macedon, to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.
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Amazons
The Amazons (Ancient Greek: Ἀμαζόνες, Amazónes, singular Ἀμαζών, Amazōn) are a nation of all-female warriors in Greek mythology and Classical antiquity. Herodotus placed them in a region bordering Scythia in Sarmatia (modern territory of Ukraine). Other historiographers place them in Asia Minor, or Libya.
Notable queens of the Amazons are Penthesilea, who participated in the Trojan War, and her sister Hippolyta, whose magical girdle, given to her by her father Ares, was the object of one of the labours of Hercules. Amazonian raiders were often depicted in battle with Greek warriors in amazonomachies in classical art.
The Amazons have become associated with various historical peoples throughout the Roman Empire period and Late Antiquity. In Roman historiography, there are various accounts of Amazon raids in Asia Minor. From the Early Modern period, their name has become a term for woman warriors in general.
The origin of the word is uncertain. It may be derived from an Iranian ethnonym *ha-mazan-, "warriors", a word attested as a denominal verb (formed with the Indo-Iranian root kar- "make" also in kar-ma) in Hesychius of Alexandria's gloss ἁμαζακάραν· πολεμεῖν. Πέρσαι ("hamazakaran: 'to make war' (Persian)"). Alternatively, a Greek derivation from *ṇ-mṇ-gw-jon-es "manless, without husbands" (a- privative and a derivation of *man- also found in Slavic muzh) has been proposed, an explanation deemed "unlikely" by Hjalmar Frisk. 19th century scholarship also connected the term to the ethnonym Amazigh. A further explanation proposes Iranian *ama-janah "virility-killing" as source.
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Ammianus Marcellinus
Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330–after 391) was a fourth-century Roman historian. He wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from Antiquity (the last was written by Procopius). His work chronicled in Latin the history of Rome from 96 to 378, although only the sections covering the period 353–378 are extant.
Ammianus was born between 325 and 330 in the Greek-speaking East, possibly at Antioch on the Orontes. The surviving books of his history, the Res Gestae, cover the years 353 to 378. Ammianus served as a soldier in the army of Constantius II in Gaul and Persia.
He was "a former soldier and a Greek" (miles quondam et graecus), he tells us, and his enrollment among the elite protectores domestici (household guards) shows that he was of noble birth. He entered the army at an early age, when Constantius II was emperor of the East, and was sent to serve under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis in Mesopotamia, and magister militum.
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Amphimachus
In Greek mythology, Amphimachus (Ἀμφίμαχος) is a name attributed to multiple individuals.
Amphimachus was the son of Cteatus (son of Actor) and Theronice, daughter of Dexamenus. He was one of the leaders of the Elean contingent at the Trojan War (the other was Thalpius, son of Eurytus) and was slain by Hector.
Amphimachus was the son of Nomion. He and his brother Nastes were captains of the Carian contingent on the side of the Trojans in the Trojan war. Either he or his brother were killed by Achilles.
Amphimachus was the son of Electryon and Anaxo, killed (along with most of his brothers) by the sons of Pterelaus.
Amphimachus was the son of Polyxenus and was also the king of Elis. He was named after Amphimachus, son of Cteatus. He was the father of Eleius, his successor.
Amphimachus was one of the suitors of Penelope from Dulichium. He was ultimately killed by Odysseus. Another suitor of Penelope named Amphimachus was from Ithaca. He too was ultimately killed by Odysseus.
Amphimachus was a Greek warrior in the Trojan War, and one of the men hidden inside the Trojan horse.
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Amphion the Epean
Amphion the Epean (Ancient Greek: Ἀμφίων) was one of the three leaders of the Epeans who took part in the siege of Troy, according to the Iliad (XIV, 692). According to Quintus Smyrnaeus, he was killed by Aeneas. His daughter Chloris won in the female games in Olympia organized by Hippodamea.[citation needed] (Greek)
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Anchises
In Greek mythology, Anchises (/æŋˈkaɪsiːz/; Ancient Greek: Ἀγχίσης) was the son of Capys and Themiste (daughter of Ilus, son of Tros). His major claim to fame in Greek mythology is that he was a mortal lover of the goddess Aphrodite (and in Roman mythology, the lover of Venus). One version is that Aphrodite pretended to be a Phrygian princess and seduced him for nearly two weeks of lovemaking. Anchises learned that his lover was a goddess only nine months later, when she revealed herself and presented him with the infant Aeneas. The principal early narrative of Aphrodite's seduction of Anchises and the birth of Aeneas is the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite. According to the Bibliotheca, Anchises and Aphrodite had another son, Lyrus, who died childless.
Anchises was a prince from Dardania, a territory neighbouring Troy. He had a mortal wife named Eriopis, according to the scholiasts, and he is credited with other children beside Aeneas. Homer, in the Iliad, mentions a daughter named Hippodameia, their eldest ("the darling of her father and mother"), who married her cousin Alcathous.
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Andromache
In Greek mythology, Andromache (/ænˈdrɒməkiː/; Ancient Greek: Ἀνδρομάχη) was the wife of Hector and daughter of Eetion, and sister to Podes. She was born and raised in the city of Cilician Thebe, over which her father ruled. The name means "battle of a man", from ἀνδρός (andros) "of a man" and μάχη (machē) "battle".
During the Trojan War, Hector was killed by Achilles, and their son Astyanax was thrown from the city walls by the Greek Herald Talthybius. Neoptolemus took Andromache as a concubine and Hector's brother, Helenus, as a slave. By Neoptolemus, she was the mother of Molossus, and according to Pausanias, of Pielus and Pergamus. When Neoptolemus died, Andromache married Helenus and became Queen of Epirus. Pausanias also implies that Helenus' son, Cestrinus, was by Andromache. Andromache eventually went to live with Pergamus in Pergamum, where she died of old age.
Homer's rendering of Andromache portrays her as a perfect wife, giving Hector sound advice regarding the defense of Troy which he disregards in favor of meeting the Greeks in the field of battle. When she hears of Hector's death, she is embroidering flowers into a purple cloak, demonstrating her distinction from Helen, who is portrayed embroidering a battle scene earlier in the epic.
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Antenor (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Anthenor (Ancient Greek: Ἀντήνωρ) was a son of the Dardanian noble Aesyetes by Cleomestra, or, alternately, of Hicetaon. He is a counselor to Priam during the Trojan War.
He was one of the wisest of the Trojan elders and counsellors. Antenor was husband of Theano, daughter of Cisseus of Thrace, who bore him numerous children, mostly sons, including Archelochus, Acamas, Glaucus, Helicaon, Laodocus, Coön, Polybus, Agenor, Iphidamas, Laodamas, Demoleon, Eurymachus, Hippolochus, Medon, Thersilochus (most of whom perished during the Trojan War), and at least one daughter, Crino. He was also the father of a son Pedaeus, by an unknown woman.
As a counselor to Priam in the Trojan war, Antenor advised his fellow-townsmen to send Helen back to the Greeks. He proved to be friendly to the Greeks and an advocate of peace. In the later story (according to Dares and Dictys) he was said to have treacherously opened the gates of Troy to the enemy; in return for which, at the general sack of the city, his house, marked by a panther's skin at the door, was spared by the victors. Afterwards, according to various versions of the legend, he either rebuilt a city on the site of Troy, or settled at Cyrene, or became the founder of Patavium (currently Padua).
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Anticlus
In Greek mythology, Anticlus (Greek: Ἄντικλος, Antiklos), son of Ortyx, was one of the Greek warriors who hid inside the Trojan Horse during the siege of Troy.
When the wooden horse was taken within the city, Helen, suspecting a trick by the Greeks, circled the horse imitating the voices of the warriors' wives and sweethearts and calling their names. Anticlus was the only one to not resist and attempt to answer as he heard her talking in the voice of his wife Laodamia, but just as he was on the point of calling out in response, Odysseus shut his mouth with his hands to prevent him from answering, and thus saved his companions. Some say he held Anticlus so tight that he strangled him.
The asteroid 7214 Anticlus is named for the mythological figure.
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Antilochus
In Greek mythology, Antilochus (also transliterated as Antilochos or Antílokhos - Ἀντίλοχος) was the son of Nestor, king of Pylos. One of the suitors of Helen of Troy, he accompanied his father and his brother Thrasymedes to the Trojan War. He was distinguished for his beauty, swiftness of foot, and skill as a charioteer. Though the youngest among the Greek princes, he commanded the Pylians in the war and performed many deeds of valour. He was a favorite of the gods and a friend of Achilles, to whom he was commissioned to announce the death of Patroclus.
When his father Nestor was attacked by Memnon, Antilochus sacrificed himself to save him. thus fulfilling an oracle which had warned to "beware of an Ethiopian." Antilochus' death was avenged by Achilles. According to other accounts, he was slain by Hector or by Paris in the temple of the Thymbraean Apollo together with Achilles His ashes, along with those of Achilles and Patroclus, were enshrined in a mound on the promontory of Sigeion, where the inhabitants of Ilium offered sacrifice to the dead heroes. In the Odyssey, the three friends are represented as united in the underworld and walking together in the Asphodel Meadows. According to Pausanias, they dwell together on the island of Leuke. Among the Trojans he killed were Melanippus, Ablerus, Atymnius, Phalces, and Thoon, although Hyginus records that he only killed two Trojans. At the funeral games of Patroclus, Antilochus finished second in the chariot race and third in the foot race.
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Antiphates
In Greek mythology, Antíphatês (in Latin) or Antiphátês (Ἀντιφάτης in Ancient Greek) is the name of five characters.
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Antiphus
In Greek mythology, Antiphus or Ántiphos (Ἄντιφος) is a name attributed to multiple individuals:
The name Antiphus is not to be confused with Antiphōs (Ἀντίφως), which refers to a soldier in the army of the Seven Against Thebes who killed Chromis but was himself killed by Hypseus.
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Apollonius of Rhodes
Apollonius of Rhodes, or Apollonius Rhodius (Latin; Greek Ἀπολλώνιος Ῥόδιος Apollṓnios Rhódios), floruit first half of 3rd century BCE, is best known as the author of the Argonautica, an epic poem about Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece. The poem is one of the few extant examples of the epic genre and it was both innovative and influential, providing Ptolemaic Egypt with a "cultural mnemonic" or national "archive of images", and offering the Latin poets Virgil and Gaius Valerius Flaccus a model for their own epics. His other poems, which survive only in small fragments, concerned the beginnings or foundations of cities, such as Alexandria and Cnidus – places of interest to the Ptolemies, whom he served as a scholar and librarian at the Library of Alexandria. A literary dispute with Callimachus, another Alexandrian librarian/poet, is a topic much discussed by modern scholars since it is thought to give some insight into their poetry, athough there is very little evidence that there ever was such a dispute between the two men. In fact almost nothing at all is known about Apollonius and even his connection with Rhodes is a matter for speculation. Once considered a mere imitator of Homer, and therefore a failure as a poet, his reputation has been enhanced by recent studies, with an emphasis on the special characteristics of Hellenistic poets as scholarly heirs of a long literary tradition writing at a unique time in history.
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Archelochus
In Greek mythology, Archelochus (Ἀρχέλοχος) was a son of Antenor and along with his brother Acamas and Aeneas, shared the command of the Dardans fighting on the side of the Trojans. According to the Iliad, when the Trojan army was broken up into five divisions Archelochus was one of the three leaders of his division along with the other two Dardanian leaders. Later in the poem he is killed by Ajax son of Telamon, when the latter throws a spear at Polydamas but it misses the intended target and instead hits Archelochus in the neck:
Swiftly then he [Ajax] cast with his bright spear at the other, even as he was drawing back. And Polydamas himself escaped black fate, springing to one side; but Archelochus, son of Antenor, received the spear; for to him the gods purposed death. Him the spear smote at the joining of head and neck on the topmost joint of the spine, and it shore off both the sinews. And far sooner did his head and mouth and nose reach the earth as he fell, than his legs and knees.
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Arctinus
Arctinus of Miletus or Arctinus Milesius (Ἀρκτῖνος Μιλήσιος) was a Greek epic poet whose reputation is purely legendary, as none of his works survive. Traditionally dated between 775 BC and 741 BC, he was said to have been a pupil of Homer. Phaenias of Eresus placed him in the 7th century BC and claimed that he was defeated by Lesches of Pyrrha in competition. One of the "cyclic poets", Arctinus composed the epics Aethiopis and Sack of Troy, which were contributions to the Trojan War cycle, and possibly Naupactia.
These poems are lost, but an idea of the first two can be obtained from the Chrestomathy ascribed (probably wrongly) to Proclus the Neo-Platonist of the 5th century AD.
The Aethiopis (Αἰθιοπίς), in five books, is so called from the Aethiopian Memnon, who became the ally of the Trojans after the death of Hector. According to Proclus, the poem took up the narrative from the close of the Iliad:
The Aethiopis concluded with the death and burial of Achilles and the dispute between Ajax and Odysseus for his arms.
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Arctinus of Miletus
Arctinus of Miletus or Arctinus Milesius (Ἀρκτῖνος Μιλήσιος) was a Greek epic poet whose reputation is purely legendary, as none of his works survive. Traditionally dated between 775 BC and 741 BC, he was said to have been a pupil of Homer. Phaenias of Eresus placed him in the 7th century BC and claimed that he was defeated by Lesches of Pyrrha in competition. One of the "cyclic poets", Arctinus composed the epics Aethiopis and Sack of Troy, which were contributions to the Trojan War cycle, and possibly Naupactia.
These poems are lost, but an idea of the first two can be obtained from the Chrestomathy ascribed (probably wrongly) to Proclus the Neo-Platonist of the 5th century AD.
The Aethiopis (Αἰθιοπίς), in five books, is so called from the Aethiopian Memnon, who became the ally of the Trojans after the death of Hector. According to Proclus, the poem took up the narrative from the close of the Iliad:
The Aethiopis concluded with the death and burial of Achilles and the dispute between Ajax and Odysseus for his arms.
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Arrian
Lucius Flavius Arrianus 'Xenophon' (ca. AD 86 - 160), known in English as Arrian[pronunciation?] (Ἀρριανός), and Arrian of Nicomedia, was a Roman (ethnic Greek) historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher of the 2nd-century Roman period. As with other authors of the Second Sophistic, Arrian wrote primarily in Attic (Indica is in Herodotus' Ionic dialect, his philosophical works in Koine Greek) .
Anabasis of Alexander is perhaps his best known work and is generally considered one of the best sources on the campaigns of Alexander the Great, not to be confused with Anabasis, then best-known work of the Athenian military leader and author Xenophon from the 4th century BC. Arrian is also considered as one of the founders of a primarily military-based focus on history. His other works include Discourses of Epictetus and Indica.
Arrian was born of Greek ethnicity in the coastal town of Nicomedia (present-day Izmit), the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, in what is now north-western Turkey, about 70 km from Byzantium (later Constantinople, now Istanbul). He studied philosophy in Nicopolis in Epirus, under the Stoic philosopher Epictetus, and wrote two books about the philosopher's teachings. At the same time he entered the Imperial service, and served as a junior adviser on the consilium of Gaius Avidius Nigrinus, governor of Achaea and a close friend of the future Emperor Hadrian, around 111-114. Very little is known about his subsequent career - though it is probable that he served in Gaul and on the Danube frontier, and possible that he was in Baetica and Parthia - until he held the office of Consul in 129 or 130. In 131 he was appointed governor of the Black Sea province of Cappadocia and commander of the Roman legions on the frontier with Armenia. It was unusual at this time for a Greek to hold such high military command.
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Arturo Dominici
Arturo Dominici (January 2, 1918 - September 7, 1992) was an Italian actor and dubbing artist.
Born in Palermo, Dominici became best known for his many villainous roles in horror and fantasy films. He is best remembered for his performance as the monstrous Igor Javuto in Mario Bava's Black Sunday (1960). His filmography includes more than 80 titles, including Antonio Margheriti's Castle of Blood (1964), in which he appeared with Black Sunday star Barbara Steele. Dominici dubbed the voice of Austrian actor Walter Ladengast in the Italian release version of Werner Herzog's Nosferatu the Vampyre (1979).
Dominici's daughter, Germana, is an Italian stage actress; at the age of 14 she had a small role in Black Sunday.
He died of cancer and is buried in Rome.
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Ascalaphus
In Greek mythology, two people share the name Ascalaphus/Askalaphos (Greek: Ἀσκάλαφος).
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Asius (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Asius refers to two people who fought during the Trojan War:
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Asteropaeus
In the Iliad, Asteropaios (Greek: Ἀστεροπαῖος; Latin: Asteropaeus) was a leader of the Trojan-allied Paeonians along with fellow warrior Pyraechmes. Asteropaios was the son of Pelagon, who was the son of the river god Axios and the mortal woman Periboia, daughter of Akessamenos (Greek: Ἀκεσσάμενος). Asteropaios was a newcomer to the war at the start of the Iliad; he had only been in Troy for less than two weeks.
Asteropaios had the distinction in combat of being ambidextrous and would on occasion throw two spears at once. In Book XII of the Iliad as the Trojans attacked the Achaean wall, Asteropaios was a leader of the same division as the Lycian warriors Sarpedon and Glaucus, the division which pressed hard enough to allow Hector and his division to breach the wall.
In Book XXI, as Achilles is mercilessly slaughtering Trojan warriors alongside the river god Scamander and polluting the waters with dead bodies (including one of Priam's sons, Lycaon). With the river god pondering how he might stop Achilles, Achilles in turn attacks Asteropaios (himself the grandson of a river god) whom Scamander instills with courage to make a stand against Achilles.
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Asteropaios
In the Iliad, Asteropaios (Greek: Ἀστεροπαῖος; Latin: Asteropaeus) was a leader of the Trojan-allied Paeonians along with fellow warrior Pyraechmes. Asteropaios was the son of Pelagon, who was the son of the river god Axios and the mortal woman Periboia, daughter of Akessamenos (Greek: Ἀκεσσάμενος). Asteropaios was a newcomer to the war at the start of the Iliad; he had only been in Troy for less than two weeks.
Asteropaios had the distinction in combat of being ambidextrous and would on occasion throw two spears at once. In Book XII of the Iliad as the Trojans attacked the Achaean wall, Asteropaios was a leader of the same division as the Lycian warriors Sarpedon and Glaucus, the division which pressed hard enough to allow Hector and his division to breach the wall.
In Book XXI, as Achilles is mercilessly slaughtering Trojan warriors alongside the river god Scamander and polluting the waters with dead bodies (including one of Priam's sons, Lycaon). With the river god pondering how he might stop Achilles, Achilles in turn attacks Asteropaios (himself the grandson of a river god) whom Scamander instills with courage to make a stand against Achilles.
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Astyanax
In Greek mythology, Astyanax ( /əˈstaɪ.ənæks/; Ancient Greek: Ἀστυάναξ – Astyánax, gen.: Ἀστυάνακτος) was the son of Hector, Crown Prince of Troy and Princess Andromache of Cilician Thebe. His birth name was Scamandrius (in Greek Σκαμάνδριος or Σκάμανδρος, after the river Scamander), but the people of Troy nicknamed him Astyanax (i.e. high king, or overlord, of the city), because he was the son of the city's great defender (Iliad VI, 403) and the heir apparent's firstborn son.
During the Trojan War, Andromache hid the child in Hector's tomb but the child was discovered, and his fate was debated by the Greeks, for if he were allowed to live, it was feared he would avenge his father and rebuild Troy. In the version given by the Little Iliad and repeated by Pausanias (x 25.4), he was killed by Neoptolemus (also called Pyrrhus), who threw the infant from the walls. Another version is given in Iliou persis. It has also been depicted in some Greek vases that Neoptolemus kills Priam, who has taken refuge near a sacred altar, using Astyanax's dead body to club the old king to death, in front of horrified onlookers. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, the child is thrown from the walls by the Greek victors (13, 413ff). In Euripides's The Trojan Women (719 ff), the herald Talthybius reveals to Andromache that Odysseus has convinced the council to have the child thrown from the walls, and the child is in this way killed. In Seneca's version of The Trojan Women, the prophet Calchas declares that Astyanax must be thrown from the walls if the Greek fleet is to be allowed favorable winds (365–70), but once led to the tower, the child himself leaps off the walls (1100–3). Other sources for the story of the Sack of Troy and Astyanax's death can be found in the Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus), Hyginus (Fabula 109), Tryphiodorus (Sack of Troy 644–6).
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Automedon
In Greek mythology, Automedon (Greek: Αὐτομέδων, -οντος), son of Diores, was Achilles' charioteer. In Homer's Iliad, he rides into battle once Patroclus has donned Achilles's armor, commanding Achilles' horses Balius and Xanthos. After Patroclus's death, Automedon is driven to the rear of the battle, where he attempts to console the bereaved horses. Zeus finally intervenes, and Automedon resumes driving the chariot, but can not aid the Achaeans until Alcimedon agrees to be his driver. He repels an attempt on his life by Hector, Aeneas, Chromios, and Aretos, killing Aretos and taking his armor in the process. He also appears in the Aeneid at line 477 of Book II, when the Greek forces break into the palace of Priam.
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Axylus
Axylus (Ἄξυλος) is mentioned in Book VI of Homer's Iliad.
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Barry Purves
Barry J.C. Purves is an English animator, director and writer of puppet animation television and cinema and theatre designer and director, primarily for the Altrincham Garrick Playhouse in Manchester.
Known as one of Britain's most celebrated animators on account of his six short films (see filmography below), each of which has been nominated for numerous international awards (including Academy Award and British Academy Film Awards nominations), he has also directed and animated for several television programs and over seventy advertisements, title sequences and animated insert sequences. His film credits include being head animator for Tim Burton's Mars Attacks! (before the decision was made to use computer animation in place of stop motion), previsualization animation director for Peter Jackson's King Kong and being "casually involved," simultaneous to this, with animation for the same director's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King during the 2003 film's post-production.
Purves has taught animation, made documentaries, written articles for magazines and books and his own book Stop Motion: Passion, Process and Performance was released through Focal Press in 2007. He has held workshops about animation in several colleges in Europe and beyond as well as major North American studios such as Dreamworks, Pacific Data Images, Pixar and Will Vinton Studios (now Laika Entertainment House). Around 1996 he made plans to shoot a full-length film of Noye's Fludde, Benjamin Britten's opera version of a mystery play about the Deluge; one of his strangest credits was co-presenting, in Mandarin, the live final of the Chinese talent search show Super Girl in 2006.
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Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan (
/ˈdɪlən/), born Robert Allen Zimmerman on May 24, 1941, is an American singer-songwriter, musician and artist. He has been an influential figure in popular music and culture for five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was an informal chronicler and a seemingly reluctant figurehead of social unrest. A number of Dylan's early songs, such as "Blowin' in the Wind" and "The Times They Are a-Changin'", became anthems for the US civil rights and anti-war movements. Leaving his initial base in the culture of folk music behind, Dylan's six-minute single "Like a Rolling Stone" has been described as radically altering the parameters of popular music in 1965. However, his recordings employing electric instruments attracted denunciation and criticism from others in the folk movement.
Dylan's lyrics incorporated a variety of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed hugely to the then burgeoning counterculture. Initially inspired by the songs of Woody Guthrie,Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, as well as the music and performance styles of Buddy Holly and Little Richard, Dylan has both amplified and personalized musical genres. His recording career, spanning fifty years, has explored numerous distinct traditions in American song—from folk, blues and country to gospel, rock and roll, and rockabilly to English, Scottish, and Irish folk music, embracing even jazz and swing.
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Brad Pitt
William Bradley "Brad" Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. Pitt has received four Academy Award nominations and five Golden Globe Award nominations, winning one Golden Globe. He has been described as one of the world's most attractive men, a label for which he has received substantial media attention.
Pitt first gained recognition as a cowboy hitchhiker in the road movie Thelma & Louise (1991). His first leading roles in big-budget productions came with A River Runs Through It (1992), Interview with the Vampire (1994), and Legends of the Fall (1994). In 1995, he gave critically acclaimed performances in the crime thriller Seven and the science fiction film 12 Monkeys, the latter earning him a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and an Academy Award nomination. Four years later, Pitt starred in the cult hit Fight Club. He then starred in the major international hit Ocean's Eleven (2001) and its sequels, Ocean's Twelve (2004) and Ocean's Thirteen (2007). His greatest commercial successes have been Troy (2004) and Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005). Pitt received his second and third Academy Award nominations for his leading performances in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008) and Moneyball (2011). In addition, Pitt owns a production company, Plan B Entertainment, whose productions include The Departed (2006), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, and Moneyball, which garnered a Best Picture nomination.
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Briseis
Brisēís ( /braɪˈsiːɪs/; Greek: Βρισηΐς, pronounced [brisɛːís]; also known as Hippodameia Greek: Ἱπποδάμεια, [hippodámeːa]) was a mythical queen in Asia Minor at the time of the Trojan War. Her character lies at the center of a dispute between Achilles and Agamemnon that drives the plot of Homer's Iliad.
In Greek Mythology, Briseis, a daughter of Briseus, was a princess of Lyrnessus. Briseis was said to have had blonde hair, blue eyes, and fair skin and she was considered to be very beautiful and clever. Her husband was Mynes. When Achilles led the assault on that city during the Trojan War, she was captured and her family (including her father, her mother, and her three brothers) and her husband died at his hands. She was subsequently given to Achilles as a war prize to be his concubine.
Patroclus comforted Briseis in her fear of being alone among her enemies and her grief over the loss of her country, her family, and her freedom and did not let her weep by promising to have Achilles make her his wife and that he would give a wedding feast for them on their return to Phthia after the war had ended.
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Calchas
In Greek mythology, Calchas (Κάλχας, possibly meaning "bronze-man"), son of Thestor, was an Argive seer, with a gift for interpreting the flight of birds that he received of Apollo: "as an augur, Calchas had no rival in the camp". He also interprets the entrails of the enemy during the tide of battle.
It was Calchas who prophesied that in order to gain a favourable wind to deploy the Greek ships mustered in Aulis on their way to Troy, Agamemnon would need to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigeneia, to appease Apollo, whom Agamemnon had offended; the episode was related at length in the lost Cypria, of the Epic Cycle. He also states that Troy will be sacked on the ninth year of the war.
In the Iliad, Calchas tells the Greeks that the captive Chryseis must be returned to her father Chryses in order to get Apollo to stop the plague he has sent as a punishment: this triggered the quarrel of Achilles and Agamemnon, the main theme of the Iliad.
In Sophocles' Ajax, Calchas delivers a prophecy to Teucer suggesting that the protagonist will die if he leaves his tent before the day is out.
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Calesius
In Greek mythology, Calesius (Καλήσιος) was the attendant and charioteer of Axylus. He is mentioned in Book VI of Homer's Iliad where he is killed by Diomedes.
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Caletor
In Greek mythology, Caletor (Καλήτωρ) is a name that may refer to one of the following characters associated with the Trojan War:
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Caracalla
Caracalla (Latin: Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus; 4 April 188 – 8 April 217) was Roman emperor from 198 to 217. The eldest son of Septimius Severus, for a short time he ruled jointly with his younger brother Geta until he had him murdered in 211. Caracalla is remembered as one of the most notorious and unpleasant of emperors because of the massacres and persecutions he authorized and instigated throughout the Empire.
Caracalla's reign was also notable for the Constitutio Antoniniana (also called the Edict of Caracalla), granting Roman citizenship to all freemen throughout the Roman Empire for the purpose of increasing tax revenue, according to historian Cassius Dio. He is also one of the emperors who commissioned a large public bath-house (thermae) in Rome. The remains of the Baths of Caracalla are still one of the major attractions of the Italian capital.
Caracalla, of mixed Punic–Roman–Berber and Syrian descent, was born Lucius Septimius Bassianus in Lugdunum, Gaul (now Lyon, France), the son of the later Emperor Septimius Severus and Julia Domna. At the age of seven, his name was changed to Marcus Aurelius Septimius Bassianus Antoninus to create a connection to the family of the philosopher emperor Marcus Aurelius. He was later given the nickname Caracalla, which referred to the Gallic hooded tunic he habitually wore and which he made fashionable.
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Cassandra
In Greek mythology, Cassandra (Greek Κασσάνδρα, also Κασάνδρα, also known as Alexandra) was the daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy. Her beauty caused Apollo to grant her the gift of prophecy. In an alternative version, she spent a night at Apollo's temple, at which time the temple snakes licked her ears clean so that she was able to hear the future (this is a recurring theme in Greek mythology, though sometimes it brings an ability to understand the language of animals rather than an ability to know the future). When she did not return his love, Apollo placed a curse on her so that no one would ever believe her predictions. She is a figure both of the epic tradition and of tragedy, where her combination of deep understanding and powerlessness exemplify the ironic condition of humankind.
Cassandra was the daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba and the twin sister of Helenus. She was said to have had red hair kept in curls, blue eyes,and fair skin and she was very beautiful, intelligent, charming, desirable, elegant, friendly, and gentle, but she was considered to be insane. Cassandra was described as the "second most beautiful woman in the world." Her beauty was even compared to that of Aphrodite and Helen of Troy.
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Christopher Logue
Christopher Logue, CBE (23 November 1926 – 2 December 2011) was an English poet associated with the British Poetry Revival.
Born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, and brought up in the Portsmouth area, he was the only child of middle-aged parents, John and Molly Logue, who married late. He attended Roman Catholic schools, including Prior Park College, before going to Portsmouth Grammar School. On call-up, he enlisted in the Black Watch, and was posted to Palestine. He was court-martialled in 1945 over a scheme to sell stolen pay books, and sentenced to 16 months imprisonment, served partly in Acre Prison. He lived in Paris from 1951 to 1956, and was a friend of Alexander Trocchi.
In 1958 he joined the first Aldermaston march, organised by the Direct Action Committee Against Nuclear War. He was on the Committee of 100. He served a month in jail for refusing to be bound over not to continue with the celebrated 17 September 1961 Parliament Square sit-down. He told the Bow Street magistrate, "I came here to save your life. But, having heard what you have to say, I don't think the end justifies the means." In Drake Hall open prison he and fellow protesters were set to work - "Some wit allocated it" - demolishing a munitions factory.
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Chryseis
In Greek mythology, Chryseis (pronunciation: /kraɪˈsiːɪs/, Ancient Greek: Χρυσηΐς, Khrysēís, pronounced [kʰrysɛːís]) was a Trojan woman, the daughter of Chryses. Chryseis, her apparent name in the Iliad, means simply "Chryses' daughter"; later writers give her real name as Astynome (Ἀστυνόμη).
In the first book of the Iliad, Agamemnon enslaves her, whom he admits is finer than his own wife, as a war prize and refuses to allow her father, a priest of Apollo, to ransom her. An oracle of Apollo then sends a plague sweeping through the Greek armies, and Agamemnon is forced to give Chryseis back in order to end it, so Agamemnon sends Odysseus to return Chryseis to her father. Agamemnon compensates himself for this loss by taking Briseis from Achilles, an act that offends Achilles, who refuses to take further part in the Trojan War. A later Greek legend, preserved in Hyginus' Fabulae, states that she had a son by Agamemnon. In medieval literature, Chryseis is developed into the character Cressida.
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Chryses
In Greek mythology, Chryses (English: /'krai si:z/; Greek: Χρύσης - Khrúsēs) was a priest of Apollo at Chryse, near the city of Troy.
According to a tradition mentioned by Eustathius of Thessalonica, Chryses and Briseus (father of Briseis) were brothers, sons of a man named Ardys (otherwise unknown).
During the Trojan War (prior to the actions described in Homer's Iliad), Agamemnon took Chryses' daughter Chryseis (Astynome) from Moesia as a war prize and when Chryses attempted to ransom her, refused to return her. Chryses prayed to Apollo, and he, in order to defend the honor of his priest, sent a plague sweeping through the Greek armies, and Agamemnon was forced to give Chryseis back in order to end it. The significance of Agamemnon's actions lies not in the fact that he kidnapped Chryseis (such abductions were commonplace in the Greek world) but in the fact that he refused to release her upon her father's request.
Chryses, with help from Orestes, was also responsible for the death of Thoas. He killed Thoas after finding out that the son of Chryseis, called "younger Chryses," was also the son of Agamemnon. After he killed Thoas, Chryses went to Mycenae with the statue of Diana still in perfect shape.
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Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( /ˈsɪsɨroʊ/; Classical Latin: [ˈkɪkɛroː]; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC; sometimes anglicized as Tully), was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, orator, political theorist, Roman consul and constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia) distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher.
Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieliński, "Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him of the rest of Classical antiquity." The peak of Cicero's authority and prestige came during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, and his impact on leading Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, David Hume, and Montesquieu was substantial. His works rank among the most influential in European culture, and today still constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic.
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Cycnus
In Greek mythology, multiple characters were known as Cycnus (Κύκνος) or Cygnus. The literal meaning of the name is "swan", and accordingly most of them ended up being transformed into swans.
Cycnus, son of Ares by Pelopia or Pyrene, was a bloodthirsty and cruel man who dwelt either in Pagasae, Thessaly or by the river Echedorus in Macedonia, and killed all of his guests until he was slain by Heracles. According to Pausanias, one of the men murdered by him was Lycus of Thrace.
It must be noted that Pseudo-Apollodorus wrote of Cycnus the Thessalian, the son of Pelopia, and Cycnus the Macedonian, the son of Pyrene, as two distinct encounters of Heracles, mentioning them separately. The Thessalian Cycnus, he relates, challenged Heracles to single combat and was killed by him; the same is recounted by Diodorus. The Macedonian Cycnus, according to the Bibliotheca, also challenged Heracles to single combat; Ares attempted to avenge his son's death, but a thunderbolt was hurled by Zeus between the combatants, causing them to part.
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Dante Alighieri
Durante degli Alighieri, mononymously referred to as Dante (UK /ˈdænti/, US /ˈdɑːnteɪ/; Italian: [ˈdante]; c1265–1321), was an Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher, and political thinker. He is best known for the monumental epic poem Commedia, later named La divina commedia (Divine Comedy), considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature.
In Italy he is known as il Sommo Poeta ("the Supreme Poet") or just il Poeta. Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also known as "the three fountains" or "the three crowns". Dante is also called the "Father of the Italian language".
Dante was born in Florence, Italy. The exact date of Dante's birth is unknown, although it is generally believed to be around 1265. This can be deduced from autobiographic allusions in La Divina Commedia, "the Inferno" (Halfway through the journey we are living, implying that Dante was around 35 years old, as the average lifespan according to the Bible (Psalms 89:10, Vulgate) is 70 years; and as the imaginary travel took place in 1300, Dante must have been born around 1265). Some verses of the Paradiso section of the Divine Comedy also provide a possible clue that he was born under the sign of Gemini: "As I revolved with the eternal twins, I saw revealed from hills to river outlets, the threshing-floor that makes us so ferocious" (XXII 151-154). In 1265 the Sun was in Gemini approximately during the period of May 11 to June 11.
