The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com:80/Indy_Racing_League
Monday, 22 October 2012
1996 Indy Racing League Season Review
1997 IRL Indy Racing League - Las Vegas
Sam Hornish & Billy Boat - Indy Racing League Nashville 2002, Battle for the lead
1996 IRL at Walt Disney World
2011 IndyCar World Championships Las Vegas 300 - Horrific 15 Car Crash
Indy Racing League - Three IRL spectators killed by flying debris - Charlotte 1999
Indy Racing League - Indianapolis 500 1998 Practice Crash Compilation
Eliseo Salazar - Indy Racing League, Walt Disney World 1997 Dallara Test
Meet the Team - Sam Schmidt
Eddie Cheever & Tomas Scheckter - Indy Racing League Homestead 2002, Crash
1996 IRL Indy 200 at Walt Disney World Home Videos
1994 Indy 500/USAC Engine Controversy That Directly Led To The CART/IRL Split

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1996 Indy Racing League Season Review
  • Order:
  • Published: 17 Jul 2011
  • Duration: 7:19
  • Updated: 18 Jun 2012
Author: luy90
Indy Racing League 1996 Season Review This footage includes highlights from the first two races of the inaugural Indy Racing League season in 1996, from Walt Disney World Speedway and Phoenix International Raceway. It was aired during the second day of qualifications for the 1996 Indianapolis 500.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/1996 Indy Racing League Season Review
1997 IRL Indy Racing League - Las Vegas
  • Order:
  • Published: 07 Sep 2012
  • Duration: 1:29:48
  • Updated: 20 Sep 2012
Author: SteveK51
The final IRL race of the 1997 season, at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Depending on how the 2011 event is categorized, this race could be considered the last race under IRL sanction at the track as well as the largest field for an IRL race outside of Indianapolis.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/1997 IRL Indy Racing League - Las Vegas
Sam Hornish & Billy Boat - Indy Racing League Nashville 2002, Battle for the lead
  • Order:
  • Published: 12 Mar 2012
  • Duration: 1:59
  • Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Author: ChileRacingTV
Sam Hornish, Jr takes Billy Boat for lead in the IRL Nashville 200 event Sam Hornish, Jr adelanta a Billy Boat por la punta en la Nashville 200 de la IRL (Indy Racing League)
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/Sam Hornish & Billy Boat - Indy Racing League Nashville 2002, Battle for the lead
1996 IRL at Walt Disney World
  • Order:
  • Published: 31 Aug 2010
  • Duration: 1:26:08
  • Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Author: indycars
In celebrating our 200th Indy Racing League event at Kentucky Speedway, we offer up this gem, the 1st ever IRL race at Walt Disney World.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/1996 IRL at Walt Disney World
2011 IndyCar World Championships Las Vegas 300 - Horrific 15 Car Crash
  • Order:
  • Published: 16 Oct 2011
  • Duration: 3:01
  • Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Author: N2SC4RVideos
A horrific and scary 15 car crash with 2-3 cars flipping and flying into the air and Dan Wheldon being transported to the hospital. Will Power was going for his 1st Indy Racing League Championship battling with Dario Franchitti for the Championship has been dashed after he was involved into the crash. Many drivers are injured after this horrific crash during the 2011 Indy Racing League IndyCar World Championships Las Vegas 300 at Las Vegas. OUR THOUGHTS AND PRAYERS TO THE 15 INDYCAR DRIVERS THAT WERE INVOLVED IN THIS HORRIFIC CRASH ESPECIALLY TO DAN WHELDON.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/2011 IndyCar World Championships Las Vegas 300 - Horrific 15 Car Crash
Indy Racing League - Indianapolis 500 1998 Practice Crash Compilation
  • Order:
  • Published: 11 Feb 2012
  • Duration: 2:33
  • Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Author: ChileRacingTV
Indianapolis 500 1998 Practices Crash Compilation Jack Hewitt, Danny Ongais, Dan Drinan, Jimmy Kite, Eliseo Salazar, Tyce Carlson. Billy Boat, Scott Harrington crashes Compilado de choques en las prácticas de las 500 Millas de Indianapolis de 1998 Portuguese - Portugués
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/Indy Racing League - Indianapolis 500 1998 Practice Crash Compilation
Eliseo Salazar - Indy Racing League, Walt Disney World 1997 Dallara Test
  • Order:
  • Published: 21 Feb 2012
  • Duration: 5:00
  • Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Author: ChileRacingTV
Pruebas de los primer Dallara de Eliseo Salazar en el óvalo de Walt Disney World, en Orlando, Florida, Estados Unidos previo a la temporada de la Indy Racing League de 1997 con el equipo Scandia-Simon Racing
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/Eliseo Salazar - Indy Racing League, Walt Disney World 1997 Dallara Test
Meet the Team - Sam Schmidt
  • Order:
  • Published: 02 May 2012
  • Duration: 3:00
  • Updated: 15 Jun 2012
Author: korrio24
Sam Schmidt is a former Indy Racing League driver and current IZOD IndyCar Series and Firestone Indy Lights Series team owner. Sam became a Hospital Administrator by age 24, purchased his father's parts company in 1989, and was involved with other entrepreneurial successes such as Arnette sunglasses, Copart, and Precision Healthcare. In 1993, Sam won the SCCA National Championship in F2000, but dreamed of someday driving in the Indianapolis 500. In 1995, Sam raced professionally in the USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series finishing third in points for the season and winning Rookie of the Year honors. In 1997 he made his first IndyCar start and became a rising star in the league, raced in 3 consecutive Indianapolis 500's, and netted his first victory from the pole at Las Vegas Motor Speedway in 1999, finishing fifth in series points that year. While testing in preparation for the 2000 season, Schmidt suffered a horrendous crash at Walt Disney World Speedway. The accident rendered him a quadriplegic. After leaving the hospital, Schmidt, no longer able to drive a racecar, realized he needed to find a new passion. Inspired by meeting paraplegic Formula One team owner Sir Frank Williams, he founded Sam Schmidt Motorsports, which has become the most successful team in the history of the Firestone Indy Lights Series. In addition to the motorsports enterprise, Sam established the Sam Schmidt Paralysis Foundation to further the cause of paralysis research, treatment and quality of life issues.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/Meet the Team - Sam Schmidt
Eddie Cheever & Tomas Scheckter - Indy Racing League Homestead 2002, Crash
  • Order:
  • Published: 12 Mar 2012
  • Duration: 2:29
  • Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Author: ChileRacingTV
Tomas Scheckter choca a su jefe Eddie Cheever en el IRL Grand Prix de Miami en Homestead Tomas Scheckter makes contact with boss Eddie Cheever IRL - Indy Racing League
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/Eddie Cheever & Tomas Scheckter - Indy Racing League Homestead 2002, Crash
1996 IRL Indy 200 at Walt Disney World Home Videos
  • Order:
  • Published: 15 Jun 2012
  • Duration: 26:27
  • Updated: 15 Jun 2012
Author: doctorindy
Home videos of the 1996 Indy Racing League Walt Disney World Indy 200. This was the first ever race of the Indy Racing League (IRL), taking place at Walt Disney World Speedway. Buzz Calkins won holding off Tony Stewart. This video was taken from turn 1 of the tri-oval. Included are a brief shot of the morning warm up, followed by pre-race, the start, and various footage throughout the race.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/1996 IRL Indy 200 at Walt Disney World Home Videos
1994 Indy 500/USAC Engine Controversy That Directly Led To The CART/IRL Split
  • Order:
  • Published: 24 Jul 2012
  • Duration: 2:32
  • Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Author: LMCMInterloper
I found this while I was watching the 1994 CART Mid-Ohio race, and I thought it was interesting, to say the very least, so I thought I would UL it. NOTE: Please keep the comments civil. I know that even all these years later, this is still an emotional and passionate subject for many IndyCar fans. You can discuss it among yourselves, but, please, try and keep the comments civil. That mean no name-calling, no excessive arguing, and no trolling. Enjoy! NOTE 2: Sorry about the editing snafu at the end; I had to piece this together from two different videos; I apologize in advance if the transition wasn't smooth.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/1994 Indy 500/USAC Engine Controversy That Directly Led To The CART/IRL Split
American Indy Car Series race Sept 1998
  • Order:
  • Published: 03 May 2012
  • Duration: 1:38
  • Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Author: CanadaMotorSports
CanadaMotorSports American Indy Car Series race Sept 1998. The American Indycar Series (AIS) was an American open wheel racing series founded in 1988 by Bill Tempero. It utilized used chassis and engines from the CART series and the Indy Racing League. CART and IRL drivers Buddy Lazier, Jaques Lazier, Robby Unser, and Johnny Unser found success in the AIS. The series was reborn with new management in 2001-2002. As the series began to slowly gain competitors, the teams were allowed to run a choice of two powerplants. The aforementioned V-8 5.9-liter Chevy stockblock, or a V-6 (best known as the Buick/Menard) in turbocharged or normally aspirated configuration. An equivalency formula was determined to provide for competitive balance amongst the different engine combinations. The chassis utilized consisted of used March, Lola, Reynard, Eagle, and Penske from CART competition. In later years, G-Force and Dallara cars from IRL competition were also used.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/American Indy Car Series race Sept 1998
Paul Tracy 2002 Indy Controversy
  • Order:
  • Published: 18 Apr 2012
  • Duration: 5:14
  • Updated: 31 Jul 2012
Author: XERB1090
With Team Green, Tracy returned to the Indianapolis 500 in 2002 for the first time since 1995. A late-race caution flag for a crash appeared at nearly the same time he passed Helio Castroneves for what would have been the race lead. This incident proved controversial due to the lack of evidence from camera angles showing whether or not he was ahead of Castroneves. Debate continued on the issue of whether the caution flag was timed to stop a CART driver beating the regulars of the rival Indy Racing League, which is run by Indianapolis Motor Speedway owner Tony George. Perhaps as a result of this, he was voted CART's Most Popular Driver Award.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121022104649/http://wn.com/Paul Tracy 2002 Indy Controversy
  • 1996 Indy Racing League Season Review...7:19
  • 1997 IRL Indy Racing League - Las Vegas...1:29:48
  • Sam Hornish & Billy Boat - Indy Racing League Nashville 2002, Battle for the lead...1:59
  • 1996 IRL at Walt Disney World...1:26:08
  • 2011 IndyCar World Championships Las Vegas 300 - Horrific 15 Car Crash...3:01
  • Indy Racing League - Indianapolis 500 1998 Practice Crash Compilation...2:33
  • Eliseo Salazar - Indy Racing League, Walt Disney World 1997 Dallara Test...5:00
  • Meet the Team - Sam Schmidt...3:00
  • Eddie Cheever & Tomas Scheckter - Indy Racing League Homestead 2002, Crash...2:29
  • 1996 IRL Indy 200 at Walt Disney World Home Videos...26:27
  • 1994 Indy 500/USAC Engine Controversy That Directly Led To The CART/IRL Split...2:32
  • American Indy Car Series race Sept 1998...1:38
  • Paul Tracy 2002 Indy Controversy...5:14
Indy Racing League 1996 Season Review This footage includes highlights from the first two races of the inaugural Indy Racing League season in 1996, from Walt Disney World Speedway and Phoenix International Raceway. It was aired during the second day of qualifications for the 1996 Indianapolis 500.
7:19
1996 Indy Rac­ing League Sea­son Re­view
Indy Rac­ing League 1996 Sea­son Re­view This footage in­cludes high­lights from the first two ...
pub­lished: 17 Jul 2011
Au­thor: luy90
89:48
1997 IRL Indy Rac­ing League - Las Vegas
The final IRL race of the 1997 sea­son, at Las Vegas Motor Speed­way. De­pend­ing on how the 2...
pub­lished: 07 Sep 2012
Au­thor: SteveK51
1:59
Sam Hor­nish & Billy Boat - Indy Rac­ing League Nashville 2002, Bat­tle for the lead
Sam Hor­nish, Jr takes Billy Boat for lead in the IRL Nashville 200 event Sam Hor­nish, Jr a...
pub­lished: 12 Mar 2012
Au­thor: ChileRac­ingTV
86:08
1996 IRL at Walt Dis­ney World
In cel­e­brat­ing our 200th Indy Rac­ing League event at Ken­tucky Speed­way, we offer up this g...
pub­lished: 31 Aug 2010
Au­thor: in­dy­cars
3:01
2011 In­dy­Car World Cham­pi­onships Las Vegas 300 - Hor­rif­ic 15 Car Crash
A hor­rif­ic and scary 15 car crash with 2-3 cars flip­ping and fly­ing into the air and Dan W...
pub­lished: 16 Oct 2011
Au­thor: N2SC4RVideos
0:19
Indy Rac­ing League - Three IRL spec­ta­tors killed by fly­ing de­bris - Char­lotte 1999
From CNN/SI....
pub­lished: 24 Oct 2011
Au­thor: gold­en­boyf1
2:33
Indy Rac­ing League - In­di­anapo­lis 500 1998 Prac­tice Crash Com­pi­la­tion
In­di­anapo­lis 500 1998 Prac­tices Crash Com­pi­la­tion Jack He­witt, Danny On­gais, Dan Dri­nan, J...
pub­lished: 11 Feb 2012
Au­thor: ChileRac­ingTV
5:00
Eliseo Salazar - Indy Rac­ing League, Walt Dis­ney World 1997 Dal­lara Test
Prue­bas de los primer Dal­lara de Eliseo Salazar en el óvalo de Walt Dis­ney World, e...
pub­lished: 21 Feb 2012
Au­thor: ChileRac­ingTV
3:00
Meet the Team - Sam Schmidt
Sam Schmidt is a for­mer Indy Rac­ing League driv­er and cur­rent IZOD In­dy­Car Se­ries and Fire...
pub­lished: 02 May 2012
Au­thor: ko­r­rio24
2:29
Eddie Cheev­er & Tomas Scheck­ter - Indy Rac­ing League Home­stead 2002, Crash
Tomas Scheck­ter choca a su jefe Eddie Cheev­er en el IRL Grand Prix de Miami en Home­stead T...
pub­lished: 12 Mar 2012
Au­thor: ChileRac­ingTV
26:27
1996 IRL Indy 200 at Walt Dis­ney World Home Videos
Home videos of the 1996 Indy Rac­ing League Walt Dis­ney World Indy 200. This was the first ...
pub­lished: 15 Jun 2012
Au­thor: doc­torindy
2:32
1994 Indy 500/USAC En­gine Con­tro­ver­sy That Di­rect­ly Led To The CART/IRL Split
I found this while I was watch­ing the 1994 CART Mid-Ohio race, and I thought it was in­tere...
pub­lished: 24 Jul 2012
1:38
Amer­i­can Indy Car Se­ries race Sept 1998
CanadaMo­tor­Sports Amer­i­can Indy Car Se­ries race Sept 1998. The Amer­i­can In­dy­car Se­ries (AI...
pub­lished: 03 May 2012
5:14
Paul Tracy 2002 Indy Con­tro­ver­sy
With Team Green, Tracy re­turned to the In­di­anapo­lis 500 in 2002 for the first time since 1...
pub­lished: 18 Apr 2012
Au­thor: XER­B1090
Youtube results:
13:19
NASCAR 2011 - NXRL Sea­son 1 Brick­yard 400 at Indy Pt. 1
Who will kiss the bricks as the NXRL heads to Indy. Will we have a first time win­ner on ou...
pub­lished: 21 Jun 2012
Au­thor: cypherXR
12:46
NASCAR 2011 - NXRL Sea­son 1 Brick­yard 400 at Indy Pt. 2
Who will kiss the bricks as the NXRL heads to Indy. Will we have a first time win­ner on ou...
pub­lished: 21 Jun 2012
Au­thor: cypherXR
30:04
Forza 4 | Leg­ends Rac­ing In­di­anapo­lis 500
To cel­e­brate the run­ning of one of the jew­els of mo­tor­sport this week­end, Leg­ends Rac­ing t...
pub­lished: 25 May 2012
Au­thor: kp­tk92
4:07
2012 In­dy­Car World Cham­pi­onship MAVTV 500 Fin­ish
The fin­ish of the 2012 In­dy­Car World Cham­pi­onship MAVTV 500 at Auto Club Speed­way. Con­grat...
pub­lished: 16 Sep 2012
Au­thor: N2SC4RGam­ing




