In predicate logic, universal quantification formalizes the notion that something (a logical predicate) is true for everything, or every relevant thing. The resulting statement is a universally quantified statement, and we have universally quantified over the predicate. In symbolic logic, the universal quantifier (typically Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall , U+2200 ∀ , a turned A) is the symbol used to denote universal quantification, and is often informally read as "given any" or "for all". Universal quantification is distinct from existential quantification ("there exists"), which asserts that the property or relation holds for at least one member of the domain.

Quantification in general is covered in the article on quantification. Symbols are encoded U+2200 ∀ for all (HTML: ∀ ∀ as a mathematical symbol).

Basics[link]

Suppose it is given that

2·0 = 0 + 0, and 2·1 = 1 + 1, and 2·2 = 2 + 2, etc.

This would seem to be a logical conjunction because of the repeated use of "and." However, the "etc." cannot be interpreted as a conjunction in formal logic. Instead, the statement must be rephrased:

For all natural numbers n, 2·n = n + n.

This is a single statement using universal quantification.

This statement can be said to be more precise than the original one. While the "etc." informally includes natural numbers, and nothing more, this was not rigorously given. In the universal quantification, on the other hand, the natural numbers are mentioned explicitly.

This particular example is true, because any natural number could be substituted for n and the statement "2·n = n + n" would be true. In contrast,

For all natural numbers n, 2·n > 2 + n

is false, because if n is substituted with, for instance, 1, the statement "2·1 > 2 + 1" is false. It is immaterial that "2·n > 2 + n" is true for most natural numbers n: even the existence of a single counterexample is enough to prove the universal quantification false.

On the other hand, for all composite numbers n, 2·n > 2 + n is true, because none of the counterexamples are composite numbers. This indicates the importance of the domain of discourse, which specifies which values n can take.^{[note 1]} In particular, note that if the domain of discourse is restricted to consist only of those objects that satisfy a certain predicate, then for universal quantification this requires a logical conditional. For example,

For all composite numbers n, 2·n > 2 + n

is logically equivalent to

For all natural numbers n, if n is composite, then 2·n > 2 + n.

Here the "if ... then" construction indicates the logical conditional.

Notation[link]

In symbolic logic, the universal quantifier symbol Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall

(a inverted "A" in a sans-serif font, Unicode 0x2200) is used to indicate universal quantification.[1]

For example, if P(n) is the predicate "2·n > 2 + n" and N is the set of natural numbers, then:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall n\!\in\!\mathbb{N}\; P(n)

is the (false) statement:

For all natural numbers n, 2·n > 2 + n.

Similarly, if Q(n) is the predicate "n is composite", then

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall n\!\in\!\mathbb{N}\; \bigl( Q(n) \rightarrow P(n) \bigr)

is the (true) statement:

For all natural numbers n, if n is composite, then 2·n > 2 + n

and since "n is composite" implies that n must already be a natural number, we can shorten this statement to the equivalent:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall n\; \bigl( Q(n) \rightarrow P(n) \bigr)

For all composite numbers n, 2·n > 2 + n.

Several variations in the notation for quantification (which apply to all forms) can be found in the quantification article. There is a special notation used only for universal quantification, which is given:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): (n{\in}\mathbb{N})\, P(n)

The parentheses indicate universal quantification by default.

Properties[link]

Negation[link]

Note that a quantified propositional function is a statement; thus, like statements, quantified functions can be negated. The notation most mathematicians and logicians utilize to denote negation is: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\ . However, some (such as Douglas Hofstadter) use the tilde (~).

For example, if P(x) is the propositional function "x is married", then, for a Universe of Discourse X of all living human beings, the universal quantification

Given any living person x, that person is married

is given:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

It can be seen that this is irrevocably false. Truthfully, it is stated that

It is not the case that, given any living person x, that person is married

or, symbolically:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\ \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

.

