Mysore district ಮೈಸೂರು ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ
—  district  —
Mysore Palace
Location of Mysore district in Karnataka and India
Coordinates	12°13′N 76°29′E / 12.21°N 76.49°E / 12.21; 76.49Coordinates: 12°13′N 76°29′E / 12.21°N 76.49°E / 12.21; 76.49
Country	India
State	Karnataka
Division	Mysore division
Subdistrict(s)	Mysore, Tirumakudalu Narasipura, Nanjangud, Heggadadevanakote, Hunsur, Piriyapatna, Krishnarajanagara
Headquarters	Mysore
Deputy Commissioner	Harsh Gupta, IAS
Population • Density	2,641,027[1] (2001[update]) • 385 /km2 (997 /sq mi)
Time zone	IST (UTC+05:30)
Area	6,854 square kilometres (2,646 sq mi)[1]
Codes • Vehicle • KA-09 ,KA-55
Website	mysore.nic.in

Mysore District (Kannada: ಮೈಸೂರು ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ) is an administrative district located in the southern part of the state of Karnataka, India. The district is bounded by Mandya district to the northeast, Chamrajanagar district to the southeast, Kerala state to the south, Kodagu district to the west, and Hassan district to the north. It features many tourist destinations, from Mysore Palace to Nagarhole National Park. This district has a prominent place in the history of Karnataka; Mysore was ruled by the Wodeyars from the year 1399 till the independence of India in the year 1947. Mysore's prominence can be gauged from the fact that the Karnataka state was known previously as Mysore state.

It is the third most populous district in Karnataka (out of 30), after Bangalore and Belgaum.^[2]

Origin of name[link]

Mysore district gets its name from the city of Mysore which is also the headquarters of the district. A statue of Mahishasura, after whom the city is named, and a temple dedicated to Goddess Chamundeshwari on the top of Chamundi Hill near Mysore city, relate to the legend of its origin.

History[link]

Hoysala architecture in Somanathapura temple

Keerthinarayana Temple at Talakad in Mysore district; built by the Hoysala king, Vishnuvardhana.

The famous Mysore Palace built by the Wodeyars

The earliest known reference of rulers in Mysore district are the Gangas who during the rule of King Avinitha (469-529 CE), moved the capital from Kolar to Talakad on the banks of the river Kaveri in the Tirumakudalu Narasipura Taluk^[3] Talakad remained their regal capital till the end of Ganga rule in the early 11th century. Gangas ruled over a greater part of Mysore district, then known by the name of Gangavadi. In the end of the 8th century, the Rashtrakuta king Dhruva Dharavarsha defeated the Ganga king Shivamara II and wrested Gangavadi from him. Gangavadi came under the governorship of Kambarasa, the son of Dhruva Dharavarsha. Gangas who were overthrown from Gangavadi, had to wait till their king Nitimarga Ereganga (853 - 869 CE) won a victory against the Rashtrakutas at Rajaramudu. Seeing the increasing might of the Gangas, the Rashtrakuta King Amoghavarsha I gave his daughter Revakanimmadi in marriage to the son of Ereganga, Butuga II who became the ruler of Gangavadi. Gangas ruled over Gangavadi till the Ganga king, Rakkasa Ganga (985-1024 CE) was defeated by the Cholas.^[4] In the year 1117, Vishnuvardhana, the great king of Hoysala dynasty seized Gangavadi and its capital Talakad from the Cholas. To commemorate this achievement, Vishnuvardhana built the Keerthinarayana temple at Talakad.^[5] Gangavadi was ruled by the Hoysalas till the death of their last ruler, Veera Ballala III after which Gangavadi became a part of the Vijayanagar Empire. In 1399, Yaduraya established the Wodeyar dynasty at Mysore.^[4] It remained as a feudatory to the Vijayanagar Empire owing allegiance to the Vijayanagar kings and the Vijayanagar representative at Srirangapatna, till the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire in the year 1565 CE. In the vacuum that got created, Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617) established control and became the first major ruler of the Wodeyar family. He defeated the Vijayanagar representative in a battle at Kesare near Mysore, shifted his capital from Mysore to Srirangapatna in 1610 AD.^[6] The Wodeyars continued to rule over Mysore till the reign of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II (1734–1766), when Hyder Ali Khan and his son Tipu Sultan became the virtual rulers of Mysore.^[4] Though there were Wodeyar kings during the rule of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, they were mere figureheads. With the death of Tipu Sultan in the year 1799 under the hands of the British, the Wodeyars were reinstated to the throne of Mysore and the capital was also shifted back to Mysore. Prince Krishnaraja Wodeyar III who was just 5 years old was installed on the throne of Mysore in 1799.^[4] Wodeyars were the subisidaries of the British Empire and had to pay annual subsidies. During the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, the British took the kingdom back from Wodeyars in the year 1831 under the pretext that the Wodeyar king did not pay the annual subsidy.^[7] Commissioners were appointed to rule over the Mysore kingdom. Mark Cubbon (Cubbon Road and Cubbon Park in Bangalore city are named after him) and L. B. Bowring (Bowring Hospital in Bangalore city is named after him) were the prominent British Commissioners who ruled over Mysore. However, the Wodeyar kings raised a plea against this with the British Parliament who gave a ruling favour of the Wodeyars. In the year 1881, Chamaraja Wodeyar IX (son of Krishnaraja Wodeyar III and Wodeyar king since 1868) was given back the reins of the Mysore kingdom from the British.^[7] The Wodeyars continued to rule over the Mysore Kingdom, till the rule of Jayachamaraja Wodeyar who in the year 1947, merged his Kingdom into the new dominion of independent India. He remained as a Maharaja till India became a republic in the year 1950 after which he was anointed as a Raja Pramukh (a constitutional position) as the head of the [Mysore] state till 1956. In 1956, after the reorganisation of Indian states, the Mysore state was born and Jayachamaraja Wodeyar was made as the governor of this state; the position which he held till the year 1964.