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David Malouf
David George Joseph Malouf (born 20 March 1934) is an acclaimed Australian writer. He was awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 2000, his 1993 novel Remembering Babylon won the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award in 1996, he won the inaugural Australia-Asia Literary Award in 2008, and he was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.
Malouf was born in Brisbane, Australia, to a Christian Lebanese father and an English-born mother of Portuguese Sephardi Jewish descent.
He was an avid reader as a child, and at 12 years old was reading such books as Wuthering Heights, Bleak House and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame. These books, he says, taught him about sex: "They told you there was a life out there that was amazingly passionate". He attended Brisbane Grammar School and graduated from the University of Queensland in 1955. He lectured for a short period before moving to London, where he taught at Holland Park School before relocating to Birkenhead in 1962. He returned to Australia in 1968 and lectured at the University of Sydney, taught at his old school, and lectured in English at the Universities of Queensland and Sydney.
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Deidamia (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Deidamia (or Deidamea, Deidameia; Greek Δηιδάμεια) is the daughter of King Lycomedes of Scyros.
Deidamia was one of King Lycomedes's seven daughters with whom Achilles was concealed. Some versions of this story state that Achilles was hidden in Lycomedes's court as one of the king's daughters, some say as a lady-in-waiting under the name "Pyrrha". Despite the fact that Achilles and Deidamea could have been as young as eight years old, the two soon became romantically involved to the point of intimacy. After Odysseus arrived at Lycomedes's palace and exposed Achilles as a young man, Achilles decided to join the Trojan War, leaving behind a pregnant, heart-broken Deidamia. Their son, Neoptolemus, later joined his father in the Trojan War but was eventually killed by Orestes. It is also mentioned that Neoptolemus gave Deidamia in marriage to his ally Helenus.Ptolemy Hephaestion mentions that Achilles and Deidamia had another son, Oneiros, who was unwittingly killed by Orestes.
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Deiphobus
In Greek mythology, Deiphobus (Δηίφοβος) was a son of Priam and Hecuba. He was a prince of Troy, and the greatest of Priam's sons after Hector and Paris. Deiphobus killed four men of fame in the Trojan War.
In the Trojan War described in the Iliad he, along with his brother Helenus, led a group of soldiers at the siege of the newly-constructed Argive wall and killed many, as well as wounding the hero Achean Meriones. As Hector was fleeing Achilles, Athena took the shape of Deiphobus and goaded Hector to make a stand and fight. Hector, thinking it was his brother, listened and threw his spear at Achilles. When the spear missed, Hector turned around to ask his brother for another spear, but "Deiphobus" had vanished. It was then Hector knew the gods had deceived and forsaken him, and he met his fate at the hand of Achilles.
Some accounts hold that it was Deiphobus and Paris who ambushed and killed Achilles while luring him to their sister Polyxena. After the death of Paris, Deiphobus was given Helen as a bride for his deeds in the war, beating out the bid of his other brother, Helenus. Some accounts say the marriage was by force. When the Trojan Horse was in the city, Deiphobus accompanied Helen as she walked around the horse, calling out the names of the Greeks within in the voices of their wives, because she did not want to look like she was helping them. Menelaus and Odysseus had to hold the men inside back from responding. During the sack of Troy, Deiphobus was slain by either Odysseus or Menelaus, and his body was mutilated. Some accounts say it was Helen who killed him, or that she celebrated his death. Most accounts seem to indicate that, unlike her other two husbands, Helen didn't love Deiphobus and decided she would rather return to Menelaus.
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Diomedes
Diomedes or Diomed (Ancient Greek: Διομήδης Diomēdēs ""God-like cunning" or "advised by Zeus"") is a hero in Greek mythology, known for his participation in the Trojan War.
He was born to Tydeus and Deipyle and later became King of Argos, succeeding his maternal grandfather, Adrastus. In Homer's Iliad Diomedes is regarded alongside Ajax as one of the best warriors of all the Achaeans (behind only Achilles in prowess). In Virgil's Aeneid he is one of the warriors who entered the Trojan Horse shortly before the sack of Troy.
Diomedes was, on his father’s side, an Aetolian, and on his mother's an Argive. This is so because his father Tydeus left Calydon and fled to Argos in order to avoid being persecuted by his uncle Agrius. He married King Adrastus's daughter Deipyle.
Tydeus participated in the expedition, known as the Seven Against Thebes. This expedition failed and all leaders, including Tydeus were killed. Tydeus was Athena’s favourite warrior at the time, and when he was dying she wanted to offer him a magic elixir (which she had obtained from her father) that would make him immortal. However, she withdrew the intended privilege in apparent disgust when Tydeus gobbled down the brains of the hated enemy who had wounded him.
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Dolon (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Dolon (Greek: Δόλων, gen.: Δόλωνος) fought for Troy during the Trojan War.
Dolon is the son of Eumedes, and has 5 sisters. Considered a fast runner, after a request by Hector in which all the Trojan men are called together, Dolon volunteers to spy on the Greek ships and check whether or not the Greeks are still guarding them, and if so, how. In exchange Hector offers the horses and bronze chariot of Achilles as his prize at the end of the war. Fearing deceit, Dolon demands that Hector swears to fulfill the promised reward. Dolon departs wearing a wolf skin and a weasel cap in order to blend in to his surroundings. His plan was to deceive the Greeks by walking on all fours. By chance, he is spotted by Odysseus and Diomedes while they are on a secret raid to plunder the Trojans. The Greek warriors see Dolon coming and hide themselves in the bodies of the dead so that Dolon can't see them. Diomedes chases Dolon down with help from Athena and Dolon begs for his life, telling the two warriors that he is worth a valuable ransom because his father, Eumedes, is very wealthy. Odysseus says he won't kill Dolon if he tells the two of them why he was spying on the Greeks. Dolon tells Odysseus everything he wants to know, including his potential prize, before Odysseus explains to him that he has been tricked by Hector: only Achilles can control the horses that he was to receive. Dolon then tells the two Greeks which Trojan allies are living in which tent and what their strengths are. After he tells the two all the information that they wanted he is decapitated by Diomedes before the two head off into the Trojan camp to wreak havoc, slaying Rhesus, king of Thrace, and stealing his valuable horses. His son Eumedes, named after Dolon's father, survived the Trojan War to later fight and die under the command of Aeneas in Italy.
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Donald Revell
Donald Revell (b. 1954, Bronx, New York) is an American poet, essayist, translator and professor.
Revell has won numerous honors and awards for his work, beginning with his first book, From the Abandoned Cities, which was a National Poetry Series winner. More recently, he won the 2004 Lenore Marshall Award and is a two-time winner of the PEN Center USA Award in poetry. He has also received the Gertrude Stein Award, two Shestack Prizes, two Pushcart Prizes and fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, as well as from the Ingram Merrill and Guggenheim Foundations. His most recent book is The Bitter Withy (Alice James Books, 2009). He also recently published his translation of Arthur Rimbaud's A Season in Hell (Omnidawn Publishing, 2007).
Revell has taught at the Universities of Tennessee, Missouri, Iowa, Alabama, Colorado, and Utah. He currently teaches at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He lives in Las Vegas with his wife, poet Claudia Keelan, and their children. In addition to his writing, translating, and teaching, Revell was Editor of Denver Quarterly from 1988–94, and has been a poetry editor of Colorado Review since 1996.
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Eleanor Wilner
Eleanor Rand Wilner (born 1937 Ohio) is an American poet, and editor.
She graduated from Goucher College, and from Johns Hopkins University with a Ph.D.
She was editor of The American Poetry Review, and she is Advisory Editor of Calyx. She has taught at the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and Smith College. She is on the faculty of the MFA Program for Writers at Warren Wilson College, and lives in Philadelphia.
She has been active in civil rights and peace movements.
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Elisabeth of Bavaria
Elisabeth of Austria (24 December 1837 – 10 September 1898) was the spouse of Franz Joseph I, and therefore both Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary. She also held the titles of Queen of Bohemia and Croatia, among others. From an early age, she was called Sisi by family and friends.
Although Elisabeth had a limited (though significant) influence on Austro-Hungarian politics,[citation needed] she became a historical icon. The Empress is now thought to have been a non-conformist who abhorred conventional court protocol, as well as a free spirit who valued an individual sense of freedom above anything else. Following the suicide of her son, Rudolf, she withdrew from public life. Her murder by an anarchist in Geneva, Switzerland in 1898 ended the life of a woman who has since become known as an enigmatic and tragic figure.
Born Her Royal Highness Duchess Elisabeth Amalie Eugenie in Bavaria on Christmas Eve in Munich, Bavaria, she was the fourth child of Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria and Princess Ludovika of Bavaria. Maximilian was considered to be rather peculiar; he had a childish love of circuses and traveled the Bavarian countryside to escape his duties. The family home was at Possenhofen Castle, far from the protocols of court. "Sisi" and her brothers and sisters grew up in a very unrestrained and unstructured environment, she often skipped her lessons to go riding about the countryside.
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Epeius
There were two characters named Epeius (Ἐπειός) in Greek mythology.
Alternative spelling of "Epeus" may also be encountered.
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Eteoneus
In Greek mythology, Eteoneus (Ἐτεωνεύς) was the son of Boethous, and King Menelaus of Sparta's weapon-carrier during the Trojan War. He helped Odysseus in his trials getting back home.
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Eudoros
In Greek mythology, Eudoros (Εὔδωρος), or Eudorus, was the second of Achilles's five commanders at the Trojan War. According to the Iliad, he commanded ten penteconters and five hundred Myrmidons. In Book XVI of the Iliad, when Patroclus readies Achilles's men, Homer talks about him for fourteen lines - more than any of the other commanders in this passage. He is also the second most notable of the five, beaten only by Phoenix.
Eudoros was the son of Hermes and Polymele, who danced in Artemis's choir. Polymele's father Phylas brought him up after she married Echekles. Eudoros was very fast, and a good fighter.
Eudoros appears as Eudorus in the 2004 film Troy. Here, he is played by Vincent Regan. He is the second in command of Achilles's fifty Myrmidons (rather fewer than the 2,500 Myrmidons in the Iliad). He is Achilles's oldest friend, and partly takes the role of Phoenix as simultaneously Achilles's respectful mentor and follower. When the Greeks first arrive at Troy, Achilles and Eudorus storm the beach together, along with the fifty other Myrmidons. He captures Briseis and delivers her to Achilles. He is present when Patroclus is killed by Hector, and brings the news to Achilles. Achilles strikes him to the ground; he later apologises and asks Eudorus to leave him at Troy and take the Myrmidons home.
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Euphemus
Euphemus (Ancient Greek: Εὔφημος, pronounced: [eʊ̯́pʰɛːmos] "reputable") in Greek mythology was the name of several distinct characters.
Euphemus was a son of Poseidon, granted by his father the power to walk on water. He was counted among the Calydonian hunters and the Argonauts, and was connected with the legend of the foundation of Cyrene. Euphemus's mother is variously named: Europe, daughter of the giant Tityos; Doris or Mecionice, daughter of either Eurotas or Orion. In some accounts he is said to have been married to Laonome, sister of Heracles. His birthplace is given as "the banks of the Cephissus" by Pindar or Hyria in Boeotia by the Megalai Ehoiai, but his later residence was Taenarum in Laconia. Euphemus joined the voyage of the Argonauts, and served the crew as helmsman. He let a dove fly between the Symplegades to see if the ship would be able to pass as well. By a Lemnian woman (Malicha, Malache, or Lamache) he became the father of Leucophanes.
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Euphorbus
Euphorbus (Εὔφορβος), the son of Panthous and Phrontis, was a Trojan hero during the Trojan War. He wounded Patroclus before Patroclus was killed by Hector. In the fight for Patroclus' body, Euphorbus was killed by Menelaus. He was apparently one of Troy's finest warriors. Menelaus later took Euphorbus' shield to the temple of Hera in Argos. There are some accounts that claim that it was Euphorbus, not Aeneas, Cycnus or Hector, that killed Protesilaus.
The philosopher Pythagoras claimed to be a reincarnation of Euphorbus, according to Heraclides of Pontus (as reported by Diogenes Laertius).
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Euripides
Euripides (Ancient Greek: Εὐριπίδης) (ca. 480 – 406 BC) was one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to him but according to the Suda it was ninety-two at most. Of these, eighteen or nineteen have survived complete (there has been debate about his authorship of Rhesus, largely on stylistic grounds) and there are also fragments, some substantial, of most of the other plays. More of his plays have survived intact than those of Aeschylus and Sophocles together, partly due to mere chance and partly because his popularity grew as theirs declined — he became, in the Hellenistic Age, a cornerstone of ancient literary education, along with Homer, Demosthenes and Menander.
Euripides is identified with theatrical innovations that have profoundly influenced drama down to modern times, especially in the representation of traditional, mythical heroes as ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances. This new approach led him to pioneer developments that later writers adapted to comedy, some of which are characteristic of romance. Yet he also became "the most tragic of poets", focusing on the inner lives and motives of his characters in a way previously unknown. He was "the creator of...that cage which is the theatre of Shakespeare's Othello, Racine's Phèdre, of Ibsen and Strindberg," in which "...imprisoned men and women destroy each other by the intensity of their loves and hates", and yet he was also the literary ancestor of comic dramatists as diverse as Menander and George Bernard Shaw.
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Euryalus
Euryalus (Ancient Greek: Εὐρύαλος) refers to several different characters from Greek mythology and classical literature:
In the Odyssey, Euryalus is a Phaeacian youth. Homer gives him the epithet "the peer of murderous Ares". Next to Laodamas, he is said to be the most handsome of the Phaeacians, and is the best wrestler. He convinces Laodamas to challenge Odysseus, then rebukes him when he refuses to participate, saying "No truly, stranger, nor do I think thee at all like one that is skilled in games, whereof there are many among men, rather art thou such an one as comes and goes in a benched ship, a master of sailors that are merchantmen, one with a memory for his freight, or that hath the charge of a cargo homeward bound, and of greedily gotten gains; thou seemest not a man of thy hands." When King Alcinous orders him to make amends, he gives Odysseus a bronze sword with a silver hilt and an ivory sheath.
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Eurybates
In Greek mythology, Eurybates (Εὐρυβάτης) was the herald for the Greek armies during the Trojan War. He served as Odysseus's squire. He was described by Odysseus to Penelope as "round-shouldered, dark-skinned, and curly-haired." Odysseus is said to pay him greater regard than any other of his companions for his honesty and faithfulness (Odyssey 19.246-9).
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Eurypylus
In Greek mythology, Eurypylus (Greek: Εὐρύπυλος) was the name of several different people. Of them the best known are two participants in the Trojan War: one (the son of Euaemon) on the side of the Achaeans, and the other (the son of Telephus) on the side of the Trojans.
Eurypylus was a Thessalian king, son of Euaemon and Ops. Another source gives his mother's name as either Deipyle or Deityche. Alternate genealogies made him a son of Hyperochus and father of Ormenus.
Eurypylus led the Thessalians during the Trojan War being a former suitor of Helen. He led one of the larger contingents of ships, 40. He fought valiantly and is often listed amongst the first rank of Greek heroes such as Idomeneus, Diomedes, Ajax, etc. In the Iliad he was one of several to accept Hector's challenge to single combat, but was eliminated in the drawing of lots. He went to the aid of Ajax the Great when the latter was wounded and tired from hard fighting and was compelled to withdraw from combat: in defending Ajax he killed Apisaon but was wounded in the thigh and put out of action from one of Paris' arrows. This happened in the same book that all the other major Greeks were wounded and put out of action. When he withdrew from battle, his wounds were tended by Patroclus. While Patroclus was tending his wound Eurypylus convinced the former to enter into combat even if Achilles refused to join. Eurypylus slew no less than four opponents, including the aforementioned Apisaon, Hypsenor, Melanthius and Axion: this makes the account of Hyginus wrong in informing that Eurypylus killed only one defender of Troy. He was also one of the Greeks to enter the Trojan Horse.
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Glaucus (soldier)
Glaucus (Greek: Γλαῦκος, English translation: "shiny", "bright" or "bluish-green") was a son of Hippolochus and a grandson of Bellerophon. He was a captain in the Lycian army under the command of his close friend and cousin Sarpedon. The Lycians in the Trojan War were allies of Troy. During the war Glaucus fought valiantly, killing four Greeks.
In the Iliad, he met Diomedes in the field of battle in face to face combat. In response to Diomedes' challenge to him, Glaucus said that as a grandson of Bellerophon he would fight anybody. On learning of Glaucus' ancestry Diomedes planted his spear in the ground and told of how his grandfather Oeneus was a close friend of Bellerophon, and declared that the two of them despite being on opposing sides should continue the friendship. As a sign of friendship Diomedes took off his bronze armor worth 9 oxen and gave it to Glaucus. Glaucus then had his wits taken by Zeus and gave Diomedes his gold armor said to be worth 100 oxen.
Glaucus was in the division of Sarpedon and Asteropaios when the Trojans assaulted the Greek wall. Their division fought valiantly, allowing Hector to break through the wall. During this assault Teucer shot Glaucus with an arrow, wounding him and forcing him to withdraw from combat. Later, upon seeing Sarpedon mortally wounded, Glaucus prayed to Apollo, asking him to help him to rescue the body of his dying friend. Apollo cured his wound, allowing Glaucus to rally the Trojans around the body of Sarpedon until the gods carried the body away. Later in the war, when the fighting over Achilles' corpse took place, Glaucus was killed by Ajax. His body however, was rescued by Aeneas and was then taken by Apollo to Lycia for funeral rites.
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Gordon Mitchell
Gordon Mitchell (born Charles Allen Pendleton; July 29, 1923 – September 20, 2003) was an American actor and bodybuilder.
Charles Allen Pendleton was born in Denver, Colorado, and began working out in his Denver neighbourhood to deal with his tough companions. During World War II he served in the U.S. Army in the Battle of the Bulge where he was taken prisoner of war. He later obtained a degree at the University of Southern California under the G.I. Bill. He became a high school teacher and guidance counselor in Los Angeles where due to his physique he was given classes containing many delinquent students.
Following a return enlistment in the Korean War he found film extra work in movies such as Prisoner of War, The Man with the Golden Arm and Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments where he and his friend Joe Gold dragged Charlton Heston's Moses to Pharaoh Yul Brynner. Mae West chose him to appear in her nightclub act.
He was one of the American bodybuilder-actors who migrated to Italy in the wake of Steve Reeves after he sent a photo to an Italian producer who signed him on a contract. Prior to going to Italy, he saw a clairvoyant who asked him if he had ever been known by the name of Gordon Mitchell. He replied no, but on arrival in Rome, Mitchell was given his new name. He found work first in sword and sandal films such as Sinbad, Seven Slaves Against the World, Treasure of the Petrified Forest (1965), then in Spaghetti Westerns such as Beyond the Law and Savage Guns.
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Gorgythion
In Greek mythology, Gorgythion (Greek: Γοργυθίων, gen.: Γοργυθίωνος) was one of the sons of King Priam of Troy at the time of the Trojan War and appears as a minor character in Homer's Iliad. His mother was Castianeira of Aisyme.
Those scholars who believe that the Trojan War was a real war generally date it to the 12th or 11th centuries BC. The dates given for the war by Eratosthenes, which are 1194–1184 BC, are a little later than the archaeological evidence of the burning of Troy VII, excavated by Manfred Korfmann in the 1980s.
Near the end of the Iliad, Priam himself tells Achilles: "I begat the bravest sons in wide Troy, of whom I say that none are left. Fifty there were to me, when the sons of the Greeks arrived; nineteen indeed from one womb, but the others women bore to me in my palaces. And of the greater number fierce Mars indeed has relaxed the knees under them..." Gorgythion is referred to at his death as "...the brave son of Priam". Of Gorgythion's mother Castianeira, Homer says (in Samuel Butler's translation) "His mother, fair Castianeira, lovely as a goddess, had been married from Aesyme."
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Greeks
The Greeks, also known as the Hellenes (Greek: Ἕλληνες, [ˈelines]), are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and other regions. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established in most corners of the Mediterranean, but Greeks have always been centered around the Aegean Sea, where the Greek language has been spoken since antiquity. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were uniformly distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, Pontus, Egypt, Cyprus and Constantinople; many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of the ancient Greek colonization.
In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), a large-scale population exchange between Greece and Turkey transferred and confined Christians from Turkey, except Constantinople (effectively ethnic Greeks) into the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. Other ethnic Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and in diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.
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Gregory Nagy
Gregory Nagy (in Hungarian: Nagy Gergely) (pronounced /nadj;/), born in Budapest Hungary in 1942, is an American professor of Classics at Harvard University, specializing in Homer and archaic Greek poetry. Nagy is known for extending Milman Parry and Albert Lord's theories about the oral composition-in-performance of the Iliad and Odyssey. Since 2000, he has been the director of the Center for Hellenic Studies, a Harvard school in Washington DC. He is the Francis Jones Professor of Classical Greek Literature and Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard, and continues to teach half-time at the Harvard campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts. From 1994 to 2000, he served as Chair of the Classics Department at Harvard University. He was Chair of Harvard's undergraduate Literature Concentration from 1989 to 1994. He served as the president of the American Philological Association in the academic year 1990-91.
Nagy and his wife, Olga Davidson, lecturer in Brandeis' Humanities Program and chair of the Ilex Foundation, served as co-masters of Currier House at Harvard from 1986 to 1990.
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Halizones
The Halizones (Greek Ἁλιζῶνες, also Halizonians or Alazones) are an obscure people that appear in Homer's Iliad as allies of Troy during the Trojan War. Their leaders were Odius and Epistrophus, said in the Bibliotheca to be sons of a man named Mecisteus. According to Homer, the Halizones came from "Alybe far away, where is the birth-place of silver,..." Strabo (in his Geography) speculates that "Alybe far away" may originally have read as "Chalybe far away", and he suggests that the Halizones may have been Chalybes, as well as Khaldi.
There has been much speculation since as to the origin of the name 'Halizones', with connections to both 'Amazons' and the River Halys both suggested. It is not even clear that the Halizones ever existed, or even if Homer knew they existed.
Homer's scholiast derived the name from hals, sea, explaining that they lived in a land surrounded by the sea. However he stated elsewhere that Odius was chief of the Paphlagonians. Herodotus (4.17, 52) placed the Halizones among the Scythians in the region of modern Vinnytsia Ukraine, while Ephorus, equating them with Amazons, located them near Cyme in Asia Minor. A later scholiast to Homer calls them a Thracian tribe. Meanwhile, Pliny the Elder, Hecataeus of Miletus, Menecrates of Elaea, and Palaephatus placed the Halizones or Alazones in Mysia.
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Hecuba
Hecuba (also Hekábe, Hecabe, Hécube; Ancient Greek: Ἑκάβη) was a queen in Greek mythology, the wife of King Priam of Troy during the Trojan War, with whom she had 19 children. These children included several major characters of Homer's Iliad such as the warriors Hector and Paris and the prophetess Cassandra.
Ancient sources vary as to the parentage of Hecuba. According to Homer, Hecuba was the daughter of King Dymas of Phrygia, but Euripides and Virgil write of her as the daughter of the Thracian king Cisseus. The mythographers Pseudo-Apollodorus and Hyginus leave open the question which of the two was her father, with Pseudo-Apollodorus adding a third alternate option: Hecuba's parents could as well be the river god Sangarius and Metope. Some versions from non-extant works are summarized by a scholiast on Euripides' Hecuba: according to those, she was a daughter of Dymas or Sangarius by the Naiad Euagora, or by Glaucippe the daughter of Xanthus (Scamander?); the possibility of her being a daughter of Cisseus is also discussed. A scholiast on Homer relates that Hecuba's parents were either Dymas and the nymph Eunoe or Cisseus and Telecleia; the latter option would make her a full sister of Theano, which is also noted by the scholiast on Euripides cited above.
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Helen of Troy
In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy (in Greek, Ἑλένη, Helénē), also known as Helen of Sparta, was the daughter of Zeus and Leda (or Nemesis), step-daughter of King Tyndareus, wife of Menelaus and sister of Castor, Polydeuces and Clytemnestra. Her abduction by Paris brought about the Trojan War.
The etymology of Helen's name has been a problem to scholars until the present. Georg Curtius related Helen (Ἑλένη) to the moon (Selene Σελήνη). Émile Boisacq considered Ἑλένη from the noun ἑλένη meaning "torch". It has also been suggested that the λ of Ἑλένη arose from an original ν, and thus the etymology of the name is connected with the root of Venus. Linda Lee Clader, however, says that none of the above suggestions offers much satisfaction.
If the name has an Indo-European etymology, it is possibly a suffixed form of a root *wel- "to turn, roll", or of *sel- "to flow, run". The latter possibility would allow comparison to the Vedic Sanskrit Saraṇyū, a character who is abducted in Rigveda 10.17.2. This parallel is suggestive of a Proto-Indo-European abduction myth. Saraṇyū means "swift" and is derived from the adjective saraṇa ("running", "swift"), the feminine of which is saraṇā; this is in every sound cognate with Ἑλένα, the form of her name that has no initial digamma. The possible connection of Helen's name to ἑλένη ("torch"), as noted above, may also support the relationship of her name to Vedic svaranā ("the shining one").
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Helenus
Helenus was a Trojan soldier and prophet in the Trojan War.
In Greek mythology, Helenus (Ἕλενος) was the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy, and the twin brother of the prophetess Cassandra. He was also called Scamandrios. According to legend, Cassandra, having been given the power of prophecy by Apollo, taught it to her brother. Like Cassandra, he was always right, but unlike her, others believed him.
Helenus was part of the Trojan forces led by his brother Hector that beat the Greeks back from the plains west of Troy, and attacked their camp in the Iliad. Though when the Myrmidons led by Achilles turn the tide of battle and Hector is killed, foreshadowing Troy's imminent fall, Helenus - like most of the greatest heroes - survived the poem.
In the final year of the Trojan War, Helenus vied against his brother Deiphobus for the hand of Helen of Troy after the death of their brother Paris, but Helen was awarded to Deiphobus. Disgruntled over his loss, Helenus retreated to Mount Ida, where Odysseus later captured him. He told the Greek forces—probably out of his disgruntlement—under what circumstances they could take Troy. He said that they would win if they stole the Trojan Palladium, brought the bones of Pelops to Troy, and persuaded Neoptolemus (Achilles' son by the Scyrian princess Deidamia) and Philoctetes (who possessed Heracles' bow and arrows) to join the Greeks in the war. Neoptolemus was hiding from the war at Scyrus, but the Greeks retrieved him.
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Hesiod
Hesiod ( /ˈhiːsiəd/ or /ˈhɛsiəd/;Ancient Greek: Ἡσίοδος, Hēsíodos) was a Greek oral poet generally thought by scholars to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer. His is the first European poetry in which the poet regards himself as a topic, an individual with a distinctive role to play. Ancient authors credited him and Homer with establishing Greek religious customs. Modern scholars refer to him as a major source on Greek mythology, farming techniques, early economic thought (he is sometimes identified as the first economist), archaic Greek astronomy and ancient time-keeping.
Hesiod practised various styles of traditional verse, including gnomic, hymnic, genealogical and narrative poetry, but he was not able to manipulate them all fluently. Comparisons with Homer can be unflattering. As one modern scholar observed: "It is as if an artisan with his big, awkward fingers were patiently, fascinatedly, imitating the fine seam of the professional tailor."
The dating of his life is a contested issue in scholarly circles and it is covered below in Dating.
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Homer
In the Western classical tradition, Homer ( /ˈhoʊmər/; Ancient Greek: Ὅμηρος, Hómēros) is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics lie at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature.
When he lived is unknown. Herodotus estimates that Homer lived 400 years before Herodotus' own time, which would place him at around 850 BC; while other ancient sources claim that he lived much nearer to the supposed time of the Trojan War, in the early 12th century BC. Modern researchers appear to place Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC.
The formative influence played by the Homeric epics in shaping Greek culture was widely recognized, and Homer was described as the teacher of Greece. Homer's works, which are about fifty percent speeches, provided models in persuasive speaking and writing that were emulated throughout the ancient and medieval Greek worlds. Fragments of Homer account for nearly half of all identifiable Greek literary papyrus finds.
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Hyperenor
In Greek mythology, the name Hyperenor (Ὺπερήνωρ) may refer to:
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Ialmenus
In Greek mythology, Ialmenus was a son of Ares and Astyoche, and twin brother of Ascalaphus. Together with his brother, he sailed with the Argonauts, was among the suitors of Helen and led the Orchomenian contingent in the Trojan War.
Unlike Ascalaphus, Ialmenus survived the war. He was said to have ended up in Colchis, where he founded a colony, the inhabitants of which were later referred to as the "Achaeans of Pontus".
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Idomeneus
In Greek mythology, Idomeneus ( /aɪˈdɒmɨniːəs/;Greek: Ἰδομενεύς, Idomeneus, "strength of Ida") was a Cretan warrior, father of Orsilochus, Cleisithyra, Leucus and Iphiclus, son of Deucalion and Cleopatra, grandson of Minos and king of Crete. He led the Cretan armies to the Trojan War and was also one of Helen's suitors. Meriones was his charioteer and brother-in-arms. In Homer's Iliad, he is found among the first rank of the Greek generals, leading his troops and engaging the enemy head-on, and escaping serious injury. Idomeneus was one of Agamemnon's trusted advisors. He was one of the primary defenders when most of the other Achaean heroes were injured, and even fought Hector briefly and repulsed his attack. Like most of the other leaders of the Greeks, he is alive and well as the story comes to a close. He was one of the Achaeans to enter the Trojan Horse. Idomeneus killed thirteen men and at least one Amazon woman, Bremusa at Troy.
According to the fourth century Italian writer Maurus Servius Honoratus, and the French 17th century writer François de la Moth-Fénelon, the story continues as follows: after the war, Idomeneus's ship hit a terrible storm. He promised Poseidon that he would sacrifice the first living thing he saw when he returned home if Poseidon would save his ship and crew. The first living thing was his son whom Idomeneus duly sacrificed. The gods were angry at his murder of his own son and they sent a plague to Crete. The Cretans sent him into exile in Calabria, Italy and then Colophon in Asia Minor where he died. According to Marcus Terrentius Varro, the gens Salentini descended from Idomeneus, who had sailed from Crete to Illyria, and then together with Illyrians and Locrians from Illyria to Salento, see Grecìa Salentina.
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Ilioneus
In Greek mythology, the name Ilioneus may refer to:
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Janelle Monáe
Janelle Monáe (born Janelle Monáe Robinson; December 1, 1985) is an American R&B/soul musician signed to Bad Boy Records and Atlantic Records.
Monáe debuted with a conceptual EP, Metropolis: Suite I (The Chase). The EP failed to make much of a commercial impact, peaking at No. 115 on the Billboard charts in the United States.
In 2010, Janelle Monáe released her debut studio album, The ArchAndroid (Suites II and III), a concept album sequel to her first EP; it was released by Bad Boy Records. This album received acclaim from critics and gained a Grammy Nomination for Best Contemporary R&B Album. The song "Tightrope" was also nominated for "Best Urban/Alternative Performance"; this album was also more successful commercially officially reaching the No. 17 spot on the Billboard Charts.
In March 2012, "We Are Young", the song by the band Fun on which Monáe makes a guest appearance, reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, her first appearance in the US Top 10.
Monáe was born Janelle Monáe Robinson in Kansas City, Kansas, where she spent her early life; Monáe has stated that the fictional character of Dorothy from the Wizard of Oz has been one of her musical influences. She has told reporters that she has dreamed of being a singer and a performer since she was very young. Monáe moved from Kansas City, Kansas to New York to study drama at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy.
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Joe Montana (actor)
Joe Montana is an actor, probably best known for his role as Marine in The Bourne Identity (2002).
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Kebriones
In Greek mythology, Kebriones (Κεβριόνης) was the illegitimate son of King Priam of Troy and a slave. In the Iliad he was the half-brother of Hector and his final charioteer during the Trojan War. Along with Hektor and Paris he was part of the division that finally breached the Argive wall. Patroclus, the Achaean warrior, killed him by throwing a "shining stone," hitting him in the forehead and knocking his eyes out of his head. The force of the blow flung him from Hector's chariot, leading Patroclus to remark that with his great "diving" ability, he could have satisfied many by diving for oysters in the "storming sea".
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Kenneth Dover
Sir Kenneth James Dover, FRSE, FBA (11 March 1920 – 7 March 2010) was a distinguished British Classical scholar and academic, who was head of an Oxford college and from 1981 until his retirement in December 2005 was Chancellor of the University of St Andrews. He was the author of Greek Homosexuality, a key text on the subject.
Kenneth Dover was born in London, the only child of Percy Dover and Dorothy Healey. He was educated at St Paul's School and Balliol College, Oxford. He served with the Royal Artillery during the Second World War and was mentioned in dispatches for his service in Italy.
After military service, Dover returned to Oxford and became Fellow and tutor at his old college in 1948. In 1955, Dover was appointed Professor of Greek at the University of St Andrews, and was twice Dean of the university's Faculty of Arts during his twenty-one years there.
He was elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1975. Dover received a knighthood two years later for services to Greek scholarship. In 1976, Dover became President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, a post he held for ten years. During this tenure a fellow of the College, Trevor Henry Aston (1925–1985), who suffered from manic depression, committed suicide with pills and alcohol. In Marginal Comment, his autobiography, Dover wrote: "it was clear to me by now that Trevor and the college must somehow be separated. My problem was one which I feel compelled to define with brutal candour: how to kill him without getting into trouble...I had no qualms about causing the death of a fellow from whose nonexistence the college would benefit, but I balked at the prospect of misleading a coroner's jury...consulting a lawyer to see if [I] would be legally at risk if [I] ignored a suicide call."
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Károly Kerényi
Károly (Carl, Karl) Kerényi [ˈkaːroj ˈkɛreːɲi] (January 19, 1897 – April 14, 1973) was a Hungarian scholar in classical philology, one of the founders of modern studies in Greek mythology.
Károly Kerényi was born in Temesvár, Austria-Hungary (now Timişoara, Romania) to Hungarian parents of German origin. His father’s family was of Swabian peasant descent. Kerényi learnt German as a foreign language at school, and chose it as his language for scientific work. He identified himself with the city of Arad, where he attended secondary school, because of its liberal spirits as the city of the 13 martyrs of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848/49. He moved on to study classical philology at the University of Budapest where he mostly appreciated the teaching of the Latinist Géza Némethy as well as of the Indo-Germanist Josef Schmidt. After graduation Kerényi travelled extensively in the Mediterranean region and spent time as a visiting student at the Universities of Greifswald, Berlin and Heidelberg, learning from the professors of antiquity and classical philology, Eduard Norden, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Franz Boll. In 1919 Kerényi earned his doctorate in Budapest with a dissertation on Plato and Longinus, Investigations in Classical Literary and Aesthetic History. Subsequently he taught Greek and Latin in a secondary school. He earned his postdoctoral lecture qualification (habilitation) in 1927, and then was asked in 1934 to become a professor of classical philology and ancient history (Griechische und Lateinische Philologie und Alte Geschichte) at the University of Pécs. In Budapest he continued to lecture as private docent on the history of religions, classical literature and mythology, weekly events that were attended by many intellectuals because of their liberal connotations.
