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Academic robes

A robe is a loose-fitting outer garment. A robe is distinguished from a cape or cloak by the fact that it usually has sleeves. The English word robe derives from Middle English robe ("garment"), borrowed from Old French robe ("booty, spoils"), itself taken from the Frankish word *rouba ("spoils, things stolen, clothes"), and is related to the word rob. There are various types of robes, including:

• A gown worn as part of the academic regalia of faculty or students, especially for ceremonial occasions, such as a convocations, congregations or graduations.

• A gown worn as part of the attire of a judge or barrister.

• A wide variety of long, flowing religious dress including pulpit robes and the robes worn by various types of monks.

• A gown worn as part of the official dress of a peer or royalty.

• Any of several women's fashions, as robe d'anglaise (18th century), "robe de style" (1920s).

• A gown worn in fantasy literature and role-playing games by wizards and other magical characters.

• An absorbent "bath robe" worn mostly after washing or swimming.
  • One such example is a bathrobe, a garment made of terrycloth or another towel-like material and is typically worn at home after a bath or other activities where the wearer is nude to keep warm and/or preserve modesty in times of no immediate need to fully dress. (Also called a house coat.) See, for example, that worn by the fictional character Arthur Dent.
• (Informal usage) Any long flowing garment; for example, a cassock is sometimes called a robe, despite the fact that the cassock is close-fitting.

See also[link]

• Abaya
• Kaftan
• Academic stole
• Clothing
• Seamless robe of Jesus - Biblical relic
• Senegalese kaftan
• The Robe - film
• Black Robe - film about a robed Jesuit priest
• Tricivara - Buddhist monastic robe

Victor Mature
from the trailer for Kiss of Death (1947)
Born	Victor John Mature (1913-01-29)January 29, 1913 Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
Died	August 4, 1999(1999-08-04) (aged 86) Rancho Santa Fe, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1939–84
Spouse	Frances Charles (m. 1938–1940) «start: (1938)–end+1: (1941)»"Marriage: Frances Charles to Victor Mature" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Victor_Mature) Martha Stephenson Kemp (m. 1941–1943) «start: (1941)–end+1: (1944)»"Marriage: Martha Stephenson Kemp to Victor Mature" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Victor_Mature) Dorothy Standford Berry (m. 1948–1955) «start: (1948)–end+1: (1956)»"Marriage: Dorothy Standford Berry to Victor Mature" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Victor_Mature) Adrienne Joy Urwick (m. 1959–1969) «start: (1959)–end+1: (1970)»"Marriage: Adrienne Joy Urwick to Victor Mature" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Victor_Mature) Loretta G. Sebena (m. 1974–1999) «start: (1974)–end+1: (2000)»"Marriage: Loretta G. Sebena to Victor Mature" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Victor_Mature)

Victor John Mature (January 29, 1913 – August 4, 1999) was an American stage, film and television actor.

Early life[link]

Mature was born in Louisville, Kentucky. His father, Marcello Gelindo Maturi, later Marcellus George Mature, was an Italian-speaking immigrant from the town Pinzolo, in the Italian part of the former County of Tyrol (now Trentino in Italy, at that time Austrian-Hungarian Empire);^[1][2] he was a cutler. His mother, Clara P. (Ackley), was Kentucky-born and of Swiss heritage.^[3] An older brother, Marcellus Paul Mature, died at 11 in 1918 from osteomyelitis.^[4] Victor Mature was educated at parochial schools, the Kentucky Military Institute and the Spencerian Business School. He briefly sold candy and operated a restaurant before moving to California.^[5]

Discovered while on stage at the Pasadena Community Playhouse, his first leading role was as a fur-clad caveman in One Million B.C. (1940), after which he joined 20th Century Fox to star opposite actresses such as Betty Grable and Rita Hayworth.^[6]

World War II[link]

In July 1942 Mature attempted to enlist in the U.S. Navy but was rejected for color blindness. He enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard after taking a different eye test the same day. He was assigned to the USCGC Storis, which was doing Greenland patrol work. After 14 months aboard the Storis, Mature was promoted to the rate of Chief Boatswain's Mate. In 1944 he did a series of War Bond tours and acted in morale shows. He assisted Coast Guard recruiting efforts by being a featured player in the musical revue "Tars and Spars" which opened in Miami, Florida in April 1944 and toured the United States for the next year. In May 1945 Mature was reassigned to the Coast Guard manned troop transport USS Admiral H. T. Mayo which was involved in transferring troops to the Pacific Theater. Mature was honorably discharged from the Coast Guard in November 1945 and he resumed his acting career.^[5]