Geography[link]

Map of the Karnataka state with Mysore district shown as the highlighted region

Mysore district is located between latitude 11°45' to 12°40' N and longitude 75°57' to 77°15' E. It is bounded by Mandya district to the northeast, Chamrajanagar district to the southeast, Kerala state to the south, Kodagu district to the west, and Hassan district to the north. It has an area of 6,854 km² (ranked 12th in the state). The administrative center of Mysore District is Mysore City. The district is a part of Mysore division. Prior to 1998, Mysore district also contained the Chamarajanagar district before that area was separated off.

The district lies on the undulating table land of the southern Deccan plateau, within the watershed of the Kaveri River, which flows through the northwestern and eastern parts of the district. The Krishna Raja Sagara reservoir, which was formed by building a dam across the Kaveri, lies on the northern edge of the district. Nagarhole National Park lies partly in Mysore district and partly in adjacent Kodagu District.

Climate[link]

The temperature in the district varies from 15 deg. C in winters to 35 deg. C in summers. Mysore district receives an average rainfall of 785 mm.^[8]

Geology[link]

The types of soil found in this district are red soils (red gravelly loam soil, red loam soil, red gravelly clay soil, red clay soil), lateritic soil, deep black soil, saline alluvo-colluvial soil and brown forest soil.^[9] Some of the minerals found in this district are kyanite, sillimanite, quartz, magnesite, chromite, soapstone, felsite, corundum, graphite, limestone, dolomite, siliconite and dunite^[10]

Economy[link]

Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of this district as it is with the rest of India. Though the agriculture is highly dependent on the rainfall, the rivers Kaveri and Kabini provide the irrigation needs required for agriculture in this district. According to the 2001 census, about 3,25,823 farmers are involved in cultivation in this district. In the year 2001-2002, Mysore district yielded a foodgrain production of 608,596 Tonnes which is a contribution of 6.94% of the total food grain production in the state for the year.^[11] Some of the important crops grown here are cotton, grams ^{[disambiguation needed ]}, groundnut, jowar, maize, ragi, rice, sugarcane, sunflower and tur.^[12] Horticulture is another area contributing significantly to the economy; especially the palm oil production in H D Kote Taluk.^[13]

Industries[link]

Industries in Mysore district are mainly concentrated around the cities of Mysore and Nanjangud. Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) has established six industrial areas in Mysore district to encourage Industrial Development of the district. These are located at Belagola, Belawadi, Hebbal (Electronic City), Hootagalli, Nanjangud and Thandavapura.^[14]

Some of the major industries located near Mysore city are:

• Vikrant Tyres Ltd. - Manufacturer of tyres
• Automotive Axles Ltd. - Manufacturer of axles
• Bharat Earth Movers Ltd. (BEML) - Manufacturer of heavy machinery
• Karnataka Silk Industries Corporation (KSIC) - Manufacturer of silk garments
• TVS Ltd. - Manufacturer of motor vehicles and parts
• Larsen and Tubro Limited (Manufacturer of medical equipments and Electronic meters)

Some of the major industries located in Nanjangud are:

• Nestle India Ltd
• AT&S India Pvt Ltd.
• TVS Motor Company
• Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd
• South India Paper Mills
• S. Kumars Reid & Taylor
• Raman Boards
• Jubilant Organosys
• Bacardi Martini India Ltd.
• Max Pharma

Information Technology[link]

Mysore is proving to be the next IT hub in Karnataka after the phenomenal success of Bangalore. The Government of India has recognised Mysore as the numero uno among the 20 Tier II cities of India for the promotion of IT industry.^[15] Currently, all of the IT related industries are concentrated around the Mysore city. The Software Technology Park (STP) in Mysore was inaugurated in Mysore in the year 1998 by the Prime Minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee. As of August 2006, there are 42 companies registered with the Mysore STP. Software exports from Mysore are expected to double to about Rs. 850 crores in the financial year 2006-07 from previous year's exports of Rs. 400 crores.^[15] Some of the major IT Companies located here are:

• Wipro Infotech
• WeP Peripherals Ltd. (earlier known as Wipro ePeripherals Ltd.)
• Infosys Technologies
• Software Paradigms (India)
• Larsen and Toubro Infotech (L & T)
• Comat Technologies
• Theorem India Pvt. Ltd
• Excelsoft Technologies
• Kaveri Technology Solutions

Tourism[link]

Tourism is another big industry in Mysore. The importance of Mysore as a tourist destination was evident when it was selected as the venue for the Karnataka Tourism Expo in the year 2006.^[16] Though Mysore city is well known as a tourist place, other parts of Mysore district are yet to see growth in tourism. However, the tourism department plans to develop other areas in Mysore district like Bettadapura, Hedathali, Kapadi, Mudukuthore Betta, Mugur, Nanjangud and Tirumakudalu Narasipura as tourist places.^[17]

Divisions[link]

Mysore district is divided into three subdivisions, Hunsur, Mysore and Nanjangud. The Mysore district administration is headed by the Deputy Commissioner who also has the additional role of a District Magistrate. Assistant Commissioners, Tahsildars, Shirastedars (revenue official at Tahsil level), Revenue inspectors and Village Accountants help the Deputy Commissioner in the administration of the district. Mysore city is the headquarters of the district. It lies on the north eastern part of the district and is well known for its beautiful palaces and also for the festivities that take place during Dasara.

Mysore District is subdivided into seven taluks whose 2001 Census populations are given below:

• Piriyapatna (224,254)
• Hunsur (253,926)
• Krishnarajanagara (239,199)
• Mysore (1,038,490)
• Heggadadevanakote (245,930)
• Nanjangud (360,223)
• Tirumakudalu Narasipura (279,005)
  • Total 2,641,027

Mysore district elects 11 members to the Legislative Assembly of the State of Karnataka. The 11 assembly constituencies are:

• Chamaraja, Krishnaraja, Narasimharaja, Chamundeshwari and Varuna(belonging to Mysore city)
• Hunsur
• Piriyapatna
• Krishnarajanagara
• Heggadadevanakote
• Nanjangud
• Tirumakudalu Narasipura

Mysore district also elects 1 member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. The Mysore Lok Sabha constituency consists of all the Assembly constituencies mentioned above except for Nanjangud, Tirumakudalu Narasipura and Bannur which belong to the Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency.

Demographics[link]

According to the 2011 census Mysore district has a population of 2,994,744,^[2] roughly equal to the nation of Armenia^[18] or the US state of Mississippi.^[19] This gives it a ranking of 125th in India (out of a total of 640).^[2] The district has a population density of 437 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,130 /sq mi) .^[2] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.39 %.^[2] Mysore has a sex ratio of 982 females for every 1000 males,^[2] and a literacy rate of 72.56 %.^[2]

Hindus constitute 87.44% of the population with Muslims making up 8.87% of the population; the remaining part of the population is made up by Christians, Buddhists and other religious groups.^[20]

Kannada is the dominant language in this district. Jenu Kuruba, Betta Kuruba, Paniya and Panjari Yerevas and Soligas are some of the ethnic groups found in Mysore district. Vokkaliga Gowdas were the Dominant Caste of the district. Their population is mainly concentrated in the mysore taluk & hunsur comprising mysore city.^[21]

See also[link]

• Mysore (City)
• Mysore division

Notes[link]

References[link]

Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 779604

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mysore district

• www.mysore.ind.in
• Official Website of Mysore district
• Mysore City Portal

	Hassan district		Mandya district
	Kodagu district
		Mysore district    East
		Wayanad district, Kerala	Chamarajanagar district

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Mysore Maisūru, Mysuru
—  City  —
Mysore Palace
Mysore Location of Mysore in Karnataka
Coordinates: 12°18′N 76°39′E / 12.30°N 76.65°E / 12.30; 76.65Coordinates: 12°18′N 76°39′E / 12.30°N 76.65°E / 12.30; 76.65
Country	India
State	Karnataka
Division	Mysore
District	Mysore
Government
• Type	Mayor–Council
• Mayor	Rajeshwari M C[1]
Area[2]:4
• Total	128.42 km2 (49.58 sq mi)
Elevation	763 m (2,503 ft)
Population (2011)[3]
• Total	887,446
• Density	6,900/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
• Demonym	Mysorean, Mysoorinavaru
Time zone	IST (UTC+05:30)
Postal index number	570 0xx
Vehicle registration	KA 09, KA 55
UN/LOCODE	IN MYQ
Telephone	91-(0)821-XXX-XXXX
Spoken languages	Kannada
Ethnicity	Kannadiga
Website	www.mysorecity.gov.in

Mysore (ⁱ/ˈmaɪsɔər/; Maisūru in Kannada) is the second-largest city in the state of Karnataka, India. Located at the base of the Chamundi Hills about 146 km (91 mi) southwest of the state capital Bangalore, it is spread across an area of 128.42 km² (50 sq mi). According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census of India, the population of Mysore is 887,446 and Hinduism is its major religion. Mysore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration of the city, which is also the headquarters of the Mysore district and the Mysore division.