If the statement is not true for every element of the Universe of Discourse, then, presuming the universe of discourse is non-empty, there must be at least one element for which the statement is false. That is, the negation of Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x)

is logically equivalent to "There exists a living person x such that he is not married", or:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x)

Generally, then, the negation of a propositional function's universal quantification is an existential quantification of that propositional function's negation; symbolically,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\ \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \equiv\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x)

It is erroneous to state "all persons are not married" (i.e. "there exists no person who is married") when it is meant that "not all persons are married" (i.e. "there exists a person who is not married"):

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \lnot\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \equiv\ \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x) \not\equiv\ \lnot\ \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \equiv\ \exists{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, \lnot P(x)

Other connectives[link]

The universal (and existential) quantifier moves unchanged across the logical connectives ∧, ∨, →, and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nleftarrow , as long as the other operand is not affected; that is:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \land (\exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \land Q(y))

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \lor (\exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \lor Q(y)),~\mathrm{provided~that}~\mathbf{Y}\neq \emptyset

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \to (\exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \to Q(y)),~\mathrm{provided~that}~\mathbf{Y}\neq \emptyset

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \nleftarrow (\exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \nleftarrow Q(y))

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \land (\forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \land Q(y)),~\mathrm{provided~that}~\mathbf{Y}\neq \emptyset

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \lor (\forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \lor Q(y))

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \to (\forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \to Q(y))

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \nleftarrow (\forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \nleftarrow Q(y)),~\mathrm{provided~that}~\mathbf{Y}\neq \emptyset

Conversely, for the logical connectives ↑, ↓, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \nrightarrow , and ←, the quantifiers flip:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \uparrow (\exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \uparrow Q(y))

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \downarrow (\exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \downarrow Q(y)),~\mathrm{provided~that}~\mathbf{Y}\neq \emptyset

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \nrightarrow (\exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \nrightarrow Q(y)),~\mathrm{provided~that}~\mathbf{Y}\neq \emptyset

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \gets (\exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \gets Q(y))

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \uparrow (\forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \uparrow Q(y)),~\mathrm{provided~that}~\mathbf{Y}\neq \emptyset

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \downarrow (\forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \downarrow Q(y))

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \nrightarrow (\forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \nrightarrow Q(y))

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(x) \gets (\forall{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, Q(y)) \equiv\ \exists{y}{\in}\mathbf{Y}\, (P(x) \gets Q(y)),~\mathrm{provided~that}~\mathbf{Y}\neq \emptyset

Rules of inference[link]

A rule of inference is a rule justifying a logical step from hypothesis to conclusion. There are several rules of inference which utilize the universal quantifier.

Universal instantiation concludes that, if the propositional function is known to be universally true, then it must be true for any arbitrary element of the Universe of Discourse. Symbolically, this is represented as

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x) \to\ P(c)

where c is a completely arbitrary element of the Universe of Discourse.

Universal generalization concludes the propositional function must be universally true if it is true for any arbitrary element of the Universe of Discourse. Symbolically, for an arbitrary c,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(c) \to\ \forall{x}{\in}\mathbf{X}\, P(x).

The element c must be completely arbitrary; else, the logic does not follow: if c is not arbitrary, and is instead a specific element of the Universe of Discourse, then P(c) only implies an existential quantification of the propositional function.

The empty set[link]

By convention, the formula Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall{x}{\in}\emptyset \, P(x)

is always true, regardless of the formula P(x); see vacuous truth.

Universal closure[link]

The universal closure of a formula φ is the formula with no free variables obtained by adding a universal quantifier for every free variable in φ. For example, the universal closure of

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): P(y) \land \exists x Q(x,z)

is

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \forall y \forall z ( P(y) \land \exists x Q(x,z))

.

See also[link]

Look up every in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Existential quantification
• Quantifiers
• First-order logic

Notes[link]

1. ^ Further information on using domains of discourse with quantified statements can be found in the Quantification article.