Film career[link]

Victor Mature in the trailer for Million Dollar Mermaid (1952)

After the war, Mature was cast by John Ford in My Darling Clementine, playing Doc Holliday opposite Henry Fonda's Wyatt Earp. For the next decade, Mature settled into playing hard-boiled characters in a range of genres such as film noir, Westerns, and Biblical motion pictures like The Robe (with Richard Burton and Jean Simmons) and its sequel, Demetrius and the Gladiators (with Susan Hayward). Mature also starred with Hedy Lamarr in Cecil B. DeMille's Biblical epic, Samson and Delilah (1949) and as Horemheb in The Egyptian (1954) with Jean Simmons and Gene Tierney. He reportedly stated he was successful in Biblical epics because he could "make with the holy look".

He also starred with Esther Williams in Million Dollar Mermaid (1952) and, according to her autobiography, had a romantic relationship with her.^[7]

After five years of retirement, he was lured back into acting by the opportunity to parody himself in After the Fox (1966), co-written by Neil Simon. Mature played "Tony Powell", an aging American actor who is living off of his reputation from his earlier body of work. In a similar vein in 1968 he played a giant, The Big Victor, in Head, a potpourri movie starring The Monkees. The character poked fun at both his screen image and, reportedly, RCA Victor who distributed Colgems Records, the Monkees's label. Mature enjoyed the script while admitting it made no sense to him, stating "All I know is it makes me laugh."

Mature was famously self-deprecatory about his acting skills. Once, after being rejected for membership in a country club because he was an actor, he cracked, "I'm not an actor — and I've got sixty-four films to prove it!"^[8] He was quoted in 1968 on his acting career: "Actually, I am a golfer. That is my real occupation. I never was an actor. Ask anybody, particularly the critics."^[9]

Death[link]

Victor Mature died of leukemia in 1999, at his Rancho Santa Fe, California home, at the age of 86. He was buried in the family plot at St. Michael's Cemetery in his hometown of Louisville.

For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Victor Mature has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6780 Hollywood Blvd.

Selected filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Victor Mature

• Victor Mature at the Internet Movie Database
• Victor Mature at the Internet Broadway Database

• Mature's Matinee - The Victor Mature Fan Club and Website

Wes King (born January 20, 1966), born in Winder, Georgia, is an American contemporary-Christian singer, songwriter, and musician. He is perhaps best known for his 1993 album The Robe. For a very brief period in the late 1980s, he attended Covenant College outside of Chattanooga, Tennessee. He also led worship at Christian youth retreat camps.

In 2005, King was diagnosed with lymphoma, and the tribute album Life Is Precious: A Wes King Tribute was released in July 2006 to raise money for his medical expenses (link below). This album's artists range from Addison Road to Derek Webb. King and his wife, Fran (the sister of former U.S. Congresswoman Katherine Harris), have three children.

As of 2006, King had received measurable results from aggressive chemotherapy. In an interview when asked what was next, he responded that he would have to see what the Lord has for him and that he wanted to be obedient and proactive for God's kingdom. He stated that he wishes use his gifts for God's glory. "I don't equate fulfilling God's purpose in life by selling a certain amount of records, so I'm ready for whatever he has for me."

Wes King is recovering at home from his chemo treatments and he is gaining strength daily. He is spending time with his family and spending as much time as he can in his home studio.

Discography[link]

• 1987: The Lonely Poet (released on tape and available for donation to cover medical expenses)
• 1990: The Ultimate Underlying No Denying Motivation (Reunion Records)
• 1991: Sticks and Stones
• 1993: The Robe
• 1995: Common Creed
• 1997: A Room Full of Stories (Sparrow Records)
• 2001: What Matters Most

Tributes[link]

• 2005: Life Is Precious: A Wes King Tribute http://www.wesking.com/news.html

References[link]

• Powell, Mark Allan (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music (First printing ed.). Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 488–489. ISBN 1-56563-679-1. 
• Andy Argyrakis (2006-03-13). "Return of the King". Christianity Today. http://www.christianitytoday.com/music/interviews/2006/wesking-0306.html. Retrieved 2009-03-30. 

