National Institute of Standards and Technology
Agency overview
Headquarters	Gaithersburg, Maryland
Annual budget	$1.1 billion (2011)
Agency executive	Dr. Patrick D. Gallagher, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology
Website
National Institute of Standards and Technology

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards laboratory, otherwise known as a National Metrological Institute (NMI), which is a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce. The institute's official mission is to:^[1]

Promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.

NIST had an operating budget for fiscal year 2007 (October 1, 2006-September 30, 2007) of about $843.3 million. NIST's 2009 budget was $992 million, but it also received $610 million as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.^[2] NIST employs about 2,900 scientists, engineers, technicians, and support and administrative personnel. About 1,800 NIST associates (guest researchers and engineers from American companies and foreign nations) complement the staff. In addition, NIST partners with 1,400 manufacturing specialists and staff at nearly 350 affiliated centers around the country. NIST publishes the Handbook 44 that provides the "Specifications, tolerances, and other technical requirements for weighing and measuring devices".

History[link]

Initial mandate[link]

In 1821 John Quincy Adams stated, "Weights and measures may be ranked among the necessities of life to every individual of human society.",^[3] but this had long been understood. The Articles of Confederation, ratified by the colonies in 1781, contained the clause, "The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states—fixing the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States— ....". Article 1, section 8, of the Constitution of the United States (1789), transferred this power to Congress; "The Congress shall have power ... To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures".

In January 1790 President Washington, in his first annual message to Congress stated that, "Uniformity in the currency, weights, and measures of the United States is an object of great importance, and will, I am persuaded, be duly attended to", and ordered Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson to prepare a plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States, afterwards referred to as the Jefferson report. On October 25, 1791 Washington appealed a third time to Congress, "A uniformity of the weights and measures of the country is among the important objects submitted to you by the Constitution and if it can be derived from a standard at once invariable and universal, must be no less honorable to the public council than conducive to the public convenience.", but it was not until 1838 that a uniform set of standards was worked out.

History of agency[link]

From 1830 until 1901, the role of overseeing weights and measures was carried out by the Office of Standard Weights and Measures, which was part of the U.S. Treasury Department.^[4]

The "Office of Weights and Measures" became the "National Bureau of Standards" on July 1, 1901, which was reorganized into the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 1988.^[4] In 1905 a meeting was called that would be the first "National Conference on Weights and Measures".

Metric system[link]

The Congress of 1866 legalized the use of the metric system through the passage of US code 1952 Ed., Title 15, Ch 6, section 204 and 205.^[5] On May 20, 1875, 17 of 20 countries signed a document known as the Metric Convention or the Treaty of the Meter which established the International Bureau of Weights and Measures under the control of an international committee elected by the General Conference on Weights and Measures.^[6]

Organization[link]

NIST is headquartered in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and operates a facility in Boulder, Colorado. NIST's activities are organized into laboratory programs, and extramural programs. Effective October 1, 2010, NIST was realigned by reducing the number of NIST laboratory units from ten to six.^[7] NIST Laboratories include:^[8]

• Engineering Laboratory (EL)
• Information Technology Laboratory (ITL)
• Material Measurement Laboratory (MML)
• Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML)
• Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST)
• NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR)

Extramural programs include:

• Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), a nationwide network of centers to assist small and mid-sized manufacturers to create and retain jobs, improve efficiencies, and minimize waste through process improvements and to increase market penetration with innovation and growth strategies;
• Technology Innovation Program (TIP), a grant program where NIST and industry partners cost share the early-stage development of innovative but high-risk technologies;
• Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award program, the nation's highest award for performance and business excellence.

NIST's Boulder laboratories are best known for NIST-F1, housing an atomic clock. NIST-F1 serves as the source of the nation's official time. From its measurement of the natural resonance frequency of caesium—which is used to define the second—NIST broadcasts time signals via longwave radio station WWVB at Fort Collins, Colorado, and shortwave radio stations WWV and WWVH, located at Fort Collins, Colorado and Kekaha, Hawaii, respectively.

NIST AML building

NIST also operates a neutron science user facility: the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). The NCNR provides scientists access to a variety of neutron scattering instruments, which are used in many fields of research (materials science, fuel cells, biotechnology, etc.).

The SURF III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility is a source of synchrotron radiation, in continuous operation since 1961. SURF III now serves as the US national standard for source-based radiometry throughout the generalized optical spectrum. All NASA-borne extreme-ultraviolet observation instruments have been calibrated at SURF since the 1970s, and SURF is used for measurement and characterization of systems for extreme ultraviolet lithography.

The Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) performs research in nanotechnology, both through internal research efforts and by running a user-accessible cleanroom nanomanufacturing facility. This 'NanoFab' is equipped with tools for lithographic patterning and imaging (e.g. electron microscopes and atomic force microscopes).

Measurements and standards[link]

As part of its mission, NIST supplies industry, academia, government, and other users with over 1,300 Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). These artifacts are certified as having specific characteristics or component content, used as calibration standards for measuring equipment and procedures, quality control benchmarks for industrial processes, and experimental control samples.