References[link]

• Hinman, P. (2005). Fundamentals of Mathematical Logic. A K Peters. ISBN 1-56881-262-0. 
• Franklin, J. and Daoud, A. (2011). Proof in Mathematics: An Introduction. Kew Books. ISBN 978-0-646-54509-7. http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/proofs.html.  (ch. 2)

Ranbir Kapoor
Kapoor at the BIG Star Entertainment Awards, December 2011
Born	(1982-09-28) 28 September 1982 (age 29) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation	Actor
Years active	2007–present
Parents	Rishi Kapoor Neetu Singh
Signature	150px

Ranbir Kapoor (born 28 September 1982^[1]) is an Indian actor who appears in Bollywood movies.

Making his acting debut in the 2007 film Saawariya, for which he won the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut, Kapoor earned positive notice for his performance in Wake Up Sid (2009). He later appeared in the romantic comedy Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani (2009) and the political thriller Raajneeti (2010), with the later being his biggest commercial success to date.^[2] In 2011, Kapoor starred and earned critical acclaim for his performance in Rockstar for which he received the Best Actor and Best Actor (Critics) awards at the Filmfare ceremony.

Early life[link]

Ranbir Kapoor, the son of actors Rishi Kapoor and Neetu Singh, was born into a family of Punjabi origin;^[3] his sister is Riddhima Kapoor Sahni. He is the grandson of actor and filmmaker Raj Kapoor, great grandson of Prithviraj Kapoor, nephew of actors Randhir Kapoor and Rajiv Kapoor, grand-nephew of actors Shashi Kapoor and Shammi Kapoor, and first-cousin of actresses Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor. Kapoor studied at Bombay Scottish School in Mahim, Mumbai and went on to pursue method acting at The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in New York.^[4]

Career[link]

Before starting off his career as an actor, Kapoor appeared in two short films: Passion to Love (2002), which was also directed by him, and India 1964 (2004). He later began working as an assistant with director Sanjay Leela Bhansali, where he was involved in the making of the film Black (2005).^[5] Kapoor who initially had plans of becoming an actor was later cast by Bhansali in his next directional venture, Saawariya opposite newcomer Sonam Kapoor. The film failed to do well at the box office,^[6] though his performance was largely appreciated. Kapoor was then seen in Siddharth Anand's romantic comedy Bachna Ae Haseeno (2008) alongside Bipasha Basu, Minissha Lamba and Deepika Padukone. The film was a semi-hit at the box-office.^[7]

2009 saw Kapoor appear in three movies. His first release was Ayan Mukerji's Wake Up Sid, in which he portrayed the character of Siddharth Mehra, a spoiled and self-centered college student from Mumbai. Featured opposite Konkona Sen Sharma, the film was a critical and commercial success.^[8] Shrey Patnaik wrote, "Ranbir's Sid is a near-perfect portrait of the aimless young man searching for a direction in life. Ranbir handles the character's inner life with the effortlessness of a Sitar maestro twiddling with his instrument's strings to create a music that takes the audience to a world where the sounds suggest a harmony between art and life. In Wake Up Sid, Ranbir proves once and for all that he's the future of Hindi cinema."^[9] Kapoor earned several nominations for Best Actor. He next starred alongside Katrina Kaif in Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani, which surfaced as one of the biggest hits of the year.^[10]

Following this, Kapoor appeared in Shimit Amin's drama Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year. Upon release, the film received positive reviews by critics but failed to do well.^[11] Kapoor's performance was critically acclaimed, with one critic writing, "Ranbir brings to his part a whole lot of earnestness and heart. His natural and utterly contagious exuberance so much on display in his last two films Wake Up Sid and Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani is effortlessly curbed here."^[12]