External links[link]

• Wes King discography at MusicBrainz

This article about a United States singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This Christian music-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Charles Haddon Spurgeon
Born	(1834-06-19)19 June 1834 Kelvedon, Essex, England
Died	31 January 1892(1892-01-31) (aged 57) Menton, Alpes-Maritimes, France
Nationality	British
Occupation	Pastor, author
Religion	Christian (Reformed Baptist) (Particular Baptist)
Spouse	Susannah Spurgeon (née Thompson) (8 January 1856)
Children	Charles and Thomas Spurgeon (twins) (1856)
Parents	John and Eliza Spurgeon

Charles Haddon (C.H.) Spurgeon (19 June 1834 – 31 January 1892) was a British Particular Baptist preacher. Spurgeon remains highly influential among Christians of different denominations, among whom he is known as the "Prince of Preachers". He was a strong figure in the Reformed Baptist tradition, defending the Church in agreement with the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith understanding, and opposing the liberal and pragmatic theological tendencies in the Church of his day.

In his lifetime, Spurgeon preached to around 10,000,000 people,^[1] often up to 10 times each week at different places. Spurgeon was the pastor of the congregation of the New Park Street Chapel (later the Metropolitan Tabernacle) in London for 38 years.^[2] He was part of several controversies with the Baptist Union of Great Britain and later had to leave the denomination.^[3] In 1857, he started a charity organization which is now called Spurgeon's and works globally. He also founded Spurgeon's College, which was named after him posthumously.

Spurgeon was a prolific author of many types of works including sermons, an autobiography, commentaries, books on prayer, devotionals, magazines, poetry, hymns and more.^[4][5] Many sermons were transcribed as he spoke and were translated into many languages during his lifetime. Spurgeon produced powerful sermons of penetrating thought and precise exposition. His oratory skills held throngs of listeners spellbound in the Metropolitan Tabernacle and many Christians have discovered Spurgeon's messages to be among the best in Christian literature.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Born in Kelvedon, Essex, Spurgeon's conversion to Christianity came on 6 January 1850, at age 16. On his way to a scheduled appointment, a snow storm forced him to cut short his intended journey and to turn into a Primitive Methodist chapel in Colchester where "God opened his heart to the salvation message." The text that moved him was Isaiah 45:22 - "Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth, for I am God, and there is none else." Later that year on 4 April 1850, he was admitted to the church at Newmarket.

His baptism followed on 3 May in the river Lark, at Isleham. Later that same year he moved to Cambridge, where he later became a Sunday school teacher. He preached his first sermon in the winter of 1850-51 in a cottage at Teversham while filling in for a friend. From the beginning of his ministry his style and ability were considered to be far above average. In the same year, he was installed as pastor of the small Baptist church at Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire, where he published his first literary work, a Gospel tract written in 1853.

New Park Street Chapel[link]

Spurgeon at age 23.

In April 1854, after preaching three months on probation and just four years after his conversion, Spurgeon, then only 20, was called to the pastorate of London's famed New Park Street Chapel, Southwark (formerly pastored by the Particular Baptists Benjamin Keach, theologian John Gill and John Rippon). This was the largest Baptist congregation in London at the time, although it had dwindled in numbers for several years. Spurgeon found friends in London among his fellow pastors, such as William Garrett Lewis of Westbourne Grove Church, an older man who along with Spurgeon went on to found the London Baptist Association.

Within a few months of Spurgeon's arrival at Park Street, his ability as a preacher made him famous. The following year the first of his sermons in the "New Park Street Pulpit" was published. Spurgeon's sermons were published in printed form every week and had a high circulation. By the time of his death in 1892, he had preached nearly 3,600 sermons and published 49 volumes of commentaries, sayings, anecdotes, illustrations and devotions.