Until 1947, Mysore served as the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore. The kingdom was ruled by the Wodeyar dynasty, except for a brief period in the late 18th century when Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan usurped power. Patrons of art and culture, the Wodeyars contributed significantly to the cultural growth of the city. The cultural ambience and achievements of Mysore earned it the sobriquet Cultural capital of Karnataka.

Mysore is noted for its palaces including the Mysore Palace, and the festivities that take place during the Dasara festival when the city receives a large number of tourists. It lends its name to the Mysore style of painting, the sweet dish Mysore Pak, the Mysore Peta (a traditional silk turban) and the garment known as the Mysore silk saree. Tourism is the major industry, while information technology has emerged as a major employer alongside the traditional industries. With no airport, Mysore depends on rail and bus transport for inter-city connections. The city was the location of the first private radio station in India. Mysore houses Mysore University which has produced several notable authors, particularly in the field of Kannada literature. Cricket is the most popular sport in the city.

Etymology[link]

The name Mysore is an anglicised version of Mahishūru,^[4] which means the abode of Mahisha in Kannada language. Mahisha stands for Mahishasura, a mythological demon that could assume the form of both human and buffalo. According to Hindu mythology, the area was ruled by the demon Mahishasura.^[4] The demon was killed by the Goddess Chamundeshwari, whose temple is situated atop the Chamundi Hills. Mahishūru later became Mahisūru and finally came to be called Maisūru, its present name in the Kannada language.^[5] In December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced its intention to change the English name of the city to Mysuru.^[6] This has been approved by the Government of India but the necessary formalities to incorporate the name change are yet to be completed, as of 2011.^[7]

History[link]

Narasaraja Wodeyar II ruled from 1704 to 1714.

The site where Mysore Palace stands now was the location of a village named Puragere at the beginning of the 16th century.^[8]:281 The Mahishūru Fort was constructed in 1524 by Chamaraja Wodeyar III (1513–1553),^[8]:257 who passed on the dominion of Puragere to his son Chamaraja Wodeyar IV (1572–1576). Since the 16th century, the name of Mahishūru has been commonly used to denote the city.^[9]:31 The Mysore Kingdom, governed by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire. With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire following Battle of Talikota in 1565, the Mysore Kingdom gradually achieved independence and became a sovereign state by the time of King Narasaraja Wodeyar (1637).^[10]:228 Seringapatam (modern-day Srirangapatna), located near Mysore, was the capital of the kingdom from 1610.^[8]:257 The 17th century saw a steady expansion of its territory and, under Narasaraja Wodeyar I and Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar, the kingdom annexed large expanses of what is now southern Karnataka and parts of Tamil Nadu to become a powerful state in the southern Deccan.

The kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under the de facto rulers Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. Tipu Sultan demolished parts of Mysore to remove legacies of the Wodeyar dynasty.^[8]:257 During this time, Mysore kingdom came into conflict with the Marathas, the British and the Nizam of Golconda, leading to the four Anglo-Mysore wars. Success in the first two Anglo-Mysore wars was followed by defeat in the third and fourth. After Tipu Sultan's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, the capital of the kingdom was moved back to Mysore from Seringapatam,^[10]:249 and the kingdom was distributed by the British to their allies of the Fourth Mysore war. The landlocked interior of the previous Mysore Kingdom was turned into a princely state under the suzerainty of the British Crown. The former Wodeyar rulers were reinstated as puppet monarchs, now styled as Maharajas. The British administration was assisted locally by Diwan (chief minister) Purnaiah. Purnaiah is credited with improvement of Mysore's public works.^[10]:249 In 1831, Mysore lost its status as the administrative centre of the kingdom when the British commissioner moved the capital to Bangalore.^[10]:251 It regained this status in 1881,^[10]:254 and remained the capital of the Princely State of Mysore within the British Indian Empire until India became independent in 1947.

The Mysore municipality was established in 1888 and the city was divided into eight wards.^[9]:283 In 1897, an outbreak of bubonic plague killed nearly half of the population of the city.^[11] With the establishment of the City Improvement Trust Board (CITB) in 1903, Mysore became one of the first cities in Asia to undertake a planned development of the city.^[12] Public demonstrations and meetings were held in the city during the Quit India movement and other phases of the Indian independence movement.^[13]

After Indian independence, Mysore city remained as a part of the Mysore State, later Karnataka. Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, the then king of Mysore, was allowed to retain his titles and was nominated as the Rajapramukh (appointed governor) of the state. He died in September 1974 and was cremated in Mysore city.^[14] Over the years, Mysore became well known as a centre for tourism; the city remained largely peaceful, except for occasional riots related to the Kaveri river water dispute.^[15] Some of the events that took place in Mysore and made national headlines were the fire at a television studio that claimed 62 lives in 1989, and the sudden deaths of many animals at the Mysore Zoo.^[16][17]

Geography[link]