  • Marine Corps Maj. Nathan Miller, #7 pilot of the Blue Angels, greets his VIP rider Vitor Meira, Indy Racing League driver.
    US Navy / Chief Mass Communication Specialist Gary Ward (RELEASED)
  • Huell Howser rides as a passenger in a 2-seat Indy Racing League open
    Creative Commons / Regular Daddy
  • Indy Racing League driver w:Vitor Meira at Texas Motor Speedway in June 2008.
    Creative Commons / Flickr upload bot
  • Indy Racing League driver
    Creative Commons / Flickr upload bot
  • ** FILE ** In this Jan. 25, 2007 file photo, Brazilian race driver Rubens Barrichello attends a news conference at the Catalonian racetrack of Montmelo, near Barcelona, Spain. Barrichello says he'll retire if he fails to find a ride in Formula One next year. The 36-year-old Brazilian driver dismissed the possibility of a move to the Indy Racing League or any other series.
    AP / Manu Fernandez
  • Tomas Scheckter drives his #10 Target Chip Ganassi Racing Panoz G Force Toyota during pratice for the IRL (Indy Racing League) IndyCar Series Indianapolis 500 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway May 22, 2003 in Indianapolis, Indiana. ula1
    WN


This article is about the sanctioning body. For other meanings see IndyCar (disambiguation). For an overview of U.S. National Championship auto racing, see American Championship Car Racing.
IndyCar
Sport Open-wheel cars
Area of jurisdiction North America
Formation date 1996
Headquarters Indianapolis, IN
President Randy Bernard
Official website
www.indycar.com
United States
Canada
Brazil
China

IndyCar is the trade name of an American-based open-wheel auto racing sanctioning body. IndyCar sanctions four racing series, the premier IZOD IndyCar Series[1] (often abbreviated ICS or IICS) with its centerpiece Indianapolis 500, and developmental series Firestone Indy Lights, the Star Mazda Championship and the U.S. F2000 National Championship, which are all a part of The Road To Indy.

The trade name INDYCAR was officially adopted on January 1, 2011, as the trade name of racing operations of Indy Racing League LLC.

IndyCar is owned by Hulman and Co., which also owns the Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex and the Clabber Girl brand.

Contents

Sanctioned series[link]

IZOD IndyCar Series[link]

The IndyCar Series is the name adopted in 2003 for the premier series sanctioned by IndyCar. The series was known as the Indy Racing League until the beginning of the 2003 season. Izod was announced as the IndyCar Series title sponsor in 2010, a deal expected to run for at least five years.[1]

The series initially raced exclusively on oval tracks, as the series was founded partly in response to the increasing prominence of road and street courses on the CART schedule. In 2005, the series abandoned its unofficial ovals-only stance, and added three road–street course events. By 2009, the series had a roughly 50/50 split of ovals and road/street courses.