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Leitus
In Greek mythology, Leitus (Λήιτος) was the son of Alector (Alectryon) and Polybule or of Lacritus and Cleobule, brother of Clonius, from Boeotia. He sailed with the Argonauts and afterwards, as one of the suitors of Helen, fought in the Trojan War, where he killed twenty enemies, including Phylacus. He commanded 12 ships.
Leitus is one of the seven Achaean leaders (others being Teucer, Thoas, Meriones, Antilochus, Peneleus and Deipyrus) in front of whom Poseidon appeared during the Trojans' attack on the Achaean ships, urging them to fight back instead of acting like cowards.
Leitus was wounded by Hector, but in the end, he was the only Boeotian leader to safely return home after the Trojan War. He also brought back the remains of Arcesilaus, another Boeotian chieftain, and buried them near the city of Lebadea. His own tomb was at Plataeae.
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Leonteus (mythology)
In Greek mythology, the name Leonteus referred to the following individuals:
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Louise Glück
Louise Elisabeth Glück (born 22 April 1943) is an American poet. She was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 2003, after serving as a Special Bicentennial Consultant three years prior in 2000.
Glück was born in New York City of Hungarian Jewish heritage. She grew up on Long Island. Her father, an immigrant from Hungary, helped invent and market the X-Acto Knife. Glück graduated in 1961 from George W. Hewlett High School, in Hewlett, New York. She went on to attend Sarah Lawrence College and later Columbia University; however, she did not graduate from either of them.
Glück won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1993 for her collection The Wild Iris. Glück is the recipient of the National Book Critics Circle Award (Triumph of Achilles), the Academy of American Poet's Prize (Firstborn), as well as numerous Guggenheim fellowships. She lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was previously a Senior Lecturer in English at Williams College in Williamstown, MA. Glück currently teaches at Yale University, where she is the Rosencranz Writer in Residence, and in the Creative Writing Program of Boston University. She has also been a member of the faculty of the University of Iowa and taught at Goddard College in Vermont.
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Lykomedes
Lykomedes (Λυκομήδης) was on the side of the Argives in the Trojan War. No real significant background is given about him in the Iliad. He is listed among the younger leaders and was not a King but of second rank. He stands guard at nighttime in Book IX at the Greek wall. When Telamonian Ajax and Teucer had to leave their position on Hector's assault on the wall to deal with Sarpedon's division Aias ordered Lykomedes to help Ajax the lesser to help deal with Hector's press. He also continued in action when Hector and the Trojan forces broke through the Greek wall.
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Machaon (physician)
In Greek mythology, Machaon (Μαχάων, gen.: Μαχάωνος) was a son of Asclepius. With Podalirius, his brother, he led an army from Thessaly (or possibly Messenia) in the Trojan War on the side of the Greeks. He, along with his brother, were highly valued surgeons and medics. In the Iliad he was wounded and put out of action by Paris. Machaon (or his brother) healed Philoctetes, Telephus and Menelaus, after he sustained an arrow at the hand of Pandarus, during the war. He was also supposed to possess herbs which were bestowed to his father Asclepius by Chiron, the centaur.
He was killed by Eurypylus in the tenth year of the war. He was buried in Gerenia in Messenia, where he was worshiped by the people.
The Latin name of a butterfly, the Old World Swallowtail (Papilio machaon), is derived from Machaon.
Machaonia, a plant genus in Rubiaceae was named for Machaon.
A Jovian trojan asteroid No. 3063 Makhaon is named after him.
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Manowar (band)
Manowar is an American heavy metal band from Auburn, New York. Formed in 1980 the group is known for its lyrics based on fantasy (particularly sword and sorcery) and mythological topics (particularly Norse mythology) along with their "loud and bombastic" sound. In an interview for MTV in February 2007, bassist Joey DeMaio lamented that "these days, there's a real lack of big, epic metal that is drenched with crushing guitars and choirs and orchestras... so it's nice to be one of the few bands that's actually doing that." In 1984 the band was included in the Guinness Book of World Records for delivering the loudest performance, a record which they have since broken on 2 occasions. They also hold the world record for the longest heavy metal concert after playing for 5 hours and 1 minute in Bulgaria in 2008.
Although the band has never been a mainstream commercial success in the United States, they maintain a strong cult following there. In contrast, they are extremely popular in the heavy metal scene in Europe, Japan, Australia and South America. Dedicated fans are known and referred to by the band as "Metal Warriors", "Manowarriors", "Immortals" or "Brothers of Metal", and collectively their fans are known as the "Army of Immortals"[citation needed].
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Max Bruch
Max Christian Friedrich Bruch (6 January 1838 – 2 October 1920), also known as Max Karl August Bruch, was a German Romantic composer and conductor who wrote over 200 works, including three violin concertos, the first of which has become a staple of the violin repertoire.
Bruch was born in Cologne, Rhine Province, where he received his early musical training under the composer and pianist Ferdinand Hiller, to whom Robert Schumann dedicated his piano concerto. Ignaz Moscheles recognized his aptitude. Bruch had a long career as a teacher, conductor and composer, moving among musical posts in Germany: Mannheim (1862-1864), Koblenz (1865-1867), Sondershausen, (1867-1870), Berlin (1870-1872), and Bonn, where he spent 1873-78 working privately. At the height of his reputation he spent three seasons as conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic Society (1880-83). There he met his wife, Clara Tuczek. He taught composition at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik from 1890 until his retirement in 1910. Bruch died in his house in Berlin-Friedenau.
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Medon
In Greek mythology, there were at least eight men named Medon (Ancient Greek: Μέδων, gen.: Μέδοντος).
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Meges
In Greek mythology, Mégês Phyleïdês (Greek: Μέγης Φυλεΐδης) was a son of Phyleus; his mother's name is variously given as either Eustyoche,Ctimene, Timandra, Hagnete, or Ctesimache. He was one of Helen's suitors and commanded the armies of the Echinadians and the Dulichians during the Trojan War, having summoned forty or sixty ships; he also led a contingent of Epeans who had once migrated to Dulichium together with his father.
Meges was credited with killing a number of opponents, including Pedaeus (a son of Antenor), Croesmus, Amphiclus, Itymoneus, Agelaus, Eurymenes, and Deiopites.Dolops attempted to strike him with a spear but the corselet Meges was wearing, a gift for his father from Euphetes of Ephyra, saved his life. Meges helped Odysseus to collect gifts for Achilles. He was one of the men to enter the Trojan Horse.
According to Dictys Cretensis, Meges fell at Troy.Pausanias mentions a painting of him wounded in the arm by a Trojan, Admetes the son of Augeas.Tzetzes relates that Meges, along with Prothous and a number of others, perished at Euboea.
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Melanippus
In Greek mythology, there were nine people named Melanippus (Μελάνιππος):
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Memnon (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Memnon (Greek: Mέμνων) was an Ethiopian king and son of Tithonus and Eos. As a warrior he was considered to be almost Achilles' equal in skill. During the Trojan War, he brought an army to Troy's defense. The death of Memnon echoes that of Hector, another defender of Troy whom Achilles also killed out of revenge for a fallen comrade, Patroclus. After Memnon's death, Zeus was moved by Eos' tears and granted him immortality. Memnon's death is related at length in the lost epic Aethiopis, composed after The Iliad circa the 7th century BC. Quintus of Smyrna records Memnon's death in Posthomerica. His death is also described in Philostratus' Imagines.
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Menelaus
In Greek mythology, Menelaus (Ancient Greek: Μενέλαος, Menelaos) was a legendary king of Mycenaean (pre-Dorian) Sparta, the husband of Helen of Troy, and a central figure in the Trojan War. He was the son of Atreus and Aerope, and brother of Agamemnon king of Mycenae and, according to the Iliad, leader of the Spartan contingent of the Greek army during the War. Prominent in both the Iliad and Odyssey, Menelaus was also popular in Greek vase painting and Greek tragedy; the latter more as a hero of the Trojan War than as a member of the doomed House of Atreus.
Although early authors such as Aeschylus refer in passing to Menelaus' early life, detailed sources are quite late, post-dating 5th-century BC Greek tragedy. According to these sources, Menelaus' father Atreus had been feuding with his brother Thyestes over the throne of Mycenae. After a back-and-forth struggle that featured adultery, incest and cannibalism, Thyestes gained the throne after his son Aegisthus murdered Atreus. As a result, Atreus’ sons, Menelaus and Agamemnon, went into exile. They first stayed with King Polyphides of Sicyon, and later with King Oeneus of Calydon. But when they thought the time was ripe to dethrone Mycenae's hostile ruler, they returned. Assisted by King Tyndareus of Sparta, they drove Thyestes away, and Agamemnon took the throne for himself.
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Menestheus
Menestheus (Greek: Μενεσθεύς), the son of Peteus, son of Orneus, son of Erechtheus, and either Polyxene or Mnesimache, was a legendary King of Athens during the Trojan War. He was set up as king by the Dioscuri when Theseus travelled to the underworld, and at his return Menestheus exiled him from the city.
Menestheus was one of the suitors of Helen of Troy, and when the Trojan War started he brought "fifty black ships" to Troy. In the Iliad it is noted that no one could arrange chariots and shield-bearing warriors in battle orders better than Menestheus, and that only Nestor could vie with him in that respect. Yet further he is characterized as not valiant. When Agamemnon was reviewing his troops he found Menestheus in the back rows seemingly avoiding action. Later when Sarpedon attacked the portion of the Greek wall that he was in charge of, Menestheus shivered and had to call on Telamonian Aias and Teucer for aid. Menestheus was one of the warriors in the Trojan Horse. After Troy was sacked, he sailed to Mimas, then to Melos where he became king.
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Mentes
In Greek mythology, Mentes (Μέντης) is the name of two different Trojan War leaders, the King of the Cicones (according to the Iliad) and the King of the Taphians and the son of Antiloches (according to the Odyssey).
In Book XVII of The Iliad, Apollo disguises himself as Mentes to encourage Hector to fight Menelaus, ("Hector,now you're going after something you'll not catch, chasing the horses of warrior Achilles, descendant of Aeacus. No mortal man, except Achilles, can control or drive them, for an immortal mother gave him birth. Meanwhile, warrior Menelaus, Atreus' son, standing by Patroclus, has just killed the best man of the Trojans, Euphorbus, son of Panthous, ending his brave fight.")
In The Odyssey, a deity again takes on the form of Mentes. This time, in Book I, the Goddess Athena disguises herself as Mentes (son of Anchialos), an old family friend of Odysseus, when she goes to visit his son, Telemachus. Athena, disguised as him, tells Telemachus that he is sailing to the city of Temese with his own crew, claiming that he is in search of copper. "Mentes" (truly Athena) recommends that Telemachos call a counsel to try to remove the suitors and travel to Pylos and Sparta to learn of his father.
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Meriones (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Meriones (Greek: Μηριόνης) was a son of Molus and Melphis or Euippe. Molus was a half-brother of Idomeneus. Like other heroes of mythology, Meriones was said to be a descendant of gods. As a grandson of Deucalion (son of Minos), Meriones's ancestors include Zeus, Europa, Helios, and Circe. Meriones possessed the helmet of Amyntor, which Autolycus had stolen. He inherited the helmet from his father Molus and later gave it to Odysseus. Meriones killed seven men at Troy.
Hyginus lists Meriones as one of the suitors of Helen. This would have made him oath bound to participate in the Trojan War. Other ancient authorities, however, do not include him in the list. Among these are the Bibliotheca and Hesiod.
Though not usually numbered among the major characters, Meriones is a prominent character in Homer's Iliad. Meriones is mentioned in Books II, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII. He is recorded to have killed Phereclus the son of Tecton (Book V), Adamas the son of Asius (Book XIII), Harpalion son of King Pylaemenes (Book XIII), Morys (Book XIV), Hippotion (Book XIV), Acamas (Book XVI), Laogonus son of Onetor (Book XVI), and wounded Deiphobus son of Priam (Book XIII).
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Mydon
Mydon (Μύδων, gen.: Μύδωνος) was one of the defenders of Troy in Homer's Iliad. In Book V, he is mentioned as being killed by Antilochus.
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Myrmidons
The Myrmidons or Myrmidones (Greek: Μυρμιδόνες) were legendary people of Greek history. They were very brave and skilled warriors commanded by Achilles, as described in Homer's Iliad. Their eponymous ancestor was Myrmidon, a king of Thessalian Phthia, who was the son of Zeus and "wide-ruling" Eurymedousa, a princess of Phthia. She was seduced by Zeus in the form of an ant.
An etiological myth of their origins, expanding upon their etymology — the name in Classical Greek was interpreted as "ant-people", from μυρμηδών (murmedon) "ant's nest" and that from μύρμηξ (murmex) "ant" — was first mentioned by Ovid, in Metamorphoses: in Ovid's telling, King Aeacus of Aegina, father of Peleus, pleaded with Zeus to populate his country after a terrible plague. Zeus said his people would number as the ants on his sacred oak, and from the ants sprang the people of Aegina, the Myrmidons.
According to Homer's Iliad, the Myrmidons were the fiercest warriors in all of Greece. As said in Iliad, "Go home, then, with your ships and comrades to lord it over the Myrmidons".
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Neoptolemus
Neoptolemus[pronunciation?] (also Neoptólemos or Pyrrhus; Greek Νεοπτόλεμος) was the son of the warrior Achilles and the princess Deidamia in Greek mythology. Achilles' mother foretold many years before Achilles' birth that there would be a great war. She saw that her only son was to die if he fought in the war. She sought a place for him to avoid fighting in the Trojan War, due to a prophecy of his death in the conflict. She disguised him as a woman in the court of Lycomedes, the King of Scyros. During that time, he had an affair with the princess, Deidamea, who then gave birth to Neoptolemus. Neoptolemus was originally called Pyrrhus, because the female version of that name, Pyrrha, had been taken by his father while disguised as a woman.
The Greeks captured the Trojan seer, Helenus, and forced him to tell them under what conditions could they take Troy. Helenus revealed to them that they could defeat Troy if they could acquire the poisonous arrows of Heracles (then in Philoctetes' possession); steal the Palladium (which led to the building of the famous wooden horse of Troy); and put Achilles' son in the war. Neoptolemus killed six men on the field of battle.
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Nicolae Densuşianu
Nicolae Densuşianu (Romanian pronunciation: [nikoˈla.e densuʃiˈanu]; 1846 – 1911) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian ethnologist and collector of Romanian folklore. His main work, for which he is chiefly remembered, was the posthumously printed Dacia Preistorică (1913), with a preface contributed by C. I. Istrati; in Dacia Preistorică Densuşianu combined the studies of folklore and comparative religion with archaeology to construct a theory about the Prehistoric cultures of Dacia. The work has drawn criticism for unprofessionalism and evidence of nationalism, and for standing at the source of Protochronism.
His works theorize the existence of a Dacian-centered "Pelasgian Empire", created in the 6th millennium BC, and which, he claimed, was governed by Uranus and Saturn and comprised all of Europe. Densuşianu, who believed that Latin was a dialect of Dacian, also argued that the Dacians migrated to the Italian Peninsula in the Antiquity, where they laid the foundations of Ancient Rome.
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Nireus
In Greek mythology, Nireus, son of King Charopus and Aglaea, was king of the island Syme (according to Diodorus Siculus, also of a part of Cnidia) and one of the Achaean leaders in the Trojan War. He was renowned for his outstanding beauty, being described as the second most handsome man in the Greek camp after Achilles.
Nireus was among the suitors of Helen and consequently joined in the campaign against Troy; he was said to have commanded three ships. In the military conflict with the Mysian king Telephus, which occurred on the way to Troy (during the first unsuccessful attempt to reach the city), Nireus killed Telephus' wife Hiera, who fought from a chariot "like an Amazon".
Nireus did not excel in physical strength and was eventually killed by either Eurypylus, son of Telephus, or Aeneas. However, according to the version recounted by John Tzetzes, Nireus survived the war and, together with Thoas, having been caught in the storm that scattered the Greek ships, landed first in Libya and then sailed off to Argyrinoi and the Ceraunian Mountains, where they settled near Mount Lakmynion and River Aias.
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Olympias
Olympias (Greek: Ὀλυμπιάς, pronounced [olympiás], ca. 375–316 BC) was a Greek princess of Epirus of Illyrian origin, daughter of king Neoptolemus I of Epirus, the fourth wife of the king of Macedonia, Philip II, and mother of Alexander the Great. She was a devout member of the orgiastic snake-worshiping cult of Dionysus, and it is suggested by the 1st century AD biographer, Plutarch, that she may have slept with snakes.
Olympias was the daughter of Neoptolemus I, king of the Molossians, a principal Greek tribe in Epirus, and sister of Alexander I. Her family belonged to the Aeacidae, a well-respected family of ancient Greece, which claimed descent from Neoptolemus, son of Achilles. Apparently, she was originally named Polyxena, as Plutarch mentions in his work Moralia, and changed her name to Myrtale prior to her marriage to Philip II of Macedon, as part of her initiation into an unknown mystery cult.
The name Olympias was the third of four names by which she was known, taking it probably as a recognition of Philip's victory in the Olympic Games of 356 BC, which coincided with Alexander's birth.[self-published source?] She was finally named Stratonice, which was likely an epithet attached to Olympias following her victory over Eurydice in 317 BC.
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Othryoneus
Othryoneus (Ὀθρυονεύς) was in Greek mythology a suitor of Princess Cassandra of Troy during the Trojan War, mentioned in one passage in Homer's Iliad.
Othryoneus was from Cabesos, a Homeric site over whose location there has been disagreements since ancient times, some sources suggesting a site in the Troad self and others pointing at the very similar name of the ancient site of Kavissos, today near Feres near Evros. Othryoneus had taken part in the war in the sole purpose of marrying King Priam's daughter, the "loveliest" according to Homer, and to which the King had assented. In the Iliad, he is killed during the Battle of the Ships by Idomeneus, in a passage in which he is cited as gleefully mocking him while Othryoneus is dying.
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Ovid
Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was a Roman poet who is best known as the author of the three major collections of poetry: Heroides, Amores, and Ars Amatoria, and of the Metamorphoses, a mythological hexameter poem. He is also well known for the Fasti, about the Roman calendar; and the Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, two collections of poems written in exile on the Black Sea. Ovid was also the author of several smaller pieces, the Remedia Amoris, the Medicamina Faciei Femineae, and the long curse-poem Ibis. He also authored a lost tragedy, Medea. He is considered a master of the elegiac couplet, and is traditionally ranked alongside Virgil and Horace as one of the three canonic poets of Latin literature. The scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the canonical Latin love elegists. His poetry, much imitated during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, decisively influenced European art and literature and remains as one of the most important sources of classical mythology.
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P. C. Cast
Phyllis Christine Cast (born 1960) is an American romance/fantasy author, known for the House of Night series she writes with her daughter Kristin Cast, as well as her own Goddess Summoning and Partholon book series.
On her own, P.C. Cast is known for her Goddess Summoning and Partholon book series. Her first book, Goddess by Mistake, was originally published in 2001, won the Prism, Holt Medallion, and Laurel Wreath awards, and was a finalist for the National Readers' Choice Award; her subsequent books have won a variety of prizes.
In 2005, she and her daughter began co-writing the House of Night series. In the wake of the current popularity of vampire fiction led by Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series, the Casts' books have enjoyed substantial and increasing critical and commercial success, and in March 2009, the fifth book in their series, Hunted, opened at number one on the best-seller lists of USA Today and The Wall Street Journal.
According to P.C. Cast, the concept for the House of Night novels came from her agent, who suggested the theme "vampire finishing school." The books take place in an alternative universe version of Tulsa, Oklahoma inhabited by both humans and "vampyres" (Cast uses this alternative spelling in the books, explaining it as a choice she made "just 'cause I like the way it looks"). The protagonist, Zoey Redbird, age 16, is "marked" as a "fledgling" and moves to the "House of Night" school to undergo her transformation.
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Pandarus
Pandarus is a Trojan aristocrat who appears in stories about the Trojan War. In Homer's Iliad he is portrayed as an energetic and impetuous warrior, but in medieval literature he becomes a witty and licentious figure who facilitates the affair between Troilus and Cressida. In Shakespeare's play Troilus and Cressida he is portrayed as an aged degenerate and coward, who ends the play by telling the audience he will bequeath them his "diseases".
In Homer's Iliad, Pandarus or Pandaros (Πάνδαρος) is a famous archer and the son of Lycaon. Pandarus, who fights on the side of Troy in the Trojan War, first appears in Book Two of the Iliad. In Book Four, he shoots Menelaus and wounds him with an arrow, sabotaging a truce that could potentially have led to the peaceful return of Helen of Troy. He is goaded into breaking the truce by the gods, who wish for the destruction of Troy. He then wounds Diomedes with an arrow and acts as Aeneas' charioteer. He is later killed by Diomedes, whose spear strikes him in the face, severing his tongue.
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Panthous
In Greek mythology, Panthous (Ancient Greek: Πάνθοος), son of Othryas, was an elder of Troy, husband of the "queenly" Phrontis and father of Euphorbus,Polydamas and Hyperenor.
Panthous was originally a priest of Apollo at Delphi. When Priam, after Troy had been destroyed by Heracles, sent a son of Antenor to Delphi to inquire whether it was appropriate to build a new citadel on the foundations of the destroyed city, said son of Antenor was charmed by Panthous' beauty and carried him off. Panthous, in accord with Priam' s will, continued to perform his duties as a priest of Apollo at Troy.
Panthous was credited with killing four Greeks in the Trojan War.
In the Aeneid, Panthous is portrayed lamenting his own and Troy's fate on the night of the city's fall, with his baby grandson in his arms. He is further killed by one of the Greeks.
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Paris (mythology)
Paris (Ancient Greek: Πάρις; also known as Alexander or Alexandros, c.f. Alaksandu of Wilusa), the son of Priam, king of Troy, appears in a number of Greek legends. Probably the best-known was his elopement with Helen, queen of Sparta, this being one of the immediate causes of the Trojan War. Later in the war, he fatally wounds Achilles in the heel with an arrow, as foretold by Achilles's mother, Thetis.
Paris was a child of Priam and Hecuba (see List of King Priam's children). Just before his birth, his mother dreamed that she gave birth to a flaming torch. This dream was interpreted by the seer Aesacus as a foretelling of the downfall of Troy, and he declared that the child would be the ruin of his homeland. On the day of Paris's birth it was further announced by Aesacus that the child born of a royal Trojan that day would have to be killed to spare the kingdom, being the child that would bring about the prophecy. Though Paris was indeed born before nightfall, he was spared by Priam; Hecuba, too, was unable to kill the child, despite the urging of the priestess of Apollo, one Herophile. Instead, Paris's father prevailed upon his chief herdsman, Agelaus, to remove the child and kill him. The herdsman, unable to use a weapon against the infant, left him exposed on Mount Ida, hoping he would perish there (cf: Oedipus); he was, however, suckled by a she-bear. Returning after nine days, Agelaus was astonished to find the child still alive, and brought him home in a backpack (πήρα, hence Paris's name, which means "backpack") to rear as his own. He returned to Priam bearing a dog's tongue as evidence of the deed's completion.
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Parthia
Parthia is a region of north-eastern Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire.
The name "Parthia" is a continuation from Latin Parthia, from Old Persian Parthava, which was the Parthian language self-designator signifying "of the Parthians" who were an Iranian people.
Parthia roughly corresponds to the western half of Khorasan region in northeastern Iran. It was bordered by the Kopet Dag mountain range in the north and the Dasht-e-Kavir desert in the south. It bordered Media on the west, Hyrcania on the north west, Margiana on the north east, and Aria on the south east.
During Arsacid times, Parthia was united with Hyrcania as one administrative unit, and that region is therefore often (subject to context) considered a part of Parthia proper.
As the region inhabited by Parthians, Parthia first appears as a political entity in Achaemenid lists of governorates ("satrapies") under their dominion. Prior to this, the people of the region seem to have been subjects of the Medes, and 7th century BC Assyrian texts mention a country named Partakka or Partukka (though this "need not have coincided topographically with the later Parthia").
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Patrick Shaw-Stewart
Patrick Houston Shaw-Stewart (17 August 1888 – 30 December 1917) was an Eton College and Oxford scholar of the Edwardian era who died on active service as a battalion commander in the Royal Naval Division during the First World War.
His career was one of great academic brilliance, matched by a steely determination to succeed. He came first in the Eton scholarship in 1901, a year after his friend, Ronald Knox, had come first in the same examination. He won the Newcastle scholarship at Eton in 1905. At Oxford, he won the Craven, the Ireland, and the Hertford Scholarships in Classics as well as taking a double first in Classical Moderations in 1908 and Greats in 1910. Elected to a fellowship of All Souls, he instead committed his career to Barings Bank, where he was appointed one of the youngest managing director in the bank's history, in 1913. At this time he became devoted to Lady Diana Manners and became a leading member of her "corrupt coterie," known simply as the Coterie. When war was declared in 1914, he joined the Royal Navy and, serving with Rupert Brooke, played a prominent role in the famed young poet's funeral in Greece. Promoted to lieutenant commander and in temporary command of the Hood Battalion, he was killed on 30 December 1917. He is buried at Metz-en-Couture in the British extension to the communal cemetery.
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Patroclus
In Greek mythology, as recorded in Homer's Iliad, Patroclus, or Patroklos (Ancient Greek: Πάτροκλος Patroklos "glory of the father"), was the son of Menoetius, grandson of Actor, King of Opus, and was Achilles' beloved comrade and brother-in-arms.
Menoetius was a member of the Argonauts in his youth. He had several marriages, and in different versions of the tale four different women are named as the mother of Patroclus. The Bibliotheca names three wives of Menoetius as possible mothers of Patroclus: Periopis, daughter of Pheres, founder of Pherae; Polymele, daughter of Peleus, King of Phthia and older half-sister of Achilles; and Sthenele, daughter of Acastus and Astydameia. Gaius Julius Hyginus names Philomela as Patroclus' mother; although Hyginus gives no origin for Philomela, she might be related to her namesake daughter of Pandion I, King of Athens and Zeuxippe.
Menoetius was a son of Actor, King of Opus in Locris by Aegina. Aegina was a daughter of Asopus and mother of Aeacus by Zeus. Aeacus was father of Peleus, Telamon and Phocus.
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Pedasus
Pedasus (Πήδασος) was the name of several places in Greek mythology. There was a Pedasus in (or near) the Troad, on the Satnioeis river, said to be inhabited by a tribe called the Leleges. During the Trojan War, this Pedasus was ruled over by a certain king named Altes, and sacked by Achilles. Other places named Pedasus were in Caria, and Messenia.
In Homer's Iliad, Pedasus was the name of a Trojan warrior, and the son of the naiad Abarbarea and human Bucolion. His twin brother was Aesepus; both were slain by Euryalus, the son of Mecisteus during the Trojan War.
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Pedro the Lion
Pedro the Lion was an indie rock band from Seattle, Washington. Singer-songwriter David Bazan formed the band in 1995 and represented its main creative force, backed by a varying rotation of collaborating musicians. T. W. Walsh is considered to be the sole official band member besides Bazan. In 2006, Bazan and Walsh split amicably and Pedro the Lion was dissolved as Bazan went solo. Releasing four full-length albums and five EPs over 11 years, the band was known for its first person narrative lyrics with political and religious themes. Pedro The Lion was managed by Bob Andrews at Undertow Music Collective.
Pedro the Lion was formed by David Bazan in 1995 and released its debut EP Whole in April 1997. Bazan played nearly every instrument on the band's first two full-length albums, It's Hard to Find a Friend (1998) and Winners Never Quit (2000).
Winners marked Pedro the Lion's first concept album. After its completion, Bazan has claimed he initially decided not to continue writing concept albums. However, in the process of writing his next full-length Control, he realized he had inadvertently created a narrative link "about 70% of the way through [the album]" and decided to finish it in the same vein. The album's thematic content criticizes American capitalism, which Bazan notes was largely inspired by the sentiments surrounding the World Trade Organization protests in 1999.
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Peneleus
In Greek mythology, Peneleus, son of Hippalcimus and Asterope, was an Achaean soldier in the Trojan War.
Prior to the beginning of the war, he was said to have sailed with the Argonauts; he also was one of the suitors of Helen, which obliged him to join in the campaign against Troy. He came from Boeotia and commanded 12 ships. It is also said that Peneleus was chosen to command the Boeotian troops because Tisamenus, son and successor of Thersander, was still too young.
Peneleus killed two Trojans,Ilioneus, and Lycon was himself wounded by Polydamas and was eventually killed by Eurypylus (son of Telephus). He left a son Opheltes, whose own son (Peneleus' grandson) Damasichthon succeeded Autesion, son of Tisamenus, as the ruler over Thebes.
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Penthesilea
Penthesilea (Greek: Πενθεσίλεια) or Penthesileia was an Amazonian queen in Greek mythology, the daughter of Ares and Otrera and the sister of Hippolyta, Antiope and Melanippe. Quintus Smyrnaeus explains more fully than pseudo-Apollodorus how Penthesilea came to be at Troy: Penthesilea had killed Hippolyta with a spear when they were hunting deer; this accident caused Penthesilea so much grief that she wished only to die, but, as a warrior and an Amazon, she had to do so honorably and in battle. She therefore was easily convinced to join in the Trojan War, fighting on the side of Troy's defenders.
Penthesilea arrives in Troy at the start of Posthomerica the night before the fighting is due to recommence for the first time after Hector's death and funeral. She came to Troy for two reasons: firstly, to prove to others that her people, the Amazons, are great warriors and can share the hardships of war and, secondly, to appease the Gods after she accidentally killed her sister, Hippolyta, while hunting. She arrived with twelve companions and promised the Trojans that she would kill Achilles. On her first, and only, day of fighting, Penthesilea kills many men and clashes with Telamonian Ajax, although there is no clear victor, before she comes face to face with Achilles, who had been summoned by Telamonian Ajax. Prior to Achilles' entrance, Penthesilea had tried to fight Telamonian Ajax but he had merely laughed off her attempts, thinking her unfit to face him. Achilles eventually kills her, needing only one blow to her breastplate to knock her over and leave her begging for her life. He is unmoved by her pleas, however, and kills her. He mocks her corpse until he removes her helmet. At this point, Achilles commits neocrophily on her dead corpse. "Priestesses" by Norma Lorre Goodrich
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Philoctetes
Philoctetes (Greek: Φιλοκτήτης, Philoctētēs) or Philocthetes according to Greek mythology, the son of King Poeas of Meliboea in Thessaly. He was a Greek hero, famed as an archer, and was a participant in the Trojan War. He was the subject of at least two plays by Sophocles, one of which is named after him, and one each by both Aeschylus and Euripides. However, only one Sophoclean play survives—the others are lost. He is also mentioned in Homer's Iliad; Book 2 describes his exile on the island of Lemnos, his wound by snake-bite, and his eventual recall by the Greeks. The recall of Philoctetes is told in the lost epic Little Iliad, where his retrieval was accomplished by Odysseus and Diomedes. Philoctetes killed three men at Troy.
Philoctetes was the son of King Poeas of the city of Meliboea in Thessaly. When Heracles wore the shirt of Nessus and built his funeral pyre, no one would light it for him except for Philoctetes or in other versions his father Poeas. This gained him the favor of the newly deified Heracles. Because of this, Philoctetes or Poeas is given Heracles' bow and poisoned arrows.
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Phorcys (Trojan War)
In Greek mythology, Phorcys was a Phrygian ally of King Priam in the Trojan War. Phorcys appears in The Iliad as the leader of the Phrygians, a son of Phaenops. The Bibliotheca, however, refers to him as a son of Aretaon and brother of Ascanius, another Phrygian leader. Phorcys is mentioned among the Trojan allies whom Hector addresses with a speech in Book 17 of the Iliad. He was killed in battle by the Greek hero Ajax.
Phorcys is referenced in Pausanias' Description of Greece: the author explains that Phorcys was referred to as "shieldless" in the Iliad because he was wearing a two-piece corselet, which was thought to provide enough protection in the battle.
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Pindar
Pindar (Ancient Greek: Πίνδαρος, Pindaros, pronounced [píndaros]; Latin: Pindarus) (ca. 522–443 BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet from Thebes. Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, his work is the best preserved. Quintilian described him as "Of the nine lyric poets, Pindar is by far the greatest, in virtue of his inspired magnificence, the beauty of his thoughts and figures, the rich exuberance of his language and matter, and his rolling flood of eloquence, characteristics which, as Horace rightly held, make him inimitable.". His poems however can also seem difficult and even peculiar. The Athenian comic playwright Eupolis once remarked that they "are already reduced to silence by the disinclination of the multitude for elegant learning". Some scholars in the modern age also found his poetry perplexing, at least up until the discovery in 1896 of some poems by his rival Bacchylides, when comparisons of their work showed that many of Pindar's idiosyncrasies are typical of archaic genres rather than of the poet himself. The brilliance of his poetry then began to be more widely appreciated. However his style still challenges the casual reader and he continues to be a much admired though largely unread poet.
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Plato
Plato ( /ˈpleɪtoʊ/; Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn, "broad"; 424/423 BC – 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. In the words of A. N. Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them.
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics.
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Podalirius
In Greek mythology, Podalirius or Podaleirius (Greek: Ποδαλείριος) was a son of Asclepius. With Machaon, his brother, he led thirty ships from Tricca, Thessaly in the Trojan War on the side of the Greeks. Like Machaon, he was a legendary healer. He healed Philoctetes, holder of the bow and arrows of Heracles required to end the war. He was one of those who entered the Trojan Horse. Alongside Amphimachus, Calchas, Leonteus and Polypoetes he traveled to Colophon, where Calchas died.
Unlike his brother, Podalirius survived the war, and subsequently settled in Caria. Accounts vary as to the how he ended up there. According to one version, he returned to Argos after the war but later went on to consult the Delphian oracle about a preferable place for himself to live, and was instructed to stay at a place where he would suffer no harm should the sky fall; thus he chose the Carian peninsula which was surrounded by mountains. Others relate that on the way back from Troy Podalirius' ship was blown off course so he landed in Syrnus, Caria, where he settled. In yet another version, he got shipwrecked near the Carian coast but was rescued by a shepherd named Bybassus, the eponym-to-be of a city in Caria. Podalirus could be the founder of Syrnus, which he became after the following series of events. Podalirius arrived at the court of the Carian king Damaethus and healed the king's daughter Syrna, who had fallen off a roof. In reward, Damaethus gave him Syrna in marriage and handed the power over the peninsula over to him. Podalirus founded two cities, one of which he named Syrnus after his wife and the other Bybassus after the shepherd to whom he owed his life.