In 2010, he featured in Prakash Jha's multi-starrer political thriller Rajneeti. The film opened to positive reviews and was declared a "blockbuster".^[13] His performance was well received with critic Nikhat Kazmi concluding, "The film finally belongs to Ranbir Kapoor who perfects the art of minimalism – and literally grows before your eyes – as the simmering volcano that cannot be held back, once it erupts. He's as grey and soot-filled, as volcanoes go."^[14] In the same year, Kapoor appeared alongside Priyanka Chopra in Siddharth Anand's Anjaana Anjaani which was a moderate box office success.^[13]

2011 saw Kapoor feature opposite newcomer Nargis Fakhri in Imtiaz Ali's Rockstar. The film, upon release, met with positive to mixed reviews^[15] and grossed over Rs.1 billion worldwide^[16] In a review published by CNN-IBN, Rajeev Masand wrote: "Rockstar belongs to Ranbir Kapoor over everyone else. It is a riveting performance [...] and Ranbir roots it in the real. Watch how he seizes the stage in the "Sadda Haq" number and virtually makes the track his own. For Ranbir alone, this film deserves a watch."^[17] The film earned Kapoor a Best Actor and Best Actor (Critics) award at the 2012 Filmfare awards ceremony.

As of April 2012, Kapoor is scheduled to appear in Anurag Basu's Barfee alongside Priyanka Chopra and Ileana D'Cruz and Ayan Mukherjee's Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani alongside ex-girlfriend Deepika Padukone.

In the media[link]

Kapoor currently lives with his parents in Pali Hill in Mumbai, Maharashtra. During an interview in March 2008, he announced that he was dating Bollywood actress Deepika Padukone;^[18] the couple later broke up in 2009.^[19] In 2008, Kapoor co-hosted the 54th Filmfare Awards alongside Imran Khan; he was later chosen to co-host the 56th and 57th edition of the award ceremony alongside Imran Khan and Shah Rukh Khan respectively. During November 2010, he made an appearance on the talk show Koffee with Karan alongside Imran Khan.

Awards and nominations[link]

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Ranbir Kapoor at the Internet Movie Database

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since March 2010. It may contain wording that merely promotes the subject without imparting verifiable information. Tagged since December 2008.

Raja Chaudhary
Born	(1975-07-23) 23 July 1975 (age 36) Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Nationality	Indian
Occupation	Bhojpuri Actor and Producer, Reality TV Star
Spouse	Shweta Tiwari (1998−2007)

Raja Chaudhary is the estranged husband of television actress Shweta Tiwari. Raja came to Mumbai with a dream to make it big ,

Career[link]

Chaudhary played a villain in the Bhojpuri film Saiyyan Hamar Hindustani opposite Shweta Tiwari. He has also acted in the television serials Your Honour, Daddy Samjha Karo,Chandramukhi and Aane Wala Pal. He was featured in a TV serial called Black (loosely based on Hollywood Omen (film)) on 9X Channel, directed by Sunil Agnihotri.

Bigg Boss[link]

He was nominated for eviction a record five times and was saved on each occasion by his followers. Despite eventually finishing second-best to contestant Ashutosh Kaushik because of what the media has labeled a sympathy vote,^[1]

Personal life[link]

Chaudhary hails from Uttar Pradesh. He married Shweta Tiwari in the year 1998^[2]. The couple featured together in season 2 of the reality dance show Nach Baliye. On November 20, 2010, he was arrested by the police for beating his girlfriend Shradha Sharma, at his Oshiwara residence.^[3]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Bigg Boss 2: Profile of Raja Chaudhary
• Raja Chaudhary profile on Bigg Boss 2

www.rajachaudhary.co.in

This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (July 2009)

Dita Von Teese
Von Teese at 2007 Cannes Film Festival
Born	Heather Renée Sweet (1972-09-28) September 28, 1972 (age 39) Rochester, Michigan, United States
Ethnicity	Armenian American
Occupation	Burlesque dancer, model, costume designer, author, actress
Spouse	Marilyn Manson (m. 2005–2007) «start: (2005)–end+1: (2008)»"Marriage: Marilyn Manson to Dita Von Teese" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Dita_Von_Teese) (divorced)
Website
dita.net