Mysore is located at 12°18′N 76°39′E / 12.30°N 76.65°E / 12.30; 76.65 and has an average altitude of 770 metres (2,526 ft).^[18] It is spread across an area of 128.42 km² (50 sq mi)^[2]:4 at the base of the Chamundi Hills in the southern region of the state of Karnataka. Mysore has several lakes such as the Kukkarahalli, the Karanji and the Lingambudhi lakes. In 2001, percentages of total land area in Mysore city occupied by residences, roads, park and open spaces, industries, public property, commercial establishments, agriculture and bodies of water were 39.9 per cent, 16.1 per cent, 13.74 per cent, 13.48 per cent, 8.96 per cent, 3.02 per cent, 2.27 per cent, and 2.02 per cent respectively.^[19]:35 The city is located between two rivers—Kaveri River flows through the north of the city, while Kabini River, a tributary to Kaveri, lies on the south. Though Mysore is situated in the relatively safe seismic zone II according to earthquake hazard zoning of India, earthquakes of magnitude greater than 4.5 on the Richter scale have been recorded in the vicinity of the city.^[20][21]

Mysore is subject to a semi-arid climate that is designated BSh under the Köppen climate classification. The main seasons are as follows—the summer season is from March to June, followed by the monsoon season from July to November; the winter season lasts from December to February.^[18] The highest temperature recorded in Mysore was 38.5 °C (101 °F) on 4 May 2006; on 16 January 2012, Mysore recorded its lowest temperature of 7.7 °C (46 °F).^[22][23] The average annual rainfall received by the city is 804.2 mm (31.7 in).

Administration and utilities[link]

The civic administration of the city is managed by the Mysore City Corporation, which was established as a municipality in 1888 and converted into a corporation in 1977. Overseeing engineering works, health, sanitation, water supply, administration and taxation, the corporation is headed by a mayor who is assisted by commissioners and council members.^[19]:43 The city is divided into 65 wards and the council members (also known as corporators) are elected by the citizens of Mysore every five years.^[25] The council members in turn elect the mayor. The annual budget of the Corporation for the year 2011–2012 was 426.96 crore (US$85.18 million).^[26] Among 63 cities covered under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Mysore City Corporation was adjudged the second best city municipal corporation and was given the "Nagara Ratna" award in 2011.^[27]

Urban growth and expansion is managed by the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA), which is headed by a commissioner. Its activities include developing new layouts and roads, town planning and land acquisition. One of the major projects undertaken by MUDA is the creation of an Outer Ring Road in Mysore, which is expected to ease traffic congestion.^[28] Citizens of Mysore have criticized MUDA for its inability to prevent land mafia and to ensure lawful distribution of housing lands among the residents of the city.^[29] The Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation is responsible for electric supply to the city.^[30]

Drinking water for Mysore is sourced from Kaveri and Kabini rivers.^[19]:53 The city got its first piped water supply when the Belagola project was commissioned in 1896.^[31] As of 2011, Mysore gets 42.5 million gallons water per day. Mysore sometimes faces water crises, mainly during the summer months (March–June) and in years of low rainfall.^[32] The city has had an underground drainage system since 1904. The entire sewage from the city drains into four valleys—Kesare, Malalavadi, Dalavai and Belavatha.^[19]:56 In an exercise carried out by the Urban Development Ministry under the national urban sanitation policy, Mysore was rated the second cleanest city in India in 2010 and the cleanest in Karnataka.^[33]

The citizens of Mysore elect four representatives to the Legislative assembly of Karnataka through the constituencies of Chamaraja, Krishnaraja, Narasimharaja and Chamundeshwari.^[34] Mysore city, being a part of the larger Mysore Lok Sabha constituency, also elects one member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. The politics in the city is dominated by three political parties—the Indian National Congress (INC), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the Janata Dal (Secular) (JDS).^[34]

Demographics[link]

Chamundeshwari Temple atop the Chamundi Hills

According to the provisional results of 2011 census of India, Mysore city had a population of 887,446 with 443,813 males and 443,633 females, making it the second most populous city in Karnataka.^[3] The gender ratio of the city is 1000 females to every 1000 males and the population density is 6,910.5 per square kilometre (17,898 /sq mi). As per the census of 2001, in the city of Mysore, 76.8 per cent are Hindus, 19 per cent are Muslims, 2.8 per cent are Christians, and the remainder belong to other religions.^[35] The city's population crossed the 100,000 mark in the census of 1931 and has seen a population growth of 20.5 per cent in the decade 1991–2001. As of 2011, the literacy rate of the city is 86.84 per cent, which is higher than the state's average of 75.6 per cent.^[3][36] Kannada is the most widely spoken language in the city. Hindi/Urdu is also significantly spoken and understood in the city. Approximately 19 per cent of the population in Mysore live below the poverty line and 9 per cent of the population live in slums.^[37] According to 2001 census, though 35.7 per cent of the population in the urban areas of Karnataka are workers, only 33.3 per cent of the population in Mysore city belong to the working class.^[38] People belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes constitute 15.1 per cent of the population.^[38] As per statistics collected by the National Crime Records Bureau of India, the number of cognizable crime incidents reported in the city of Mysore during 2010 was 3,407 (second in the state, after Bangalore's 32,188), increasing from 3,183 incidents reported in 2009.^[39][40]