Firestone Indy Lights[link]

Firestone Indy Lights is the development series for the Izod Indycar series. It originally started in 2002, as the IRL Infiniti Pro Series coincidentally in the same year as CART's own Indy Lights series came to an end. Since the merger of Champ Car and the Indy Racing League, the Indy Lights name returned. The Indy Lights run as support races to IndyCar Series races. In the past, a round during the United States Grand Prix was also apart of the schedule.

Star Mazda Championship[link]

The Star Mazda Championship presented by Goodyear is an open-wheel racecar driver development series in North America. Competitors use spec Formula Mazda race cars built by Star Race Cars. The original series, using first-generation tube-frame cars started in the early 1990s, with the current, high-tech, carbon-fiber car released in 2004. The series has historically included road courses, street courses, and ovals. The series' primary sponsors are Mazda and Goodyear and the cars, while purpose built for the track with carbon fiber monocoques, are powered by 250 horsepower Mazda 'Renesis' rotary engines. The series' stated goal is "to develop new race driving talent". In 2010 the series became a part of The Road to Indy.

U.S. F2000[link]

USF2000 is a series IndyCar started sanctioning in 2010. Originally started in 1991 and folded in 2006, it was restarted in 2010 as part of the "Road to Indy" ladder series. The series runs with Star Mazda at every event, though it doesn't run at a few races Star Mazda does.

Championship point system[link]

Position Points
1st 50
2nd 40
3rd 35
4th 32
5th 30
6th 28
7th 26
8th 24
9th 22
10th 20
11th 19
12th 18
13th 17
14th 16
15th 15
16th 14
17th 13
18th 12
19th 12
20th 12
21st 12
22nd 12
23rd 12
24th 12
25th 10
26th 10
27th 10
28th 10
29th 10
30th 10
31st 10
32nd 10
33rd 10

Like other governing bodies, IndyCar awards points based upon where a driver finishes in a race. The systems for both the IndyCar Series and Firestone Indy Lights are identical. The top three drivers are separated by ten and five points respectively (see this section table). The fourth through tenth place finishers are separated by two points each. Eleventh through eighteenth are separated by one point each. Eighteenth through twenty-fourth score twelve points each. All other drivers who start the race score ten points. New for 2009, 2 points (instead of 3 points, as in previous years) will be awarded for the driver who leads the most laps, and 1 point will be awarded to the driver who claims the pole position, except at the Indianapolis 500.

For the Indianapolis 500, qualifying points are awarded for all 33 cars at the Indianapolis 500. The point scale slides based on the teams that qualify for the top-nine shootout, then descending by speed and position.

History[link]

Indy car name[link]

"Indy car" is sometimes used as a descriptive name for championship open-wheel auto racing in the United States. The Indy car name derived as a result of the genre's fundamental link to the Indianapolis 500 Mile Race (often referred to as the "Indy 500"), the best-known and most-popular auto race in North America.[citation needed]

Beginning in 1980, the term Indy car was often used to describe the race cars in the events sanctioned by CART, which had become the dominant governing body for open-wheel racing in the United States. The Indianapolis 500, however, remained sanctioned by USAC. CART recognized the Indy 500 on its schedule, and awarded points for finishers in the race from 1980–1995 despite not sanctioning it. The two entities operated separately, but utilized the same equipment.

In 1992, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway registered the IndyCar trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and licensed it to CART, which renamed its championship the IndyCar World Series. All references to the name "CART" were decidedly prohibited, as the series sought to eliminate perceived confusion from casual fans with the term kart.

During the 1996 season, the IndyCar mark was the subject of a fierce legal battle. Prior to the 1996 season, Indianapolis Motor Speedway President Tony George had created his own national championship racing series, the Indy Racing League. In March 1996, CART filed a lawsuit against the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in an effort to protect their license to the IndyCar mark which the Indianapolis Motor Speedway had attempted to terminate. In April, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway filed a countersuit against CART to prevent them from further use of the mark. Eventually a settlement was reached in which CART agreed to give up the use of the IndyCar mark following the 1996 season and the IRL could not use the name before the end of the 2002 season.

Following a six-year hiatus, Indy Racing League, LLC announced it would rename their premier series the IndyCar Series for the 2003 racing season. Brickyard Trademarks, Inc., a subsidiary of Indianapolis Motor Speedway Corporation, is the current owner of the IndyCar mark and licenses that mark to the Indy Racing League for use in connection with the IndyCar Series. CART (and its successor Champ Car) races outside the United States were still permitted to use the Indy moniker, such as the Toronto Molson Indy and Lexmark Indy 300, though the distinction is moot now, as the two series have unified. Post-unification, a heavy emphasis has been placed on deemphasizing the IRL moniker and replacing it with the IndyCar name. This became official on January 1, 2011 as Indy Racing League LLC adopted as its trade name INDYCAR, with all official documents stating "Indy Racing League LLC, d/b/a INDYCAR."

Split with CART[link]

The Indy Racing League was founded in 1994 by Tony George and began racing in 1996. CART had sanctioned Indy car racing since 1979, when the organization broke away from USAC. George blueprinted the IRL as a lower-cost open-wheel alternative to CART, which had become technology-driven and dominated by a few wealthy multi-car teams, much like Formula One. It initially attracted some of the smaller teams who believed in the vision presented by Tony George.

The split between the IRL and the CART governing body was extremely acrimonious, and both series greatly suffered because of it. The rivalry between competing groups of fans was most active on the Internet, especially on motorsports message boards, and tended to affect any attempts at impartial views of either racing series.

The most bitter point of conflict between CART and the IRL was the Indianapolis 500, long considered the crown jewel of North American motorsports. After the beginning of the IRL in 1996, Tony George restricted entry of the starting 33 cars to 25 IRL cars from full-time IRL teams, with only eight other cars being permitted to start. In retaliation, CART scheduled what was supposed to become its new showcase event, the U.S. 500, at Michigan International Speedway on the same day, but it drew far less fan interest and was discontinued after its 1999 running. Although modified in 1999, the initial Indy 500 policy toward CART was held up as proof of George and the IRL's ill-intent towards CART.

In 1997, Tony George specified new technical rules for less expensive cars and "production based" engines that outlawed the CART-spec cars that had been the mainstay of the race since the late 1970s. For the next few years almost all of the CART teams and drivers did not compete in the race. While this situation allowed many American drivers to participate in an event they might otherwise have been unable to afford, the turbulent political situation and the absence of many top IndyCar drivers, big-name sponsors and faster CART-spec cars cast something of a shadow over the race. It was certainly arguable that to the average fan, the replacement of at least fairly well known foreign drivers by almost-unknown American ones was not perceived as a real gain.

At its inception, the series and George himself were criticized by members of the media and some CART competitors. The IRL's early seasons consisted of sparse schedules, mostly unknown drivers, and inexperienced teams, even in the Indy 500. Eventually, the schedule expanded and the caliber of drivers improved. The IRL began to draw teams from CART starting in 2000, contributing to the latter's bankruptcy, re-branding as Champ Car in 2003, and ultimate demise and absorption by the IRL in 2008.

The IRL–CART split was a primary factor in an overall loss of interest in open-wheel motor racing in North America.[2] NASCAR has since supplanted open-wheel racing as the most popular auto racing sport in the United States, and from 1995 onward, NASCAR's Daytona 500 has surpassed the IRL's Indianapolis 500 in U.S. television ratings. The split has also hurt overall sponsorship of US open-wheel racing. In 2006 and 2007, several top CART and IRL drivers left for the more lucrative NASCAR, including Dario Franchitti, A.J. Allmendinger, Sam Hornish, Jr., and most recently Danica Patrick,[3] although Franchitti returned to the IRL for the 2009 season due to a lack of sponsorship in NASCAR.[4]

In later years, the IndyCar Series has become similar to the CART series from which it separated. The winner's circle of IndyCar is now dominated by a few wealthy teams—including those from the old CART series, such as Chip Ganassi Racing and Team Penske—a strong contingent of foreign-born drivers, and has a schedule which includes nine races that are not contested on ovals.

Unification with Champ Car[link]

On January 23, 2008, Tony George offered Champ Car management a proposal that included free cars and engine leases to Champ Car teams willing to run the entire 2008 IndyCar Series schedule in exchange for adding Champ Car's dates at Long Beach, Toronto, Edmonton, and Australia to the IndyCar Series schedule, effectively reuniting American open wheel racing.[5] The offer was initially made in November 2007.[5] On February 10, 2008, Tony George, along with IRL representatives Terry Angstadt and Brian Barnhart, plus former Honda executive Robert Clarke, traveled to Japan to discuss moving the Indy Japan 300 at Twin Ring Motegi.[6] Moving that race, or postponing it, would be required in order to accommodate the Long Beach Grand Prix, which was scheduled for the same weekend.[6] Optimism following the meeting was high.[7]

In February 2008, Indy Racing League founder and CEO Tony George and owners of the Champ Car World Series completed an agreement to unify the sport for 2008.[8] The result was that the Champ Car World Series was suspended except for the Long Beach Grand Prix. Many of the former Champ Car teams moved to the IndyCar Series using equipment provided by the League.

Driver safety[link]

Driver safety has also been a major point of concern, with a number of drivers seriously injured, particularly in the early years of the series. There have been four fatal crashes in the history of the series. Compared to road racing venues, the lack of run-offs on oval tracks, coupled with higher speeds due to the long straights and banked turns, means that there is far less margin for error. Car design was attributed as a leading cause of early injuries, and the series made improvements to chassis design to address those safety concerns. Following a series of spectacular high-profile accidents in 2003, including American racing legend Mario Andretti and former champion Kenny Bräck, as well as the death of Tony Renna in testing at Indianapolis, the IRL made additional changes to reduce speeds and increase safety.