Dita Von Teese (born Heather Renée Sweet on September 28, 1972) is an American burlesque dancer, model, costume designer, author and actress.^[1]

Early life[link]

Dita Von Teese was born Heather Renée Sweet^[2] on September 28, 1972, in West Branch, MI, the middle child of three daughters.^[3] Her mother was a manicurist and her father was a machinist^[4].^[3] She is of partly Armenian heritage.^[5]

Von Teese is known for her fascination with 1940s cinema and classic retro style. This began at a young age and was fostered by her mother, who would buy clothes for her daughter to dress up in. Her mother was a fan of old, Golden-era Hollywood films, and it was from her that Von Teese developed a fascination with the actresses of that day, especially Betty Grable.

She was classically trained as a ballet dancer from an early age, and danced solo at age thirteen for a local ballet company. Though she originally wanted to be a ballerina, Von Teese states that "By 15, I was as good as I’d ever be."^[4] She was later to incorporate this element into her burlesque shows, where she frequently goes en pointe.

The family relocated from Michigan to Orange County, California, when her father's job moved.^[3] Von Teese attended University High School in Irvine.^[6]

As a teenager, Von Teese's mother took her to buy her first bra, made from plain white cotton, and gave her a plastic egg containing a pair of wrinkly, flesh-colored tights.^[6] Von Teese says she was disappointed as she had been hoping to receive beautiful lacy garments and stockings, of the type she had glimpsed in her father's Playboy magazines. This fueled her passion for lingerie. She worked in a lingerie store as a salesgirl when she was fifteen, eventually as a buyer. Von Teese has been fond of wearing elaborate lingerie such as corsets and basques with fully fashioned stockings ever since.

In college Von Teese studied historic costuming and aspired to work as a stylist for films. She is a trained costume designer, often designing (and copyrighting) the photoshoots herself.^[7]

Career[link]

Fetish and glamour modeling[link]

Von Teese achieved some level of recognition in the fetish world as a tightlacer. Through the wearing of a corset for many years, she had reduced her waistline to 22 inches (56 cm), and can be laced down as far as 16.5 inches (42 cm).^[8] Von Teese stands at 5 ft 5" (165 cm.)^[9] and weighs 114 pounds (52 kg).^[10][11]

Von Teese appeared on a number of fetish magazine covers, including Bizarre^[12] and Marquis.^[13] It was around this time when she appeared on the cover of Midori's book, The Seductive Art of Japanese Bondage.^[14]

Von Teese was featured in Playboy in 1999, 2001 and 2002, with a cover-featured pictorial in 2002.

The German metal band Atrocity chose her as the cover model for their 2008 album, Werk 80 II.^[15]

Burlesque[link]

Von Teese is a prominent neo-burlesque performer

Von Teese is best known for her burlesque routines and is frequently dubbed "the Queen of Burlesque"^[16][17] in the press. Von Teese began performing burlesque in 1992^[18] and, as a proponent of New Burlesque, has helped to popularize its revival. In her own words, she "puts the tease back into striptease" with long, elaborate dance shows with props and characters, often inspired by 1930s and 1940s musicals and films. Some of her more famous dances have involved a carousel horse, a giant powder compact, a filigree heart and a clawfoot bathtub with a working shower head. Her feather fan dance, inspired by burlesque dancer Sally Rand, featured the world's largest feather fans, now on display in Hollywood's Museum Of Sex.^[19] Her signature show features a giant martini glass.

Her burlesque career has included some memorable performances. She once appeared at a benefit for the New York Academy of Art wearing nothing but $5 million worth of diamonds.^[20] Additionally, Von Teese became the first guest star to perform at the Parisian Crazy Horse cabaret club with her appearance in October 2006.^[21] Also in 2006, Von Teese appeared on an episode of America's Next Top Model cycle 7 doing a workshop to teach the contestants about sexiness by means of burlesque dancing and posing. In 2007 Von Teese performed at the adult entertainment event Erotica 07 in London alongside Italian Rock noir band Belladonna.