The residents of the city are known as Mysoreans in English and Mysoorinavaru in Kannada. The dispute between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over the sharing of the Kaveri River water has frequent repercussions in the city leading to minor altercations and demonstrations.^[41] Growth in the Information Technology industry in Mysore has led to a change in the demographic profile of the city; likely strains on the infrastructure and haphazard growth of the city resulting from the demographic change have been a cause of concern for some citizens of the city.^[42]

Economy[link]

Multiplex in the Infosys campus at Mysore

Tourism is the major industry in Mysore. The city attracted about 3.15 million tourists in 2010.^[43] Traditionally, Mysore has been home to industries such as weaving, sandalwood carving, bronzework, and the production of lime and salt.^[44] The planned industrial growth of the city and the state was first envisaged in the Mysore economic conference held in 1911.^[44][45] This led to the establishment of industries such as the Mysore Sandalwood Oil Factory in 1917 and the Sri Krishnarajendra Mills in 1920.^{[46]:270, 278}

In a survey conducted in 2001 by Business Today, Mysore was ranked the fifth-best city in India in which to conduct business.^[47] For the industrial development of the city, the Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) has established four industrial areas in and around Mysore; these are located in Belagola, Belawadi, Hebbal (Electronic City) and Hootagalli areas.^[48] The major industrial companies in Mysore include Bharat Earth Movers, J. K. Tyres, Wipro, Falcon Tyres, Larsen & Toubro, Theorem India and Infosys.^[41] The industrial sector in the city experienced setback when the automobile manufacturer Ideal Jawa and the Sri Krishnarajendra Mills closed their operations.^[49] Revival efforts, such as the takeover of the Krishnarajendra Mills by the Atlantic Spinning and Weaving Mills have been made, but these attempts have run into other problems.^[50]

The growth of information technology related industry in the first decade of the 21st century has resulted in the city emerging as the second largest software exporter in the state of Karnataka, next to Bangalore.^[51] The city contributed Rs. 1363 crores (US$275 million) to Karnataka's IT exports in the financial year 2009–2010.^[52] Infosys has established one of its major technical training centres and Wipro has established its Global Service Management Center (GSMC) at Mysore.^[53][54] Non-IT related services have been outsourced from other countries to companies in Mysore.^[55]

Education[link]

Crawford Hall, the administrative headquarters of the University of Mysore

Before the advent of the European system of education in Mysore, agraharas (Brahmin quarters) imparted the Vedic system of education to Hindus and madrassas served as centres of learning for Muslims.^[46]:459 Modern education saw its beginning in Mysore when a free English school was established in 1833.^[56] In 1854, the East India Company promulgated the Halifax Dispatch which looked at organising education based on the Western model within the princely state of Mysore.^[46]:494 The first college to be set up for higher education was the Maharajas College which was founded in 1864.^[56] In 1868, the Mysore state decided to establish hobli schools to extend education to the masses.^[46]:497 Under this scheme, a school providing free education was established in each hobli (a locality within the city). This led to the establishment of a normal school in Mysore which trained teachers to teach in the hobli schools. In 1881, a high school exclusively for girls was established and this was later converted into the Maharanis Women's College.^[57] The Industrial School, the first institute for technical education in the city was established in 1892; this was followed by the Chamarajendra Technical Institute in 1913.^[46]:601 While the modern system of education was making inroads in the city, colleges such as the Mysore Sanskrit college, established in 1876, continued to provide Vedic education.^[46]:595

The education system was enhanced by the establishment of the University of Mysore in 1916.^[58] This was the sixth university to be established in India and the first in Karnataka.^[58] It was named Manasagangotri ("fountainhead of the Ganges of the mind") by the poet Kuvempu. The university caters to the districts of Mysore, Mandya, Hassan and Chamarajanagar in Karnataka. About 127 colleges (with a total student number of 53,000) are affiliated with the university.^[59] The alumni of Mysore University include Kuvempu, Gopalakrishna Adiga, S. L. Bhyrappa, U. R. Ananthamurthy and N.R. Narayana Murthy. Engineering education was started in Mysore with the establishment of the National Institute of Engineering in 1946, the second oldest engineering college in the state.^[60] The Mysore Medical College, founded in 1924, was the first medical college to be started in Karnataka and the 7th in India.^[61] Institutes of national importance in the city include Central Food Technological Research Institute, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Defence Food Research Laboratory, and All India Institute of Speech and Hearing.^[19]:18

Culture[link]

Mysore painting depicting Goddess Saraswati

Referred to as the cultural capital of Karnataka,^[62] Mysore is well known for the festivities that take place during the period of Dasara, the state festival of Karnataka. The Dasara festivities, which are celebrated over a ten-day period, were first introduced by King Raja Wodeyar I in 1610.^[63] On the ninth day of Dasara, called Mahanavami, the royal sword is worshipped and is taken on a procession of decorated elephants, camels and horses.^[63] On the tenth day, called Vijayadashami, the traditional Dasara procession (locally known as Jumboo Savari) is held on the streets of Mysore city. An image of the Goddess Chamundeshwari is placed on a golden mantapa on the back of a decorated elephant and taken on a procession, accompanied by tableaux, dance groups, music bands, decorated elephants, horses and camels.^[63] The procession starts from the Mysore Palace and culminates at a place called Bannimantapa where the banni tree (Prosopis spicigera) is worshipped.^[63] The Dasara festivities culminate on the night of Vijayadashami with a torchlight parade (locally known as Panjina Kavayatthu).^[63]