Immediately following his fame was criticism. The first attack in the press appeared in the Earthen Vessel in January 1855. His preaching, although not revolutionary in substance, was a plain-spoken and direct appeal to the people, using the Bible to provoke them to consider the teachings of Jesus Christ. Critical attacks from the media persisted throughout his life. The congregation quickly outgrew their building, and moved to Exeter Hall, then to Surrey Music Hall. In these venues Spurgeon frequently preached to audiences numbering more than 10,000. At 22, Spurgeon was the most popular preacher of the day.^[6]

On 8 January 1856, Spurgeon married Susannah, daughter of Robert Thompson of Falcon Square, London, by whom he had twin sons, Charles and Thomas born on 20 September 1856. At the end of that year, tragedy struck on 19 October 1856, as Spurgeon was preaching at the Surrey Gardens Music Hall for the first time. Someone in the crowd yelled, "Fire!" The ensuing panic and stampede left several dead. Spurgeon was emotionally devastated by the event and it had a sobering influence on his life. He struggled against depression for many years and spoke of being moved to tears for no reason known to himself.

Walter Thornbury later wrote in "Old and New London" (1897) describing a subsequent meeting at Surrey:

Spurgeon's work went on. A Pastors' College was founded in 1857 by Spurgeon and was renamed Spurgeon's College in 1923, when it moved to its present building in South Norwood Hill, London;^[1]. At the Fast Day, 7 October 1857, he preached to the largest crowd ever – 23,654 people – at The Crystal Palace in London. Spurgeon noted:

Metropolitan Tabernacle[link]

Spurgeon preaching at the Surrey Music Hall circa 1858.

On 18 March 1861, the congregation moved permanently to the newly constructed purpose-built Metropolitan Tabernacle at Elephant and Castle, Southwark, seating 5000 people with standing room for another 1000. The Metropolitan Tabernacle was the largest church edifice of its day and can be considered a precursor to the modern "megachurch".^[7] Spurgeon continued to preach there several times per week until his death 31 years later. He never gave altar calls at the conclusion of his sermons, but he always extended the invitation that if anyone was moved to seek an interest in Christ by his preaching on a Sunday, they could meet with him at his vestry on Monday morning.

Without fail, there was always someone at his door the next day. He wrote his sermons out fully before he preached, but what he carried up to the pulpit was a note card with an outline sketch. Stenographers would take down the sermon as it was delivered and Spurgeon would then have opportunity to make revisions to the transcripts the following day for immediate publication. His weekly sermons, which sold for a penny each, were widely circulated and still remain one of the all-time best selling series of writings published in history.

Missionary preaching in China using The Wordless Book

Besides sermons, Spurgeon also wrote several hymns and published a new collection of worship songs in 1866 called "Our Own Hymn Book". It was mostly a compilation of Isaac Watts's Psalms and Hymns that had been originally selected by John Rippon, a Baptist predecessor to Spurgeon. Singing in the congregation was exclusively a cappella under his pastorate. Thousands heard the preaching and were led in the singing without any amplification of sound that exists today. Hymns were a subject that he took seriously. While Spurgeon was still preaching at New Park Street, a hymn book called "The Rivulet" was published. Spurgeon aroused controversy because of his critique of its theology, which was largely deistic. At the end of his review, Spurgeon warned:

On 5 June 1862, Spurgeon challenged the Church of England when he preached against baptismal regeneration.^[8] However, Spurgeon taught across denominational lines as well. It was during this period at the new Tabernacle that Spurgeon found a friend in James Hudson Taylor, the founder of the inter-denominational China Inland Mission. Spurgeon supported the work of the mission financially and directed many missionary candidates to apply for service with Taylor. He also aided in the work of cross-cultural evangelism by promoting "The Wordless Book", a teaching tool that he described in a message given on 11 January 1866, regarding Psalm 51:7: "Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow." The book has been and is still used to teach illiterate people and people of other cultures and languages – young and old – around the globe about the Gospel message.^[9][10]

Following the example of George Müller, Spurgeon founded the Stockwell Orphanage, which opened for boys in 1867 and for girls in 1879, and which continued in London until it was bombed in the Second World War.^{[2] [3] [4]} The orphanage became Spurgeon's Child Care which still exists today. On the death of missionary David Livingstone in 1873, a discolored and much-used copy of one of Spurgeon's printed sermons, "Accidents, Not Punishments,"^[11] was found among his few possessions much later, along with the handwritten comment at the top of the first page: "Very good, D.L." He had carried it with him throughout his travels in Africa. It was returned to Spurgeon and treasured by him.^[12]

Downgrade Controversy[link]

Caricature of Spurgeon from Vanity fair (1870)

A controversy among the Baptists flared in 1887 with Spurgeon's first "Down-grade" article, published in The Sword & the Trowel. In the ensuing "Downgrade Controversy," the Metropolitan Tabernacle became disaffiliated from the Baptist Union, effectuating Spurgeon's congregation as the world's largest self-standing church. Contextually the Downgrade Controversy was British Baptists' equivalent of hermeneutic tensions which were starting to divide Protestant fellowships in general.