Handbook 44[link]

NIST publishes the "Handbook 44" each year after the annual meeting of the National Conference on Weights and Measures (NCWM). Each edition is developed through cooperation of the Committee on Specifications and Tolerances of the NCWM and the Weights and Measures Division (WMD) of the NIST. The purpose of the book is a partial fulfillment of the statutory responsibility for "cooperation with the states in securing uniformity of weights and measures laws and methods of inspection."

NIST has been publishing various forms of what is now the "Handbook 44" since 1918 and began publication under the current name in 1949. The 2010 edition conforms to the concept of the primary use of the SI (metric) measurements recommended by the Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act (of 1988)^[9][10]

Committees[link]

NIST has seven standing committees:

• Technical Guidelines Development Committee (TGDC)
• Advisory Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction (ACEHR)
• National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee (NCST Advisory Committee)
• Information Security and Privacy Advisory Board (ISPAB)
• Visiting Committee on Advanced Technology (VCAT)
• Baldrige National Quality Program Board of Overseers (BNQP Board of Overseers)
• Manufacturing Extension Partnership National Advisory Board (MEPNAB)

Homeland security[link]

NIST is currently developing government-wide identification card standards for federal employees and contractors to prevent unauthorized persons from gaining access to government buildings and computer systems.

World Trade Center Collapse Investigation[link]

In 2002 the National Construction Safety Team Act mandated NIST to conduct an investigation into the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings 1 and 2 and the 47-story 7 World Trade Center. The "World Trade Center Collapse Investigation", directed by lead investigator Shyam Sunder,^[11] covered three aspects, including a technical building and fire safety investigation to study the factors contributing to the probable cause of the collapses of the WTC Towers (WTC 1 and 2) and WTC 7. NIST also established a research and development program to provide the technical basis for improved building and fire codes, standards, and practices, and a dissemination and technical assistance program to engage leaders of the construction and building community in implementing proposed changes to practices, standards, and codes. NIST also is providing practical guidance and tools to better prepare facility owners, contractors, architects, engineers, emergency responders, and regulatory authorities to respond to future disasters. The investigation portion of the response plan was completed with the release of the final report on 7 World Trade Center on November 20, 2008. The final report on the WTC Towers – including 30 recommendations for improving building and occupant safety – was released on October 26, 2005.^[12]

Election technology[link]

NIST works in conjunction with the Technical Guidelines Development Committee of the Election Assistance Commission to develop the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines for voting machines and other election technology.

SAMATE[link]

SAMATE (Software Assurance Metrics And Tool Evaluation) is a NIST project focused on improving software assurance by developing methods to enable software tool evaluations, measuring the effectiveness of tools and techniques, and identifying gaps in tools and methods.^[13]

People[link]

Three researchers at NIST have been awarded Nobel Prizes for their work in Physics: William D. Phillips in 1997, Eric A. Cornell in 2001, John L. Hall in 2005, which is the largest number for any US government laboratory. In 2011, Dan Shechtman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in the Metallurgy Division in 1982-1984 with John W. Cahn. Other notable people who have worked at NIST include:

Directors[link]

Since 1989, the director of NIST has been a Schedule-C Presidential appointee and is confirmed by the United States Senate, and since that year the average tenure of NIST directors has fallen from 11 years to 2 years in duration. Fourteen persons have officially held the position (in addition to three acting directors who served temporarily). They are:

• Samuel W. Stratton, 1901–1922
• George K. Burgess, 1923–1932
• Lyman J. Briggs, 1932–1945
• Edward U. Condon, 1945–1951
• Allen V. Astin, 1951–1969
• Lewis M. Branscomb, 1969–1972
• Richard W. Roberts, 1973–1975
• Ernest Ambler, 1975–1989
• John W. Lyons, 1990–1993
• Arati Prabhakar, 1993–1997
• Raymond G. Kammer, 1997–2000
• Karen Brown (acting director), 2000–2001
• Arden L. Bement Jr., 2001–2004
• Hratch Semerjian (acting director), 2004–2005
• William Jeffrey, 2005–2007
• James Turner (acting director), 2007–2008
• Patrick D. Gallagher, 2008–present

NBS Director Allen V. Astin is the father of actor John Astin and the grandfather of actor Sean Astin.