Srikanta Datta Narasimharaja Wadiyar, incumbent Maharaja of Mysore and head of the Wodeyar dynasty

Mysore is called the City of Palaces because of several ornate examples located in the city. Among the most notable are Amba Vilas popularly known as Mysore Palace; Jaganmohana Palace which also serves as an art gallery; Rajendra Vilas also known as the summer palace; Lalitha Mahal which has been converted into a hotel, and Jayalakshmi Vilas.^[64]:87–88 The main palace of Mysore was burned down in 1897, and the present-day structure was built on the same site. Externally, Amba Vilas palace exhibits an Indo-Saracenic architecture style though the interior is distinctly Hoysala style of architecture in nature.^[64]:82 Even though the Government of Karnataka maintains the Mysore palace, a small portion of the palace has been allocated for the erstwhile Royal family to live in. The Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion was constructed by Sri Chamaraja Wodeyar for his daughter Jayalakshammanni. It is now a museum dedicated to folk culture and artifacts of the royal family.^[65]

The Mysore painting style is an offshoot of the Vijayanagar school of painting, and King Raja Wodeyar (1578–1617 CE) is credited with having been its patron.^[66]:1 The distinctive feature of these paintings is the gesso work in which gold foils are pasted.^[66]:3 Mysore is known for rosewood inlay work, with an estimated 4,000 craftsmen involved in this art as of 2002.^[67] The city lends its name to the Mysore silk saree, a ladies' garment, made with pure silk and gold zari.^[68] Mysore Peta, the traditional indigenous turban worn by the erstwhile rulers of Mysore, is worn by men in some traditional ceremonies. A notable local dessert that traces its history to the kitchen of the Mysore palace is Mysore pak.

Mysore is the location of the International Ganjifa Research Centre, which is involved in the research of the ancient card game Ganjifa and the art associated with it.^[69] The Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts (CAVA) offers education in visual art forms such as painting, graphics, sculpture, applied art, photography, photo-journalism and art history. The theatre repertory Rangayana conducts plays and offers certificate courses on subjects related to theatre.^[70][71] Notable Kannada littérateurs Kuvempu, Gopalakrishna Adiga and U. R. Ananthamurthy have had a long association with Mysore, as they had their education there and served as professors at the Mysore University.^[72] The popular English novelist and creator of Malgudi, R. K. Narayan and his brother and cartoonist R. K. Laxman spent much of their life in Mysore.^[73]

Transport[link]

Mysore city bus

Mysore is connected by the National Highway NH-212 to the state border town of Gundlupet where it forks into the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.^[74]:1 The State Highway 17 which connects Mysore to Bangalore was upgraded to a four-lane highway in 2006, reducing travel time between the two cities.^[75] A project was planned in 1994 to construct a new expressway to connect the cities of Bangalore and Mysore. After numerous legal hurdles, it remains unfinished as of 2012.^[76][77] Other main roads are the State Highways 33 and 88, which connect Mysore to H D Kote and Madikeri respectively.^[78] The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and other private agencies operate buses within the city as well as inter-city. A new division of KSRTC called Mysore City Transport Corporation (MCTC) has been proposed to be formed. Within the city, buses offer a cheap and popular means of transport. Auto-rickshaws are also available for intra-city commute. Tongas (horse-drawn carriage) are popular in Mysore.^[79]

Mysore railway station has three railway lines that connect it to the cities of Bangalore, Hassan and Chamarajanagar. The first railway line established in the city was the Bangalore–Mysore Junction metre gauge line, which was commissioned in 1882.^[80] All railway lines that serve the city are single track which impede faster connectivity to the city. Though there are plans to double at least the Bangalore–Mysore track, the project is yet to be completed as of 2012.^[81][82] All trains that connect to Mysore are operated by Indian Railways and the fastest train to serve the city is the Shatabdi Express. Mysore Airport, which was unused for many years, was put on the air network in October 2010 when Kingfisher Airlines started a daily service to Bangalore.^[83] However, in November 2011, this flight was cancelled due to low profitability; the airport does not cater to any more flights.^[84] The nearest functional airport to Mysore is the Bengaluru International Airport.