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Podarces
In Greek mythology, Podarces (Ποδάρκης) was a son of Iphicles and brother of Protesilaus. In Homer's Iliad, Podarces and Protesilaus were former suitors of Helen, and therefore bound to defend the marriage rights of Menelaus, her husband, when Helen was kidnapped by Paris. After Protesilaus was killed by Hector, Podarces led the Phylacian troops in the Trojan War, on the side of the Greeks. According to the Posthomerica, by Quintus of Smyrna, he was killed by Penthesilea, the Queen of the Amazons. Podarces was also the original name of Priam, king of Troy.
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Polites
In Greek mythology, Polites (Ancient Greek: Πολίτης) referred to two different people, both of whom feature as minor characters in the epics by Homer.
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Polydorus
In Greek mythology, Polydorus ([pronunciation?]; Greek: Πολύδωρος, i.e. "many-gift[ed]") referred to several different people.
His death is also alluded to in Virgil's Aeneid, when Aeneas encounters a tree that bleeds while on his quest to found a new home for the Trojan people.
Polydorus is also the name of an Agiad King of Sparta. He was preceded by his father Alcmenes and succeeded by his son Eurycrates, reigning in the 7th century BC. He fought in the latter part of the First Messenian War, alongside the Eurypontid king Theopompus.
According to Plutarch's [Life of Lycurgus] (Section 8), Polydorus may have had a role in reorganising the distribution of land in Laconia.
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Polypoetes
In Greek mythology, Polypoetes ( /ˌpɒlɨˈpiːtiːz/; Ancient Greek: Πολυποίτης, Polupoitēs) was a name attributed to the following individuals:
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Polyxena
In Greek mythology, Polyxena ( /pəˈlɪksɨnə/; Greek: Πολυξένη) was the youngest daughter of King Priam of Troy and his queen, Hecuba. She is considered the Trojan version of Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. Polyxena is not in Homer's Iliad, appearing in works by later poets, perhaps to add romance to Homer's austere tale. An oracle prophesied that Troy would not be defeated if Polyxena's brother, Prince Troilus, reached the age of twenty. During the Trojan War, Polyxena and Troilus were ambushed when they were attempting to fetch water from a fountain, and Troilus was killed by the Greek warrior Achilles, who soon became interested in the quiet sagacity of Polyxena.
Achilles, still recovering from Patroclus' death, found Polyxena's words a comfort and was later told to go to the temple of Apollo to meet her after her devotions. Achilles seemed to trust Polyxena—he told her of his only vulnerability: his vulnerable heel. It was later in the temple of Apollo that Polyxena's brothers, Paris and Deiphobus, ambushed Achilles and shot him in the heel with an arrow, supposedly guided by the hand of Apollo himself, steeped in poison.
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Pomponius Mela
Pomponius Mela, who wrote around AD 43, was the earliest Roman geographer. He was born in Tingentera (Algeciras) and died c. AD 45.
His short work (De situ orbis libri III.) occupies less than one hundred pages of ordinary print. It is laconic in style and deficient in method, but of pure Latinity, and occasionally relieved by pleasing word-pictures. Except for the geographical parts of Pliny's Historia naturalis (where Mela is cited as an important authority) the De situ orbis is the only formal treatise on the subject in Classical Latin.
Little is known of the author except his name and birthplace—the small town of Tingentera or Cingentera in southern Spain, on Algeciras Bay (Mela ii. 6, § 96; but the text is here corrupt). The date of his writing may be approximately fixed by his allusion (iii. 6 § 49) to a proposed British expedition of the reigning emperor, almost certainly that of Claudius in AD 43. That this passage cannot refer to Julius Caesar is evidenced by several references to events of Augustus's reign, especially to certain new names given to Spanish towns. Mela has been without probability identified by some with L. Annaeus Mela of Corduba, son of the rhetorician Seneca the Elder, and brother of the philosopher Seneca the Younger.
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Priam
Priam (/ˈpraɪ.əm/, Greek Πρίαμος Priamos) was the king of Troy during the Trojan War and youngest son of Laomedon. Modern scholars derive his name from the Luwian compound Priya-muwa-, which means "exceptionally courageous".
Priam had a number of wives; his first was Arisbe, who had given birth to his son Aesacus, who met his death before the Trojan War. Priam later divorced her in favor of Hecuba (or Hecebe), daughter of the Phrygian king Dymas. By his various wives and concubines Priam was the father of fifty sons and many daughters. Hector was Priam's eldest son by Hecuba, and heir to the Trojan throne. Paris (also known as Alexander), another son, was the cause of the Trojan War. Other children of Priam and Hecuba include the prophetic Helenus and Cassandra; eldest daughter Ilione; Deiphobus; Troilus; Polites; Creusa, wife of Aeneas; Laodice, wife of Helicaon; Polyxena, who was slaughtered on the grave of Achilles; and Polydorus, his youngest son.
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Promachus
Promachus (Greek: Πρόμαχος; English translation: "who leads in battle") is a name that refers to several different people.
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Protesilaus
In Greek mythology, Protesilaus (Ancient Greek: Πρωτεσίλαος, Protesilaos), was a hero in the Iliad who was venerated at cult sites in Thessaly and Thrace. Protesilaus was the son of Iphicles, a "lord of many sheep"; as grandson of the eponymous Phylacos, he was the leader of the Phylaceans.Hyginus surmised that he was originally known as Iolaus—not to be confused with Iolaus, the nephew of Heracles—, but was referred to as "Protesilaus" after being the first (πρῶτος, protos) to die at Troy.
Protesilaus was one of the suitors of Helen. He brought forty black ships with him to Troy, drawing his men from flowering Pyrasus, coastal Antron and Pteleus, "deep in grass", in addition to his native Phylace. Protesilaus was the first to land: "the first man who dared to leap ashore when the Greek fleet touched the Troad, Pausanias recalled, quoting "the author of the epic called the Cypria". An oracle had prophesied that the first Greek to walk on the land after stepping off a ship in the Trojan War would be the first to die, and so, after killing four men, he was himself slain by Hector. After Protesilaus' death, his brother, Podarces, joined the war in his place. The gods had pity on his widow, Laodamia, daughter of Acastus, and brought him up from Hades to see her. She was at first overjoyed, thinking he had returned from Troy, but after the gods returned him to the underworld, she found the loss unbearable. She had a bronze statue of her late husband constructed, and devoted herself to it. After her worried father had witnessed her behavior, he had it destroyed; however, Laodamia jumped into the fire with it. Another source claims his wife was Polydora, daughter of Meleager.
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Prothoenor
In Greek mythology, Prothoenor (Greek: Προθοήνωρ) was one of the Greek leaders in the Trojan War, from Thespiae in Boeotia, son of Areilycus and Theobule, brother of Arcesilaus; he commanded eight ships.John Tzetzes makes him a son of Alector and Arteis, and thus a half-brother of Leitus and Clonius. According to the Iliad, he was killed by Polydamas, who immediately began to boast about it.
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Pylaemenes
In Greek mythology, Pylaemenes was the king of the Eneti tribe of Paphlagonia. He claimed to be related to Priam through Phineus, as the latter's daughter Olizone was married to Dardanus. He led his Paphlagonian forces to the Trojan War, as a Trojan ally. Pylaemenes was killed in battle by Menelaus of Sparta. He had a son named Harpalion who was killed by Meriones, son of Molus.Homer provided no parentage for Pylaemenes, but other mythographers name his father as Bilsates (Bibliotheca) or Melius (Dictys Cretensis).
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Pyraechmes
Pyraechmes (Πυραίχμης) was, along with Asteropaeus, a leader of the Paeonians in the Trojan War. He came from the city of Amydon. Although Homer mentions Pyraechmes as the leader of the Paeonians early on in the Iliad, in the Trojan Catalogue, Pyraechmes plays a minor role compared to the more illustrious Asteropaeus, a later arrival to the front. Unlike Asteropaeus, Homer does not provide a pedigree for Pyraechmes (although Dictys Cretensis says his father was Axius - also the name of a river in Paeonia). Pyraechmes was killed in battle by Patroclus: dressed in Achilles' armor, Patroclus routed the panicked Trojans, and the first person he killed was Pyraechmes.
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Rhesus of Thrace
Rhesus or Rhêsos (Greek: Ῥῆσος) was a Thracian king who fought on the side of Trojans in Iliad, Book X, where Diomedes and Odysseus stole his team of fine horses during a night raid on the Trojan camp. Homer gives his father as Eioneus— a name otherwise given to the father of Dia, whom Ixion threw into the firepit rather than pay him her bride price. The name may be connected to the historic Eion in western Thrace, at the mouth of the Strymon, and the port of the later Amphipolis. The event portrayed in the Iliad also provides the action of the play Rhesus, transmitted among the plays of Euripides. Scholia to the Iliad episode and the Rhesus agree against Homer's version in giving Rhesus a more heroic stature, incompatible with Homer's version.
Rhesus died without engaging in battle.
Later writers provide Rhesus with a more exotic parentage, claiming that his mother was one of the Muses (Calliope, Euterpe, or Terpsichore), his father the river god Strymon, and he was raised by fountain nymphs. Rhesus arrived late to Troy, because his country was attacked by Scythia, right after he received word that the Greeks had attacked Troy. He was killed in his tent, and his famous steeds were stolen by Diomedes and Odysseus.
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Sarpedon
In Greek mythology, Sarpedon (Ancient Greek: Σαρπηδών; gen.: Σαρπηδόνος) referred to at least three different people.
The first Sarpedon was a son of Zeus and Europa, and brother to Minos and Rhadamanthys. He was raised by the king Asterion and then, banished by Minos, his rival in love for the young Miletus or Atymnius, he sought refuge with his uncle, Cilix. Sarpedon conquered the Milyans, and ruled over them; his kingdom was named Lycia, after his successor, Lycus, son of Pandion II. Zeus granted him the privilege of living three generations.
The second Sarpedon, king of Lycia, a descendant of the preceding, was a son of Zeus and Laodamia, daughter of Bellerophon. Sarpedon became king when his uncles withdrew their claim to Lycia. He fought on the side of the Trojans, with his cousin Glaucus, during the Trojan War becoming one of Troy's greatest allies and heroes.
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Schedius
Schedius (Σχεδίος) was a name attributed to four individuals in Greek mythology.
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Sean O'Loughlin
Sean O'Loughlin is an English professional rugby league footballer who captains the Wigan Warriors of Europe's Super League. A Great Britain and England international representative Second-row, and Loose forward/Lock, he has played his entire career to date with Wigan, with whom he captained to 2010's Super League XV Championship and 2011 Challenge Cup
On 24 November 1982, Sean O'Loughlin was born in Wigan, England. His father Keiron O'Loughlin was an ex-Great Britain player who also featured in the 1983-84 Challenge Cup final for the Widnes side which achieved victory over Wigan. Paradoxically, it was the Wigan-based amateur club St. Patricks ARLFC which gave Sean his first experience of competitive rugby league.
O'Loughlin is a product of the Wigan Warriors Youth Development, for whom he started playing in under-19s matches in 2001, and continued to do so in 2002. During his time at the academy, O'Loughlin played in a variety of positions, including a game against Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in the senior academy championships where he played at Centre scoring two tries, and another against Hull Kingston Rovers where he scored a try playing at Second-row.
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Sophocles
Sophocles ( /ˈsɒfəkliːz/; Ancient Greek: Σοφοκλῆς, Sophoklēs, Greek pronunciation: [sopʰoklɛ̂ːs]; c. 497/6 BC – winter 406/5 BC) is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides. According to the Suda, a 10th century encyclopedia, Sophocles wrote 123 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form: Ajax, Antigone, The Women of Trachis, Oedipus the King, Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus. For almost 50 years, Sophocles was the most-fêted playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city-state of Athens that took place during the religious festivals of the Lenaea and the Dionysia. He competed in around 30 competitions, won perhaps 24, and was never judged lower than second place. Aeschylus won 14 competitions, and was sometimes defeated by Sophocles, while Euripides won only 4 competitions.
The most famous tragedies of Sophocles feature Oedipus and Antigone: they are generally known as the Theban plays, although each play was actually a part of a different tetralogy, the other members of which are now lost. Sophocles influenced the development of the drama, most importantly by adding a third actor, thereby reducing the importance of the chorus in the presentation of the plot. He also developed his characters to a greater extent than earlier playwrights such as Aeschylus.
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Stanley Baker
Sir Stanley Baker (28 February 1928 – 28 June 1976) was a Welsh actor and film producer.
William Stanley Baker was born in Ferndale, Rhondda Valley, Wales, the youngest of three children. His father was a coal miner who lost a leg in an accident and got work as a truck driver. Baker grew up a self-proclaimed a "wild kid" only interested in "football and boxing" but his artistic ability was spotted at an early age by a local teacher, Glynne Morse, who encouraged Baker to act. When he was 14 he was performing in a school play when seen by a casting director from Ealing Studios, who recommended him for a role in Undercover (1943), a war film about the Yugoslav guerrillas in Serbia. He was paid £20 a week and caught the acting bug, deciding to become a professional actor. Six months later Banker appeared with Emlyn Williams in a play on the West End called The Druid's Rest, appearing alongside a young Richard Burton.
Baker worked for a time as an apprentice electrician then through Morse's influence he managed to secure a position with the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in 1944. He stayed there for three years, until called up to do his National Service in 1946. He served in the Royal Army Service Corps until 1948, achieving the rank of sergeant. After demobilisation he moved to London determined to resume hie acting career. He was eventually cast at Richard Burton's recommendation in a small role in a play on the West End, Adventure Story by Terrence Rattigan. He began appearing in films and on television, as well performing on stage for the Middlesex Repertory Company. He impressed when cast as the bosun's mate in the Hollywood-financed Captain Horatio Hornblower (1951).
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Statius
Publius Papinius Statius (c. 45, Naples – c. 96 AD, Naples) was a Roman poet of the 1st century CE (Silver Age of Latin literature). Besides his poetry in Latin, which include an epic poem, the Thebaid, a collection of occasional poetry, the Silvae, and the unfinished epic, the Achilleid, he is best known for his appearance as a major character in the Purgatory section of Dante's epic poem The Divine Comedy.
Information about Statius' life is almost entirely drawn from his Silvae and a mention by the satirist Juvenal. He was born to a family of Graeco-Campanian origin; his Roman cognomen suggests that at some time an ancestor of his was freed and adopted the name of his former master, although neither Statius nor his father were slaves. The poet's father (whose name is unknown) was a native of Velia but later moved to Naples and spent time in Rome where he taught with marked success. From boyhood to adulthood, Statius' father proved himself a champion in the poetic contests at Naples in the Augustalia and in the Nemean, Pythian, and Isthmian games, which served as important events to display poetic skill during the early empire. Statius declares in his lament for his father (Silv. 5.3) that his father was in his time equal to any literary task, whether in prose or verse. He mentioned Mevania, and may have spent time there, or been impressed by the confrontation of Vitellius and Vespasian in 69. Statius' father was a Roman eques, but may have lost his status because of money troubles. At Naples, he was a teacher of Greek and Roman literature who attracted many pupils who were destined for religious offices in Rome. He died in 79 CE.
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Stentor
In Greek mythology, Stentor (Greek: Στέντωρ; gen.: Στέντορος) was a herald of the Greek forces during the Trojan War. Although he is mentioned only briefly in Homer's Iliad, in which Hera takes Stentor's character to encourage the Greeks to fight, his name has been living in the term "stentorian" voice, meaning loud-voiced, for which he was famous: Homer said his "voice was as powerful as fifty voices of other men". Elsewhere, he is said to have died after his defeat by Hermes in a shouting contest.
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Sthenelus
In Greek mythology, Sthenelus (Σθένελος) was a name attributed to several different individuals.
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T.S. Eliot
Thomas Stearns Eliot OM (September 26, 1888 – January 4, 1965) was a publisher, playwright, literary and social critic and "arguably the most important English-language poet of the 20th century." Although he was born an American, he moved to the United Kingdom in 1914 (at age 25) and was naturalised as a British subject in 1927 at age 39.
The poem that made his name, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock—started in 1910 and published in Chicago in 1915—is seen as a masterpiece of the Modernist movement, and was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including Gerontion (1920), The Waste Land (1922), The Hollow Men (1925), Ash Wednesday (1930), and Four Quartets (1945). He is also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral (1935). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948.
Eliot was born into the Eliot family, a middle class family originally from New England, who had moved to St. Louis, Missouri. His father, Henry Ware Eliot (1843–1919), was a successful businessman, president and treasurer of the Hydraulic-Press Brick Company in St. Louis. His mother, Charlotte Champe Stearns (1843–1929), wrote poetry and was a social worker, a new profession in the early twentieth century. Eliot was the last of six surviving children; his parents were both 44 years old when he was born. His four sisters were between eleven and nineteen years older; his brother was eight years older. Known to family and friends as Tom, he was the namesake of his maternal grandfather Thomas Stearns.
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Tenes
In Greek mythology, Tenes was the eponymous hero of the island of Tenedos. He was the son either of Apollo or of King Cycnus of Colonae by Proclia, daughter or granddaughter of Laomedon. Cycnus' second wife Philonome, daughter of Tragasus or Cragasus, falsely accused Tenes of rape, bringing in a flutist named Eumolpus as witness. Cycnus believed the accusations and tried to kill Tenes and his sister Hemithea by placing them both in a chest, which was set into the ocean. However, the chest landed at the island of Leucophrye, which was later renamed Tenedos, and the two survived. The natives of the island pronounced Tenes their king. Cycnus later learned the truth, killed Eumolpus, buried Philonome alive and tried to reconcile with his children, but Tenes rejected his overture: when Cycnus' ship landed at Tenedos, Tenes took an axe and cut the moorings.
Tenes fought in the Trojan War on the side of the Trojans and was slain by Achilles, even though Thetis had previously warned her son against doing so, for Tenes' death would be avenged by Apollo. Shortly after the end of the Trojan War, Agamemnon permitted the Trojan prisoners of war to build a city north of Mycenea. The city was called Tenea after Tenes. A description on the history of Tenea was also given by Pausanias.
wn.com/Tenes -
Teucer
In Greek mythology Teucer, also Teucrus or Teucris (Greek: Τεῦκρος, Teukros), was the son of King Telamon of Salamis Island and his second wife Hesione, daughter of King Laomedon of Troy. He fought alongside his half-brother, Ajax, in the Trojan War and is the legendary founder of the city of Salamis on Cyprus. Through his mother, Teucer was the nephew of King Priam of Troy and the cousin of Hector and Paris - all of whom he fought against in the Trojan War.
During the Trojan War, Teucer was mainly a great archer who loosed his shafts behind the giant shield of his half-brother Ajax the Great. When Hector was driving the Achaeans back toward their ships, Teucer gave the Argives some success by killing many of the charging Trojans, including Hector's charioteer, Archeptolemus son of Iphitos. However every time he shot an arrow at Hector, Apollo, the protector of the Trojans, would foil the shot - an ironic reference to the fact that Apollo would guide Paris' arrow into Achilles' heel. At one point in his rage at Teucer's success, Hector picked up a huge rock, and flung it at Teucer. The rock injured Teucer, so that he should retire from the fighting for a certain period of time. He does take up a spear to fight in the war after his bow is broken by Zeus. He once again challenged Hector, and he narrowly avoided the path of Hector's flying javelin in the ensuing battle. He was also one of the Danaans to enter the Trojan Horse. In total, Teucer slew thirty Trojans during the war; of those Homer mentions Aretaon, Orsilochus, Ormenus, Ophelestes, Daetor, Chromius, Lycophontes, Amopaon, Melanippus, Prothoon and Periphetes, as well as the aforementioned Archeptolemus. He also wounded Glaucus, son of Hippolochus.
wn.com/Teucer -
Theano
Theano (Ancient Greek: Θεανώ) was the priestess of Athena in Troy. She was the daughter of the Thracian king Cisseus and Telecleia, wife of Antenor, and mother of many sons and a daughter Crino. The household of Antenor and Theano advocated peace and advised Helen's return to the Greeks. Because of their support (some say treason), the Greeks spared their household when they sacked the city. One story has Theano and Antenor sailing with Aeneas to Italy and founding the city of Padua. Another story is that she took the Palladium, an image of Athena that had fallen from the sky and supposedly provided Troy its protection, with her. In Book VI of the Iliad, with Hecuba and the Trojan women, Theano offered a gift and plea to Athena for the life of the city, but was rebuffed.
Theano is also the name of three more (minor) figures in Greek and Roman mythology.
wn.com/Theano -
Thersites
In Greek mythology, Thersites (Θερσίτης) was a soldier of the Greek army during the Trojan War. In the Iliad, he does not have a father's name, which may suggest that he should be viewed as a commoner rather than an aristocratic hero. However, a quotation from another lost epic in the Trojan cycle, the Aethiopis, gives his father's name as Agrius.
Homer described him in detail in the Iliad, Book II, even though he plays only a minor role in the story. He is said to be bow-legged and lame, to have shoulders that cave inward, and a head which is covered in tufts of hair and comes to a point. Vulgar, obscene, and somewhat dull-witted, Thersites disrupts the rallying of the Greek army:
He got up in the assembly and attacked Agamemnon in the words of Achilles [calling him greedy and a coward] . . . Odysseus then stood up, delivered a sharp rebuke to Thersites, which he coupled with a threat to strip him naked, and then beat him on the back and shoulders with Agamemnon's sceptre; Thersites doubled over, a warm tear fell from his eye, and a bloody welt formed on his back; he sat down in fear, and in pain gazed helplessly as he wiped away his tear; but the rest of the assembly was distressed and laughed . . . There must be a figuration of wickedness as self-evident as Thersites-- the ugliest man who came to Troy-- who says what everyone else is thinking".
wn.com/Thersites -
Thoas
Thoas (Greek: Θόας; gen.: Θόαντος), son of Andraemon and Gorge, was one of the heroes who fought for the Greeks in the Trojan War. He was a former suitor of Helen of Troy and led a group of forty ships for the Aetolians, one of the larger contingents. In the Iliad it states that he received his lordship because the previous dynasty of Oineus and Meleagros had perished, so the power to rule was bestowed on him. He was one of the nine volunteers to fight Hector in one on one combat, but lost to the drawing of lots to Telamonian Aias.
In the Iliad Poseidon impersonates Thoas to rally Idomeneus so that he will prevent Hector, who had just killed the sea god's grandson, and his forces from routing the Argives. Later when Hector has broken through to the ships and the Trojan advance is pressing hard upon them, Thoas advises the Greek's best warriors to make a stand against Hector and the advancing Trojans, to allow the rest of the Greek army to retreat to safety. In the Aeneid, Aeneas names Thoas as one of those Greeks hidden within the Trojan Horse.
wn.com/Thoas -
Tlepolemus
In Greek mythology, Tlepolemus (Τληπόλεμος, Tlēpólemos) was a son of Heracles and the leader of the Rhodian forces in the Trojan War.
His mother was said to be Astyoche, daughter of Phylas, king of Ephyra, though some sources say that she was Astydameia, daughter of Amyntor or Ormenus. He fled to Rhodes after slaying Licymnius, Heracles' aged maternal uncle. According to the Bibliotheca, this was an accident—Tlepolemus was beating a servant when Licymnius ran between the two, suffering a fatal blow—, but Pindar states that that the death was intentional and motivated by anger. Accompanied by his Argive wife Polyxo, Tlepolemus made passage to Rhodes and divided the island into three parts, founding three Rhodian city-states: Cameirus, Ialysus and Lindus.
Hyginus lists Tlepolemus among the suitors of Helen; thus bound by the oath of Tyndareus, he was among the Greek allies in the campaign against Troy, leading a force of nine ships.
He encountered Sarpedon on the first day of fighting recounted in the Iliad and taunted him saying that he lacked courage and could not really be the son of Zeus. Tlepolemus then attacked him, and although he wounded Sarpedon, he was slain by the latter.
wn.com/Tlepolemus -
Troilus
Troilus (also Troilos, Troylus) (Ancient Greek: Τρωΐλος, Troïlos, Latin: Troilus) is a legendary character associated with the story of the Trojan War. The first surviving reference to him is in Homer's Iliad which is believed to have been composed by bards and sung in the late 9th or 8th century BC.
In Greek mythology, Troilus is a young Trojan prince, one of the sons of King Priam (or sometimes Apollo) and Hecuba. Prophecies link Troilus' fate to that of Troy and so he is ambushed and murdered by Achilles. Sophocles was one of the writers to tell this tale. It was also a popular theme among artists of the time. Ancient writers treated Troilus as the epitome of a dead child mourned by his parents. He was also regarded as a paragon of youthful male beauty.
In Western European medieval and Renaissance versions of the legend, Troilus is the youngest of Priam's five legitimate sons by Hecuba. Despite his youth he is one of the main Trojan war leaders. He dies in battle at Achilles' hands. In a popular addition to the story, originating in the 12th century, Troilus falls in love with Cressida, whose father has defected to the Greeks. Cressida pledges her love to Troilus but she soon switches her affections to the Greek hero Diomedes when sent to her father in a hostage exchange. Chaucer and Shakespeare are among the authors who wrote works telling the story of Troilus and Cressida. Within the medieval tradition, Troilus was regarded as a paragon of the faithful courtly lover and also of the virtuous pagan knight. Once the custom of courtly love had faded, his fate was regarded less sympathetically.
wn.com/Troilus -
Trojan war
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homer's Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy; the Odyssey describes Odysseus's journey home. Other parts of the war are contained in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid.
The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern day Italy.
wn.com/Trojan_war -
Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homer's Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy; the Odyssey describes Odysseus's journey home. Other parts of the war are contained in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid.
The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern day Italy.
wn.com/Trojan_War -
Ucalegon
Ucalegon (Ancient Greek: Οὐκαλέγων) was one of the Elders of Troy, whose house was set afire by the Achaeans when they sacked the city. He is one of Priam's friends in the Iliad, and the destruction of his house is referred to in the Aeneid.
He is referenced in the Satires of Juvenal. His name in Greek is translated as "doesn't worry." The name has become a word for "neighbor whose house is on fire," and Will Shortz, editor of The New York Times crossword puzzle, has stated that it's his favorite word in the English language.
wn.com/Ucalegon -
W.H. Auden
Wystan Hugh Auden ( /ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən/; 21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973), who published as W. H. Auden, was an Anglo-American poet, born in England, later an American citizen, regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. His work is noted for its stylistic and technical achievements, its engagement with moral and political issues, and its variety of tone, form and content. The central themes of his poetry are love, politics and citizenship, religion and morals, and the relationship between unique human beings and the anonymous, impersonal world of nature.
Auden grew up around Birmingham in a professional middle class family and read English literature at Christ Church, Oxford. His early poems, written in the late 1920s and early 1930s, alternated between telegraphic modern styles and fluent traditional ones, were written in an intense and dramatic tone, and established his reputation as a left-wing political poet and prophet. He became uncomfortable in this role in the later 1930s, and abandoned it after he moved to the United States in 1939, where he became an American citizen in 1946. His poems in the 1940s explored religious and ethical themes in a less dramatic manner than his earlier works, but still combined traditional forms and styles with new forms devised by Auden himself. In the 1950s and 1960s many of his poems focused on the ways in which words revealed and concealed emotions, and he took a particular interest in writing opera librettos, a form ideally suited to direct expression of strong feelings.
wn.com/W.H._Auden -
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.
wn.com/William_Shakespeare -
Zeno of Elea
Zeno of Elea ( /ˈziːnoʊ əv ˈɛliə/; Greek: Ζήνων ὁ Ἐλεάτης; ca. 490 BC – ca. 430 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell has described as "immeasurably subtle and profound".
Little is known for certain about Zeno's life. Although written nearly a century after Zeno's death, the primary source of biographical information about Zeno is Plato's Parmenides dialogue. In the dialogue, Plato describes a visit to Athens by Zeno and Parmenides, at a time when Parmenides is "about 65," Zeno is "nearly 40" and Socrates is "a very young man". Assuming an age for Socrates of around 20, and taking the date of Socrates' birth as 469 BC gives an approximate date of birth for Zeno of 490 BC. Plato says that Zeno was "tall and fair to look upon" and was "in the days of his youth … reported to have been beloved by Parmenides".
wn.com/Zeno_of_Elea
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Curtains
- Curtains (Continued)
- We Are Fixtures
- Dear Old Tyger That Sleeps
- To the Teeth
- Raping the Dead
- Standing Night
- Reprieve
- Swallow
- In These Stark Halls
- Sea Level
- The Cold Floor
- Every Hour Wounds, the Last One Kills
- Ivory
- Over Our Heads
- The Dark Horse
- In Lights
- [reprise]
- Wake Me When It Thunders
- Rushmore
- Talons
- )))
- High Energy
- End of Days
- New Horizon
- Why the Fire Dies...
- You're in Control
- Since Love Is Everlasting
- Don't Hold Your Breath
- No Limits
- Living in Fear
- 54:40
- The Vox
- This Autumn Burns
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Troy- Achilles Vs Hector
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Achilles Vs Hector from the movie Troy
http://wn.com/Troy_Achilles_Vs_Hector
Achilles Vs Hector from the movie Troy
Troy-Achilles- beach battle scene
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
This is a Great scene from the historic movie
http://wn.com/Troy-Achilles_beach_battle_scene
This is a Great scene from the historic movie
- published: 07 Apr 2011
- views: 1444577
- author: Solo Han
Achillies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:02
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
By barrypurves. Bary Purves' puppet animated dramatisation of the Achilles and Patroclus love story.Year: 1995Director: Barry Purves
http://wn.com/Achillies
By barrypurves. Bary Purves' puppet animated dramatisation of the Achilles and Patroclus love story.Year: 1995Director: Barry Purves
- published: 01 Jun 2009
- views: 46812
- author: 4mationsTV
Troy - Hector vs Achilles Fight Scene - HQ - Widescreen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
The scene in Troy where Achilles fights Hectors over his cousin's recent death.
http://wn.com/Troy_Hector_vs_Achilles_Fight_Scene_HQ_Widescreen
The scene in Troy where Achilles fights Hectors over his cousin's recent death.
- published: 04 Jul 2009
- views: 741612
- author: walkerneo
Troy Clip: Achilles Meets Briseis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
I love this part, Achilles looks SO hot here... Almost unstandable
http://wn.com/Troy_Clip_Achilles_Meets_Briseis
I love this part, Achilles looks SO hot here... Almost unstandable
- published: 22 Sep 2007
- views: 1638528
- author: KevinPalmer19
Troy - Achilles vs Boagrius
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
All credit to Warner Brothers. Quick and simple, Achilles easily kills the greatest and most accomplished warrior of Thessaly, Boagrius. Update: The "Is there no-one else!!" jokes are getting old...
http://wn.com/Troy_Achilles_vs_Boagrius
All credit to Warner Brothers. Quick and simple, Achilles easily kills the greatest and most accomplished warrior of Thessaly, Boagrius. Update: The "Is there no-one else!!" jokes are getting old...
- published: 21 Mar 2011
- views: 515315
- author: bs88145
Troy Movie - Achilles, Patroclus & Odysseus - 2 Parts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Two parts from the movie of Troy. First part is Achilles and his cousin and King Odysseus. Second part is Achilles and Patroclus. I love this parts : )
http://wn.com/Troy_Movie_Achilles,_Patroclus_Odysseus_2_Parts
Two parts from the movie of Troy. First part is Achilles and his cousin and King Odysseus. Second part is Achilles and Patroclus. I love this parts : )
- published: 24 Aug 2007
- views: 885627
- author: Jazmin3319
Troy - Achilles vs. Boagrius (rejected score)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
A scene from "Troy" featuring the rejected score by Gabriel Yared (a few seconds of Horner's score are still present right before and after the fight), which later was replaced by a score by James Horner. The final version of this scene hardly contains any music at all.
http://wn.com/Troy_Achilles_vs_Boagrius_rejected_score
A scene from "Troy" featuring the rejected score by Gabriel Yared (a few seconds of Horner's score are still present right before and after the fight), which later was replaced by a score by James Horner. The final version of this scene hardly contains any music at all.
- published: 23 Mar 2007
- views: 294236
- author: xalegotuh
FURY OF ACHILLES - Gordon Mitchell ◊ Gloria Milland - Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 115:04
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
FURY OF ACHILLES starring Gordon Mitchell and Gloria Milland You can view this movie in HIGH QUALITY and WIDESCREEN on my PEPLUM TV channel. This is the public domain version. -------------- *NEW* PEPLUM TV - www.justin.tv Make sure to check out my blog on all things PEPLUM: peplums.blogspot.com FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com TWITTER twitter.com PEPLUM WEBSITE: www.peplum.ca .
http://wn.com/FURY_OF_ACHILLES_Gordon_Mitchell_◊_Gloria_Milland_Full_Movie
FURY OF ACHILLES starring Gordon Mitchell and Gloria Milland You can view this movie in HIGH QUALITY and WIDESCREEN on my PEPLUM TV channel. This is the public domain version. -------------- *NEW* PEPLUM TV - www.justin.tv Make sure to check out my blog on all things PEPLUM: peplums.blogspot.com FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com TWITTER twitter.com PEPLUM WEBSITE: www.peplum.ca .
- published: 08 Aug 2011
- views: 28657
- author: peplumz
Achilles dies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
The romantic and sad ending of TROY. Directed by: Wolfgang Petersen Screenplay: David Beniof Music by: James Horner I´ma film student and this ending is one of the best i´ve seen.
http://wn.com/Achilles_dies
The romantic and sad ending of TROY. Directed by: Wolfgang Petersen Screenplay: David Beniof Music by: James Horner I´ma film student and this ending is one of the best i´ve seen.
- published: 02 Jul 2008
- views: 538173
- author: artosin
The Iliad Tragedy ~ Achilles Last Stand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:30
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
The Iliad Tragedy ~ Achilles Last Stand by Trifon Haitas. The original Led Zeppelin tune was replaced by the esteemed musical artist Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. This title track is named The Magic Flute - Overture. Please visit avcmedia.ca to view original with Led Zeppelin tune and for more material. Enjoy the moment!
http://wn.com/The_Iliad_Tragedy_~_Achilles_Last_Stand
The Iliad Tragedy ~ Achilles Last Stand by Trifon Haitas. The original Led Zeppelin tune was replaced by the esteemed musical artist Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. This title track is named The Magic Flute - Overture. Please visit avcmedia.ca to view original with Led Zeppelin tune and for more material. Enjoy the moment!