Von Teese's first book, which consisted of her opinions on the history of burlesque and fetish, Burlesque and the Art of the Teese/Fetish and the Art of the Teese, was published in 2006 by HarperCollins. Vanity Fair called her "a Burlesque Superheroine."

Von Teese participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow, Russia as part of the stage performance for the German entry "Miss Kiss Kiss Bang." The act placed 20th out of 25 participants in the final round of the contest.^[22] Later, she said her cleavage was censored during the show because of her voluptuous figure.^[23]

Acting[link]

Von Teese is also an occasional actress. In her early years she appeared in fetish-related, soft-core pornographic movies, such as Romancing Sara, Matter of Trust, in which she is billed as Heather Sweet, and also in two hard-core fetish films by Andrew Blake: Pin Ups 2^[24] and Decadence.

In recent years she has appeared in more mainstream features, such as the 2005 short film, The Death of Salvador Dali, written by Delaney Bishop, which won best screenplay and best cinematography at recent festivals, including SXSW, Raindance Film Festival and Mill Valley Film Festival, and Best Actress for Von Teese at Beverly Hills Film Festival. She appeared in the feature films Saint Francis and The Boom Boom Room, both in 2007.

In addition, she has appeared in a number of music videos, including the video for the Green Day song "Redundant,"^[25] the video for "Zip Gun Bop" by swing band Royal Crown Revue, Agent Provocateur's video for their cover of Joy Division's "She's Lost Control," and (performing her martini-glass burlesque routine) the video for "Mobscene" by Marilyn Manson.^[26] She has been featured in a striptease/burlesque act in George Michael's live tour 2008, for the song "Feelin' Good."^[27]

Von Teese has said that acting is not at the top of her agenda and she would only take roles that she feels are right for her, stating, "I don't understand why women feel the need to go into acting as soon as they become famous...But I suppose if the part were aesthetically correct, then maybe I could consider it."^[28]

In January 2011, Von Teese guest-starred in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation in season 11: episode 12 called "A Kiss Before Frying" where she played a femme fatale version of herself under the stage name Rita von Squeeze who seduces Greg Sanders (played by Eric Szmanda) in a plot inspired by film noir.^[29]

Fashion and modeling[link]

Von Teese has appeared on a number of best-dressed lists^[30] and frequents the front row of fashion shows, particularly Christian Dior and Marc Jacobs, labels she is often seen wearing.

She has also done catwalk work. During Los Angeles Fashion Week, Spring 2004, she modeled for former club kid Richie Rich's fashion label, Heatherette. In 2005 she appeared in the Autumn/Winter Ready-to-Wear show for Giambattista Valli, a former designer for Ungaro, in Paris. In the 2006 Milan Fashion Week, Von Teese was on the runway, opening for the Moschino diffusion label, Moschino Cheap & Chic, autumn/winter 2006/7 show. In 2007, she appeared twice in the Jean Paul Gaultier haute couture show during the Paris Fashion Week. She has starred in several ad campaigns. She appeared in Vivienne Westwood's spring/summer 2005 collection adverts and became the face of Australian clothing range Wheels and Dollbaby for their 2006/7 Spring/Summer advertising campaign. She was an ambassador/spokesmodel for HIV/AIDS awareness when she was selected (along with Eve, Deborah Harry, and Lisa Marie Presley) for MAC Cosmetics' Viva Glam VI campaign (a collection of lipsticks and lipgloss where 100% of the proceeds are for worldwide AIDS charities and to raise awareness for HIV/AIDS). Von Teese has appeared in Vanity Fair, Vogue, Elle,^[31] and international issues of nearly every fashion magazine. She has campaigned on behalf of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), and appeared in their ads. Most recently she has designed a new lingerie range with Wonderbra.^[32]