IndyCar was the first racing series to adopt the SAFER soft wall safety system, which debuted at the Indianapolis 500 and has now been installed at almost all major oval racing circuits. The SAFER system research and design was supported and funded in large part by the Hulman-George family and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.[citation needed]

Fatalities[link]

Gallery[link]


See also[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ a b "IndyCar lands Title Sponsor". IndyStar.com. http://www.indystar.com/article/20091102/SPORTS0107/311020016/IndyCar+lands+title+sponsor+--+Izod. Retrieved 2009-11-03. [dead link]
  2. ^ "Explaining modern sports' most self-destructive act". Gordon Kirby 2004-04. 2006. http://www.gordonkirby.com/categories/columns/archive/self-destructive_act.html. Retrieved 2010-03-21. 
  3. ^ "Allmendinger: Champ Car, IRL must unite". TSN.ca. 2007-11-01. http://www.tsn.ca/auto_racing/news_story/?ID=221888. Retrieved 2010-08-22. [dead link]
  4. ^ "Franchitti loses drive in Nascar". BBC Sport. 2008-07-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/7484716.stm. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 
  5. ^ a b Tony George Makes an Offer for Unity "Tony George Makes an Offer for Unity". SpeedTV.com. 2008-01-23. http://www.speedtv.com/articles/auto/champcar/42686/ Tony George Makes an Offer for Unity. Retrieved 2008-01-23. 
  6. ^ a b "George off to Japan in pursuit of unification". IndyStar.com. 2008-02-09. Archived from the original on 2008-02-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20080218205058/http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080209/SPORTS0107/802090474/1052/SPORTS01. Retrieved 2008-02-13. 
  7. ^ "Official optimistic IRL-Champ Car merger talks will continue". IndyStar.com. 2008-02-12. http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080212/SPORTS0107/302120004/1052/SPORTS01. Retrieved 2008-02-13. [dead link]
  8. ^ "Done Deal". IndyCar.com. http://www.indycar.com/news/story.php?story_id=10557. Retrieved 2010-08-22. 

External links[link]

http://wn.com/IndyCar

Related pages:

http://ru.wn.com/Indy Car

http://fr.wn.com/Indy Racing League

http://nl.wn.com/Indy Racing League

http://pt.wn.com/IndyCar

http://de.wn.com/Indy Racing League

http://id.wn.com/Indy Racing League

http://es.wn.com/Indy Racing League




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Samuel Jon Hornish, Jr.
Born (1979-07-02) July 2, 1979 (age 32)
Defiance, Ohio, United States
Achievements 2001, 2002, 2006 IndyCar Series Champion
Awards 2004 IndyCar Series Most Popular Driver
NASCAR Sprint Cup Series career
110 race(s) run over 5 year(s)
Car no., team No. 12 (Penske Racing)
2011 position 70th
Best finish 28th - 2009
First race 2007 Checker Auto Parts 500 Presented by Pennzoil (Phoenix)
Last race 2011 5-hour Energy 500 (Pocono)
Wins Top tens Poles
0 8 0
NASCAR Nationwide Series career
43 race(s) run over 6 year(s)
Car no., team No. 12 (Penske Racing)
2011 position 23rd
Best finish 23rd - 2011
First race 2006 Arizona Travel 200 (Phoenix)
Last race 2012 History 300 (Charlotte)
First win 2011 Wypall 200 (Phoenix)
Wins Top tens Poles
1 11 0
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series career
1 race(s) run over 1 year(s)
Best finish 74th - 2008
First race 2008 Kroger 200 (Martinsville)
Wins Top tens Poles
0 1 0
Statistics current as of May 26, 2012.
IndyCar Series career
116 race(s) run over 8 year(s)
Team(s) PDM Racing (2000)
Panther Racing (2001-2003)
Team Penske (2004-2007)
Best finish 1st - 2001, 2002, 2006
First race 2000 Delphi Indy 200 (Disney)
Last race 2007 Peak Antifreeze Indy 300 (Joliet)
First win 2001 Pennzoil Copper World Indy 200 (Phoenix)
Last win 2007 Bombardier Learjet 550 (Texas)
Wins Podiums Poles
19 47 10

Samuel Jon Hornish, Jr. (born July 2, 1979) is an American auto racing driver. He currently drives the #12 Alliance Truck Parts/Würth Group Dodge Challenger for Penske Racing in the NASCAR Nationwide Series.

Contents

Early career[link]

Hornish began racing at the age of 11 in go-kart. After competing in junior leagues for various seasons, he joined the World Karting Association in 1993, winning seven races and posting twenty-nine top-five finishes. The following season, he won several championships in WKA, including the U.S. and Canadian Grand Championships, as well as the U.S. Junior Class Grand Championship. In 1995, he repeated his U.S. Grand National title and won nine races. He would move up to the United States F2000 Series, driving six races for his family-owned team, and had one top-ten finish at Watkins Glen International. He joined Bordin Racing in 1997 and had two eleventh-place finishes, before signing with Primus Racing. He had a second-place run at Pikes Peak International Raceway and finished seventh in points.

In 1999, Hornish moved to the Toyota Atlantic Series to drive for Shank Racing. He won Rookie of the Year after getting his victory at Chicago Motor Speedway. He also drove the 24 Hours of Daytona for Intersport Racing.

IRL career[link]

Practicing for the 2007 Indianapolis 500

He first raced in the IRL in 2000 with the PDM Racing team, finishing 21st in the point standings with a best finish of third. However, he switched to Panther Racing for the next season and improved enough to take the title from reigning champion Buddy Lazier. In 2002 the Penske team switched from Champ Car, and Sam was able to beat their top driver Hélio Castroneves to his second title. Along the way, Hornish beat Al Unser, Jr. by .0024 of a second in the Delphi Indy 300 in Chicago, possibly the closest race in auto history until the 2007 Indy Pro Season when Logan Gomez beat teammate and champion Alex Lloyd at the same racetrack by only 0.0005 sec, or 1.65 inches (42 mm).

In 2003, most of the established top US open-wheel teams were now racing in the series, with Honda and Toyota providing engines superior to the established Chevrolet unit Panther used. As a result, Cosworth was called in to supply a replacement engine informally dubbed the "Chevworth", with which Sam was a winner again, finishing 5th in the 2003 standings. For 2004 he moved to Penske, winning the season-opener but finding that Honda engines, and not Penske's Toyotas, were now the engine of choice. 2005 was an improvement, as he finished third to Dan Wheldon and Tony Kanaan in the standings and the top placement of any driver not driving for Andretti Green Racing.

On May 28, 2006, after starting on the pole for the 2006 Indianapolis 500, Hornish became the first driver to ever overtake for the lead on the race's final lap, ultimately winning the race in the last 450 feet (140 m) by a 0.0635-second margin over rookie Marco Andretti. Also in that year, he won the Indianapolis Motor Speedway's Scott Brayton Award, awarded annually to the driver best exemplifying a spirit of tenacity as well as friendliness amongst the race's participants. Hornish went on to win the 2006 IRL championship in the final race of the season by a tiebreaker over defending champ Dan Wheldon. He became the first 3-time champion in IRL history. In 2007, he only won one race at Texas, and finished fifth in points.

NASCAR[link]

2006-2008[link]

2007 Busch car
2008 Sprint Cup car
Hornish competing in a 2006 International Race of Champions race at Texas Motor Speedway.

On October 28, 2006, Hornish announced that he would attempt to run the final two 2006 NASCAR Busch Series races for Penske Racing, as well as select events in 2007. In his first two Busch starts, Hornish wrecked his #39 Mobil 1 Dodge both times, and did not finish better than 36th. In 2007, his car was switched to the #12, and he competed in seven Busch races, his best finish being a 15th at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Beginning in fall 2007, he started attempting Nextel Cup races in the #06 for Penske, and made only two races (at Phoenix International Speedway and Homestead-Miami Speedway).

Hornish moved up to drive the #77 for Penske in Sprint Cup in 2008 with Mobil 1 sponsorship.[1] In his first Daytona 500 he had a great race, finishing 15th. Teammates Ryan Newman and Kurt Busch finished first and second; to giving Roger Penske his first 1,2 finish in NASCAR. After the race Roger Penske said, "It is nice to see Sam display some of his racing talent in the biggest race in NASCAR." After struggling to make his first NASCAR Cup Series events; Phoenix where he finished 30th and Homestead where he finished 37th, after the 2008 Daytona 500 he admitted that even he was surprised to see himself running in the top-10 most of the day. He also said, "I wish they would have started the race about two hours sooner, so it still could have been sunny out. If the sun had never gone down, we would have had a better chance. Once the sun goes down, everybody starts getting more and more evenly matched up, because there's not all that worry about the tires sliding around so much because of the heat."

To allow Hornish to start in the first five Sprint Cup races of the season, Penske swapped the owner points of Kurt Busch's #2 car with the #77's, which ensured Hornish of a place in each of the races as Busch's team had finished seventh in the final 2007 Nextel Cup standings (and also protected Busch in case of bad qualifying efforts as he would have been able to use the Champion's Provisional for the first five races in 2008, as the rules state that the most recent Cup champion not qualified gets into the field; Busch's 2004 championship qualified him for use of the provisional).