- published: 10 Jan 2007
- views: 126955
- author: avcmedia
Whitehorse - Achilles' Desire
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
ON TOUR NOW: COBALT, ON: Classic Theatre, Nov 10 MONTREAL, PQ: Divan Orange, Nov 16 TUSCON, AZ: Club Congress, Nov 26 SAN DIEGO, CA: Soda Bar, Nov 28 LOS ANGELES, CA: The Hotel Cafe, Nov 29 SAN FRANCISCO, CA: Hotel Utah, Dec 2 PORTLAND, OR: Doug Fir Lounge, Dec 4 SEATTLE, WA: Tractor Tavern, Dec 5 2013 VANCOUVER, BC: Commodore Ballroom, Jan 26 LETHBRIDGE, AB: Geomatic Attic, Jan 30 CALGARY, AB: Knox United Church, Jan 31 EDMONTON, AB: Myer Horowitz Theatre, Feb 1 RED DEER, AB: The Hideout, Feb 3 SASKATOON, SK: Broadway Theatre, Feb 6 REGINA, SK: The Exchange, Feb 7 WINNIPEG, MB: Burton Cummings Theatre, Feb 8 WATERLOO, ON: Starlight, Feb 28 TORONTO, ON: Massey Hall, Mar 2 OTTAWA, ON: NAC Theatre, Mar 23 ST CATHARINE'S. ON: Sean O Sullivan Theatre, Mar 27 Whitehorse (Luke Doucet and Melissa McClelland) The Fate of the World Depends on This Kiss Six Shooter Records Release date: August 28, 2012 / Buy on iTunes at - itunes.apple.com Produced & Directed by Light Echo Productions. Produced with the assistance of MuchFACT (A Foundation to Assist Canadian Talent).
http://wn.com/Whitehorse_Achilles'_Desire
ON TOUR NOW: COBALT, ON: Classic Theatre, Nov 10 MONTREAL, PQ: Divan Orange, Nov 16 TUSCON, AZ: Club Congress, Nov 26 SAN DIEGO, CA: Soda Bar, Nov 28 LOS ANGELES, CA: The Hotel Cafe, Nov 29 SAN FRANCISCO, CA: Hotel Utah, Dec 2 PORTLAND, OR: Doug Fir Lounge, Dec 4 SEATTLE, WA: Tractor Tavern, Dec 5 2013 VANCOUVER, BC: Commodore Ballroom, Jan 26 LETHBRIDGE, AB: Geomatic Attic, Jan 30 CALGARY, AB: Knox United Church, Jan 31 EDMONTON, AB: Myer Horowitz Theatre, Feb 1 RED DEER, AB: The Hideout, Feb 3 SASKATOON, SK: Broadway Theatre, Feb 6 REGINA, SK: The Exchange, Feb 7 WINNIPEG, MB: Burton Cummings Theatre, Feb 8 WATERLOO, ON: Starlight, Feb 28 TORONTO, ON: Massey Hall, Mar 2 OTTAWA, ON: NAC Theatre, Mar 23 ST CATHARINE'S. ON: Sean O Sullivan Theatre, Mar 27 Whitehorse (Luke Doucet and Melissa McClelland) The Fate of the World Depends on This Kiss Six Shooter Records Release date: August 28, 2012 / Buy on iTunes at - itunes.apple.com Produced & Directed by Light Echo Productions. Produced with the assistance of MuchFACT (A Foundation to Assist Canadian Talent).
- published: 28 Aug 2012
- views: 14318
- author: sixshooterrecords
Troy - Achilles Speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:33
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Achilles giving one of the most inspirational speeches known to man: "Myrmidons, my brothers of the sword. I'd rather fight beside you than any army of thousands. HUH! Let no man forget how menacing we are, we are lions! Huh huh huh! Do you know what's there, waiting, beyond that beach? Immortality! Take it, it's yours!"
http://wn.com/Troy_Achilles_Speech
Achilles giving one of the most inspirational speeches known to man: "Myrmidons, my brothers of the sword. I'd rather fight beside you than any army of thousands. HUH! Let no man forget how menacing we are, we are lions! Huh huh huh! Do you know what's there, waiting, beyond that beach? Immortality! Take it, it's yours!"
- published: 05 May 2009
- views: 306664
- author: aznbeginning
Manowar - Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy - Part 1 - Prelude/Hector Storms the Wall
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Artist: Manowar Album: The Triumph Of Steel Year: 1992 Lineup: Eric Adams - Vocals David Shankle - Electric, Acoustic and Classical Guitars Rhino (Kenny Earl Edwards)- Drums Joey DeMaio - Four-String, Eight-String and Piccolo Bass Guitars, Bass Pedals, Keyboards Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy In Eight Parts: I. Hector Storms the Wall II. The Death of Patroclus III. Funeral March IV. Armor of the Gods V. Hector's Final Hour VI. Death Hector's Reward VII. The Desecration of Hector's Body Part 1 Part 2 VIII. The Glory of Achilles Lyrics: See my chariot run to your ships I'll drive you back to the sea You came her for gold the wall will not hold This day was promised to me The gods are my shield lightning and javelins fly Soon many will fall we are storming the wall Stones fall snow from the sky We will pay with our glory in the fire of battle Zeus today is mine Killing all in my way like sheep and like cattle smashing skulls of all who defy I spare not the hammer I spare not the sword This day will ring with my name None have to chase me let he who will face me Kill me or die by the sword
http://wn.com/Manowar_Achilles,_Agony_and_Ecstasy_Part_1_Prelude_Hector_Storms_the_Wall
Artist: Manowar Album: The Triumph Of Steel Year: 1992 Lineup: Eric Adams - Vocals David Shankle - Electric, Acoustic and Classical Guitars Rhino (Kenny Earl Edwards)- Drums Joey DeMaio - Four-String, Eight-String and Piccolo Bass Guitars, Bass Pedals, Keyboards Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy In Eight Parts: I. Hector Storms the Wall II. The Death of Patroclus III. Funeral March IV. Armor of the Gods V. Hector's Final Hour VI. Death Hector's Reward VII. The Desecration of Hector's Body Part 1 Part 2 VIII. The Glory of Achilles Lyrics: See my chariot run to your ships I'll drive you back to the sea You came her for gold the wall will not hold This day was promised to me The gods are my shield lightning and javelins fly Soon many will fall we are storming the wall Stones fall snow from the sky We will pay with our glory in the fire of battle Zeus today is mine Killing all in my way like sheep and like cattle smashing skulls of all who defy I spare not the hammer I spare not the sword This day will ring with my name None have to chase me let he who will face me Kill me or die by the sword
- published: 06 Sep 2009
- views: 88940
- author: metalmaniac2493
Led Zeppelin-Achilles Last Stand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:27
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Track #1 on side 1 from Presence(1976) If EPIC was somehow defined and turned into a single song. . . . I BRING YOU ACHILLES LAST STAND! Lyrics: It was an April morning when they told us we should go And as I turned to you, you smiled at me, how could we say no? With all the fun to have, to live the dreams we always had With all the songs to sing, when we at last return again Swept New York a glancing kiss, to those who claim they know Below the streets that steam and hiss, the devil's in his hole Oh to sail away, To sandy lands and other days Oh to trust the dream, Hides inside and never seen. Into the sun the south the north, at last the birds have flown The shackles of commitment fell, in pieces on the ground Oh to ride the wind, To tread the air above the din Oh to laugh aloud, With dancing eyes we caught the crowds, yeah To seek the man whose pointing hand, The giant step unfolds To guide us from the curving path, that turns the feet to stone If one bell should ring, in celebration for a king So fast the heart should beat, As proud the head with heavy feet, yeah Days went by when you and I, bathed in eternal summers glow As far away and distant, Our mutual child did grow Oh the sweet refrain, Soothes the soul and calms the pain Oh Albion remains, sleeping now to rise again Wandering and wanderings, What place to rest the search The mighty arms of Atlas, Hold the heavens from the earth Oh The mighty arms of Atlas, Hold the heavens from the earth From the earth ...
http://wn.com/Led_Zeppelin-Achilles_Last_Stand
Track #1 on side 1 from Presence(1976) If EPIC was somehow defined and turned into a single song. . . . I BRING YOU ACHILLES LAST STAND! Lyrics: It was an April morning when they told us we should go And as I turned to you, you smiled at me, how could we say no? With all the fun to have, to live the dreams we always had With all the songs to sing, when we at last return again Swept New York a glancing kiss, to those who claim they know Below the streets that steam and hiss, the devil's in his hole Oh to sail away, To sandy lands and other days Oh to trust the dream, Hides inside and never seen. Into the sun the south the north, at last the birds have flown The shackles of commitment fell, in pieces on the ground Oh to ride the wind, To tread the air above the din Oh to laugh aloud, With dancing eyes we caught the crowds, yeah To seek the man whose pointing hand, The giant step unfolds To guide us from the curving path, that turns the feet to stone If one bell should ring, in celebration for a king So fast the heart should beat, As proud the head with heavy feet, yeah Days went by when you and I, bathed in eternal summers glow As far away and distant, Our mutual child did grow Oh the sweet refrain, Soothes the soul and calms the pain Oh Albion remains, sleeping now to rise again Wandering and wanderings, What place to rest the search The mighty arms of Atlas, Hold the heavens from the earth Oh The mighty arms of Atlas, Hold the heavens from the earth From the earth ...
- published: 01 Oct 2010
- views: 107645
- author: AfroMan1171
TROY ~ Achilles and Patroclus ~ I Don't Want to Miss a Thing ☆
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
TROY Achilles and Patroclus Brad Pitt and Garrett Hedlund ♥ I dont want to miss a thing ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ for Billina x
http://wn.com/TROY_~_Achilles_and_Patroclus_~_I_Don't_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing_☆
TROY Achilles and Patroclus Brad Pitt and Garrett Hedlund ♥ I dont want to miss a thing ₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪₪ for Billina x
- published: 26 Feb 2010
- views: 113203
- author: CherryPout
Lego Hector Vs Achilles: Iliad Battle of Troy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
virgeostudios.com www.facebook.com twitter.com Hector seals his fate by killing Patroclus, dearest to Achilles. When Achilles learns of the murder he comes looking for Hector with his mind set on vengeance. Achilles arrives at the city walls of Troy and commands his foe to confront him and fight to the death. Even though Hector is a great warrior, his level of skill is no match for the gifted Achilles. Hector meets his fate at the end of Achilles' sword and dies a tragic death. "There are no pacts between lions and men." ©Emiliano Acevedo
http://wn.com/Lego_Hector_Vs_Achilles_Iliad_Battle_of_Troy
virgeostudios.com www.facebook.com twitter.com Hector seals his fate by killing Patroclus, dearest to Achilles. When Achilles learns of the murder he comes looking for Hector with his mind set on vengeance. Achilles arrives at the city walls of Troy and commands his foe to confront him and fight to the death. Even though Hector is a great warrior, his level of skill is no match for the gifted Achilles. Hector meets his fate at the end of Achilles' sword and dies a tragic death. "There are no pacts between lions and men." ©Emiliano Acevedo
- published: 20 Dec 2009
- views: 120137
- author: Virgeo1228
Wystan Hugh Auden reads 'The Shield of Achilles' (1953)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
WH Auden reads his comment on totalitarian society, published and written in 1953. I hope you enjoy the video, and please feel free to leave a comment. I do not own any rights to the recording.
http://wn.com/Wystan_Hugh_Auden_reads_'The_Shield_of_Achilles'_1953
WH Auden reads his comment on totalitarian society, published and written in 1953. I hope you enjoy the video, and please feel free to leave a comment. I do not own any rights to the recording.
- published: 08 Dec 2009
- views: 10758
- author: GhostOfRupertBrooke
Achilles Tendon rupture ,tear, tendonitis - Everything You Need To Know - Dr. Nabil Ebraheim
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Achillis tendon rupture ,tear ,tendonitis ,David beckham injury Educational animation video update describing the anatomy of the achilles tendon and injuries associated with the tendon. injuries can be complete rupture or tear of the tendonor acilles tendonitis,pain and swelling occurs from the injury when the tendon snapps or tears .thompson test is positive. Treatment methods dealing with tendonitis and ruptures of the achilles tendon are discussed in detail.tapping exercises rehab and surgery are used .recovery is followed .
http://wn.com/Achilles_Tendon_rupture_,tear,_tendonitis_Everything_You_Need_To_Know_Dr_Nabil_Ebraheim
Achillis tendon rupture ,tear ,tendonitis ,David beckham injury Educational animation video update describing the anatomy of the achilles tendon and injuries associated with the tendon. injuries can be complete rupture or tear of the tendonor acilles tendonitis,pain and swelling occurs from the injury when the tendon snapps or tears .thompson test is positive. Treatment methods dealing with tendonitis and ruptures of the achilles tendon are discussed in detail.tapping exercises rehab and surgery are used .recovery is followed .
- published: 09 Sep 2010
- views: 91084
- author: nabilebraheim
I Was Achilles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
A girl is haunted by myths. Created by M. Joyce Datiles's Crew at University College London in 2011 as part of Campus MovieFest, the world's largest student film festival. I Was Achilles Cast & Crew : M. Joyce Datiles - Captain with ---------- Become a Fan of CMF on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow CMF on Twitter: @campusmoviefest www.twitter.com Subscribe to CMF on YouTube: www.youtube.com To learn more about CMF please visit: www.campusmoviefest.com More info - CMF Campus MovieFest movie short film festival fest five minutes '5 minutes' 'short film' 'one week' university college coed student 'film festival' 'world's largest' University College London 2011 '7 days' seven
http://wn.com/I_Was_Achilles
A girl is haunted by myths. Created by M. Joyce Datiles's Crew at University College London in 2011 as part of Campus MovieFest, the world's largest student film festival. I Was Achilles Cast & Crew : M. Joyce Datiles - Captain with ---------- Become a Fan of CMF on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow CMF on Twitter: @campusmoviefest www.twitter.com Subscribe to CMF on YouTube: www.youtube.com To learn more about CMF please visit: www.campusmoviefest.com More info - CMF Campus MovieFest movie short film festival fest five minutes '5 minutes' 'short film' 'one week' university college coed student 'film festival' 'world's largest' University College London 2011 '7 days' seven
- published: 23 Nov 2011
- views: 2240
- author: campusmoviefest
Manowar - The Glory Of Achilles (Triumph Of Steel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Property OF WMG Lineup: Eric Adams - Vocals David Shankle - Electric, Acoustic and Classical Guitars Rhino (Kenny Earl Edwards)- Drums Joey DeMaio - Four-String, Eight-String and Piccolo Bass Guitars, Bass Pedals Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy In Eight Parts: Prelude I. Hector Storms the Wall II. The Death of Patroclus III. Funeral March IV. Armor of the Gods V. Hector's Final Hour VI. Death Hector's Reward VII. The Desecration of Hector's Body Part 1 Part 2 VIII. The Glory of Achilles" "VIII) The Glory Of Achilles The oath of the gods, this day was fulfilled In the heat of the battle, Hector was killed See him Patroclus, down in the dust Rejoice in his death my symbol of trust A dozen highborn youths, have been killed Cutting their throats their blood was all spilled Their bodies set at the foot of your fire With oxen, sheep and two of your hounds Your funeral Pyre high off the ground Hector's body dragged three times around I will carry the torch to your funeral pyre I will ask of the wind to send high your fire Hector's blood will not be washed from my body Until your body is burned A prophecy spoken a promise fulfilled More blood will be spilled, more will be killed
http://wn.com/Manowar_The_Glory_Of_Achilles_Triumph_Of_Steel
Property OF WMG Lineup: Eric Adams - Vocals David Shankle - Electric, Acoustic and Classical Guitars Rhino (Kenny Earl Edwards)- Drums Joey DeMaio - Four-String, Eight-String and Piccolo Bass Guitars, Bass Pedals Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy In Eight Parts: Prelude I. Hector Storms the Wall II. The Death of Patroclus III. Funeral March IV. Armor of the Gods V. Hector's Final Hour VI. Death Hector's Reward VII. The Desecration of Hector's Body Part 1 Part 2 VIII. The Glory of Achilles" "VIII) The Glory Of Achilles The oath of the gods, this day was fulfilled In the heat of the battle, Hector was killed See him Patroclus, down in the dust Rejoice in his death my symbol of trust A dozen highborn youths, have been killed Cutting their throats their blood was all spilled Their bodies set at the foot of your fire With oxen, sheep and two of your hounds Your funeral Pyre high off the ground Hector's body dragged three times around I will carry the torch to your funeral pyre I will ask of the wind to send high your fire Hector's blood will not be washed from my body Until your body is burned A prophecy spoken a promise fulfilled More blood will be spilled, more will be killed
- published: 09 Feb 2009
- views: 136643
- author: LeoEvil Banger
Robot Jox Fight Scene (Achilles vs Alexander)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
This is the first big fight in the Robot Jox movie. 2 giant robots in an arena trying to take eachother out. Brilliant stuff.
http://wn.com/Robot_Jox_Fight_Scene_Achilles_vs_Alexander
This is the first big fight in the Robot Jox movie. 2 giant robots in an arena trying to take eachother out. Brilliant stuff.
- published: 02 Mar 2007
- views: 439119
- author: Probellum
Deep Tissue Massage - The achilles tendon - Art Riggs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
How to work with the achilles tendon while practicing deep tissue massage. Learn more at www.deeptissuemassagemanual.com
http://wn.com/Deep_Tissue_Massage_The_achilles_tendon_Art_Riggs
How to work with the achilles tendon while practicing deep tissue massage. Learn more at www.deeptissuemassagemanual.com
- published: 23 Mar 2009
- views: 93093
- author: DeepTissueManual
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
06 Dec 2012
NEW BATAAN, Philippines - A powerful typhoon that washed away emergency shelters, a military camp and possibly entire families in the southern Philippines has killed almost 350 people with nearly 400 missing, authorities said Thursday. More bodies were retrieved from hardest-hit Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental provinces and six others impacted by Tuesday's storm, the Office of Civil Defense reported ... "It was horrible ... --- ... Location....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Hassan Ammar
06 Dec 2012
The Egyptian army has deployed tanks and armoured troop carriers outside the presidential palace in Cairo after clashes between supporters and opponents of President Mohammed Morsi left five dead and hundreds injured. But, despite their presence, there are reports of a fresh outbreak of stone-throwing between the two sides. Egypt is seeing growing unrest over a controversial draft constitution ... 'Loud and clear' ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
06 Dec 2012
The US Treasury Secretary has said the Obama administration is "absolutely" ready for the US economy to go over the "fiscal cliff" rather than accept a budget deal that does not include higher tax rates for top earners. Timothy Geithner said on Wednesday that the administration believes budget deficits are so large that they cannot be closed without boosting tax rates on the highest-earning two per cent of Americans ... 489 Source. ... Share....(size: 19.2Kb)
photo: AP / Photo
06 Dec 2012
Lionel Messi missed out on a chance to match Gerd Mueller's record of 85 goals in a calendar year as he was injured during Barcelona's draw with Benfica. Messi, who hurt his left knee in a collision with Benfica keeper Artur, was taken off 30 minutes after coming on as a second-half substitute. Benfica knew a win would see them finish second behind Barca in Group G ... FC Barcelona's official Twitter account tweeted after the Benfica game....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: US Navy / Matthew Stroup
05 Dec 2012
ISAF today issued an operational update on combat operations in Afghanistan. It noted, among other things, that Afghan and coalition security forces conducted an operation in Watahpur district yesterday that resulted in the “death of insurgent leader Mohammad Yar Gul.” ... Mohammed Yar Gul coordinated the movement of insurgent fighters throughout Kunar province ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Kansas City Star
07 Dec 2012
I wrote back in October - this was right before the Ravens played the Houston Texans - that he was crazy to try to come back so soon from a torn Achilles tendon ... Guy tears his Achilles, shreds his biceps a few months later and still won't shut it down ... And they draw strength from the way he came back from the Achilles tear, and the way he talks about playing with this biceps tear....(size: 4.1Kb)
Bill on Russian trade approved with human-rights provision - Wire Lifestyle - The Sacramento Bee ...
Sacramento Bee07 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON - After months of delays, Congress finally passed a trade bill with Russia. And perhaps no one was as deeply moved as investor William Browder. His emotions had nothing to do with the commercial implications of the legislation, which normalizes trade relations with Russia and should give a boost to big American exporters such as Caterpillar Inc. and Deere & Co ... Even though the U.S ... "It hits their Achilles' heel."....(size: 5.7Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
07 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON — After months of delays, U.S. lawmakers finally passed a trade bill with Russia. And perhaps no one was as deeply moved as investor William Browder. His emotions had nothing to do with the commercial implications of the legislation, which normalizes trade relations with Russia and should give a boost to big American exporters such as Caterpillar Inc. and Deere & Co ... "It hits their Achilles' heel." ... 0. ... ... Connect....(size: 34.0Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
07 Dec 2012
Matt Breen, INQUIRER STAFF WRITER. Posted. Thursday, December 6, 2012, 7.24 PM. As a child, Chester basketball star Rondae Jefferson could not stand to lose. It was his Achilles heel, said his grandfather Carl "Asbury" Hollis. If his youth football team led by 40 points, Jefferson would try to quit after his team yielded a single touchdown. "He would never let me quit. He was like, 'You started it ... And Jefferson did ... From the Sports Desk ... 0 ... ....(size: 25.3Kb)
The News & Observer
07 Dec 2012
Email Print Order Reprint Share This. Text. tool name. tool goes here. By DON LEE - Tribune Washington Bureau. By DON LEE Tribune Washington Bureau. WASHINGTON - After months of delays, Congress finally passed a trade bill with Russia. And perhaps no one was as deeply moved as investor William Browder ... and Deere & Co ... "This is really a tribute to Sergei Magnitsky ... Even though the U.S ... At the same time, U.S ... "It hits their Achilles' heel." ... ....(size: 16.2Kb)
Sacramento Bee
06 Dec 2012
I wrote back in October - this was right before the Ravens played the Houston Texans - that he was crazy to try to come back so soon from a torn Achilles tendon ... Guy tears his Achilles, shreds his biceps a few months later and still won't shut it down ... And they draw strength from the way he came back from the Achilles tear, and the way he talks about playing with this biceps tear....(size: 4.1Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
06 Dec 2012
Billups said that the injury has nothing to do with the torn Achilles' tendon that kept Billups sidelined for nearly 10 months. "It has no relation to the Achilles at all," Billups said. "It's a peroneal tendon that's kind of below the ankle bone, not behind the Achilles ... 28 against Minnesota after recovering from the Achilles' injury he sustained ......(size: 36.1Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
06 Dec 2012
Billups said that the injury has nothing to do with the torn Achilles' tendon that kept him sidelined for nearly 10 months. "It has no relation to the Achilles at all," Billups said. "It's a peroneal tendon that's kind of below the ankle bone, not behind the Achilles ... 28 against Minnesota after recovering from the Achilles' injury he sustained in February, said his foot began bothering him during a game against Utah on Monday ... ALSO. ... 0 ... .....(size: 36.0Kb)
The Charlotte Observer
06 Dec 2012
Suggs' surprisingly quick return in Week 7 from offseason Achilles tendon surgery coincided with the first of at least seven games Lewis will miss with a torn right triceps ... Suggs said one option he hasn't entertained is shutting it down for the rest of the season, giving both his arm and Achilles more time to heal....(size: 5.5Kb)
Sacramento Bee
06 Dec 2012
Suggs' surprisingly quick return in Week 7 from offseason Achilles tendon surgery coincided with the first of at least seven games Lewis will miss with a torn right triceps ... Suggs said one option he hasn't entertained is shutting it down for the rest of the season, giving both his arm and Achilles more time to heal....(size: 5.4Kb)
The Charlotte Observer
06 Dec 2012
Billups said it's an "inflamed tendon" on the inside joint of the foot and that it's "not related" to the left Achilles tendon injury that required surgery in February and sidelined him through the first 14 regular-season games. Billups, 36, said he dealt with back, calf and foot problems while he was rehabilitating his Achilles injury. "I think this is just kind of part of the process," Billups said ... But I know what it is ... ... ETC ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
The Guardian
06 Dec 2012
• Midfielder says team-mates too often look for safe passes ... Photograph. Jed Leicester/Action Images ... Rosicky played arguably his finest football in an Arsenal shirt towards the end of last season and it was a blow when he damaged the plantaris tendon that presses on to the achilles at Euro 2012 with the Czech Republic ... "During the season, I had already received a kick on my achilles and I got finished off at the Euros," Rosicky said ... ....(size: 5.8Kb)
Richmond Times Dispatch
06 Dec 2012
"Achilleus" redirects here. For the emperor with this name, see Achilleus (emperor). For other uses, see Achilles (disambiguation).
In Greek mythology, Achilles (Ancient Greek: Ἀχιλλεύς, Akhilleus, pronounced [akʰillěu̯s]) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad.
Plato named Achilles the most handsome of the heroes assembled against Troy.[1]
Later legends (beginning with a poem by Statius in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel. As he died because of a small wound on his heel, the term Achilles' heel has come to mean a person's principal weakness.
Etymology[link]
Achilles' name can be analyzed as a combination of ἄχος (akhos) "grief" and λαός (Laos) "a people, tribe, nation, etc." In other words, Achilles is an embodiment of the grief of the people, grief being a theme raised numerous times in the Iliad (frequently by Achilles). Achilles' role as the hero of grief forms an ironic juxtaposition with the conventional view of Achilles as the hero of kleos (glory, usually glory in war).
Laos has been construed by Gregory Nagy, following Leonard Palmer, to mean a corps of soldiers, a muster. With this derivation, the name would have a double meaning in the poem: When the hero is functioning rightly, his men bring grief to the enemy, but when wrongly, his men get the grief of war. The poem is in part about the misdirection of anger on the part of leadership.
The name Achilleus was a common and attested name among the Greeks soon after the 7th century BC.[2] It was also turned into the female form Ἀχιλλεία (Achilleía) attested in Attica in the 4th century BC (IG II² 1617) and, in the form Achillia, on a stele in Halicarnassus as the name of a female gladiator fighting an "Amazon". Roman gladiatorial games often referenced classical mythology, and this seems to reference Achilles' fight with Penthesilea but gives it an extra twist of Achilles' being "played" by a woman.
Birth[link]
Achilles was the son of the nymph Thetis and Peleus, the king of the Myrmidons. Zeus and Poseidon had been rivals for the hand of Thetis until Prometheus, the fore-thinker, warned Zeus of a prophecy that Thetis would bear a son greater than his father. For this reason, the two gods withdrew their pursuit, and had her wed Peleus.[3]
As with most mythology, there is a tale which offers an alternative version of these events: in Argonautica (iv.760) Zeus' sister and wife Hera alludes to Thetis' chaste resistance to the advances of Zeus, that Thetis was so loyal to Hera's marriage bond that she coolly rejected him. Thetis, although a daughter of the sea-god Nereus, was also brought up by Hera, further explaining her resistance to the advances of Zeus.
According to the Achilleid, written by Statius in the 1st century AD, and to no surviving previous sources, when Achilles was born Thetis tried to make him immortal, by dipping him in the river Styx. However, he was left vulnerable at the part of the body by which she held him, his heel[4] (see Achilles heel, Achilles' tendon). It is not clear if this version of events was known earlier. In another version of this story, Thetis anointed the boy in ambrosia and put him on top of a fire, to burn away the mortal parts of his body. She was interrupted by Peleus and abandoned both father and son in a rage.[5]
However, none of the sources before Statius makes any reference to this general invulnerability. To the contrary, in the Iliad Homer mentions Achilles being wounded: in Book 21 the Paeonian hero Asteropaeus, son of Pelagon, challenged Achilles by the river Scamander. He cast two spears at once, one grazed Achilles' elbow, "drawing a spurt of blood".
Also, in the fragmentary poems of the Epic Cycle in which we can find description of the hero's death, Cypria (unknown author), Aithiopis by Arctinus of Miletus, Little Iliad by Lesche of Mytilene, Iliou persis by Arctinus of Miletus, there is no trace of any reference to his general invulnerability or his famous weakness (heel); in the later vase paintings presenting Achilles' death, the arrow (or in many cases, arrows) hit his body.
Peleus entrusted Achilles to Chiron the Centaur, on Mt. Pelion, to be reared.[6]
Achilles in the Trojan War[link]
The first two lines of the Iliad read:
- μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος
- οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκεν,
- Sing, Goddess, of the rage of Peleus' son Achilles,
- the accursed rage that brought great suffering to the Achaeans.
Achilles' consuming rage is at times wavering, but at other times he cannot be cooled. The humanization of Achilles by the events of the war is an important theme of the narrative.
According to the Iliad, Achilles arrived at Troy with 50 ships, each carrying 50 Myrmidons (Book 2). He appointed five leaders (each leader commanding 500 Myrmidons): Menesthius, Eudorus, Peisander, Phoenix and Alcimedon (Book 16).
Telephus[link]
When the Greeks left for the Trojan War, they accidentally stopped in Mysia, ruled by King Telephus. In the resulting battle, Achilles gave Telephus a wound that would not heal; Telephus consulted an oracle, who stated that "he that wounded shall heal". Guided by the oracle, he arrived at Argos, where Achilles healed him in order that he might become their guide for the voyage to Troy.
According to other reports in Euripides' lost play about Telephus, he went to Aulis pretending to be a beggar and asked Achilles to heal his wound. Achilles refused, claiming to have no medical knowledge. Alternatively, Telephus held Orestes for ransom, the ransom being Achilles' aid in healing the wound. Odysseus reasoned that the spear had inflicted the wound; therefore, the spear must be able to heal it. Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound and Telephus was healed.
Troilus[link]
According to the Cypria (the part of the Epic Cycle that tells the events of the Trojan War before Achilles' Wrath), when the Achaeans desired to return home, they were restrained by Achilles, who afterwards attacked the cattle of Aeneas, sacked neighboring cities and killed Troilus.[7]
According to Dares Phrygius' Account of the Destruction of Troy,[8] the Latin summary through which the story of Achilles was transmitted to medieval Europe, Troilus was a young Trojan prince, the youngest of King Priam's (or sometimes Apollo) and Hecuba's five legitimate sons. Despite his youth, he was one of the main Trojan war leaders. Prophecies linked Troilus' fate to that of Troy and so he was ambushed in an attempt to capture him. Yet Achilles, struck by the beauty of both Troilus and his sister Polyxena, and overcome with lust, directed his sexual attentions on the youth – who refusing to yield found instead himself decapitated upon an altar-omphalos of Apollo. Later versions of the story suggested Troilus was accidentally killed by Achilles in an over-ardent lovers' embrace. In this version of the myth, Achilles' death therefore came in retribution for this sacrilege.[9] Ancient writers treated Troilus as the epitome of a dead child mourned by his parents. Had Troilus lived to adulthood, the First Vatican Mythographer claimed Troy would have been invincible.
[edit] Achilles in the Iliad
Main article: Iliad
Homer's Iliad is the most famous narrative of Achilles' deeds in the Trojan War. Achilles' wrath is the central theme of the book. The Homeric epic only covers a few weeks of the war, and does not narrate Achilles' death. It begins with Achilles' withdrawal from battle after he is dishonored by Agamemnon, the commander of the Achaean forces. Agamemnon had taken a woman named Chryseis as his slave. Her father Chryses, a priest of Apollo, begged Agamemnon to return her to him. Agamemnon refused and Apollo sent a plague amongst the Greeks. The prophet Calchas correctly determined the source of the troubles but would not speak unless Achilles vowed to protect him. Achilles did so and Calchas declared Chryseis must be returned to her father. Agamemnon consented, but then commanded that Achilles' battle prize Briseis be brought to replace Chryseis. Angry at the dishonor (and as he says later, because he loved Briseis)[10] and at the urging of his mother Thetis, Achilles refused to fight or lead his troops alongside the other Greek forces. At this same time, burning with rage over Agamemnon's theft, Achilles prayed to Thetis to convince Zeus to help the Trojans gain ground in the war, so that he may regain his honor.
As the battle turned against the Greeks, thanks to the influence of Zeus, Nestor declared that the Trojans were winning because Agamemnon had angered Achilles, and urged the king to appease the warrior. Agamemnon agreed and sent Odysseus and two other chieftains, Ajax and Phoenix, to Achilles with the offer of the return of Briseis and other gifts. Achilles rejected all Agamemnon offered him, and simply urged the Greeks to sail home as he was planning to do.
The Trojans, led by Hector, subsequently pushed the Greek army back toward the beaches and assaulted the Greek ships. With the Greek forces on the verge of absolute destruction, Patroclus led the Myrmidons into battle wearing Achilles' armor, though Achilles remained at his camp. Patroclus succeeded in pushing the Trojans back from the beaches, but was killed by Hector before he could lead a proper assault on the city of Troy.
File:Triumph of Achilles in Corfu Achilleion.jpg
Triumphant Achilles dragging Hector's lifeless body in front of the Gates of Troy (from a panoramic fresco on the upper level of the main hall of the Achilleion).
After receiving the news of the death of Patroclus from Antilochus, the son of Nestor, Achilles grieved over his beloved companion's death and held many funeral games in his honor. His mother Thetis came to comfort the distraught Achilles. She persuaded Hephaestus to make a new armor for him, in place of the armor that Patroclus had been wearing which was taken by Hector. The new armor included the Shield of Achilles, described in great detail by the poet.
Enraged over the death of Patroclus, Achilles ended his refusal to fight and took the field killing many men in his rage but always seeking out Hector. Achilles even engaged in battle with the river god Scamander who became angry that Achilles was choking his waters with all the men he killed. The god tried to drown Achilles but was stopped by Hera and Hephaestus. Zeus himself took note of Achilles' rage and sent the gods to restrain him so that he would not go on to sack Troy itself, seeming to show that the unhindered rage of Achilles could defy fate itself as Troy was not meant to be destroyed yet. Finally, Achilles found his prey. Achilles chased Hector around the wall of Troy three times before Athena, in the form of Hector's favorite and dearest brother, Deiphobus, persuaded Hector to stop running and fight Achilles face to face. After Hector realized the trick, he knew the battle was inevitable. Wanting to go down fighting, he charged at Achilles with his only weapon, his sword, but missed. Accepting his fate, Hector begged Achilles –not to spare his life, but to treat his body with respect after killing him. Achilles told Hector it was hopeless to expect that of him, declaring that "my rage, my fury would drive me now to hack your flesh away and eat you raw – such agonies you have caused me".[11] Achilles then got his vengeance.
With the assistance of the god Hermes, Hector's father, Priam, went to Achilles' tent to plead with Achilles to permit him to perform for Hector his funeral rites. The final passage in the Iliad is Hector's funeral, after which the doom of Troy was just a matter of time.