In spite of this, Von Teese states that she never uses a stylist. "The one time I hired a stylist, they picked up a pair of my 1940s shoes and said, 'These would look really cute with jeans.' I immediately said, 'You’re out of here.'" She does her own make-up, and dyes her naturally blonde hair black at home.^[4] Von Teese's unique style is "inspired by eccentric women like Luisa Casati, Anna Piaggi, and Isabella Blow."^[33]

In early May 2012, Dita Von Teese launched her makeup collection "Classics" in partnership with the German cosmetic brand Art Deco. compact powder, blushers, eye styler, eye shadows, mascara and lipstick were produced to recreate the burlesque performer's retro look. ^[33]

Personal life[link]

Von Teese splits her time between her homes in Hollywood^[34] and Paris.^[35]

She is a collector of vintage china, particularly eggcups and tea sets,^[36] and drives a 1938 Packard One Twenty Eight, a 1946 Ford Super De Luxe^[37], a BMW Z4 and a 1965 Jaguar S-type.^[38] She also owned a 1939 Chrysler New Yorker from 1997 to December 2010.^[39][40]

Prior to her marriage, Von Teese had been romantically linked to vocalist/guitarist Mike Ness of Social Distortion^[41] and to actor Peter Sarsgaard.^[42] She has also spoken of several lesbian experiences, including a serious relationship with a woman when she was 20.^[43] She is dating French aristocrat Louis-Marie de Castelbajac.^[44]

She has been open about the plastic surgery she has undergone, having had breast implants and her beauty mark being artificial.^[3]

She participated at the PETA's campaign "Animal Birth Control (ABC)."^[45]

Relationship and marriage to Marilyn Manson[link]

Marilyn Manson had been a long time fan, and was a member of her website. They first met when he asked her to dance in one of his music videos. Though she was unable to, the two remained in contact. On Manson's 32nd birthday, in 2001,^[46] she arrived with a bottle of absinthe, and they became a couple. Manson proposed on March 22, 2004 and gave her a 1930s, 7-carat (1.4 g), European round-cut diamond engagement ring. On November 28, 2005, they were married in a private, non-denominational ceremony at home.

A larger ceremony was held on December 3 at Gurteen Castle in Kilsheelan (County Tipperary), Ireland, the home of their friend, Gottfried Helnwein. The wedding was officiated by surrealist film director and comic book writer Alejandro Jodorowsky.

On December 29, 2006, Von Teese filed for divorce from Manson citing "irreconcilable differences."^[47] Von Teese left their house empty-handed on Christmas Eve, and was not able to get in touch with Manson to inform him of her intention to divorce him. In an interview with The Daily Telegraph, Von Teese says "I wasn't supportive of his partying or his relationship with another girl. As much as I loved him I wasn't going to be part of that." Von Teese also stated that she gave Manson an ultimatum, and said "It didn't work. Instead, it made me the enemy."^[34] Von Teese did not seek spousal support and seemed to have no interest in his assets.^[47] The news broke for the public and for Manson on his birthday on January 5, 2007, when he was served the divorce papers.

Filmography[link]

Von Teese was a featured guest on the sixth episode (original air date: October 25, 2006) of Cycle 7 of America's Next Top Model.^[48] and as a coach in the Burlesque special Faking It.^[49] She appeared as a guest judge on RuPaul's Drag Race. Dita Von Teese also appeared on stage at the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest during the German entry.

Further reading[link]

• Von Teese, Dita (2006). Burlesque and the Art of the Teese. Regan Books. ISBN. 

References[link]

External links[link]

Find more about Dita Von Teese on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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• Official website
• Dita Von Teese on Twitter
• Dita Von Teese on Facebook
• Dita Von Teese at the Internet Movie Database
• Dita Von Teese at the Adult Film Database
• Dita Von Teese at the Internet Adult Film Database