At the May All-Star race at Lowe's Motor Speedway Hornish finished second in the Sprint Showdown to earn a start in the All-Star race. Hornish finished 7th. Hornish would finish second in a competitive Rookie of the Year race to Regan Smith, which could not have been helped by Hornish's string of poor finishes and failure to qualify for two

2009-2012[link]

As the 2009 season started, the team had high hopes for the season. However, bad luck late in 4 of the first 6 races kept Sam from being able to achieve his elusive first top 10 finish in a Sprint Cup points race. Nevertheless, he showed great improvement from 2008. Finally, on April 18 in Phoenix, he got his top 10, finishing the race in 9th place. Two races later Sam again improved on his career best finish scoring 6th in the Crown Royal 400 at Richmond International Raceway. A week later, despite its being a non-points race, Hornish got his first NASCAR victory by winning the annual Sprint Showdown, which qualified him for the Sprint All-Star Race for the second year in a row. He'd go on to finish 16th in the event.

While Hornish's results improved from his rookie campaign, the team still struggled with consistency and finishing races. In addition to his two top ten finishes early in the year, Hornish scored 5 additional top tens (both Pocono races, New Hampshire, Michigan, and again at Richmond) and also gained his first two top five finishes with a fourth place effort in the Pennsylvania 500 and a fifth place finish at Michigan. Those efforts, however, were countered with 13 finishes of 30th or worse (with 7 of those being finishes of 35th or worse). Since his debut, Hornish has finished 30th or worse in 33 of his 62 career starts.

With Mobil 1 departing for Stewart-Haas Racing at the end of 2010, Hornish was left without a Cup Series ride but elected to remain at Penske. Hornish will drive a limited schedule in the Nationwide Series driving the #12 Dodge Challenger for 8-10 races in 2011. He will also drive the #38 Front Row Motorsports Sprint Cup car at Pocono, as regular driver Travis Kvapil is competing for the Truck Series championship and was unavailable for the race.

Hornish recorded his first NASCAR Nationwide series win during the 2011 Wypall 200 at Phoenix International Raceway, the site of his first IndyCar win. He also became the first driver to win on Phoenix International Raceway's new configuration.

Hornish returned to the Nationwide Series for a complete schedule in 2012, driving the No. 12 Dodge.[2] Hornish returned to the Cup Series at the STP 400 at Kansas Speedway, driving the No. 12 Dodge for Penske Racing;[3] he is also scheduled to compete in the Amp Energy 500 later in the season.[4]

Education and family[link]

Hornish is a 1998 graduate of Archbold High School in Archbold, Ohio, and now resides in Napoleon.

On February 4, 2008 Sam and his wife Crystal welcomed their first child, Addison Faith Hornish, into the world. Baby Addison weighed 7 lb (3.2 kg). 2oz. and measured 18 inches (460 mm). Hornish finished 15th in his first Daytona 500 just a couple of weeks after. Sam and Crystal welcomed their second child, Eliza Jo, on December 28, 2010. Baby Eliza weighed 7 lb (3.2 kg). 15 oz and measured 20.5 inches (520 mm).

Motorsport career results[link]

American open-wheel racing results[link]

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Atlantic Championship[link]

Year Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rank Points
1999 Shank Racing LBH
8
NAZ
18
GAT
4
MIL
8
MTL
12
ROA
9
TRR
19
MDO
7
CHI
1
VAN
10
LS
6
HOU
10
7th 67

IRL IndyCar Series[link]

Year Team Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Rank Points
2000 PDM Racing G-Force Oldsmobile WDW
20
PHX
Ret
LSV
3
21st 110
Dallara INDY
Ret
TXS
Ret
PPIR
Ret
ATL
DNS
KTY
9
TX2
Ret
2001 Panther Racing Dallara Oldsmobile PHX
1
HMS
1
ATL
4
INDY
14
TXS
3
PPIR
2
RIR
2
KAN
2
NSH
6
KTY
3
STL
3
CHI
2
TX2
1
1st 503
2002 Panther Racing Dallara Chevrolet HMS
1
PHX
3
CAL
1
NZR
17
INDY
25
TXS
Ret
PPIR
3
RIR
1
KAN
2
NSH
3
MIS
7
KTY
2
STL
5
CHI
1
TX2
1
1st 531
2003 Panther Racing Dallara Chevrolet HMS
10
PHX
Ret
JPN
6
INDY
Ret
TXS
10
PPIR
5
RIR
4
KAN
Ret
NSH
11
MIS
2
STL
6
KTY
1
NZR
2
CHI
1
CAL
1
TX2
Ret
5th 461
2004 Team Penske Dallara Toyota HMS
1
PHX
15
JPN
Ret
INDY
Ret
TXS
4
RIR
11
KAN
8
NSH
2
MIL
3
MIS
4
KTY
14
PPIR
Ret
NZR
11
CHI
6
CAL
4
TX2
Ret
7th 387
2005 Team Penske Dallara Toyota HMS
2
PHX
1
STP
Ret
JPN
7
INDY
Ret
TXS
2
RIR
Ret
KAN
12
NSH
2
MIL
1
MIS
5
KTY
7
PPIR
2
SNM
17
CHI
3
WGL
7
CAL
5
3rd 512
2006 Team Penske Dallara Honda HMS
3
STP
8
JPN
4
INDY
1
WGL
12
TXS
4
RIR
1
KAN
1
NSH
Ret
MIL
2
MIS
Ret
KTY
1
SNM
9
CHI
3
1st-TB 475
2007 Team Penske Dallara Honda HMS
3
STP
7
JPN
5
KAN
6
INDY
4
MIL
9
TXS
1
IOW
Ret
RIR
15
WGL
2
NSH
4
MDO
14
MIS
Ret
KTY
Ret
SNM
5
DET
12
CHI
3
5th 465
Years Teams Races Poles Wins Podiums
(Non-win)
Top 10s
(Non-podium)
Indianapolis 500
Wins
Championships
8 3 116 12 19 27 32 1 (2006) 3 (2001, 2002, 2006)

Indy 500 results[link]

Year Chassis Engine Start Finish Team Note
2000 Dallara Oldsmobile 14 24 PDM T2 Accident
2001 Dallara Oldsmobile 13 14 Panther Finished
2002 Dallara Chevrolet 7 25 Panther Finished
2003 Dallara Chevrolet 18 15 Panther Engine Failure
2004 Dallara Toyota 11 26 Penske FS Accident
2005 Dallara Toyota 2 23 Penske T1 Accident
2006 Dallara Honda 1 1 Penske Last lap pass for the win
2007 Dallara Honda 5 4 Penske Finished

NASCAR Sprint Cup results[link]

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Year Team No. Make 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 NSCC Points
2007 Penske Racing 06 Dodge DAY
CAL
LSV
ATL
BRI
MAR
TEX
PHO
TAL
RIC
DAR
LOW
DOV
POC
MIC
INF
NHA
DY2
CHI
IND
PO2
GLN
MI2
BR2
CA2
RI2
NH2
DNQ
DV2
DNQ
KAN
TL2
DNQ
LW2
DNQ
MR2
DNQ
AT2
DNQ
TX2
PH2
30
HOM
37
62nd 125
2008 Penske Racing 77 Dodge DAY
15
CAL
43
LSV
41
ATL
25
BRI
29
MAR
28
TEX
32
PHO
20
TAL
35
RIC
23
DAR
38
LOW
13
DOV
18
POC
42
MIC
22
INF
31
NHA
39
DY2
29
CHI
37
IND
21
PO2
26
GLN
32
MI2
22
BR2
37
CA2
31
RI2
38
NH2
30
DV2
42
KAN
33
TL2
DNQ
LW2
22
MR2
34
AT2
24
TX2
23
PH2
33
HOM
DNQ
35th 2523
2009 Penske Racing 77 Dodge DAY
32
CAL
23
LSV
16
ATL
37
BRI
31
MAR
34
TEX
17
PHO
9
TAL
34
RIC
6
DAR
30
LOW
16
DOV
13
POC
10
MIC
29
INF
38
NHA
8
DY2
32
CHI
38
IND
37
PO2
4
GLN
35
MI2
5
BR2
35
AT2
35
RI2
8
NH2
37
DV2
26
KAN
18
CA2
12
LW2
40
MR2
36
TA2
40
TX2
40
PH2
17
HOM
21
28th 3203
2010 Penske Racing 77 Dodge DAY
37
CAL
16
LSV
28
ATL
28
BRI
32
MAR
13
PHO
18
TEX
19
TAL
24
RIC
36
DAR
31
DOV
34
CHA
17
POC
11
MIC
26
INF
36
NHA
23
DY2
21
CHI
24
IND
30
PO2
11
GLN
14
MI2
32
BR2
25
AT2
30
RI2
28
NH2
10
DV2
36
KAN
36
CA2
15
CH2
40
MA2
25
TL2
15
TX2
18
PH2
32
HOM
24
29th 3214
Year Starts* Wins Top Fives Top Tens Poles DNF Finish Start Winnings Rank Team(s)
2007 2 0 0 0 0 0 33.5 27.5 $126,325 62 Penske Racing
2008 34 0 0 0 0 4 29.6 27.9 $4,547,374 35 Penske Racing
2009 36 0 2 7 0 8 25.0 23.4 $4,136,163 28 Penske Racing
2010 36 0 0 1 0 4 24.9 20.8 $3,447,549 29 Penske Racing
2011 1 0 0 0 0 0 35.0 26.0 $64,875 70 Front Row Motorsports
Totals 109 0 2 8 0 16 26.7 24.1 $12,322,286

(Data as of January 17, 2012)[5]

References[link]

External links[link]

Sporting positions
Preceded by
Buddy Lazier
Indy Racing Northern Lights Series Champion
2001, 2002
Succeeded by
Scott Dixon
Preceded by
Dan Wheldon
IRL IndyCar Series Champion
2006
Succeeded by
Dario Franchitti
Achievements
Preceded by
Dan Wheldon
Indianapolis 500 Winner
2006
Succeeded by
Dario Franchitti
Awards
Preceded by
Kenny Bräck
Scott Brayton Trophy
2006
Succeeded by
Tony Kanaan

http://wn.com/Sam_Hornish,_Jr.