Penthesilea[link]
Achilles, after his temporary truce with Priam, fought and killed the Amazonian warrior queen Penthesilea, but later grieved over her death. At first, he was so distracted by her beauty, he did not fight as intensely as usual. Once he realized that his distraction was endangering his life, he refocused and killed her. As he grieved over the death of such a rare beauty, a notorious Greek jeerer by the name of Thersites laughed and mocked the great Achilles. Annoyed by his insensitivity and disrespect, Achilles punched him in the face and killed him instantly.
Memnon, and the fall of Achilles[link]
Following the death of Patroclus, Achilles' closest companion was Nestor's son Antilochus. When Memnon, king of Ethiopia slew Antilochus, Achilles once more obtained revenge on the battlefield, killing Memnon. The fight between Achilles and Memnon over Antilochus echoes that of Achilles and Hector over Patroclus, except that Memnon (unlike Hector) was also the son of a goddess.
Many Homeric scholars argued that episode inspired many details in the Iliad's description of the death of Patroclus and Achilles' reaction to it. The episode then formed the basis of the cyclic epic Aethiopis, which was composed after the Iliad, possibly in the 7th century B.C. The Aethiopis is now lost, except for scattered fragments quoted by later authors.
The death of Achilles, as predicted by Hector with his dying breath, was brought about by Paris with an arrow (to the heel according to Statius). In some versions, the god Apollo guided Paris' arrow. Some retellings also state that Achilles was scaling the gates of Troy and was hit with a poisoned arrow.
All of these versions deny Paris any sort of valor, owing to the common conception that Paris was a coward and not the man his brother Hector was, and Achilles remained undefeated on the battlefield. His bones were mingled with those of Patroclus, and funeral games were held. He was represented in the lost Trojan War epic of Arctinus of Miletus as living after his death in the island of Leuke at the mouth of the river Danube (see below).
Another version of Achilles' death is that he fell deeply in love with one of the Trojan princesses, Polyxena. Achilles asks Priam for Polyxena's hand in marriage. Priam is willing because it would mean the end of the war and an alliance with the world's greatest warrior. But while Priam is overseeing the private marriage of Polyxena and Achilles, Paris, who would have to give up Helen if Achilles married his sister, hides in the bushes and shoots Achilles with a divine arrow, killing him.
Achilles was cremated and his ashes buried in the same urn as those of Patroclus.[12]
Paris was later killed by Philoctetes using the enormous bow of Heracles.
Fate of Achilles' armor[link]
Achilles' armor was the object of a feud between Odysseus and Telamonian Ajax (Ajax the greater). They competed for it by giving speeches on why they were the bravest after Achilles to their Trojan prisoners, who after considering both men came to a consensus in favor of Odysseus. Furious, Ajax cursed Odysseus, which earned the ire of Athena. Athena temporarily made Ajax so mad with grief and anguish that he began killing sheep, thinking them his comrades. After a while, when Athena lifted his madness and Ajax realized that he had actually been killing sheep, Ajax was left so ashamed that he committed suicide. Odysseus eventually gave the armor to Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles.
A relic claimed to be Achilles' bronze-headed spear was for centuries preserved in the temple of Athena on the acropolis of Phaselis, Lycia, a port on the Pamphylian Gulf. The city was visited in 333 BC by Alexander the Great, who envisioned himself as the new Achilles and carried the Iliad with him, but his court biographers do not mention the spear, which he would indeed have touched with excitement.[13] But it was being shown in the time of Pausanias in the 2nd century AD.[14]
Achilles and Patroclus[link]
Main article: Achilles and Patroclus
The exact nature of Achilles' relationship with Patroclus has been a subject of dispute in both the classical period and modern times. In the Iliad, it appears to be the model of a deep and loyal friendship, but commentators from classical antiquity to the present have often interpreted the relationship through the lens of their own cultures. In 5th-century BC Athens, the intense bond was often viewed in light of the Greek custom of paiderasteia. In Plato's Symposium, the participants in a dialogue about love debate assume that Achilles and Patroclus were a couple; Phaedrus argues that Achilles was the younger and more beautiful one so he was the beloved and Patroclus was the lover. [15] But ancient Greek had no words to distinguish "heterosexual" and "homosexual,"[16] and it was assumed that a man could both desire handsome young men and have sex with women. Although epic decorum excluded explicit sexuality, the Iliad indicates that Achilles had sexual relations with women, with no direct evidence of sexual behaviors with Patroclus. In the 2004 film Troy, Achilles and Patroclus were cousins.
Worship of Achilles in antiquity[link]
There was an archaic heroic cult of Achilles on the White Island, Leuce, in the Black Sea off the modern coasts of Romania and Ukraine, with a temple and an oracle which survived into the Roman period.[17]
In the lost epic Aithiopis, a continuation of the Iliad attributed to Arktinus of Miletos, Achilles’ mother Thetis returned to mourn him and removed his ashes from the pyre and took them to Leuce at the mouths of the Danube. There the Achaeans raised a tumulus for him and celebrated funeral games.
Pliny's Natural History (IV.27.1) mentions a tumulus that is no longer evident (Insula Akchillis tumulo eius viri clara), on the island consecrated to him, located at a distance of fifty Roman miles from Peuce by the Danube Delta, and the temple there. Pausanias has been told that the island is "covered with forests and full of animals, some wild, some tame. In this island there is also Achilles’ temple and his statue" (III.19.11). Ruins of a square temple 30 meters to a side, possibly that dedicated to Achilles, were discovered by Captain Kritzikly in 1823, but there has been no modern archeological work done on the island.
Pomponius Mela tells that Achilles is buried in the island named Achillea, between Boristhene and Ister (De situ orbis, II, 7). The Greek geographer Dionysius Periegetus of Bithynia, who lived at the time of Domitian, writes that the island was called Leuce "because the wild animals which live there are white. It is said that there, in Leuce island, reside the souls of Achilles and other heroes, and that they wander through the uninhabited valleys of this island; this is how Jove rewarded the men who had distinguished themselves through their virtues, because through virtue they had acquired everlasting honor" (Orbis descriptio, v. 541, quoted in Densuşianu 1913).
The Periplus of the Euxine Sea gives the following details: "It is said that the goddess Thetis raised this island from the sea, for her son Achilles, who dwells there. Here is his temple and his statue, an archaic work. This island is not inhabited, and goats graze on it, not many, which the people who happen to arrive here with their ships, sacrifice to Achilles. In this temple are also deposited a great many holy gifts, craters, rings and precious stones, offered to Achilles in gratitude. One can still read inscriptions in Greek and Latin, in which Achilles is praised and celebrated. Some of these are worded in Patroclus’ honor, because those who wish to be favored by Achilles, honor Patroclus at the same time. There are also in this island countless numbers of sea birds, which look after Achilles’ temple. Every morning they fly out to sea, wet their wings with water, and return quickly to the temple and sprinkle it. And after they finish the sprinkling, they clean the hearth of the temple with their wings. Other people say still more, that some of the men who reach this island, come here intentionally. They bring animals in their ships, destined to be sacrificed. Some of these animals they slaughter, others they set free on the island, in Achilles’ honor. But there are others, who are forced to come to this island by sea storms. As they have no sacrificial animals, but wish to get them from the god of the island himself, they consult Achilles’ oracle. They ask permission to slaughter the victims chosen from among the animals that graze freely on the island, and to deposit in exchange the price which they consider fair. But in case the oracle denies them permission, because there is an oracle here, they add something to the price offered, and if the oracle refuses again, they add something more, until at last, the oracle agrees that the price is sufficient. And then the victim doesn’t run away any more, but waits willingly to be caught. So, there is a great quantity of silver there, consecrated to the hero, as price for the sacrificial victims. To some of the people who come to this island, Achilles appears in dreams, to others he would appear even during their navigation, if they were not too far away, and would instruct them as to which part of the island they would better anchor their ships". (quoted in Densuşianu)
The heroic cult of Achilles on Leuce island was widespread in antiquity, not only along the sea lanes of the Pontic Sea but also in maritime cities whose economic interests were tightly connected to the riches of the Black Sea.
Achilles from Leuce island was venerated as Pontarches the lord and master of the Pontic Sea, the protector of sailors and navigation. Sailors went out of their way to offer sacrifice. To Achilles of Leuce were dedicated a number of important commercial port cities of the Greek waters: Achilleion in Messenia (Stephanus Byzantinus), Achilleios in Laconia (Pausanias, III.25,4) Nicolae Densuşianu (Densuşianu 1913) even though he recognized Achilles in the name of Aquileia and in the north arm of the Danube delta, the arm of Chilia ("Achileii"), though his conclusion, that Leuce had sovereign rights over Pontos, evokes modern rather than archaic sea-law."
Leuce had also a reputation as a place of healing. Pausanias (III.19,13) reports that the Delphic Pythia sent a lord of Croton to be cured of a chest wound. Ammianus Marcellinus (XXII.8) attributes the healing to waters (aquae) on the island.
Worship of Achilles in modern times: The Achilleion in Corfu[link]
In the region of Gastouri (Γαστούρι) to the south of the city of Corfu Greece, Empress of Austria Elisabeth of Bavaria also known as Sissi built in 1890 a summer palace with Achilles as its central theme and it is a monument to platonic romanticism. The palace, naturally, was named after Achilles: Achilleion (Αχίλλειον). This elegant structure abounds with paintings and statues of Achilles both in the main hall and in the lavish gardens depicting the heroic and tragic scenes of the Trojan war.
Other stories[link]
Some post-Homeric sources claim that in order to keep Achilles safe from the war, Thetis (or, in some versions, Peleus) hides the young man at the court of Lycomedes, king of Skyros. There, Achilles is disguised as a girl and lives among Lycomedes' daughters, perhaps under the name "Pyrrha" (the red-haired girl). With Lycomedes' daughter Deidamia, whom in the account of Statius he rapes, Achilles there fathers a son, Neoptolemus (also called Pyrrhus, after his father's possible alias). According to this story, Odysseus learns from the prophet Calchas that the Achaeans would be unable to capture Troy without Achilles' aid. Odysseus goes to Skyros in the guise of a peddler selling women's clothes and jewelry and places a shield and spear among his goods. When Achilles instantly takes up the spear, Odysseus sees through his disguise and convinces him to join the Greek campaign. In another version of the story, Odysseus arranges for a trumpet alarm to be sounded while he was with Lycomedes' women; while the women flee in panic, Achilles prepares to defend the court, thus giving his identity away.[18]
In book 11 of Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus sails to the underworld and converses with the shades. One of these is Achilles, who when greeted as "blessed in life, blessed in death", responds that he would rather be a slave to the worst of masters than be king of all the dead. But Achilles then asks Odysseus of his son's exploits in the Trojan war, and when Odysseus tells of Neoptolemus' heroic actions, Achilles is filled with satisfaction. This leaves the reader with an ambiguous understanding of how Achilles felt about the heroic life. Achilles was worshipped as a sea-god in many of the Greek colonies on the Black Sea, the location of the mythical "White Island" which he was said to inhabit after his death, together with many other heroes.
The kings of the Epirus claimed to be descended from Achilles through his son, Neoptolemus. Alexander the Great, son of the Epirote princess Olympias, could therefore also claim this descent, and in many ways strove to be like his great ancestor. He is said to have visited the tomb of Achilles at Achilleion while passing Troy.[19] In AD 216 the Roman Emperor Caracalla, while on his way to war against Parthia, emulated Alexander by holding games around Achilles' tumulus.[20]
Achilles fought and killed the Amazon Helene. Some also said he married Medea, and that after both their deaths they were united in the Elysian Fields of Hades – as Hera promised Thetis in Apollonius' Argonautica. In some versions of the myth, Achilles has a relationship with his captive Briseis.
Achilles in Greek tragedy[link]
Main article: Achilleis (trilogy)
The Greek tragedian Aeschylus wrote a trilogy of plays about Achilles, given the title Achilleis by modern scholars. The tragedies relate the deeds of Achilles during the Trojan War, including his defeat of Hector and eventual death when an arrow shot by Paris and guided by Apollo punctures his heel. Extant fragments of the Achilleis and other Aeschylean fragments have been assembled to produce a workable modern play. The first part of the Achilleis trilogy, The Myrmidons, focused on the relationship between Achilles and chorus, who represent the Achaean army and try to convince Achilles to give up his quarrel with Agamemnon; only a few lines survive today.[21] In Plato's Symposium, Phaedrus points out that Aeschylus portrayed Achilles as the lover and Patroclus as the beloved; Phaedrus argues that this is incorrect because Achilles, being the younger and more beautiful of the two, was the beloved, who loved his lover so much that he chose to die to revenge him [22].
The tragedian Sophocles also wrote The Lovers of Achilles, a play with Achilles as the main character. Only a few fragments survive.
Achilles in Greek philosophy[link]
The philosopher Zeno of Elea centered one of his paradoxes on an imaginary footrace between "swift-footed" Achilles and a tortoise, by which he attempted to show that Achilles could not catch up to a tortoise with a head start, and therefore that motion and change were impossible. As a student of the monist Parmenides and a member of the Eleatic school, Zeno believed time and motion to be illusions.
Spoken-word myths (audio)[link]
| Achilles myths as told by story tellers |
|---|
| Bibliography of reconstruction: Homer Iliad, 9.308, 16.2, 11.780, 23.54 (700 BC); Pindar Olympian Odes, IX (476 BC); Aeschylus Myrmidons, F135-36 (495 BC); Euripides Iphigenia in Aulis, (405 BC); Plato Symposium, 179e (388 BC-367 BC); Statius Achilleid, 161, 174, 182 (96 AD) |
Achilles in later art[link]
Drama[link]
- Achilles is portrayed as a former hero who has become lazy and devoted to the love of Patroclus, in William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
Fiction[link]
- Achilles plays a part in the novel, The Firebrand by Marion Zimmer Bradley.
- In Aaron Allston's Galatea in 2-D, a painting of Achilles is one of those brought to life.
- Achilles appears in Dante's Inferno.
- Achilles is one of the beings who empower DC Comics hero Captain Marvel, giving him courage and later invulnerability.
- The ghost of Achilles appears in the Percy Jackson novel The Last Olympian, warning Percy that if he enters the river Styx, he will obtain great strength but also a greater weakness.
- Achilles is a central character in David Malouf's novel Ransom (2009).
- Achilles is a major character in Craig Janacek's novel The Anger of Achilles Peterson (2011), an intertextual retelling of the Iliad set in upstate New York during the 1920's.
- Achilles is a major character in P. C. Cast's sixth Goddess Summoning novel Warrior Rising. The novel centers on his relationship with Polyxena.
Film[link]
The role of Achilles has been played by:
- Piero Lulli in Ulysses (1955)
- Stanley Baker in Helen of Troy (1956)
- Riley Ottenhof in Something about Zeus (1958)
- Arturo Dominici in La Guerra di Troia (1962)
- Gordon Mitchell in The Fury of Achilles (1962)
- Derek Jacobi [voice] in Achilles (Channel Four Television) by Barry Purves (1995)
- Steve Davislim in La Belle Hélène (TV, 1996)
- Richard Trewett in the miniseries The Odyssey (TV, 1997)
- Joe Montana in Helen of Troy (TV, 2003)
- Brad Pitt in Troy (2004)
Music[link]
Achilles has frequently been mentioned in music:
- Achilles is a hardcore band.
- "Achilles" is an oratorio by German composer Max Bruch (1885).
- "Achilles" is a song by Jag Panzer (Casting the Stones).
- "Achilles, Agony & Ecstasy In Eight Parts", by Manowar (The Triumph of Steel, 1992).
- "Achilles" is a song by New Jersey screamo band You and I.
- "Achilles: The Back Breaker" is a song by The Showdown.
- Achilles Heel is an album by Pedro the Lion.
- "Achilles' Heel" is a song by Toploader.
- "Achilles Last Stand", by Led Zeppelin (Presence, 1976).
- "Achilles' Revenge" is a song by Warlord.
- "Achilles' Wrath" is a concert piece by Sean O'Loughlin.
- Achilles' death is mentioned in the song "Helen and Cassandra" from the album "Last Days of the Century" by Al Stewart.
- Achilles is referred to in Bob Dylan's song "Temporary Like Achilles".
- Achilles is mentioned in the song "Third Temptation Of Paris", by Alesana.
- Achilles is mentioned in the song "The Mechanic", by 50 Cent.
- Achilles is mentioned in the song "57821", by Janelle Monáe ft. Deep Cotton.
Television[link]
- In the animated television series Class of the Titans, one of the seven heroes, Archie, is descended from Achilles and has inherited both his vulnerable heel and part of his invincibility.
Poetry[link]
- "Achilles in the Trench" is a famous poem by Patrick Shaw-Stewart.
- The Triumph of Achilles is Louise Glück's fourth collection of poetry.
- "The Shield of Achilles" is a notable work of W.H. Auden.
- Achilles is also mentioned in "War Music" by Christopher Logue, "Achilles' Song" by Robert Duncan, "Ars Poetica" by Eleanor Wilner, "Portrait of a Lady" by T.S. Eliot, and "Vietnam Epic Treatment" by Donald Revell.
Video games[link]
- Achilles is central and playable character in KOEI's Warriors: Legends of Troy. He also appears as a guest character in KOEI's Musou Orochi 2 (Warriors Orochi 3).
Namesakes[link]
- The name of Achilles has been used for at least nine Royal Navy warships since 1744. A 60-gun ship of that name served at the Battle of Belleisle in 1761 while a 74-gun ship served at the Battle of Trafalgar. Other battle honours include Walcheren 1809. An armoured cruiser of that name served in the Royal Navy during the First World War and was scrapped in 1921.
- HMNZS Achilles was a Leander class cruiser which served with the Royal New Zealand Navy in World War II. It became famous for its part in the Battle of the River Plate, alongside HMS Ajax and HMS Exeter. In addition to earning the battle honour 'River Plate', HMNZS Achilles also served at Guadalcanal 1942–43 and Okinawa in 1945. The ship was sold to the Indian Navy in 1948 but when she was scrapped parts of the ship were saved and preserved in New Zealand.
- Prince Achileas-Andreas of Greece and Denmark, the grandson of the deposed Greek king, Constantine II.
- The character Achilles in Ender's Shadow, by Orson Scott Card. Achilles shares his namesake's cunning mind and ruthless attitude.
- In the Star Trek universe, the Achilles Class is an advanced type of Federation battleship brought into service at the outbreak of the Dominion War, though not seen in any of the canon Star Trek TV series.
Notes[link]
- ^ Plato, Symposium, 180a
- ^ Epigraphical database gives 476 matches for Ἀχιλ-.The earliest ones: Corinth 7th c. BC,Delphi 530 BC, Attica and Elis 5th c. BC.
- ^ Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 755–768; Pindar, Nemean 5.34–37, Isthmian 8.26–47; Poeticon astronomicon (ii.15)
- ^ Burgess, Jonathan S. (2009). The Death and Afterlife of Achilles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-8018-9029-2. http://books.google.com/?id=YVnS1IcVWuYC&pg=PA9&dq=Achilleid+dipped+Styx&cd=53#v=onepage&q=. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
- ^ Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 4.869–879.
- ^ Hesiod, Catalogue of Women, fr. 204.87–89 MW; Iliad 11.830-32
- ^ "Proclus' Summary of the Cypria". Stoa.org. http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
- ^ "Dares' account of the destruction of Troy, Greek Mythology Link". Homepage.mac.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20091229022803/http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
- ^ James Davidson, "Zeus Be Nice Now" in London Review of Books; 19 July 2007, accessed October 23, 2007
- ^ Iliad 9.334–343.
- ^ "The Iliad", Fagles translation. Penguin Books, 1991, p. 553.
- ^ Hamilton E. Mythology, New York: Penguin Books; 1969
- ^ "Alexander came to rest at Phaselis, a coastal city which was later renowned for the possession of Achilles' original spear." Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great 1973.144.
- ^ Pausanias, iii.3.6; see Christian Jacob and Anne Mullen-Hohl, "The Greek Traveler's Areas of Knowledge: Myths and Other Discourses in Pausanias' Description of Greece", Yale French Studies 59: Rethinking History: Time, Myth, and Writing (1980:65–85) esp. p. 81.
- ^ Plato, Symposium, translated Benjamin Jowett, Dover Thrift Edition, page 8
- ^ Kenneth Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Harvard University Press, 1978, 1989), p. 1 et passim.
- ^ Guy Hedreen, "The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine" Hesperia 60.3 (July 1991), pp. 313–330.
- ^ Philostratus Junior, Imagines i; Scholiast on Homer's Iliad, xix. 326; Ovid, Metamorphoses 13.162ff., Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca iii. 13. 8, Statius, Achilleid, ii. 167ff.
- ^ Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri 1.12.1, Cicero, Pro Archia Poeta 24.
- ^ Dio Cassius 78.16.7.
- ^ Pantelis Michelakis, Achilles in Greek Tragedy, 2002, p. 22
- ^ Plato, Symposium, translated Benjamin Jowett, Dover Thrift Editions, page 8
References[link]
- Homer, Iliad
- Homer, Odyssey XI, 467–540
- Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca III, xiii, 5–8
- Apollodorus, Epitome III, 14-V, 7
- Ovid, Metamorphoses XI, 217–265; XII, 580-XIII, 398
- Ovid, Heroides III
- Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica IV, 783–879
- Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy, Inferno, V.
Bibliography[link]
- Ileana Chirassi Colombo, "Heroes Achilleus—Theos Apollon." In Il Mito Greco, ed. Bruno Gentili & Giuseppe Paione, Rome, 1977;
- Anthony Edwards:
- "Achilles in the Underworld: Iliad, Odyssey, and Æthiopis", Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 26 (1985): pp. 215–227 ;
- "Achilles in the Odyssey: Ideologies of Heroism in the Homeric Epic", Beitrage zur klassischen Philologie, 171, Meisenheim, 1985;
- "Kleos Aphthiton and Oral Theory," Classical Quarterly, 38 (1988): pp. 25–30;
- Hedreen, Guy (1991). "The Cult of Achilles in the Euxine". Hesperia (American School of Classical Studies at Athens) 60 (3): 313–330. DOI:10.2307/148068. JSTOR 148068.
- Kerenyi, Karl (1959). The Heroes of the Greeks. New York/London: Thames and Hudson.
- Hélène Monsacré, Les larmes d'Achille. Le héros, la femme et la souffrance dans la poésie d'Homère, Paris, Albin Michel, 1984
- Gregory Nagy:
- The Best of The Acheans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry, Johns Hopkins University, 1999 (rev. edition);
- The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology and 'Folk Etymology', Illinois Classical Studies, 19, 1994;
- Dale S. Sinos, The Entry of Achilles into Greek Epic, Ph.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins University;
- Jonathan S. Burgess, The Death and Afterlife of Achilles (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
External links[link]
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Achilles. |
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- Trojan War Resources
- Dacia Preistorică, 1913, I.4 Cult of Achilles: literary references to the island Leucos in Antiquity Nicolae Densuşianu
- Gallery of the Ancient Art: Achilles
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For the jazz musician, see Whitey Mitchell.
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| Born | Charles Allen Pendleton (1923-07-29)July 29, 1923 Denver, Colorado |
| Died | September 20, 2003(2003-09-20) (aged 80) Marina Del Rey, California |
| Occupation | Film actor, bodybuilder |
Gordon Mitchell (born Charles Allen Pendleton; July 29, 1923 – September 20, 2003) was an American actor and bodybuilder.
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Biography[link]
Charles Allen Pendleton was born in Denver, Colorado, and began working out in his Denver neighbourhood to deal with his tough companions. During World War II he served in the U.S. Army in the Battle of the Bulge where he was taken prisoner of war. He later obtained a degree at the University of Southern California under the G.I. Bill. He became a high school teacher and guidance counselor in Los Angeles where[1] due to his physique he was given classes containing many delinquent students.[2]
Following a return enlistment in the Korean War he found film extra work in movies such as Prisoner of War, The Man with the Golden Arm and Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments where he and his friend Joe Gold dragged Charlton Heston's Moses to Pharaoh Yul Brynner. Mae West chose him to appear in her nightclub act.
He was one of the American bodybuilder-actors who migrated to Italy in the wake of Steve Reeves after he sent a photo to an Italian producer who signed him on a contract. Prior to going to Italy, he saw a clairvoyant who asked him if he had ever been known by the name of Gordon Mitchell.[3] He replied no, but on arrival in Rome, Mitchell was given his new name.[4] He found work first in sword and sandal films such as Sinbad, Seven Slaves Against the World, Treasure of the Petrified Forest (1965), then in Spaghetti Westerns such as Beyond the Law and Savage Guns.
From the early 1970s onwards, his career started to diversify into everything from horror (Dr. Frankenstein's Castle Of Freaks) (1974), Nazi exploitation (Achtung! The Desert Tigers!) (1977), Sexploitation ("Porno-Erotic Western"), (1979), French criminal comedy The Umbrella Coup (1980), and post-apocalyptic films (Endgame (1983). Mitchell appeared (as Hector) in the bizarre 1982 Israeli adaptation, directed by Avi Nesher, of H. Rider Haggard's She, which starred Sandahl Bergman. Mitchell also appeared in Satyricon (1969), directed by Federico Fellini.
Mitchell was close friends with fellow American expatriate actors Richard Harrison, Mike Monty (he appeared in a number of films with both and shared an apartment with Monty in Italy during the 1960s), and John P. Dulaney. Like Monty, Harrison and Dulaney, Mitchell acted in low-budget action films in the Philippines during the 1980s, having roles in Commando Invasion and SFX Retaliator for director John Gale.
He returned to the United States in the late 1980s and retired from acting but kept making occasional film appearances until his death from undisclosed causes in Marina Del Rey, California, aged 80.
Selected Filmography[link]
- The Ten Commandments (1956): Egyptian Guard (uncredited)
- Spartacus (1960): Gladiator (uncredited)
- The Centurion (1961): Gen. Metellus
- Caesar Against the Pirates (1962): Hamar, the Pirate
- The Fury of Achilles (1962): Achilles
- Brennus, Enemy of Rome (1963): Brennus
- Erik, il vichingo (1965): Sven / Bjarni
- Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967): Sergeant
- Satyricon (1969) : Robber
References[link]
- ^ L.A. Times obituary
- ^ Biodata
- ^ Tyler, Dick & Drapaer, Dave, West Coast Bodybuilding Scene: The Golden Age, p. 266, 2004 On Target Publications
- ^ Cinema Nocturna website
External links[link]
- Gordon Mitchell at the Internet Movie Database
- Gordon Mitchell at AllRovi
- Gordon Mitchell at Find a Grave
- Interview http://www.cinema-nocturna.com/gordon_mitchell_interview_prt_1.htm
- A transcription of a Gordon Mitchell guest chat at Cinema Nocturna site
- A Nanarland.com interview (in French)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Mitchell, Gordon |
| Alternative names | Pendleton, Charles Allen |
| Short description | Film actor, bodybuilder |
| Date of birth | 1923-04-29 |
| Place of birth | Denver, Colorado |
| Date of death | 2003-09-20 |
| Place of death | Marina Del Rey, California |
http://wn.com/Gordon_Mitchell
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Гордон Митчелл
http://fr.wn.com/Gordon Mitchell
http://de.wn.com/Gordon Mitchell
http://it.wn.com/Gordon Mitchell
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Mitchell
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
The relationship between Achilles and Patroclus is a key element of the myths associated with the Trojan War. Its exact nature has been a subject of dispute in both the classical period and modern times.
In the Iliad, the two heroes have a deep and meaningful friendship. Achilles is tender towards Patroclus, while he is callous and arrogant towards others. Commentators from the Classical period on have interpreted the relationship through the lens of their own cultures. In Athens during the 5th century BC, the relationship was often viewed in light of the Greek custom of pederasty. While some contemporary readers maintain the same pederastic view, others believe the relationship to simply be a strong friendship between two war heroes.
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[edit] In the Iliad
Due to this strong relationship, the death of Patroclus becomes the prime motivation for Achilles to return to battle. The friendship of Achilles and Patroclus is mentioned explicitly in the Iliad. Whether in the context of a tender friendship or military excellence, Homer makes their strong connection clear.
The death of Patroclus underpins a great deal of Achilles' actions and emotions toward the Trojan war for the rest of the poem. Achilles' strongest interpersonal bond is with Patroclus, whom he loves dearly. As Gregory Nagy points out,
For Achilles ... in his own ascending scale of affection as dramatized by the entire composition of the Iliad, the highest place must belong to Patroklos.... In fact Patroklos is for Achilles the πολὺ φίλτατος ... ἑταῖρος — the ‘hetaîros who is the most phílos by far’ (XVII 411, 655).[1]
Hetaîros meant companion or comrade; in Homer it is usually used of soldiers under the same commander. While its feminine form (hetaîra) would be used for courtesans, an hetaîros was still a form of soldier in Hellenistic and Byzantine times. In ancient texts, philos denoted a general type of love, used for love between family, between friends, a desire or enjoyment of an activity, as well as between lovers.
Although most warriors fought for personal fame or their city-state (including, at times, Achilles), at certain junctures in the Iliad, Achilles fights for Patroclus. He dreams that all Greeks would die so that he and Patroclus might gain the fame of conquering Troy alone. After Patroclus dies, Achilles agonizes touching his dead body, smearing himself with ash, and fasting. He laments Patroclus' death using language very similar to that later used by Andromache of Hector. For a brief moment Achilles' character shifts from a strong and unbreakable warrior to an emotional and vulnerable character. However, Thetis motivates Achilles to return to the battlefield. Achilles returns to the battlefield with the sole aim of avenging Patroclus' death by killing Hector, Patroclus' killer, even though the gods had warned him that it would cost him his life.
Achilles' attachment to Patroclus is an archetypal male bond that occurs elsewhere in Greek culture: Damon and Pythias, Orestes and Pylades, Harmodius and Aristogeiton are pairs of comrades who gladly face danger and death for and beside each other.[2]
In the Oxford Classical Dictionary, David M. Halperin writes,
Homer, to be sure, does not portray Achilles and Patroclus as lovers (although some Classical Athenians thought he implied as much (Aeschylus fragments 135, 136 Radt; Plato Symposium 179e–180b; Aeschines Against Timarchus 133, 141–50) ), but he also did little to rule out such an interpretation.[3]
Classical and post-Classical views in antiquity[link]
In the 5th and 4th centuries, the relationship with Patroclus was portrayed as same-sex love in the works of Aeschylus, Plato and Aeschines. Enigmatic verses from Lycophron's 3rd-century Alexandra seem to make unrequited love Achilles' motive for killing Troilus.
From the times of Classical Greece, and especially in Hellenism, to the time of the Romans the relationship of Achilles and Patroclus was presented as loving and pederastic,[4] although these roles are anachronistic for the Iliad. (Achilles is the most dominant, and among the warriors in the Trojan War he has the most fame; Patroclus performs duties such as cooking, feeding and grooming the horses, and nursing yet is older than Achilles. Both also sleep with women.)[citation needed]
In the 5th century BC, in Aeschylus' lost tragedy the Myrmidons, Aeschylus regarded the relationship as a sexual one and assigned Achilles the role of erastes or protector (since he had avenged his lover's death even though the gods told him it would cost him his own life), and Patroclus the role of eromenos. He tells of Achilles visiting Patroclus' dead body and criticizing him for letting himself be killed. In a surviving fragment of the play, Achilles speaks of a "devout union of the thighs".[5]
Plato presented Achilles and Patroclus as lovers in the Symposium, written around 385 BC. The speaker Phaedrus holds the two up as an example of divinely approved lovers. He also argues that Aeschylus erred in saying that Achilles was the erastes, "for he excelled in beauty not Patroclus alone but assuredly all the other heroes, being still beardless and, moreover, much the younger, by Homer's account." However, Plato's contemporary, Xenophon, in his own Symposium, had Socrates argue that Achilles and Patroclus were merely chaste and devoted comrades.[citation needed]
Further evidence of this debate is found in a speech by an Athenian politician, Aeschines, at his trial in 345 BC. Aeschines, in placing an emphasis on the importance of paiderasteia to the Greeks, argues that though Homer does not state it explicitly, educated people should be able to read between the lines: "Although (Homer) speaks in many places of Patroclus and Achilles, he hides their love and avoids giving a name to their friendship, thinking that the exceeding greatness of their affection is manifest to such of his hearers as are educated men."[6] Most ancient writers[who?] followed the thinking laid out by Aeschines.
Since Homer does not use the terms “erastes” and “eromenos”, it has been argued that their relationship was not pederastic, but rather, a deep friendship or an egalitarian sexual relationship. Furthermore, such scholars[who?] believe that in Homer's Ionian culture homosexuality had not taken on the form it later would in pederasty.[citation needed] However some scholars, such as Bernard Sergent, have argued that it had, though it was not reflected in Homer. Sergent asserts that ritualized man-boy relations were widely diffused through Europe from prehistoric times.[citation needed]
Attempts to edit Homer's text were undertaken by Aristarchus of Samothrace in Alexandria around 200 BC. Aristarchus believed that Homer did not intend the two to be lovers. However, he did agree that the "we-two alone" passage did imply a love relation and argued it was a later interpolation.[7] The majority of ancient and modern historians have accepted the lines to be an original part.[citation needed]
When Alexander the Great and his intimate friend Hephaestion passed through the city of Troy on their Asian campaign, Alexander honoured the sacred tomb of Achilles and Patroclus in front of the entire army, and this was taken as a clear declaration of their own friendship. The joint tomb and Alexander's action demonstrates the perceived significance of the Achilles-Patroclus relationship at that time (around 334 BC).[8][9]
Post-classical and modern interpretations[link]
As a rule, the post-classical tradition shows Achilles as heterosexual and having an exemplary asexual friendship with Patroclus. Medieval Christian writers deliberately suppressed the homoerotic nuances of the figure.[10]
No modern classics scholar reads the relationship between Achilles and Patroclus as an example of homosexual love, although Greeks certainly read it in this way, and Aeschylus' 5th century (lost) play Myrmidons made their relationship explicitly sexual, with Achilles as he laments his friend speaking of how he longs for Patroklos' thighs and sweet kisses. In the Iliad itself, the two share an intense but non-sexual relationship: David Halperin ("Heroes and their Pals") compares the traditions of Jonathan and David, and Gilgamesh and Enkidu, which are approximately contemporary with the Iliad's composition, and argues that, while none of these three relationships is portrayed as explicitly sexual in its literary and social context, all of them show how intense same-sex male warrior friendships, being extra-institutional within their societies, were of necessity portrayed by using the language of other, more institutionalized love relationships, such as those of parent/child and husband/wife. This explains well the overtones in the Iliad of having Achilles mourn Patroklos in the manner just used by the girl Briseis a few lines before him, in Book 19, lines 287-300 (Briseis' lament) and lines 315-337 (Achilles' lament).