See also[link]

• Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD)
• International System of Units, see International Bureau of Weights and Measures
• ISO 17025 - used by testing and calibration laboratories
• Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
• Metrology
• National Software Reference Library

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about: National Institute of Standards and Technology

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: National Institute of Standards and Technology

• Main NIST website
• The Official U.S. Time
• NIST Standard Reference Materials
• NIST Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST)
• NIST Scientific and Technical Data
• NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions
• Manufacturing Extension Partnership
• Historic technical reports from the National Bureau of Standards (and other Federal agencies) are available in the Technical Reports Archive and Image Library (TRAIL)

v t e Agencies under the United States Department of Commerce Headquarters: Herbert C. Hoover Building · Secretary of Commerce Deputy Secretary of Commerce Economic Development Administration · National Technical Information Service · Minority Business Development Agency · National Telecommunications and Information Administration Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security Bureau of Industry and Security Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs Economics and Statistics Administration · Bureau of Economic Analysis · Census Bureau Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade International Trade Administration Under Secretary of Commerce and Administrator for NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration · National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology National Institute for Standards and Technology Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Patent and Trademark Office

John Gross
Born	(1935-03-12)March 12, 1935
Died	January 10, 2011(2011-01-10) (aged 75)
Occupation	Author
Language	English
Alma mater	Wadham College, Oxford
Spouse(s)	Miriam Gross
Children	Tom Gross, Susanna Gross

John Gross FRSL (12 March 1935 – 10 January 2011 ^[1][2] ) was an eminent English man of letters,^[3] a notable author, anthologist, literary and theatrical critic.^[4] The Spectator magazine called Gross “the best-read man in Britain”,^[5] as did The Guardian.^[6] He was the editor of The Times Literary Supplement from 1974 to 1981, senior book editor and book critic on the staff of The New York Times from 1983 to 1989,^[7] and theatre critic for The Sunday Telegraph from 1989 to 2005. He also worked as assistant editor on Encounter and as literary editor of both The New Statesman and Spectator magazines.

Early Life and Academic Career[link]

Gross was born and raised in London’s East End,^[8] to Abraham Gross, a Jewish immigrant from the Polish-Jewish town of Gorokhov,^[9] from where Gross’s family escaped before the entire Jewish population was killed in the Holocaust, and to Muriel Gross, also of East European Jewish origin, whose parents came from Vitebsk, an area later made famous by the paintings of Chagall. Tony Gross, who founded Cutler and Gross, an eyewear business, is his brother. Among his cousins was the composer Lionel Bart.

Gross was educated at the Perse School in Cambridge and at the City of London School. A child prodigy, he was admitted to Wadham College, Oxford^[10] aged seventeen. After gaining first class honours in English Literature at Oxford he won a fellowship at Princeton, where he undertook post-graduate studies. He then returned to England and taught at Queen Mary, University of London and at King's College, Cambridge, of which he was a fellow from 1962-65.^[10] In later life he also taught courses at Columbia and Princeton universities.

Books[link]

His works as author include The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters (1969; revised 1991, winner of the Duff Cooper Prize), James Joyce (1970), Shylock: Four Hundred Years in the Life of a Legend (1993), and his childhood memoir A Double Thread (2001). His works as an editor and anthologist include After Shakespeare: Writing inspired by the world’s greatest author (2002), The Oxford Book of Aphorisms (1983), The Oxford Book of Essays (1991), The Oxford Book of Comic Verse (1994), The New Oxford Book of English Prose (1998), The New Oxford Book of Literary Anecdotes (2006), The Modern Movement, Dickens and the Twentieth Century (reissued 2008), and The Oxford Book of Parodies (2010).

Several of his books won prizes. He also won praise from fellow writers.^[11][12]

“The publication of John Gross’s The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters, when I was a bookish teenager, undoubtedly determined for me the direction I wanted my life to take... It became my Bible,” wrote A.N. Wilson in The Spectator magazine in 2006.^[13]

John Gielgud wrote “I read John Gross’s fascinating Shylock book straight through twice and enjoyed it more than I can say.”

John Updike called The New Oxford Book of English Prose “a marvelous gem… I wonder if there has ever been an anthology quite like it – with so vast a field – the virtually infinite expanse of English-language prose – for the anthologist to roam… I have been rapturously rolling around in John Gross’s amazing book for days.”

Harold Pinter, who grew up in the same working class East End London neighbourhood as Gross, wrote of Gross’s childhood memoir, A Double Thread, “It is a most rich, immensely readable and very moving book. I recognized so much.” ^[14]

Journalism[link]

Gross wrote regularly for The New York Review of Books,^[15] The Times Literary Supplement, The Wall Street Journal, The New Criterion,^[16] Commentary,^[17] The Spectator and Standpoint.^[18] He was at other times a regular contributor on literary and cultural topics to The Observer, The New Statesman and The New York Times.

Public Life[link]

He was a trustee of London’s National Portrait Gallery from 1977 to 1984. He served two terms on the English Heritage advisory committee on blue plaques, and was on the Arts and Media Committee advising the British government on the award of public honours.^[19] He served as chairman of the judges of the (Man) Booker Prize,^[20][21] and was a member of The Literary Society.

He was a non-executive independent director of Times Newspaper holdings, the publishers of The Times and The Sunday Times, from 1982 to 2011.^[22]

Private life[link]

John Gross was married to Miriam Gross, also a prominent literary editor, from 1965 to 1988. The couple had two children, Tom Gross and Susanna Gross. Gross lived in London, with spells of time living in New York in the 1960s and 1980s. He was a member of the Beefsteak Club.^[4]

References[link]