Related pages:

http://ru.wn.com/Хорниш, Сэм

http://fr.wn.com/Sam Hornish Jr.

http://nl.wn.com/Sam Hornish Jr.

http://pt.wn.com/Sam Hornish, Jr.

http://de.wn.com/Sam Hornish junior

http://it.wn.com/Sam Hornish

http://pl.wn.com/Sam Hornish Jr

http://es.wn.com/Sam Hornish Jr.




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hornish,_Jr.

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Billy Boat

Billy Boat (right) preparing tires for his son Chad's sprint car in 2007
Nationality  United States
Born (1966-02-02) February 2, 1966 (age 46)
Phoenix, Arizona
Indy Racing League IndyCar Series
Years active 1996-2003
Teams A. J. Foyt Enterprises
PDM Racing
Team Pelfrey
Beck Motorsports
CURB Agajanian Performance Group
Panther Racing
Starts 75
Wins 1
Poles 9
Fastest laps 0
Best finish 4th in 2001
Previous series
1986-1987 Indy Lights

William "Billy" Leonard Boat (born February 2, 1966 in Phoenix, Arizona) is a former American open wheel driver who raced in the Indy Racing League.

Boat is a graduate of Arizona State University. He began his career in USAC where he won 11 straight Western Series races on his way to the 1995 championship. He won the Turkey Night Grand Prix midget car race in 1995. He was a three-peat winner in the event after winning in 1996 and 1997. He made his first IRL start in 1997 Indianapolis 500 driving for A.J. Foyt Enterprises. In 1998 he won 6 poles, including 5 in a row, both league records, and won his first race at Texas Motor Speedway. It was his only IRL victory. He is one of the few drivers with the distinction to have started from both the pole (1998) and final 33rd (2000, 2001) starting position in the Indy 500. He has not appeared in an IRL race since the 2003 Indianapolis 500.

In 1986 he founded Billy Boat Performance Exhaust, a company that makes performance exhaust systems for luxury and high performance cars, light trucks, and high performance watercraft.

Contents

Racing record[link]

American open–wheel[link]

(key)

IndyCar[link]

Year Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Rank Points
1996 Pagan United States
WDW
United States
PHX
United States
INDY
DNQ
NC -
1996–1997 Foyt United States
NHM
United States
LVS
United States
WDW
United States
PHX
United States
INDY
7
United States
TXS
2
United States
CLT
2
United States
NH2
8
United States
LV2
23
18th 151
PDM United States
PPIR
19
1998 Foyt United States
WDW
21
United States
PHX
3
United States
INDY
23
United States
TXS
1
United States
NHM
21
United States
DOV
United States
CLT
United States
PPIR
9
United States
ATL
12
United States
TX2
14
United States
LVS
26
13th 194
1999 Foyt United States
WDW
9
United States
PHX
4
United States
INDY
3
United States
TXS
24
United States
PPIR
24
United States
ATL
10
United States
DOV
4
United States
PPI2
13
United States
LVS
22
United States
TX2
9
12th 204
2000 Pelfrey United States
WDW
9
United States
PHX
6
United States
LVS
7
United States
TXS
23
United States
PPIR
18
United States
ATL
8
United States
KTY
18
United States
TX2
3
10th 181
Foyt United States
INDY
15
2001 Beck United States
PHX
5
United States
HMS
13
United States
ATL
14
United States
INDY
9
United States
TXS
5
United States
PPIR
4
United States
RIR
18
United States
KAN
9
United States
NSH
2
United States
KTY
6
United States
STL
6
United States
CHI
12
United States
TX2
12
4th 313
2002 Agajanian/Boat United States
HMS
16
United States
PHX
8
United States
FON
18
United States
NZR
8
United States
INDY
18
United States
TXS
7
United States
PPIR
14
United States
RIR
22
United States
KAN
9
United States
NSH
14
United States
MIS
14
United States
KTY
19
United States
STL
23
United States
CHI
19
United States
TX2
24
13th 225
2003 Panther United States
HMS
United States
PHX
Japan
MOT
United States
INDY
32
United States
TXS
United States
PPIR
United States
RIR
United States
KAN
United States
NSH
United States
MIS
United States
STL
United States
KTY
United States
NZR
United States
CHI
United States
FON
United States
TX2
37th 1

Indy 500 results[link]

Year Chassis Engine Start Finish Team
1996 Reynard Ford-Cosworth Failed to Qualify Pagan
1997 Dallara Oldsmobile 22nd 7th Foyt
1998 Dallara Oldsmobile 1st 23rd Foyt
1999 Dallara Oldsmobile 3rd 3rd Foyt
2000 G-Force Oldsmobile 31st 15th Foyt
2001 Dallara Oldsmobile 32nd 9th CURB Agajanian
2002 Dallara Chevrolet 23rd 18th Agajanian/Boat
2003 Dallara Chevrolet 29th 32nd Panther


www.billyboat.com/

http://wn.com/Billy_Boat

Related pages:

http://nl.wn.com/Billy Boat

http://pt.wn.com/Billy Boat




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Boat

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Walt Disney

Walt Disney on January 1, 1954
Born Walter Elias Disney
(1901-12-05)December 5, 1901[1]
Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died December 15, 1966(1966-12-15) (aged 65)
Burbank, California, U.S.
Cause of death Lung Cancer
Resting place Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S.
Residence Burbank, California
Nationality American
Education McKinley High School
Occupation Film producer,
Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, formerly known as Walt Disney Productions
Years active 1920–1966
Home town Chicago, Illinois
Political party Republican
Board member of The Walt Disney Company
Religion Christian (Congregationalist)[2]
Spouse Lillian Bounds (1925–1966; his death)
Children Diane Marie Disney
Sharon Mae Disney
Parents Elias Disney
Flora Call Disney
Relatives Ronald William Miller (son-in-law)
Robert Borgfeldt Brown (son-in-law)
Roy Edward Disney (nephew)
Family Herbert Arthur Disney (brother)
Raymond Arnold Disney (brother)
Roy Oliver Disney (brother)
Ruth Flora Disney (sister)
Awards 7 Emmy Awards, 22 Academy Awards, Cecil B.DeMille Award
Signature

Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon,[3] and philanthropist, well known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O. Disney, he was co-founder of Walt Disney Productions, which later became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation is now known as The Walt Disney Company and had an annual revenue of approximately US$36 billion in the 2010 financial year.[4]

Disney is particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney himself provided the original voice. During his lifetime he received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year,[5] giving him more awards and nominations than any other individual in history.[6] Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland.

The year after his December 15, 1966 death from lung cancer in Burbank, California, construction began on Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated the Magic Kingdom on October 1, 1971.

Contents

1901–1937: Beginnings[link]

Childhood[link]

File:Flora and Elias Disney.JPG
Walt’s parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney

Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area to Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent.[7][8] His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.[9] With the d'Isigny name anglicised as "Disney", the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.

In 1878, Disney's father Elias had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas, until 1884. Elias worked for the Union Pacific Railroad and married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1890,[10] hometown of his brother Robert[10] who helped Elias financially for most of his early life.[10] In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri,[11] where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.[11] In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing[12] with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.[12] His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train[8] then try and spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, conducting the train.

10-year old Walt Disney (center right) at a gathering of Kansas City newsboys in 1912.

The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years,[13] before moving to Kansas City in 1911[14] where Walt and his younger sister Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School. At school he met Walter Pfeiffer who came from a family of theatre aficionados, and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home.[15] As well as attending Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute,[16] Walt often took Ruth to Electric Park, 15 blocks from their home, which Disney would later acknowledge as a major influence of his design of Disneyland.[citation needed]

Teenage years[link]

In 1917, Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city,[17] where in the fall Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and took night courses at the Chicago Art Institute.[18] He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage.[19]

After his rejection by the army, Walt and a friend decided to join the Red Cross.[20] Soon after joining he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.[21]

Disney as an ambulance driver immediately after World War I

Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory,[22] in 1919 Walt moved back to Kansas City to begin his artistic career.[23] After considering whether to become an actor or a newspaper artist, he decided on a career as a newspaper artist, drawing political caricatures or comic strips. But when nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or even as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio[23] where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.[24] At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks[25] and when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.[26]

In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called, "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Iwerks who was not able to run their business alone.[27] While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made commercials based on cutout animations, Disney became interested in animation, and decided to become an animator.[28] The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. Walt eventually decided to open his own animation business,[29] and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee.[29] Walt and Harman then secured a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman, arguably the most popular "showman" in the Kansas City area at the time,[30] to screen their cartoons at his local theater, which they titled Laugh-O-Grams.[30]

Laugh-O-Gram Studio[link]

Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",[30] Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area[31] and through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram,[32] for which he hired a vast number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks.[33] Unfortunately, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money,[34] Disney's studio became loaded with debt[34] and wound up bankrupt[35] whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.[36]

Hollywood[link]

Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood[37] where they needed to find a distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had started making while in Kansas City[35] but never got to distribute. Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.[38]

Alice Comedies[link]

Virginia Davis, the live-action star of Alice’s Wonderland and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the Disney Brothers' Studio located on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district, where it remained until 1939. In 1925, Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year.