Jonathan Shay, who in his book "Achilles in Vietnam" proposes readings of the Iliad that have been helpful and therapeutically useful for the healing of mental wounds in Vietnam veterans, pointed out that their familial relationship in the Iliad must not be overlooked: Patroclus is Achilles' cousin and his foster brother; symbolically, comrades in battle are "like brothers," making the Achilles/Patroklos model useful for thinking about the intensity of Vietnam veterans' feelings of loss when their comrades fell beside them. Shay places a strong emphasis on the relationships that soldiers who experience combat together forge, and points out that this kind of loss has in fact often led to "berserking" of soldiers stunned with grief and rage, in a way similar to the raging of Achilles in the Iliad. Shay points out that a frequent topos in veterans' grief for a companion is that companion's gentleness or innocence; similarly, while a warrior of great note, Patroklos is said in the Iliad by other soldiers and by Briseis the captive to have been gentle and kind.
Classical tradition[link]
William Shakespeare's play Troilus and Cressida depicts Achilles and Patroclus as lovers. Achilles' decision to spend his days in his tent with Patroclus is seen by Ulysses and many other Greeks as the chief reaso's anxiety about Troy.[citation needed]
On the other hand, the novels of Mary Renault contain frequent symbolic references to Achilles and Patroclus; the pair represent a model for the non-effeminate, comradely homosexual love that was her ideal.
Elizabeth Cook's 2001 verse novel, Achilles, is not sexually explicit, but a romantic relationship can be inferred. She writes of Achilles, "He also knows the body of his cousin Patroclus." In the beginning of the novel, when Odysseus visits Achilles in the underworld, "He stands apart with Patroclus, his beloved through all eternity, and Patroclus — who loves Achilles, but not so much as he is loved — waits for Achilles to move," an allusion to Iliad Book 9, when the embassy of Greek leaders find Achilles playing the lyre and singing, while Patroklos waits for his friend to end his song. The relationship is intensely intimate, and certainly exceeds the common bounds of friendship.
The film Troy presented Patroclus as a younger relative of Achilles, without any romantic or sexual aspects. (In the Iliad, it is explicitly stated that Patroklos was the older and more responsible of the two.)
The musical Spring Awakening, includes an offhand reference where one boy entreats another to 'do a little Achilles and Patroclus.' The two characters are later shown engaging in a homosexual relationship.
In Christa Wolf's novel Cassandra, Achilles is depicted as a somewhat conflicted homosexual male, one who would go after both a young man, whom he actually desired, and a young woman, to prove he was like everyone else. Patroclus is briefly mentioned as the sole man who could get Achilles to feel truly passionate about defeating Troy, and upon his death Achilles butchered several Troy captives — including two royal children — as a sacrifice.
In Ilium, by Dan Simmons, Achilles and Patroclus share a close "brothers in war" type bond, but are also shown to engage in group sex, each with a woman and possibly each other.
David Malouf's novel, Ransom (2009), is a reconsideration of the Iliad, and among others, depicts the relationship between Achilles and Patroclus as intense and intimate.
Madeline Miller's The Song of Achilles (2011) is a coming-of-age story told from Patroclus' point of view, showing the development of a loving homosexual relationship between Achilles and Patroclus.
Byrne Fone's 2008 novel Achilles: A Love Story portrays Achilles and Patroclus as lovers.
Literary significance[link]
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This article is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (November 2010) |
- Nature of the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles
Some scholars claim that the exact nature of the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles has profound literary and artistic implications. As Kenneth Dover points out in his Greek Homosexuality,[11] knowing whether Achilles was erastes and Patroclus eromenos or whether their love was egalitarian, was crucial to understanding the thematic makeup of the Iliad, from the perspective of later Greeks.
There are many possible interpretations on the nature of the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles. Three popular ones are:
1-Achilles was the dominant lover, and he learns from Patroclus' that sacrifice is rooted in a startling role-reversal: in death, the student becomes the teacher. The change in Achilles' character hinges on having believed that only glory mattered, and learning otherwise by losing the only thing that mattered more to him than acclaim. Patroclus, the eromenos, in leading the Myrmidons, is elevated beyond the moral caliber of his mentor, and Achilles is redeemed only when, having reflected on his follies, he returns Hector's body to Priam.
2-Patroclus was the dominant lover, his death represents a deliberate lesson to his pupil, Achilles. In this case, the teacher had to die in order to redeem the student, and the pivotal change in Achilles' character occurs when he resumes leadership of the Myrmidons and takes the field against Hector despite his grievance with Agamemnon.
3-Achilles and Patroclus represent an egalitarian homosexual pairing, the time and nature of Achilles' pivotal character development are shaded with gray and open to interpretation.
- The Death of Patroclus
The way in which Patroclus died offers another kind of literary significance. Patroclus dies by masking himself as Achilles; when he dies, those around him mourn him as the "best of the Achaians," a title usually reserved for Achilles. Patroclus' attempt to mask his identity sets off a line of people that will do the same. Hiding and revealing one's identity becomes a constant theme throughout Greek epics.
Death, in general, is an obvious key element of the Iliad. The importance of human life versus the gods immortality and ability to play with human life, is a constant struggle. Homer makes it clear that human life is precious by giving every character that dies a brief biography. While Homer uses such deaths as Patroclus' to further show impertinence and the mourning of a warrior, it is death throughout the Iliad that makes this theme so important.
Notes[link]
- ^ Gregory Nagy, The Best of the Achaeans, second edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. p. 105 (online edition). ISBN 0-8018-6015-6.
- ^ Warren Johansson, Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, USA, 1990
- ^ Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition. Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. p. 721. ISBN 0-19-866172-X.
- ^ William Armstrong Percy III, "Reconsiderations about Greek Homosexualities," in Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West, Binghamton, 2005; p.19
- ^ Aesch. Myrmidons fr. 135 Radt.
- ^ Michelakis, Pantelis (2007). Achilles in Greek Tragedy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51. ISBN 0-521-81843-5.
- ^ "Homosexuality & Civilization" by Louis Crompton. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1993, p. 6.
- ^ Age of Alexander, Life of Alexander by Plutarch, pg 294, Penquin Classics edition 1973
- ^ The Campaigns of Alexander by Arrian, pg67, Penguin Classics edition 1958
- ^ Katherine Callen King, Achilles: Paradigms of the War Hero from Homer to the Middle Ages, Berkeley, 1987
- ^ *Greek Homosexuality, by Kenneth J. Dover; New York; Vintage Books, 1978. ISBN 0-394-74224-9
See also[link]
- Homosexuality in ancient Greece
- Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece
- Nisus and Euryalus
External links[link]
- [1] - The Story of Achilles and Patroclus
Spoken-word myth (audio)[link]
| The Achilles and Patroclus myth as told by story tellers |
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| Bibliography of reconstruction: Homer Iliad, 9.308, 16.2, 11.780, 23.54 (700 BC); Pindar Olympian Odes, IX (476 BC); Aeschylus Myrmidons, F135-36 (495 BC); Euripides Iphigenia in Aulis, (405 BC); Plato Symposium, 179e (388 BC-367 BC); Statius Achilleid, 161, 174, 182 (96 CE) |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_and_Patroclus
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the 1997 film, see Trojan War (film).
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Trojan War |
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The war
Setting: Troy (modern Hisarlik, Turkey) |
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Literary sources
Iliad · Epic Cycle · Aeneid, Book 2 · |
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Episodes
Wedding of Peleus and Thetis · |
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Greeks and allies
Agamemnon · Achilles · Helen · Menelaus · Nestor · Odysseus · Ajax · Diomedes · Patroclus · Thersites · Achaeans · Myrmidons |
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Trojans and allies
King Priam · Queen Hecuba · Hector · Paris · Cassandra · Andromache · Aeneas · Memnon · Troilus · Penthesilea · Sarpedon and the Amazons |
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Related topics
Homeric question · Archaeology of Troy · Mycenae · Bronze Age warfare |
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homer's Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy; the Odyssey describes Odysseus's journey home. Other parts of the war are contained in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid.
The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern day Italy.
The ancient Greeks thought that the Trojan War was a historical event that had taken place in the 13th or 12th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modern-day Turkey near the Dardanelles. By modern times, both the war and the city were widely believed to be non-historical. In 1870, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a local site that he had identified as Troy; this claim is now accepted by most scholars.[1][2] Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War is an open question. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age. Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th centuries BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194–1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa.[3]
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Sources[link]
The events of the Trojan War are found in many works of Greek literature and depicted in numerous works of Greek art. There is no single, authoritative text which tells the entire events of the war. Instead, the story is assembled from a variety of sources, some of which report contradictory versions of the events. The most important literary sources are the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey, composed sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BC.[4] Each poem narrates only a part of the war. The Iliad covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey concerns Odysseus's return to his home island of Ithaca, following the sack of Troy.
Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle, also known as the Cyclic Epics: the Cypria, Aethiopis, Little Iliad, Iliou Persis, Nostoi, and Telegony. Though these poems survive only in fragments, their content is known from a summary included in Proclus' Chrestomathy.[5] The authorship of the Cyclic Epics is uncertain. It is generally thought that the poems were written down in the 7th and 6th century BC, after the composition of the Homeric poems, though it is widely believed that they were based on earlier traditions.[6] Both the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from oral tradition. Even after the composition of the Iliad, Odyssey, and the Cyclic Epics, the myths of the Trojan War were passed on orally, in many genres of poetry and through non-poetic storytelling. Events and details of the story that are only found in later authors may have been passed on through oral tradition and could be as old as the Homeric poems. Visual art, such as vase-painting, was another medium in which myths of the Trojan War circulated.[7]
In later ages playwrights, historians, and other intellectuals would create works inspired by the Trojan War. The three great tragedians of Athens, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, wrote many dramas that portray episodes from the Trojan War. Among Roman writers the most important is the 1st century BC poet Virgil. In Book 2 of the Aeneid, Aeneas narrates the sack of Troy; this section of the poem is thought to rely on material from the Cyclic Epic Iliou Persis.[citation needed]
Legend[link]
The following summary of the Trojan War follows the order of events as given in Proclus' summary, along with the Iliad, Odyssey, and Aeneid, supplemented with details drawn from other authors.
Origins of the war[link]
The plan of Zeus[link]
According to Greek mythology, Zeus had become king of the gods by overthrowing his father Cronus; Cronus in turn had overthrown his father Uranus. Zeus was not faithful to his wife and sister Hera, and had many relationships from which many children were born. Since Zeus believed that there were too many people populating the earth, he envisioned Momus[8] or Themis,[9] who was to use the Trojan War as a means to depopulate the Earth, especially of his demigod descendants.[10]
The Judgement of Paris[link]
Main article: Judgement of Paris
Zeus came to learn from either Themis[11] or Prometheus, after Heracles had released him from Caucasus,[12] that, like his father Cronus, one of his sons would overthrow him. Another prophecy stated that a son of the sea-nymph Thetis, with whom Zeus fell in love after gazing upon her in the oceans off the Greek coast, would become greater than his father.[13] Possibly for one or both of these reasons,[14] Thetis was betrothed to an elderly human king, Peleus son of Aiakos, either upon Zeus' orders,[15] or because she wished to please Hera, who had raised her.[16]
All of the gods were invited to Peleus and Thetis' wedding and brought many gifts,[17] except Eris (the goddess of discord), who was stopped at the door by Hermes, on Zeus' order.[18] Insulted, she threw from the door a gift of her own:[19] a golden apple (το μήλον της έριδος) on which were inscribed the word καλλίστῃ Kallistēi ("To the fairest").[20] The apple was claimed by Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. They quarreled bitterly over it, and none of the other gods would venture an opinion favoring one, for fear of earning the enmity of the other two. Eventually, Zeus ordered Hermes to lead the three goddesses to Paris, a prince of Troy, who, unaware of his ancestry, was being raised as a shepherd in Mount Ida,[21] because of a prophecy that he would be the downfall of Troy.[22] After bathing in the spring of Ida, the goddesses appeared to him naked, either for the sake of winning or at Paris' request. Paris was unable to decide between them, so the goddesses resorted to bribes. Athena offered Paris wisdom, skill in battle, and the abilities of the greatest warriors; Hera offered him political power and control of all of Asia; and Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. Paris awarded the apple to Aphrodite, and, after several adventures, returned to Troy, where he was recognized by his royal family.
Peleus and Thetis bore a son, whom they named Achilles. It was foretold that he would either die of old age after an uneventful life, or die young in a battlefield and gain immortality through poetry.[23] Furthermore, when Achilles was nine years old, Calchas had prophesied that Troy could not again fall without his help.[24] A number of sources credit Thetis with attempting to make Achilles immortal when he was an infant. Some of these state that she held him over fire every night to burn away his mortal parts and rubbed him with ambrosia during the day, but Peleus discovered her actions and stopped her.[25] According to some versions of this story, Thetis had already destroyed several sons in this manner, and Peleus' action therefore saved his son's life.[26] Other sources state that Thetis bathed Achilles in the River Styx, the river that runs to the under world, making him invulnerable wherever he had touched the water.[27] Because she had held him by the heel, it was not immersed during the bathing and thus the heel remained mortal and vulnerable to injury (hence the expression "Achilles heel" for an isolated weakness). He grew up to be the greatest of all mortal warriors. After Calchas' prophesy, Thetis hid Achilles in Skyros at the court of king Lycomedes, where he was disguised as a girl.[28] At a crucial point in the war, she assists her son by providing weapons divinely forged by Hephaestus (see below).
Elopement of Paris and Helen[link]
The most beautiful woman in the world was Helen, one of the daughters of Tyndareus, King of Sparta. Her mother was Leda, who had been either raped or seduced by Zeus in the form of a swan.[29] Accounts differ over which of Leda's four children, two pairs of twins, were fathered by Zeus and which by Tyndareus. However, Helen is usually credited as Zeus' daughter,[30] and sometimes Nemesis is credited as her mother.[31] Helen had scores of suitors, and her father was unwilling to choose one for fear the others would retaliate violently.
Finally, one of the suitors, Odysseus of Ithaca, proposed a plan to solve the dilemma. In exchange for Tyndareus' support of his own suit towards Penelope,[32] he suggested that Tyndareus require all of Helen's suitors to promise that they would defend the marriage of Helen, regardless of whom he chose. The suitors duly swore the required oath on the severed pieces of a horse, although not without a certain amount of grumbling.[33]
Tyndareus chose Menelaus. Menelaus was a political choice on her father's part. He had wealth and power. He had humbly not petitioned for her himself, but instead sent his brother Agamemnon on his behalf. He had promised Aphrodite a hecatomb, a sacrifice of 100 oxen, if he won Helen, but forgot about it and earned her wrath.[34] Menelaus inherited Tyndareus' throne of Sparta with Helen as his queen when her brothers, Castor and Pollux, became gods,[35] and when Agamemnon married Helen's sister Clytemnestra and took back the throne of Mycenae.[36]
Paris, under the guise of a supposed diplomatic mission, went to Sparta to get Helen and bring her back to Troy. Before Helen could look up, to see him enter the palace, she was shot with an arrow from Eros, otherwise known as Cupid, and fell in love with Paris when she saw him, as promised by Aphrodite. Menelaus had left for Crete[37] to bury his uncle, Crateus.[38] Hera, still jealous over his judgement, sent a storm.[37] The storm caused the lovers to land in Egypt, where the gods replaced Helen with a likeness of her made of clouds, Nephele.[39] The myth of Helen being switched is attributed to the 6th century BC Sicilian poet Stesichorus. For Homer the true Helen was in Troy. The ship then landed in Sidon before reaching Troy. Paris, fearful of getting caught, spent some time there and then sailed to Troy.[40]
Paris' abduction of Helen had several precedents. Io was taken from Mycenae, Europa was taken from Phoenicia, Jason took Medea from Colchis,[41] and the Trojan princess Hesione had been taken by Heracles, who gave her to Telamon of Salamis.[42] According to Herodotus, Paris was emboldened by these examples to steal himself a wife from Greece, and expected no retribution, since there had been none in the other cases.[43]
The gathering of Achaean forces and the first expedition[link]
According to Homer, Menelaus and his ally, Odysseus, traveled to Troy, where they unsuccessfully sought to recover Helen by diplomatic means.[44]
Menelaus then asked Agamemnon to uphold his oath. He agreed and sent emissaries to all the Achaean kings and princes to call them to observe their oaths and retrieve Helen.[45]
Odysseus and Achilles[link]
Since Menelaus's wedding, Odysseus had married Penelope and fathered a son, Telemachus. In order to avoid the war, he feigned madness and sowed his fields with salt. Palamedes outwitted him by placing his infant son in front of the plough's path, and Odysseus turned aside, unwilling to kill his son, so revealing his sanity and forcing him to join the war.[37][46]
According to Homer, however, Odysseus supported the military adventure from the beginning, and traveled the region with Pylos' king, Nestor, to recruit forces.[47]
At Skyros, Achilles had an affair with the king's daughter Deidamia, resulting in a child, Neoptolemus.[48] Odysseus, Telamonian Ajax, and Achilles' tutor Phoenix went to retrieve Achilles. Achilles' mother disguised him as a woman so that he would not have to go to war, but, according to one story, they blew a horn, and Achilles revealed himself by seizing a spear to fight intruders, rather than fleeing.[49] According to another story, they disguised themselves as merchants bearing trinkets and weaponry, and Achilles was marked out from the other women for admiring weaponry instead of clothes and jewelry.[50]
Pausanias said that, according to Homer, Achilles did not hide in Skyros, but rather conquered the island, as part of the Trojan War.[51]
First gathering at Aulis[link]
The Achean forces first gathered at Aulis. All the suitors sent their forces except King Cinyras of Cyprus. Though he sent breastplates to Agamemnon and promised to send 50 ships, he sent only one real ship, led by the son of Mygdalion, and 49 ships made of clay.[52] Idomeneus was willing to lead the Cretan contingent in Mycenae's war against Troy, but only as a co-commander, which he was granted.[53] The last commander to arrive was Achilles, who was then 15 years old.
Following a sacrifice to Apollo, a snake slithered from the altar to a sparrow's nest in a plane tree nearby. It ate the mother and her nine babies, then was turned to stone. Calchas interpreted this as a sign that Troy would fall in the tenth year of the war.[54]
Telephus[link]
When the Achaeans left for the war, they did not know the way, and accidentally landed in Mysia, ruled by King Telephus, son of Heracles, who had led a contingent of Arcadians to settle there.[55] In the battle, Achilles wounded Telephus,[56] who had killed Thersander.[57] Because the wound would not heal, Telephus asked an oracle, "What will happen to the wound?". The oracle responded, "he that wounded shall heal". The Achaean fleet then set sail and was scattered by a storm. Achilles landed in Scyros and married Deidamia. A new gathering was set again in Aulis.[37]
Telephus went to Aulis, and either pretended to be a beggar, asking Agamemnon to help heal his wound,[58] or kidnapped Orestes and held him for ransom, demanding the wound be healed.[59] Achilles refused, claiming to have no medical knowledge. Odysseus reasoned that the spear that had inflicted the wound must be able to heal it. Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound, and Telephus was healed.[60] Telephus then showed the Achaeans the route to Troy.[58]
Some scholars have regarded the expedition against Telephus and its resolution as a derivative reworking of elements from the main story of the Trojan War, but it has also been seen as fitting the story-pattern of the "preliminary adventure" that anticipates events and themes from the main narrative, and therefore as likely to be "early and integral".[61]
The second gathering[link]
Eight years after the storm had scattered them,[62] the fleet of more than a thousand ships was gathered again. But when they had all reached Aulis, the winds ceased. The prophet Calchas stated that the goddess Artemis was punishing Agamemnon for killing either a sacred deer or a deer in a sacred grove, and boasting that he was a better hunter than she.[37] The only way to appease Artemis, he said, was to sacrifice Iphigenia, who was either the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra,[63] or of Helen and Theseus entrusted to Clytemnestra when Helen married Menelaus.[64] Agamemnon refused, and the other commanders threatened to make Palamedes commander of the expedition.[65] According to some versions, Agamemnon relented, but others claim that he sacrificed a deer in her place, or that at the last moment, Artemis took pity on the girl, and took her to be a maiden in one of her temples, substituting a lamb.[37] Hesiod says that Iphigenia became the goddess Hecate.[66]
The Achaean forces are described in detail in the Catalogue of Ships, in the second book of the Iliad. They consisted of 28 contingents from mainland Greece, the Peloponnese, the Dodecanese islands, Crete, and Ithaca, comprising 1178 pentekontoroi, ships with 50 rowers. Thucydides says[67] that according to tradition there were about 1200 ships, and that the Boeotian ships had 120 men, while Philoctetes' ships only had the fifty rowers, these probably being maximum and minimum. These numbers would mean a total force of 70,000 to 130,000 men. Another catalogue of ships is given by the Bibliotheca that differs somewhat but agrees in numbers. Some scholars have claimed that Homer's catalogue is an original Bronze Age document, possibly the Achaean commander's order of operations.[68][69][70] Others believe it was a fabrication of Homer.
The second book of the Iliad also lists the Trojan allies, consisting of the Trojans themselves, led by Hector, and various allies listed as Dardanians led by Aeneas, Zeleians, Adrasteians, Percotians, Pelasgians, Thracians, Ciconian spearmen, Paionian archers, Halizones, Mysians, Phrygians, Maeonians, Miletians, Lycians led by Sarpedon and Carians. Nothing is said of the Trojan language; the Carians are specifically said to be barbarian-speaking, and the allied contingents are said to have spoken multiple languages, requiring orders to be translated by their individual commanders.[71] It should be noted, however, that the Trojans and Achaeans in the Iliad share the same religion, same culture and the enemy heroes speak to each other in the same language, though this could be dramatic effect.
Nine years of war[link]
Philoctetes[link]
Philoctetes was Heracles' friend, and because he lit Heracles's funeral pyre when no one else would, he received Heracles' bow and arrows.[72] He sailed with seven ships full of men to the Trojan War, where he was planning on fighting for the Achaeans. They stopped either at Chryse Island for supplies,[73] or in Tenedos, along with the rest of the fleet.[74] Philoctetes was then bitten by a snake. The wound festered and had a foul smell; on Odysseus's advice, the Atreidae ordered Philoctetes to stay on Lemnos.[37] Medon took control of Philoctetes's men. While landing on Tenedos, Achilles killed king Tenes, son of Apollo, despite a warning by his mother that if he did so he would be killed himself by Apollo.[75] From Tenedos, Agamemnon sent an embassy to Priam, composed of Menelaus, Odysseus, and Palamedes, asking for Helen's return. The embassy was refused.[76]
Philoctetes stayed on Lemnos for ten years, which was a deserted island according to Sophocles' tragedy Philoctetes, but according to earlier tradition was populated by Minyans.[77]
Arrival[link]
Calchas had prophesied that the first Achean to walk on land after stepping off a ship would be the first to die.[78] Thus even the leading Greeks hesitated to land. Finally, Protesilaus, leader of the Phylaceans, landed first.[79] Odysseus had tricked him, in throwing his own shield down to land on, so that while he was first to leap off his ship, he was not the first to land on Trojan soil. Hector killed Protesilaus in single combat, though the Trojans conceded the beach. In the second wave of attacks, Achilles killed Cycnus, son of Poseidon. The Trojans then fled to the safety of the walls of their city.[80] Protesilaus had killed many Trojans but was killed by Hector in most versions of the story,[81] though others list Aeneas, Achates, or Ephorbus as his slayer.[82] The Achaeans buried him as a god on the Thracian peninsula, across the Troad.[83] After Protesilaus' death, his brother, Podarces, took command of his troops.
Achilles' campaigns[link]
The Achaeans besieged Troy for nine years. This part of the war is the least developed among surviving sources, which prefer to talk about events in the last year of the war. After the initial landing the army was gathered in its entirety again only in the tenth year. Thucydides deduces that this was due to lack of money. They raided the Trojan allies and spent time farming the Thracian peninsula.[84] Troy was never completely besieged, thus it maintained communications with the interior of Asia Minor. Reinforcements continued to come until the very end. The Acheans controlled only the entrance to the Dardanelles, and Troy and her allies controlled the shortest point at Abydos and Sestus and communicated with allies in Europe.[85]
Achilles and Ajax were the most active of the Achaeans, leading separate armies to raid lands of Trojan allies. According to Homer, Achilles conquered 11 cities and 12 islands.[86] According to Apollodorus, he raided the land of Aeneas in the Troad region and stole his cattle.[87] He also captured Lyrnassus, Pedasus, and many of the neighbouring cities, and killed Troilus, son of Priam, who was still a youth; it was said that if he reached 20 years of age, Troy would not fall. According to Apollodorus,
- He also took Lesbos and Phocaea, then Colophon, and Smyrna, and Clazomenae, and Cyme; and afterwards Aegialus and Tenos, the so-called Hundred Cities; then, in order, Adramytium and Side; then Endium, and Linaeum, and Colone. He took also Hypoplacian Thebes and Lyrnessus, and further Antandrus, and many other cities.[88]
Kakrides comments that the list is wrong in that it extends too far into the south.[89] Other sources talk of Achilles taking Pedasus, Monenia,[90] Mythemna (in Lesbos), and Peisidice.[91]
Among the loot from these cities was Briseis, from Lyrnessus, who was awarded to him, and Chryseis, from Hypoplacian Thebes, who was awarded to Agamemnon.[37] Achilles captured Lycaon, son of Priam,[92] while he was cutting branches in his father's orchards. Patroclus sold him as a slave in Lemnos,[37] where he was bought by Eetion of Imbros and brought back to Troy. Only 12 days later Achilles slew him, after the death of Patroclus.[93]
[edit] Ajax and a game of petteia
Ajax son of Telamon laid waste the Thracian peninsula of which Polymestor, a son-in-law of Priam, was king. Polymestor surrendered Polydorus, one of Priam's children, of whom he had custody. He then attacked the town of the Phrygian king Teleutas, killed him in single combat and carried off his daughter Tecmessa.[94] Ajax also hunted the Trojan flocks, both on Mount Ida and in the countryside.
Numerous paintings on pottery have suggested a tale not mentioned in the literary traditions. At some point in the war Achilles and Ajax were playing a board game (petteia).[95][96] They were absorbed in the game and oblivious to the surrounding battle.[97] The Trojans attacked and reached the heroes, who were only saved by an intervention of Athena.[98]
The death of Palamedes[link]
Odysseus was sent to Thrace to return with grain, but came back empty-handed. When scorned by Palamedes, Odysseus challenged him to do better. Palamedes set out and returned with a shipload of grain.[99]
Odysseus had never forgiven Palamedes for threatening the life of his son. In revenge, Odysseus conceived a plot[100] where an incriminating letter was forged, from Priam to Palamedes,[101] and gold was planted in Palamedes' quarters. The letter and gold were "discovered", and Agamemnon had Palamedes stoned to death for treason.
However, Pausanias, quoting the Cypria, says that Odysseus and Diomedes drowned Palamedes, while he was fishing, and Dictys says that Odysseus and Diomedes lured Palamedes into a well, which they said contained gold, then stoned him to death.[102]
Palamedes' father Nauplius sailed to the Troad and asked for justice, but was refused. In revenge, Nauplius traveled among the Achaean kingdoms and told the wives of the kings that they were bringing Trojan concubines to dethrone them. Many of the Greek wives were persuaded to betray their husbands, most significantly Agamemnon's wife, Clytemnestra, who was seduced by Aegisthus, son of Thyestes.[103]
Mutiny[link]
Near the end of the ninth year since the landing, the Achaean army, tired from the fighting and from the lack of supplies, mutinied against their leaders and demanded to return to their homes. According to the Cypria, Achilles forced the army to stay.[37] According to Apollodorus, Agamemnon brought the Wine Growers, daughters of Anius, son of Apollo, who had the gift of producing by touch wine, wheat, and oil from the earth, in order to relieve the supply problem of the army.[104]
[edit] The Iliad
Main article: Iliad
Chryses, a priest of Apollo and father of Chryseis, came to Agamemnon to ask for the return of his daughter. Agamemnon refused, and insulted Chryses, who prayed to Apollo to avenge his ill-treatment. Enraged, Apollo afflicted the Achaean army with plague. Agamemnon was forced to return Chryseis to end the plague, and took Achilles' concubine Briseis as his own. Enraged at the dishonour Agamemnon had inflicted upon him, Achilles decided he would no longer fight. He asked his mother, Thetis, to intercede with Zeus, who agreed to give the Trojans success in the absence of Achilles, the best warrior of the Achaeans.
After the withdrawal of Achilles, the Achaeans were initially successful. Both armies gathered in full for the first time since the landing. Menelaus and Paris fought a duel, which ended when Aphrodite snatched the beaten Paris from the field. With the truce broken, the armies began fighting again. Diomedes won great renown amongst the Achaeans, killing the Trojan hero Pandaros and nearly killing Aeneas, who was only saved by his mother, Aphrodite. With the assistance of Athena, Diomedes then wounded the gods Aphrodite and Ares. During the next days, however, the Trojans drove the Achaeans back to their camp and were stopped at the Achaean wall by Poseidon. The next day, though, with Zeus' help, the Trojans broke into the Achaean camp and were on the verge of setting fire to the Achaean ships. An earlier appeal to Achilles to return was rejected, but after Hector burned Protesilaus' ship, he allowed his close friend[105] and relative Patroclus to go into battle wearing Achilles' armour and lead his army. Patroclus drove the Trojans all the way back to the walls of Troy, and was only prevented from storming the city by the intervention of Apollo. Patroclus was then killed by Hector, who took Achilles' armour from the body of Patroclus.
Achilles, maddened with grief, swore to kill Hector in revenge. He was reconciled with Agamemnon and received Briseis back, untouched by Agamemnon. He received a new set of arms, forged by the god Hephaestus, and returned to the battlefield. He slaughtered many Trojans, and nearly killed Aeneas, who was saved by Poseidon. Achilles fought with the river god Scamander, and a battle of the gods followed. The Trojan army returned to the city, except for Hector, who remained outside the walls because he was tricked by Athena. Achilles killed Hector, and afterwards he dragged Hector's body from his chariot and refused to return the body to the Trojans for burial. The Achaeans then conducted funeral games for Patroclus. Afterwards, Priam came to Achilles' tent, guided by Hermes, and asked Achilles to return Hector's body. The armies made a temporary truce to allow the burial of the dead. The Iliad ends with the funeral of Hector.
[edit] After the Iliad
Penthesilea and the death of Achilles[link]
Shortly after the burial of Hector, Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, arrived with her warriors.[106] Penthesilea, daughter of Otrere and Ares, had accidentally killed her sister Hippolyte. She was purified from this action by Priam,[107] and in exchange she fought for him and killed many, including Machaon[108] (according to Pausanias, Machaon was killed by Eurypylus),[109] and according to another version, Achilles himself, who was resurrected at the request of Thetis.[110] Penthesilia was then killed by Achilles[111] who fell in love with her beauty after her death. Thersites, a simple soldier and the ugliest Achaean, taunted Achilles over his love[108] and gouged out Penthesilea's eyes.[112] Achilles slew Thersites, and after a dispute sailed to Lesbos, where he was purified for his murder by Odysseus after sacrificing to Apollo, Artemis, and Leto.[111]
While they were away, Memnon of Ethiopia, son of Tithonus and Eos,[113] came with his host to help his stepbrother Priam.[114] He did not come directly from Ethiopia, but either from Susa in Persia, conquering all the peoples in between,[115] or from the Caucasus, leading an army of Ethiopians and Indians.[116] Like Achilles, he wore armour made by Hephaestus.[117] In the ensuing battle, Memnon killed Antilochus, who took one of Memnon's blows to save his father Nestor.[118] Achilles and Memnon then fought. Zeus weighed the fate of the two heroes; the weight containing that of Memnon sank,[119] and he was slain by Achilles.[111][120] Achilles chased the Trojans to their city, which he entered. The gods, seeing that he had killed too many of their children, decided that it was his time to die. He was killed after Paris shot a poisoned arrow that was guided by Apollo.[111][113][121] In another version he was killed by a knife to the back (or heel) by Paris, while marrying Polyxena, daughter of Priam, in the temple of Thymbraean Apollo,[122] the site where he had earlier killed Troilus. Both versions conspicuously deny the killer any sort of valour, saying Achilles remained undefeated on the battlefield. His bones were mingled with those of Patroclus, and funeral games were held.[123] Like Ajax, he is represented as living after his death in the island of Leuke, at the mouth of the Danube River,[124] where he is married to Helen.[125]
The Judgment of the Arms: Achilles' armour and the death of Ajax[link]
A great battle raged around the dead Achilles. Ajax held back the Trojans, while Odysseus carried the body away.[126] When Achilles' armour was offered to the smartest warrior, the two that had saved his body came forward as competitors. Agamemnon, unwilling to undertake the invidious duty of deciding between the two competitors, referred the dispute to the decision of the Trojan prisoners, inquiring of them which of the two heroes had done most harm to the Trojans.[127] Alternatively, the Trojans and Pallas Athena were the judges[128][129] in that, following Nestor's advice, spies were sent to the walls to overhear what was said. A girl said that Ajax was braver:
- For Aias took up and carried out of the strife the hero, Peleus'
- son: this great Odysseus cared not to do.
- To this another replied by Athena's contrivance:
- Why, what is this you say? A thing against reason and untrue!
- Even a woman could carry a load once a man had put it on her
- shoulder; but she could not fight. For she would fail with fear
- if she should fight. (Scholiast on Aristophanes, Knights 1056 and Aristophanes ib)
According to Pindar, the decision was made by secret ballot among the Acheans.[130] In all story versions, the arms were awarded to Odysseus. Driven mad with grief, Ajax desired to kill his comrades, but Athena caused him to mistake the cattle and their herdsmen for the Achean warriors.[131] In his frenzy he scourged two rams, believing them to be Agamemnon and Menelaus.[132] In the morning, he came to his senses and killed himself by jumping on the sword that had been given to him by Hector, so that it pierced his armpit, his only vulnerable part.[133] According to an older tradition, he was killed by the Trojans who, seeing he was invulnerable, attacked him with clay until he was covered by it and could no longer move, thus dying of starvation.
The prophecies[link]
After the tenth year, it was prophesied[134] that Troy could not fall without Heracles' bow, which was with Philoctetes in Lemnos. Odysseus and Diomedes[135] retrieved Philoctetes, whose wound had healed.[136] Philoctetes then shot and killed Paris.