The Controversy took its name from Spurgeon's use of the term "Downgrade" to describe certain other Baptists' outlook toward the Bible (i.e., they had "downgraded" the Bible and the principle of sola scriptura).^[13] Spurgeon alleged that an incremental creeping of the Graf-Wellhausen hypothesis^{[citation needed]}, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, and other concepts was weakening the Baptist Union and reciprocally explaining the success of his own evangelistic efforts. The standoff even split his pupils trained at the College, each side accused the other of raising issues which did not need to be raised.^[14][15]

Final years and death[link]

Spurgeon's wife was often too ill to leave home to hear him preach. Spurgeon also suffered ill health toward the end of his life, afflicted by a combination of rheumatism, gout and Bright's disease. He often recuperated at Menton, near Nice, France, where he eventually died on 31 January 1892. Spurgeon was survived by his wife and sons. His remains were buried at West Norwood Cemetery in London, where the tomb is still visited by admirers. His son Tom became the Pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle after he died.

Library[link]

William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri purchased Spurgeon's 5,103-volume library collection for £500 ($2500) in 1906. The collection was purchased by Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary ^[5]in Kansas City, Missouri in 2006 for $400,000 and is currently undergoing restoration. A special collection of Spurgeon's handwritten sermon notes and galley proofs from 1879–1891 resides at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama.^[6] Spurgeon's College in London also has a small number of notes and proofs.

Works[link]

Spurgeon's works have been translated into many languages, including: Arabic, Armenian, Bengali, Bulgarian, Castilian (for the Argentine Republic), Chinese, Kongo, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, French, Gaelic, German, Hindi, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Kaffir^{[disambiguation needed ]}, Karen, Lettish, Maori, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Swedish, Syriac, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, and Welsh, with a few sermons in Moon's and Braille type for the blind. He also wrote many volumes of commentaries and other types of literature.^[16]

• 

  Spurgeon near the end of his life.

• 

  The tomb of Charles Haddon Spurgeon.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Austin, Alvyn (2007). China’s Millions: The China Inland Mission and Late Qing Society. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2975-7. 
• Murray, Iain (1972). The Forgotten Spurgeon. Edinburgh UK: Banner of Truth. ISBN 978-0-85151-156-6. http://www.amazon.com/Forgotten-Spurgeon-Iain-H-Murray/dp/0851511562/ref=cm_cr-mr-title. 
• C. H. Spurgeon (1995). Tom Carter. ed (Trade Pbk. edition). 2200 Quotations from the Writings of Charles H. Spurgeon. Baker Books. ISBN 978-0-8010-5365-8. http://www.amazon.com/200-Quotations-Topically-Textually-Scripture/dp/080105365X. 
• The Standard Life of C. H. Spurgeon. London: Passmore and Alabaster. 
• C H Spurgeon "The People's Preacher". Christian Television Association 2010 (of the UK)

External links[link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Charles Spurgeon

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: C. H. Spurgeon

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Charles Spurgeon

• More information on Charles Spurgeon
• Spurgeon Gems – All 63 Volumes of Spurgeon's sermons in today's language
• Spurgeon quotes
• Metropolitan Tabernacle official site
• Autobiography of Charles Spurgeon, volume 1
• Autobiography of Charles Spurgeon, volume 2
• Autobiography of Charles Spurgeon, volume 3
• Autobiography of Charles Spurgeon, volume 4
• Charles Haddon Spurgeon, A Biography – By William Young Fullerton
• Traits of Character: Being Twenty-five Years' Literary and Personal Recollections, with a chapter on Spurgeon, by Eliza Rennie
• [7] -- Spurgeon's College