The new series, Alice Comedies, proved reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice with Lois Hardwick also briefly assuming the role. By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus was more on the animated characters and in particular a cat named Julius who resembled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.

Oswald the Lucky Rabbit[link]

By 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business. He then ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost instant success, and the character, Oswald — drawn and created by Iwerks — became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded and Walt re-hired Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carman Maxwell, and Friz Freleng from Kansas City.

Disney went to New York in February 1928 to negotiate a higher fee per short and was shocked when Mintz told him that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short but also that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng—but not Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney—under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Walt. Disney declined Mintz's offer and as a result lost most of his animation staff whereupon he found himself on his own again.[39]

It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the rights to the Oswald character when in 2006 the Walt Disney Company reacquired the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBC Universal, through a trade for longtime ABC sports commentator Al Michaels.[40]

Mickey Mouse[link]

After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a new character to replace him, which was based on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City.[41] Ub Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Disney to make the character easier to animate although Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul."[41] Besides Oswald and Mickey, a similar mouse-character is seen in the Alice Comedies, which featured "Ike the Mouse". Moreover, the first Flip the Frog cartoon called Fiddlesticks showed a Mickey Mouse look-alike playing fiddle. The initial films were animated by Iwerks with his name prominently featured on the title cards. Originally named "Mortimer", the mouse was later re-christened "Mickey" by Lillian Disney who thought that the name Mortimer did not fit. Mortimer later became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie – taller than his renowned adversary and speaking with a Brooklyn accent.

The first animated short to feature Mickey, Plane Crazy was a silent film like all of Disney's previous works. After failing to find a distributor for the short and its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie. A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and Cinephone, a sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became an instant success,[42] and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. After the release of Steamboat Willie, Disney successfully used sound in all of his subsequent cartoons, and Cinephone also became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons.[43] Mickey soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character[41] and by 1930, despite their having sound, cartoons featuring Felix had faded from the screen after failing to gain attention.[44] Mickey's popularity would subsequently skyrocket in the early 1930s.[41]

[edit] Silly Symphonies

Following in the footsteps of Mickey Mouse series, a series of musical shorts titled, Silly Symphonies were released in 1929. The first, The Skeleton Dance was entirely drawn and animated by Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929. Although both series were successful, the Disney studio thought it was not receiving its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers,[45] and in 1930, Disney signed a new distribution deal with Columbia Pictures. The original basis of the cartoons was their musical novelty with the first Silly Symphony cartoons featuring scores by Carl Stalling.[46]

Iwerks was soon lured by Powers into opening his own studio with an exclusive contract, while Stalling would also later leave Disney to join Iwerks.[47] Iwerks launched his Flip the Frog series with the first voiced color cartoon Fiddlesticks, filmed in two-strip Technicolor. Iwerks also created two other cartoon series, Willie Whopper and the Comicolor. In 1936, Iwerks shut down his studio in order to work on various projects dealing with animation technology. He would return to Disney in 1940 and go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies in the studio's research and development department.

By 1932, although Mickey Mouse had become a relatively popular cinema character, Silly Symphonies was not as successful. The same year also saw competition increase as Max Fleischer's flapper cartoon character, Betty Boop, gained popularity among theater audiences.[48] Fleischer, considered Disney's main rival in the 1930s,[49] was also the father of Richard Fleischer, whom Disney would later hire to direct his 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Meanwhile, Columbia Pictures dropped the distribution of Disney cartoons to be replaced by United Artists.[50] In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera,[51] approached Walt and convinced him to reshoot the black and white Flowers and Trees in three-strip Technicolor.[52] Flowers and Trees would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first 1932 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. After the release of Flowers and Trees, all subsequent Silly Symphony cartoons were in color while Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use their three-strip process,[53][54] a period eventually extended to five years.[46] Through Silly Symphonies, Disney also created his most successful cartoon short of all time, The Three Little Pigs (1933).[55] The cartoon ran in theaters for many months, featuring the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf".[56]

One of two stars dedicated to Walt Disney on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

First Academy Award[link]

In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse", a series which switched to color in 1935 and soon launched spin-offs for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. Pluto and Donald became standalone cartoons in 1937,[57] with Goofy following in 1939.[58] Of all Mickey's partners, Donald Duck, who first teamed up with Mickey in the 1934 cartoon, Orphan's Benefit, was arguably the most popular, going on to become Disney's second most successful cartoon character of all time.[59]

Children[link]

The Disneys' first attempt at pregnancy ended in miscarriage. Lillian became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney, on December 18, 1933.[60] Later, the Disneys adopted Sharon Mae Disney (December 31, 1936 – February 16, 1993).[61]

Diane married Ron Miller at the age of 20 and is known as Diane Disney Miller. The Millers established and own a winery called Silverado Vineyards in California.[62] Diane and Ron Miller have seven children: Christopher, Joanna, Tamara, Jennifer, Walter, Ronald and Patrick.[63] Years later, Diane went on to become the cofounder of The Walt Disney Family Museum, with the aid of her children.[60] The museum was created to preserve her father's image and reach out to millions of Disney fans worldwide.[64] The museum displays a chronological view of Walt Disney's life through personal artifacts, interactive kiosks and various animations.[64]

Sharon Mae Disney was born December 31, 1936, in Los Angeles, California and was later adopted by the Disneys, due to Lillian's several birth complications.[63][65] In 1950, Sharon went on to star as herself in the Walt Disney Studios special One Hour in Wonderland.[66] Sharon married Robert Brown in 1958, with whom she had one child, and they remained married until his death in 1967.[65] Sharon married William Lund in 1969 and had two children with him, but six years later they divorced.[65][67] Sharon was a philanthropist and had contributed to charities such as the Marianne Frostig Center of Educational Therapy and the Curtis School foundation.[68] In 1993 at the age of 57, Sharon died from cancer at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California.[65] After Sharon's death, her estate donated $11 million to the California School of Performing Arts, where she was a member of the board of trustees for almost two decades. Sharon's donation was commemorated by renaming the School of Dance the Sharon D. Lund School of Dance.[60][69]

1937–1941: Golden age of animation[link]

[edit] "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White theatrical trailer.

Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, Popeye the Sailor, produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse.[70] Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date.[41] When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly". Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature, employing Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff. Disney then used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera – a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937 Silly Symphonies short The Old Mill.[71]

All of this development and training was used to increase quality at the studio and to ensure that the feature film would match Disney's quality expectations. Entitled Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the feature went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete Snow White, Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers. The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. Snow White, the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. RKO had been the distributor for Disney cartoons in 1936, after it closed down the Van Beuren Studios in exchange for distribution.[72] The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release. These initial release earnings for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs would be the equivalent of $122,487,945 in 2010.[73]

Golden age of animation[link]

Following the success of Snow White, for which Disney received one full-size, and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he was able to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24, 1939. Snow White was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden Age of Animation for the studio.[74][75] Feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi as well as the early production stages of Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan and Wind in the Willows while the shorts staff carried on working on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series, ending the Silly Symphonies at this time.[clarification needed More info needed on end of the Silly Symphonies to make a new and separate sentence.] Animator Fred Moore had redesigned Mickey Mouse in the late 1930s after Donald Duck overtook him in popularity among theater audiences.[76]

Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs into the movie theaters in 1940, but both proved financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was then planned as an income generator, but during production most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining relations between Disney and his artists.

1941–1945: World War II era[link]

In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of animators to South America as part of its Good Neighbor policy, at the same time guaranteeing financing for the resultant movie, Saludos Amigos.[77]

Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the US entered World War II. The U.S. Army and Navy Bureau of Aeronautics[78] contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities where the staff created training and instruction films for the military, home-front morale-boosting shorts such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the 1943 feature film Victory Through Air Power. However, military films did not generate income, and the feature film Bambi underperformed on its release in April 1942. Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944, establishing a seven-year re-release tradition for his features. In 1945, The Three Caballeros was the last animated feature released by the studio during the war.

In 1944, Encyclopædia Britannica publisher William Benton, entered into unsuccessful negotiations with Disney to make six to twelve educational films per annum. Disney was asked by the US Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA), to make an educational film about the Amazon Basin, which resulted in the 1944 animated short, The Amazon Awakens.[79][80][81][82][83]

1945–1955: Post-war period[link]

Disney studios also created inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. These included Make Mine Music (1946), Melody Time (1948), Fun and Fancy Free (1947) and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The latter had only two sections, the first based on The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, and the second on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed live action and animated scenes, including Song of the South and So Dear to My Heart. After the war ended, Mickey's popularity would also fade.[84]

By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, both of which had been shelved during the war years. Work also began on Cinderella, which became Disney's most successful film since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled True-Life Adventures, with On Seal Island the first. Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner Bros. and their animation star Bugs Bunny. By 1942, Leon Schlesinger Productions, which produced the Warner Bros. cartoons, had become the country's most popular animation studio.[85] However, while Bugs Bunny's popularity rose in the 1940s, so did Donald Duck's,[86] a character who would replace Mickey Mouse as Disney's star character by 1949.[87]

During the mid-1950s, Disney produced a number of educational films on the space program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: Man in Space and Man and the Moon in 1955, and Mars and Beyond in 1957.

Walt Disney meets Wernher von Braun in 1954.

Disney and the Second Red Scare[link]

Disney was a founding member of the anti-communist group Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals.  In 1947, during the Second Red Scare,[88] Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he branded Herbert Sorrell, David Hilberman and William Pomerance, former animators and labor union organizers, Communist agitators. All three men denied the allegations and Sorrell went on to testify before the HUAC in 1946 when insufficient evidence was found to link him to the Communist Party.[89][90]

Disney also accused the Screen Cartoonists Guild of being a Communist front, and charged that the 1941 strike was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood.[88]

1955–1966: Theme parks and beyond[link]

Planning Disneyland[link]

Disneyland: aerial view, August 1963, looking SE. New Melodyland Theater at top. Santa Ana Freeway (US 101 at the time, now I-5) upper left corner.