According to Apollodorus, Paris' brothers Helenus and Deiphobus vied over the hand of Helen. Deiphobus prevailed, and Helenus abandoned Troy for Mt. Ida. Calchas said that Helenus knew the prophecies concerning the fall of Troy, so Odysseus waylaid Helenus.[129][137] Under coercion, Helenus told the Acheans that they would win if they retrieved Pelops' bones, persuaded Achilles' son Neoptolemus to fight for them, and stole the Trojan Palladium.[138]
The Greeks retrieved Pelop's bones,[139] and sent Odysseus to retrieve Neoptolemus, who was hiding from the war in King Lycomedes's court in Scyros. Odysseus gave him his father's arms.[129][140] Eurypylus, son of Telephus, leading, according to Homer, a large force of Kêteioi,[141] or Hittites or Mysians according to Apollodorus,[142] arrived to aid the Trojans. He killed Machaon[109] and Peneleus,[143] but was slain by Neoptolemus.
Disguised as a beggar, Odysseus went to spy inside Troy, but was recognized by Helen. Homesick,[144] Helen plotted with Odysseus. Later, with Helen's help, Odysseus and Diomedes stole the Palladium.[129][145]
Trojan Horse[link]
Main article: Trojan Horse
The end of the war came with one final plan. Odysseus devised a new ruse—a giant hollow wooden horse, an animal that was sacred to the Trojans. It was built by Epeius and guided by Athena,[146] from the wood of a cornel tree grove sacred to Apollo,[147] with the inscription:
- The Greeks dedicate this thank-offering to Athena for their return home.[148]
The hollow horse was filled with soldiers[149] led by Odysseus. The rest of the army burned the camp and sailed for Tenedos.[150]
When the Trojans discovered that the Greeks were gone, believing the war was over, they "joyfully dragged the horse inside the city",[151] while they debated what to do with it. Some thought they ought to hurl it down from the rocks, others thought they should burn it, while others said they ought to dedicate it to Athena.[152][153]
Both Cassandra and Laocoön warned against keeping the horse.[154] While Cassandra had been given the gift of prophecy by Apollo, she was also cursed by Apollo never to be believed. Serpents then came out of the sea and devoured either Laocoön and one of his two sons,[152] Laocoön and both his sons,[155] or only his sons,[156] a portent which so alarmed the followers of Aeneas that they withdrew to Ida.[152] The Trojans decided to keep the horse and turned to a night of mad revelry and celebration.[129] Sinon, an Achaean spy, signaled the fleet stationed at Tenedos when "it was midnight and the clear moon was rising"[157] and the soldiers from inside the horse emerged and killed the guards.[158]
The Sack of Troy[link]
The Acheans entered the city and killed the sleeping population. A great massacre followed which continued into the day.
- Blood ran in torrents, drenched was all the earth,
- As Trojans and their alien helpers died.
- Here were men lying quelled by bitter death
- All up and down the city in their blood.[159]
The Trojans, fuelled with desperation, fought back fiercely, despite being disorganized and leaderless. With the fighting at its height, some donned fallen enemies' attire and launched surprise counterattacks in the chaotic street fighting. Other defenders hurled down roof tiles and anything else heavy down on the rampaging attackers. The outlook was grim though, and eventually the remaining defenders were destroyed along with the whole city.
Neoptolemus killed Priam, who had taken refuge at the altar of Zeus of the Courtyard.[152][160] Menelaus killed Deiphobus, Helen's husband after Paris' death, and also intended to kill Helen, but, overcome by her beauty, threw down his sword[161] and took her to the ships.[152][162]
Ajax the Lesser raped Cassandra on Athena's altar while she was clinging to her statue. Because of Ajax's impiety, the Acheaens, urged by Odysseus, wanted to stone him to death, but he fled to Athena's altar, and was spared.[152][163]
Antenor, who had given hospitality to Menelaus and Odysseus when they asked for the return of Helen, and who had advocated so, was spared, along with his family.[164] Aeneas took his father on his back and fled, and, according to Apollodorus, was allowed to go because of his piety.[160]
The Greeks then burned the city and divided the spoils. Cassandra was awarded to Agamemnon. Neoptolemus got Andromache, wife of Hector, and Odysseus was given Hecuba, Priam's wife.[165]
The Achaeans[166] threw Hector's infant son Astyanax down from the walls of Troy,[167] either out of cruelty and hate[168] or to end the royal line, and the possibility of a son's revenge.[169] They (by usual tradition Neoptolemus) also sacrificed the Trojan princess Polyxena on the grave of Achilles as demanded by his ghost, either as part of his spoil or because she had betrayed him.[170]
Aethra, Theseus' mother, and one of Helen's handmaids,[171] was rescued by her grandsons, Demophon and Acamas.[152][172]
The returns[link]
Main article: Returns from Troy
The gods were very angry over the destruction of their temples and other sacrilegious acts by the Acheans, and decided that most would not return home. A storm fell on the returning fleet off Tenos island. Additionally, Nauplius, in revenge for the murder of his son Palamedes, set up false lights in Cape Caphereus (also known today as Cavo D'Oro, in Euboea) and many were shipwrecked.[173]
- Nestor, who had the best conduct in Troy and did not take part in the looting, was the only hero who had a fast and safe return.[174] Those of his army that survived the war also reached home with him safely, but later left and colonised Metapontium in Southern Italy.[175]
- Ajax the Lesser, who had endured more than the others the wrath of the Gods, never returned. His ship was wrecked by a storm sent by Athena, who borrowed one of Zeus' thunderbolts and tore it to pieces. The crew managed to land in a rock, but Poseidon struck it, and Ajax fell in the sea and drowned. He was buried by Thetis in Myconos[176] or Delos.[177]
- Teucer, son of Telamon and half-brother of Ajax, stood trial by his father for his half-brother's death. He was disowned by his father and wasn't allowed back on Salamis Island. He was at sea near Phreattys in Peiraeus.[178] He was acquitted of responsibility but found guilty of negligence because he did not return his dead body or his arms. He left with his army (who took their wives) and founded Salamis in Cyprus.[179] The Athenians later created a political myth that his son left his kingdom to Theseus' sons (and not to Megara).
- Neoptolemus, following the advice of Helenus, who accompanied him when he traveled over land, was always accompanied by Andromache. He met Odysseus and they buried Phoenix, Achilles' teacher, on the land of the Ciconians. They then conquered the land of the Molossians (Epirus) and Neoptolemus had a child by Andromache, Molossus, to whom he later gave the throne.[180] Thus the kings of Epirus claimed their lineage from Achilles, and so did Alexander the Great, whose mother was of that royal house. Alexander the Great and the kings of Macedon also claimed to be descended from Heracles. Helenus founded a city in Molossia and inhabited it, and Neoptolemus gave him his mother Deidamia as wife. After Peleus died he succeeded Phtia's throne.[181] He had a feud with Orestes (son of Agamemnon) over Menelaus' daughter Hermione, and was killed in Delphi, where he was buried.[182] In Roman myths, the kingdom of Phtia was taken over by Helenus, who married Andromache. They offered hospitality to other Trojan refugees, including Aeneas, who paid a visit there during his wanderings.
- Diomedes was first thrown by a storm on the coast of Lycia, where he was to be sacrificed to Ares by king Lycus, but Callirrhoe, the king's daughter, took pity upon him, and assisted him in escaping.[183] He then accidentally landed in Attica, in Phaleron. The Athenians, unaware that they were allies, attacked them. Many were killed, and Demophon took the Palladium.[184] He finally landed in Argos, where he found his wife Aegialeia committing adultery. In disgust, he left for Aetolia.[185] According to later traditions, he had some adventures and founded Canusium and Argyrippa in Southern Italy.[186]
- Philoctetes, due to a sedition, was driven from his city and emigrated to Italy, where he founded the cities of Petilia, Old Crimissa, and Chone, between Croton and Thurii.[187] After making war on the Leucanians he founded there a sanctuary of Apollo the Wanderer, to whom also he dedicated his bow.[188]
- According to Homer, Idomeneus reached his house safe and sound.[189] Another tradition later formed. After the war, Idomeneus's ship hit a horrible storm. Idomeneus promised Poseidon that he would sacrifice the first living thing he saw when he returned home if Poseidon would save his ship and crew. The first living thing he saw was his son, whom Idomeneus duly sacrificed. The gods were angry at his murder of his own son and they sent a plague to Crete. His people sent him into exile to Calabria in Italy,[190] and then to Colophon, in Asia Minor, where he died.[191] Among the lesser Achaeans very few reached their homes.
House of Atreus[link]
According to the Odyssey, Menelaus's fleet was blown by storms to Crete and Egypt, where they were unable to sail away due to calm winds.[192] Only five of his ships survived.[174] Menelaus had to catch Proteus, a shape-shifting sea god, to find out what sacrifices to which gods he would have to make to guarantee safe passage.[193] According to some stories the Helen who was taken by Paris was a fake, and the real Helen was in Egypt, where she was reunited with Menelaus. Proteus also told Menelaus that he was destined for Elysium (Heaven) after his death. Menelaus returned to Sparta with Helen eight years after he had left Troy.[194]
Agamemnon returned home with Cassandra to Argos. His wife Clytemnestra (Helen's sister) was having an affair with Aegisthus, son of Thyestes, Agamemnon's cousin who had conquered Argos before Agamemnon himself retook it. Possibly out of vengeance for the death of Iphigenia, Clytemnestra plotted with her lover to kill Agamemnon. Cassandra foresaw this murder, and warned Agamemnon, but he disregarded her. He was killed, either at a feast or in his bath,[195] according to different versions. Cassandra was also killed.[196] Agamemnon's son Orestes, who had been away, returned and conspired with his sister Electra to avenge their father.[197] He killed Clytemnestra and Aegisthus and succeeded to his father's throne.[198][199]
The Odyssey[link]
Main article: Odyssey
Odysseus' ten year journey home to Ithaca was told in Homer's Odyssey. Odysseus and his men were blown far off course to lands unknown to the Achaeans; there Odysseus had many adventures, including the famous encounter with the Cyclops Polyphemus, and an audience with the seer Teiresias in Hades. On the island of Thrinacia, Odysseus' men ate the cattle sacred to the sun-god Helios. For this sacrilege Odysseus' ships were destroyed, and all his men perished. Odysseus had not eaten the cattle, and was allowed to live; he washed ashore on the island of Ogygia, and lived there with the nymph Calypso. After seven years, the gods decided to send Odysseus home; on a small raft, he sailed to Scheria, the home of the Phaeacians, who gave him passage to Ithaca.
Once in his home land, Odysseus traveled disguised as an old beggar. He was recognised by his dog, Argos, who died in his lap. He then discovered that his wife, Penelope, had been faithful to him during the 20 years he was absent, despite the countless suitors that were eating his food and spending his property. With the help of his son Telemachus, Athena, and Eumaeus, the swineherd, he killed all of them except Medon, who had been polite to Penelope, and Phemius, a local singer who had only been forced to help the suitors against Penelope. Penelope tested Odysseus and made sure it was him, and he forgave her. The next day the suitors' relatives tried to take revenge on him but they were stopped by Athena.
The Telegony[link]
Main article: Telegony
The Telegony picks up where the Odyssey leaves off, beginning with the burial of the dead suitors, and continues until the death of Odysseus.[200] Some years after Odysseus' return, Telegonus, the son of Odysseus and Circe, came to Ithaca and plundered the island. Odysseus, attempting to fight off the attack, was killed by his unrecognized son. After Telegonus realized he had killed his father, he brought the body to his mother Circe, along with Telemachus and Penelope. Circe made them immortal; then Telegonus married Penelope and Telemachus married Circe.
The Aeneid[link]
Main article: The Aeneid
The journey of the Trojan survivor Aeneas and his resettling of Trojan refugees in Italy are the subject of the Latin epic poem The Aeneid by Virgil. Writing during the time of Augustus, Virgil has his hero give a first-person account of the fall of Troy in the second of the Aeneid 's twelve books; the Trojan Horse, which does not appear in "The Iliad", became legendary from Virgil's account.
Aeneas leads a group of survivors away from the city, among them his son Ascanius (also known as Iulus), his trumpeter Misenus, father Anchises, the healer Iapyx, his faithful sidekick Achates, and Mimas as a guide. His wife Creusa is killed during the sack of the city. Aeneas also carries the Lares and Penates of Troy, which the historical Romans claimed to preserve as guarantees of Rome's own security.
The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships, seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere. They land in several nearby countries that prove inhospitable, and are finally told by an oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears. They first try to establish themselves in Crete, where Dardanus had once settled, but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away. They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache, but decline to remain. After seven years they arrive in Carthage, where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido. (Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC, the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition.) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward, and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. Dido commits suicide, and Aeneas's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony.
At Cumae, the Sibyl leads Aeneas on an archetypal descent to the underworld, where the shade of his dead father serves as a guide; this book of the Aeneid directly influenced Dante, who has Virgil act as his narrator's guide. Aeneas is given a vision of the future majesty of Rome, which it was his duty to found, and returns to the world of the living. He negotiates a settlement with the local king, Latinus, and was wed to his daughter, Lavinia. This triggered a war with other local tribes, which culminated in the founding of the settlement of Alba Longa, ruled by Aeneas and Lavinia's son Silvius. Roman myth attempted to reconcile two different founding myths: three hundred years later, in the more famous tradition, Romulus and Remus founded Rome. The Trojan origins of Rome became particularly important in the propaganda of Julius Caesar, whose family claimed descent from Venus through Aeneas's son Iulus (hence the Latin gens name Iulius), and during the reign of Augustus; see for instance the Tabulae Iliacae and the "Troy Game" presented frequently by the Julio-Claudian dynasty.
Dates of the Trojan War[link]
Since this war was considered among the ancient Greeks as either the last event of the mythical age or the first event of the historical age, several dates are given for the fall of Troy. They usually derive from genealogies of kings. Ephorus gives 1135 BC,[201] Sosibius 1172 BC,[202] Eratosthenes 1184 BC/1183 BC,[203] Timaeus 1193 BC,[204] the Parian marble 1209 BC/1208 BC,[205] Dicaearchus 1212 BC,[206] Herodotus around 1250 BC,[207] Eretes 1291 BC,[208] while Douris 1334 BC.[209] As for the exact day Ephorus gives 23/24 Thargelion (July 6 or 7), Hellanicus 12 Thargelion (May 26)[210] while others give the 23rd of Sciroforion (July 7) or the 23rd of Ponamos (October 7).
The glorious and rich city Homer describes was believed to be Troy VI by many twentieth century authors, destroyed in 1275 BC, probably by an earthquake. Its follower Troy VIIa, destroyed by fire at some point during the 1180s BC, was long considered a poorer city, but since the excavation campaign of 1988 it has risen to the most likely candidate.
File:Hittite Kingdom.png
Map showing the Hittite Empire, Ahhiyawa (possibly the Achaeans) and Wilusa (Troy)
Historical basis[link]
See also: Historicity of the Iliad
The historicity of the Trojan War is still subject to debate. Most classical Greeks thought that the war was an historical event, but many believed that the Homeric poems had exaggerated the events to suit the demands of poetry. For instance, the historian Thucydides, who is known for his critical spirit, considers it a true event but doubts that 1,186 ships were sent to Troy. Euripides started changing Greek myths at will, including those of the Trojan War. Around 1870 it was generally agreed in Western Europe that the Trojan War never had happened and Troy never existed.[211] Then Heinrich Schliemann discovered the ruins of Troy and of the Mycenaean cities of Greece. Today many scholars agree that the Trojan War is based on a historical core of a Greek expedition against the city of Illium, but few would argue that the Homeric poems faithfully represent the actual events of the war.
In November 2001, geologists John C. Kraft from the University of Delaware and John V. Luce from Trinity College, Dublin presented the results[212][213][214] of investigations into the geology of the region that had started in 1977. The geologists compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the Iliad and other classical sources, notably Strabo's Geographia. Their conclusion was that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann (and other locations such as the Greek camp), the geological evidence, and descriptions of the topography and accounts of the battle in the Iliad.
In the twentieth century scholars have attempted to draw conclusions based on Hittite and Egyptian texts that date to the time of the Trojan War. While they give a general description of the political situation in the region at the time, their information on whether this particular conflict took place is limited. Andrew Dalby notes that while the Trojan War most likely did take place in some form and is therefore grounded in history, its true nature is and will be unknown.[215] Hittite archives, like the Tawagalawa letter mention of a kingdom of Ahhiyawa (Achaea, or Greece) that lies beyond the sea (that would be the Aegean) and controls Milliwanda, which is identified with Miletus. Also mentioned in this and other letters is the Assuwa confederation made of 22 cities and countries which included the city of Wilusa (Ilios or Ilium). The Milawata letter implies this city lies on the north of the Assuwa confederation, beyond the Seha river. While the identification of Wilusa with Ilium (that is, Troy) is always controversial, in the 1990s it gained majority acceptance. In the Alaksandu treaty (ca. 1280 BC) the king of the city is named Alakasandu, and Paris's son of Priam's name in the Iliad (among other works) is Alexander. The Tawagalawa letter (dated ca. 1250 BC) which is addressed to the king of Ahhiyawa actually says:
- Now as we have come to an agreement on Wilusa over which we went to war...
Formerly under the Hittites, the Assuwa confederation defected after the battle of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hittites (ca. 1274 BC). In 1230 BC Hittite king Tudhaliya IV (ca. 1240–1210 BC) campaigned against this federation. Under Arnuwanda III (ca. 1210–1205 BC) the Hittites were forced to abandon the lands they controlled in the coast of the Aegean. It is possible that the Trojan War was a conflict between the king of Ahhiyawa and the Assuwa confederation. This view has been supported in that the entire war includes the landing in Mysia (and Telephus' wounding), Achilles's campaigns in the North Aegean and Telamonian Ajax's campaigns in Thrace and Phrygia. Most of these regions were part of Assuwa.[69][216] It has also been noted that there is great similarity between the names of the Sea Peoples, which at that time were raiding Egypt, as they are listed by Ramesses III and Merneptah, and of the allies of the Trojans.[217]
That most Achean heroes did not return to their homes and founded colonies elsewhere was interpreted by Thucydides as being due to their long absence.[218] Nowadays the interpretation followed by most scholars is that the Achean leaders driven out of their lands by the turmoil at the end of the Mycenean era preferred to claim descendance from exiles of the Trojan War.[219]
Popular culture[link]
Main article: Trojan War in popular culture
A full listing of works inspired by the Trojan War has not been attempted, since the inspiration provided by these events produced so many works that a list that merely mentions them by name would be larger than the full tale of the events of the war. The siege of Troy provided inspiration for many works of art, most famously Homer's Iliad, set in the last year of the siege. Some of the others include Troades by Euripides, Troilus and Criseyde by Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Cressida by William Shakespeare, Iphigenia and Polyxena by Samuel Coster, Palamedes by Joost van den Vondel and Les Troyens by Hector Berlioz.
Films based on the Trojan War include Troy (2004). The war has also been featured in many books, television series, and other creative works.
References[link]
- ^ Rutter, Jeremy B.. "Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War". http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/classics/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/27.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ In the second edition of his In Search of the Trojan War, Michael Wood notes developments that were made in the intervening ten years since his first edition was published. Scholarly skepticism about Schliemann's identification has been dispelled by the more recent archaeological discoveries, linguistic research, and translations of clay-tablet records of contemporaneous diplomacy. Wood, Michael (1998). "Preface". In Search of the Trojan War (2 ed.). Berkley, CA: University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-520-21599-0. "Now, more than ever, in the 125 years since Schliemann put his spade into Hisarlik, there appears to be a historical basis to the tale of Troy"
- ^ Wood (1985: 116–118)
- ^ Wood (1985: 19)
- ^ It is unknown whether this Proclus is the Neoplatonic philosopher, in which case the summary dates to the 5th century AD, or whether he is the lesser-known grammarian of the 2nd century AD. See Burgess, p. 12.
- ^ Burgess, pp. 10–12; cf. W. Kullmann (1960), Die Quellen der Ilias.
- ^ Burgess, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Scholium on Homer A.5.
- ^ Plato, Republic 2,379e.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.1, Hesiod Fragment 204,95ff.
- ^ Apollonius Rhodius 4.757.
- ^ Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 767.
- ^ Scholiast on Homer’s Iliad; Hyginus, Fabulae 54; Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.217.
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3.168.
- ^ Pindar, Nemean 5 ep2; Pindar, Isthmian 8 str3–str5.
- ^ Hesiod, Catalogue of Women fr. 57; Cypria fr. 4.
- ^ Photius, Myrobiblion 190.
- ^ P.Oxy. 56, 3829 (L. Koppel, 1989)
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 92.
- ^ Apollodorus Epitome E.3.2
- ^ Pausanias, 15.9.5.
- ^ Euripides Andromache 298; Div. i. 21; Apollodorus, Library 3.12.5.
- ^ Homer Iliad I.410
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3.174.
- ^ Apollonius Rhodius 4.869–879; Apollodorus, Library 3.13.6.
- ^ Frazer on Apollodorus, Library 3.13.6.
- ^ Alluded to in Statius, Achilleid 1.269–270.
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 96.
- ^ Apollodorus 3.10.7.
- ^ Pausanias 1.33.1; Apollodorus, Library 3.10.7.
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3.10.5; Hyginus, Fabulae 77.
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3.10.9.
- ^ Pausanias 3.20.9.
- ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History 4 (as summarized in Photius, Myriobiblon 190).
- ^ Pindar, Pythian 11 ep4; Apollodorus, Library 3.11.15.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 2.15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Proclus Chrestomathy 1
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.3.
- ^ Euripides, Helen 40.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.4.
- ^ Herodotus, Histories 1.2.
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3.12.7.
- ^ Herodotus, 1.3.1.
- ^ Il. 3.205-6; 11.139
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.6.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.7.
- ^ Il.11.767-70, (lines rejected by Aristophanes and Aristarchus)
- ^ Statius, Achilleid 1.25
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3.13.8.
- ^ Scholiast on Homer's Iliad 19.326; Ovid, Metamorphoses 13.162 ff.
- ^ Pausanias, 1.22.6.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 11.19 ff.; Apollodurus, Epitome 3.9.
- ^ Philostratus, Heroicus 7.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.15.
- ^ Pausanias, 1.4.6.
- ^ Pindar, Isthmian 8.
- ^ Pausanias, 9.5.14.
- ^ a b Apollodorus, Epitome 3.20.
- ^ Aeschylus fragment 405–410
- ^ Pliny, Natural History 24.42, 34.152.
- ^ Davies, esp. pp. 8, 10.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.19.
- ^ Philodemus, On Piety.
- ^ Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 27.
- ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History 5 (as summarized in Photius, Myriobiblon 190).
- ^ Pausanias, 1.43.1.
- ^ History of the Pelloponesian War 1,10.
- ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους (History of the Greek Nation) vol. A, Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens 1968.
- ^ a b Pantelis Karykas, Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές (Mycenian Warriors), Athens 1999.
- ^ Vice Admiral P.E. Konstas R.H.N.,Η ναυτική ηγεμονία των Μυκηνών (The naval hegemony of Mycenae), Athens 1966
- ^ Homer, Iliad Β.803–806.
- ^ Diodorus iv,38.
- ^ Pausanias 8.33.4
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.27.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.26.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.28.
- ^ Herodotus 4.145.3.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.29.
- ^ Pausianias 4.2.7.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.31.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.30.
- ^ Eustathius on Homer, Iliad ii.701.
- ^ Scholiast on Lycophron 532.
- ^ Thucydides 1.11.
- ^ Papademetriou Konstantinos, "Τα όπλα του Τρωϊκού Πολέμου" ("The weapons of the Trojan War"), Panzer Magazine issue 14, June–July 2004, Athens.
- ^ Iliad I.328
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.32.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.33; translation, Sir James George Frazer.
- ^ Volume 5 p.80
- ^ Demetrius (2nd century BC) Scholium on Iliad Z,35
- ^ Parthenius Ερωτικά Παθήματα 21
- ^ Apollodorus, Library 3.12.5.
- ^ Homer, Iliad Φ 35–155.
- ^ Dictis Cretensis ii. 18; Sophocles, Ajax 210.
- ^ "Petteia".
- ^ "Greek Board Games".
- ^ "Latrunculi".
- ^ Kakrides vol. 5 p. 92.
- ^ Servius, Scholium on Virgil's Aeneid 2.81
- ^ According to other accounts Odysseus, with the other Greek captains, including Agamemnon, conspired together against Palamedes, as all were envious of his accomplishments. See Simpson, Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus, p. 251.
- ^ According to Apollodorus Epitome 3.8, Odysseus forced a Phrygian prisoner, to write the letter.
- ^ Pausanias 10.31.2; Simpson, Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus, p. 251.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6.9.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 3.10
- ^ The exact nature of Achilles' relationship to Patroclus is the subject of some debate. See Achilles and Patroclus for details.
- ^ Scholiast on Homer, Iliad. xxiv. 804.
- ^ Quintus of Smyrna, Posthomerica i.18 ff.
- ^ a b Apollodorus, Epitome 5.1.
- ^ a b Pausanias 3.26.9.
- ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Bk6 (as summarized in Photius, Myriobiblon 190)
- ^ a b c d Proclus, Chrestomathy 2, Aethiopis.
- ^ Tzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 999.
- ^ a b Apollodorus, Epitome 5.3.
- ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 18.
- ^ Pausanias 10.31.7.
- ^ Dictys Cretensis iv. 4.
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 8.372.
- ^ Pindarus Pythian vi. 30.
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus ii. 224.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4.75.4.
- ^ Pausanias 1.13.9.
- ^ Euripedes, Hecuba 40.
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica iv. 88–595.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.5.
- ^ Pausanias 3.19.13.
- ^ Argument of Sophocles' Ajax
- ^ Scholiast on Homer's Odyssey λ.547.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey λ 542.
- ^ a b c d e Proclus, Chrestomathy 3, Little Iliad.
- ^ Pindar, Nemean Odes 8.46(25).
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.6.
- ^ Zenobius, Cent. i.43.
- ^ Sophocles, Ajax 42, 277, 852.
- ^ Either by Calchas, (Apollodorus, Epitome 5.8; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 9.325–479), or by Paris' brother Helenus (Proclus, Chrestomathy 3, Little Illiad; Sophocles, Philoctetes 604–613; Tzetzes, Posthomerica 571–595).
- ^ This is according to Apollodorus, Epitome 5.8, Hyginus, Fabulae 103, Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 9.325–479, and Euripides, Philoctetes—but Sophocles, Philoctetes says Odysseus and Neoptolemus, while Proclus, Chrestomathy 3, Little Illiad says Diomedes alone.
- ^ Philoctetes was cured by a son of Asclepius, either Machaon, (Proclus, Chrestomathy 3, Little Illiad; Tzetzes, Posthomerica 571–595) or his brother Podalirius (Apollodorus, Epitome 5.8; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 9.325–479).
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.9.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.10; Pausanias 5.13.4.
- ^ Pausanias 5.13.4–6, says that Pelop's shoulder-blade was brought to Troy from Pisa, and on its return home was lost at sea, later to be found by a fisherman, and identified as Pelop's by the Oracle at Delphi.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.11.
- ^ Odyssey λ.520
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.12.
- ^ Pausanias 9.5.15.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 4.242 ff.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.13.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 8.492–495; Apollodorus, Epitome 5.14.
- ^ Pausanias, 3.13.5.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.15, Simpson, p 246.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.14, says the hollow horse held 50, but attributes to the author of the Little Iliad a figure of 3,000, a number that Simpson, p 265, calls "absurd", saying that the surviving fragments only say that the Greeks put their "best men" inside the horse. Tzetzes, Posthomerica 641–650, gives a figure of 23, while Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xii.314–335, gives the names of thirty, and says that there were more. In late tradition it seems it was standardized at 40.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 8.500–504; Apollodorus, Epitome 5.15.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.16, as translated by Simpson, p. 246. Proculus, Chrestomathy 3, Little Iliad, says that the Trojans pulled down a part of their walls to admit the horse.
- ^ a b c d e f g Proclus, Chrestomathy 4, Iliou Persis.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 8.505 ff.; Apollodorus, Epitome 5.16–15.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.17 says that Cassandra warned of an armed force inside the horse, and that Laocoön agreed.
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 2.199–227; Hyginus, Fabulae 135;
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xii.444–497; Apollodorus, Epitome 5.18.
- ^ Scholiast on Lycophroon, 344.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.19–20.
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii.100–104,Translation by A.S. Way, 1913.
- ^ a b Apollodorus. Epitome 5.21.
- ^ Aristophanes, Lysistrata 155; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii.423–457.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.22.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.22; Pausanias 10.31.2; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii.462–473; Virgil, Aeneid 403–406. The rape of Cassandra was a popular theme of ancient Greek paintings, see Pausanias, 1.15.2, 5.11.6, 5.19.5, 10.26.3.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 3.203–207, 7.347–353; Apollodorus, Epitome, 5.21; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii.322–331, Livy, 1.1; Pausanias, 10.26.8, 27.3 ff.; Strabo, 13.1.53.
- ^ Apollodorus. Epitome 5.23.
- ^ Proclus, Chrestomathy 4, Ilio Persis, says Odysseus killed Astyanax, while Pausanias, 10.25.9, says Neoptolemus.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.23.
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii.279–285.
- ^ Euripides, Trojan Women 709–739, 1133–1135; Hyginus, Fabulae 109.
- ^ Euripides, Hecuba 107–125, 218–224, 391–393, 521–582; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiv.193–328.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 3.144.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 5.22; Pausanias, 10.25.8; Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica xiii.547–595.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6.11.
- ^ a b Apollodorus, Epitome 5.24.
- ^ Strabo, 6.1.15.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6.6.
- ^ Scholiast on Homer, Iliad 13.66.
- ^ Pausanias, 1.28.11.
- ^ Pausanias, 8.15.7
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6.12
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6.13.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6.14.
- ^ Plutarch, 23.
- ^ Pausanias, 1.28.9.
- ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 609.
- ^ Strabo, 6.3.9.
- ^ Strabo, 6.1.3.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6.15b; Strabo, 6.1.3.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 3.191.
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 3.400
- ^ Scholiast on Homer's Odyssey 13.259.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 4.360.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 4.382.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6.29.
- ^ Pausanias, 2.16.6.
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6.23.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 1.30, 298.
- ^ Pausanias, 2.16.7.
- ^ Sophocles, Electra 1405.
- ^ Proclus Chrestomathy 2, Telegony
- ^ FGrHist 70 F 223
- ^ FGrHist 595 F 1
- ^ Chronographiai FGrHist 241 F 1d
- ^ FGrHist 566 F 125
- ^ FGrHist 239, §24
- ^ Bios Hellados
- ^ Histories 2,145
- ^ FGrHist 242 F 1
- ^ FGrHist 76 F 41
- ^ FGrHist 4 F 152
- ^ Yale University: Introduction to Ancient Greek History: Lecture 2
- ^ Confex.
- ^ Nature.
- ^ Iliad, Discovery.
- ^ Wilson, Emily. Was The Iliad written by a woman?, Slate Magazine, December 12, 2006. Accessed June 30, 2008.
- ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους (History of the Greek Nation) Volume A. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon, 1968.
- ^ Phoenix Data Systems - Attacks on Egypt
- ^ Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War, 1.12.2.
- ^ Graves, Robert. The Greek Myths, "The Returns".
Further reading[link]
Ancient authors[link]
- Apollodorus, Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus, translated by Michael Simpson, The University of Massachusetts Press, (1976). ISBN 0-87023-205-3.
- Apollodorus, Apollodorus: The Library, translated by Sir James George Frazer, two volumes, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press and London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Volume 1: ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Volume 2: ISBN 0-674-99136-2.
- Euripides, Andromache, in Euripides: Children of Heracles, Hippolytus, Andromache, Hecuba, with an English translation by David Kovacs. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. (1996). ISBN 0-674-99533-3.
- Euripides, Helen, in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 1. Helen, translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938.
- Euripides, Hecuba, in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 1. Hecuba, translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938.
- Herodotus, Histories, A. D. Godley (translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920; ISBN 0-674-99133-8. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
- Pausanias, Description of Greece, (Loeb Classical Library) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). Vol 1, Books I–II, ISBN 0-674-99104-4; Vol 2, Books III–V, ISBN 0-674-99207-5; Vol 3, Books VI–VIII.21, ISBN 0-674-99300-4; Vol 4, Books VIII.22–X, ISBN 0-674-99328-4.
- Proclus, Chrestomathy, in Fragments of the Kypria translated by H.G. Evelyn-White, 1914 (public domain).
- Proclus, Proclus' Summary of the Epic Cycle, trans. Gregory Nagy.
- Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica, in Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy, Arthur Sanders Way (Ed. & Trans.), Loeb Classics #19; Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA. (1913). (1962 edition: ISBN 0-674-99022-6).
- Strabo, Geography, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924)
Modern authors[link]
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- Burgess, Jonathan S. 2004. The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle (Johns Hopkins). ISBN 0-8018-7890-X.
- Castleden, Rodney. The Attack on Troy. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1-84415-175-1).
- Davies, Malcolm (2000). "Euripides Telephus Fr. 149 (Austin) and the Folk-Tale Origins of the Teuthranian Expedition" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 133: 7–10. http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/2000/133pdf/133007.pdf.
- Durschmied, Erik. The Hinge Factor:How Chance and Stupidity Have Changed History. Coronet Books; New Ed edition (7 Oct 1999).
- Frazer, Sir James George, Apollodorus: The Library, two volumes, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press and London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Volume 1: ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Volume 2: ISBN 0-674-99136-2.
- Graves, Robert. The Greek Myths, Penguin (Non-Classics); Cmb/Rep edition (April 6, 1993). ISBN 0-14-017199-1.
- Kakridis, J., 1988. Ελληνική Μυθολογία ("Greek mythology"), Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens.
- Karykas, Pantelis, 2003. Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές ("Mycenean Warriors"), Communications Editions, Athens.
- Latacz, Joachim. Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-926308-6).
- Simpson, Michael. Gods & Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus, The University of Massachusetts Press, (1976). ISBN 0-87023-205-3.
- Strauss, Barry. The Trojan War: A New History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7432-6441-X).
- Thompson, Diane P. The Trojan War: Literature and Legends from the Bronze Age to the Present. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1737-4 (paperback).
- Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic, edited by Martin M. Winkler. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2007 (hardcover, ISBN 1-4051-3182-9; paperback, ISBN 1-4051-3183-7).
- Wood, Michael. In Search of the Trojan War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 (paperback, ISBN 0-520-21599-0); London: BBC Books, 1985 (ISBN 0-563-20161-4).
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Trojan War |
- Was There a Trojan War? Maybe so. From Archeology, a publication of the Archeological Institute of America. May/June 2004
- The Trojan War at Greek Mythology Link
- The Legend of the Trojan War
- Mortal Women of the Trojan War
- The Historicity of the Trojan War The location of Troy and possible connections with the city of Teuthrania.
- The Greek Age of Bronze "Trojan war"
- The Trojan War: A Prologue to Homer's Iliad
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