Media[link]

Newspaper publishing in Mysore started in 1859 when Bhashyam Bhashyacharya began publishing a weekly newspaper in Kannada, called the Mysooru Vrittanta Bodhini.^[85] This was followed by other weekly newspapers such as the Karnataka Prakashika (1865), the Mysore Gazette (1866) and the Vrittanta Patrike (1887).^[85] One of the well-known publishers in Mysore during the Wodeyar rule was M. Venkatakrishnaiah, who is called the father of Kannada journalism. He started news magazines such as Sampadabhyudaya, Vidyaadaayini, the Mysore Patriot and Saadhvi.^[86] Popular newspapers include Times of India, The Hindu and Deccan Herald in English, and Prajavani and Vijaya Karnataka in Kannada. The Star of Mysore, Andolana and Mysooru Mithra and other local newspapers published in the city carry news mostly related to Mysore city and its surroundings.^[87] Sudharma, the only daily newspaper in the Sanskrit language in India is published from Mysore.^[88]

Mysore was the location of the first private radio broadcasting station in India when Akashavani (which literally means voice from the sky) was established in the city on 10 September 1935. The radio station was established by M.V. Gopalaswamy, a professor of psychology at his house in the Vontikoppal area of Mysore, using a 50-watt transmitter.^[89][90] The station was taken over by the princely state of Mysore in 1941 and was moved to Bangalore in 1955. In 1957, the name Akashvani was chosen as the official name of the All India Radio (AIR), the radio broadcaster of the Government of India. The AIR station at Mysore broadcasts an FM radio channel at 100.6 MHz,^[91] and Gyan Vani broadcasts on 105.2.^[92] BIG FM and Red FM are the two private FM channels operating in the city.^[93] Mysore city started receiving television broadcasts in early 1980s when Doordarshan (public service broadcaster of the Indian government) started beaming its national channel all over India. This was the only channel available for Mysoreans until Star TV started satellite channels in 1991. Direct to home channels are available in Mysore.^[94]

Sports[link]

The Wodeyar kings of Mysore were patrons of games and sports. King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III had a passion for indoor games. He invented new board games and popularised the ganjifa card game.^[95] Traditional wrestling has a history dating back to the 16th century in Mysore.^[96] The wrestling competition held in Mysore during the Dasara celebrations attracts wrestlers from all over India. An annual sports meet is organised in Mysore during the Dasara season as well.^[97]

In 1997, the city along with Bangalore co-hosted its biggest sports event ever, the National Games of India. Mysore was the venue for six events—archery, gymnastics, equestrian events, handball, table tennis, and wrestling.^[98] Cricket is by far the most popular sport in Mysore.^[99][100] The city has four established cricket grounds, but is yet to host an international cricket match.^[101] Javagal Srinath, who represented India for several years as its fast bowling spearhead, hails from Mysore.^[102] Other prominent sportsmen from the city include Prahlad Srinath, who has represented India in Davis Cup tennis tournaments; Reeth Abraham, who was a national champion in the heptathlon and a long jump record holder; Sagar Kashyap, the youngest Indian to officiate at Wimbledon Championship; and Rahul Ganapathy, a national amateur golf champion.^{[103][104][105][106]}

The Jayachamaraja Wadiyar Golf Club, an 18-hole golf course, was established in 1906.^[107] This golf course is laid around the Mysore race course, which is popular for the Mysore racing season held each year from August through October.^[108] Mysore is the birthplace of the youth hostel movement in India, with the first youth hostel formed in the Maharaja's College Hostel in 1949.^[109]

Tourism[link]

St. Philomena's Church

A major tourist destination, Mysore acts as a base for other tourist places in the vicinity.^[15] The city receives large number of tourists during the period of the Dasara festival, when festivities take place for a period of 10 days.^[110] One of the most visited monuments in India, the Ambavilas Palace (also known as Mysore Palace) is the centre of the Dasara festivities.^[111] The Jaganmohana Palace, the Jayalakshmi Vilas and the Lalitha Mahal are some of the other palaces in the city.^[112] Chamundeshwari Temple, atop the Chamundi Hills and St. Philomena's Church are notable religious places in Mysore.^[15]

The Mysore Zoo, established in 1892, and the Karanji and Kukkarahalli lakes are popular recreational destination.^[15][113] Museums in Mysore include the Regional Museum of Natural History, the Folk Lore Museum, the Railway Museum and the Oriental Research Institute. The city is a centre for yoga-related health tourism that attracts domestic and foreign visitors.^[114] Melody World is a museum showcasing wax statues and musical instruments.^[115]

A short distance from Mysore city is the Krishnarajasagar Dam and the adjoining Brindavan Gardens which is noted for a musical fountain show held every evening. Places of historic importance close to Mysore are Srirangapatna, Somanathapura and Talakad.^[15] B R Hills and Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta hill, and the hill stations of Ooty, Sultan Battery and Madikeri are located near Mysore. Popular destinations for wildlife enthusiasts near Mysore include the Nagarhole National Park, the wildlife sanctuaries at Melkote and B R Hills, and the bird sanctuaries at Ranganathittu and Kokrebellur.^[116] National Parks 40 mi (64 km)–60 mi (97 km) miles to the south include Bandipur National Park and Mudumalai National Park, which are sanctuary for gaur, chital, elephants as well as tigers, Indian leopards and other threatened species. Other tourist spots near Mysore include the religious locations of Nanjanagud and Bylakuppe and the waterfalls at Shivanasamudra.

See also[link]

• Culture of Mysore
• Tourist attractions in Mysore

Notes[link]