On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. The idea for a children's theme park came after a visit to Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California. It also said that Disney may have been inspired to create Disneyland in the park Republic of the Children located in Manuel B. Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina, and opened in 1951.[91] This plan was originally intended to be built on a plot located across the street to the south of the studio. These original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that would become Disneyland. Disney spent five years developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary company, WED Enterprises, to carry out planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.[citation needed]

As Disney explained one of his earliest plans to Herb Ryman, who created the first aerial drawing of Disneyland presented to the Bank of America during fund raising for the project, he said, "Herbie, I just want it to look like nothing else in the world. And it should be surrounded by a train."[92] Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.

Disneyland grand opening[link]

File:Waltopening.jpg
Walt Disney giving the dedication day speech July 17, 1955

Disneyland officially opened on July 18, 1955. On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people in attendance were Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings and Art Linkletter, who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim. Walt gave the following dedication day speech:

To all who come to this happy place; welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past .... and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams and the hard facts that have created America ... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world.

Carolwood Pacific Railroad[link]

The Lilly Belle on display at Disneyland Main Station in 1993. The caboose's woodwork was done entirely by Walt himself.

During 1949, Disney and his family moved to a new home on a large piece of land in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California. With the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball, who already had their own backyard railroad, Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature live steam railroad for his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a 46-foot (14 m) long trestle bridge, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated berm, and a 90-foot (27 m) tunnel underneath his wife's flowerbed. He named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Disney Studios engineer Roger E. Broggie Lilly Belle in his wife's honor and had his attorney draw up right-of-way papers giving the railroad a permanent, legal easement through the garden areas, which his wife dutifully signed; however, there is no evidence of the documents ever recorded as a restriction on the property's title.[clarification needed]

Expansion into new areas[link]

As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, soon followed by 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), Old Yeller (1957), The Shaggy Dog (1959), Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), and The Parent Trap (1961). The studio produced its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC entitled Disneyland, after the park, on which he aired clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim. The show also featured a Davy Crockett miniseries, which started the "Davy Crockett craze" among American youth, during which millions of coonskin caps and other Crockett memorabilia were sold across the country.[93] In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, Mickey Mouse Club debuted on ABC. It was a groundbreaking comedy/variety show aimed specifically for children. Disney took a strong personal interest in the show and even returned to the animation studio to voice Mickey Mouse in its animated segments during its original 1955-59 production run. The Mickey Mouse Club would continue in various incarnations in syndication and on the Disney Channel into the 1990s.

As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. Although he was spending less time supervising the production of the animated films, he was always present at story meetings.[94] During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful Lady and the Tramp ( the first animated film in CinemaScope) in 1955, Sleeping Beauty ( the first animated film in Super Technirama 70mm) in 1959, One Hundred and One Dalmatians (the first animated feature film to use Xerox cels) in 1961, and The Sword in the Stone in 1963.

Production of short cartoons kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the responsible division although special shorts projects would continue for the remainder of the studio's duration on an irregular basis. These productions were all distributed by Disney's new subsidiary, Buena Vista Distribution, which had taken over all distribution duties for Disney films from RKO by 1955. Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based on a number of successful Disney characters and films.

After 1955, the Disneyland TV show was renamed Walt Disney Presents. It switched from black-and-white to color in 1961 and changed its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, at the same time moving from ABC to NBC,[95] and eventually evolving into its current form as The Wonderful World of Disney. The series continued to air on NBC until 1981, when it was picked up by CBS.[96] Since then, it has aired on ABC, NBC, the Hallmark Channel and the Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. During its run, the Disney series offered some recurring characters, such as the newspaper reporter and sleuth "Gallegher" played by Roger Mobley with a plot based on the writings of Richard Harding Davis.

Disney had already formed his own music publishing division in 1949 and in 1956, partly inspired by the huge success of the television theme song The Ballad of Davy Crockett, he created a company-owned record production and distribution entity called Disneyland Records.

Early 1960s successes[link]

By the early 1960s, the Disney empire had become a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics.

After decades of pursuit, Disney finally acquired the rights to P.L. Travers' books about a magical nanny. Mary Poppins, released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s and featured a memorable song score written by Disney favorites, the Sherman Brothers. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project which was to be established on the East Coast.

Although the studio would probably have proved major competition for Hanna-Barbera, Disney decided not to enter the race and mimic Hanna-Barbera by producing Saturday morning TV cartoon series. With the expansion of Disney's empire and constant production of feature films, the financial burden involved in such a move would have proven too great.

Plans for Disney World and EPCOT[link]

In early 1964, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park to be called Disney World a few miles southwest of Orlando, Florida. Disney World was to include "the Magic Kingdom", a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, known as EPCOT for short.

Mineral King Ski Resort[link]

During the early-to-mid 1960s, Walt Disney developed plans for a ski resort in Mineral King, a glacial valley in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. He brought in experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer Willy Schaeffler, who helped plan a visitor village, ski runs and ski lifts among the several bowls surrounding the valley. Plans finally moved into action in the mid 1960s, but Walt died before the actual work started. Disney's death and opposition from conservationists ensured that the resort was never built.

Death[link]

Like many people of the time, Walt Disney was a chain smoker his entire adult life, although he made sure he was not seen smoking around children.[97] In 1966, Disney was scheduled to undergo surgery to repair an old neck injury[98] caused by many years of playing polo at the Riviera Club in Hollywood.[99] On November 2, during pre-operative X-rays, doctors at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center, across the street from the Disney Studio, discovered a tumor in his left lung.[100] Five days later a biopsy showed the tumor to be malignant and to have spread throughout the entire left lung.[100] After removal of the lung, doctors informed Disney that his life expectancy was six months to two years.[100] After several chemotherapy sessions, Disney and his wife spent a short amount of time in Palm Springs, California.[98] On November 30, Disney collapsed at his home. He was revived by fire department personnel and rushed to St. Joseph's where on December 15, 1966, at 9:30 a.m., ten days after his 65th birthday, Disney died of acute circulatory collapse, caused by lung cancer.[98] The last thing he reportedly wrote before his death was the name of actor Kurt Russell, the significance of which remains a mystery, even to Russell.[101]

Roy O. Disney continued out with the Florida project, insisting that the name be changed to Walt Disney World in honor of his brother.

The final productions in which Disney played an active role were the animated feature The Jungle Book and the animated short Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, as well as the live-action musical feature The Happiest Millionaire, all released in 1967. Songwriter Robert B. Sherman recalled of the last time he saw Disney:

He was up in the third floor of the animation building after a run-through of The Happiest Millionaire. He usually held court in the hallway afterward for the people involved with the picture. And he started talking to them, telling them what he liked and what they should change, and then, when they were through, he turned to us and with a big smile, he said, 'Keep up the good work, boys.' And he walked to his office. It was the last we ever saw of him.[102]

Hibernation Urban Legend[link]

A long-standing urban legend maintains that Disney was cryogenically frozen, and his frozen corpse stored beneath the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland.[103] In fact, Disney was cremated on December 17, 1966, and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. The first known human cryogenic freezing did not occur until January 1967, more than a month after Disney's death.[103]

According to "at least one Disney publicist", as reported in the French magazine Ici Paris in 1969, the source of the rumor was a group of Disney Studio animators with "a bizarre sense of humor" who were playing a final prank on their late boss.[104]

Although the rumor is acknowledged as false by most historians, Robert Mosley (in Disney’s World (1986)) and Marc Eliot (in Walt Disney – Hollywood’s Dark Prince (1993)) argue that Disney may have known of cryonics and may have had an interest in the science.[105] However his daughter Diane wrote in 1972, "There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that my father, Walt Disney, wished to be frozen. I doubt that my father had ever heard of cryonics."[104]

Legacy: 1967–present[link]

Continuing Disney Productions[link]

Plaque at the entrance that embodies the intended spirit of Disneyland by Walt Disney: to leave reality and enter fantasy

After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.

After giving his dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy asked Lillian Disney to join him. As the orchestra played "When You Wish upon a Star", she stepped up to the podium accompanied by Mickey Mouse. He then said, "Lilly, you knew all of Walt's ideas and hopes as well as anybody; what would Walt think of it [Walt Disney World]?". "I think Walt would have approved," she replied.[106] Roy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on December 20, 1971, the day he was due to open the Disneyland Christmas parade.

1968 US postage stamp

During the second phase of the "Walt Disney World" theme park, EPCOT was translated by Disney's successors into EPCOT Center, which opened in 1982. As it currently exists, EPCOT is essentially a living world's fair, different from the actual functional city that Disney had envisioned. In 1992, Walt Disney Imagineering took the step closer to Disney's original ideas and dedicated Celebration, Florida, a town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World, that hearkens back to the spirit of EPCOT. EPCOT was also originally intended to be devoid of Disney characters which initially limited the appeal of the park to young children. However, the company later changed this policy and Disney characters can now be found throughout the park, often dressed in costumes reflecting the different pavilions.

The Disney entertainment empire[link]

Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carry his name. Among other assets The Walt Disney Company owns five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network. As of 2007, the company had annual revenues of over U.S. $35 billion.[107]

Disney Animation[link]

Walt Disney was a pioneer in character animation. He was one of the first people to move away from basic cartoons with just "impossible outlandish gags" and crudely drawn characters to an art form with heartwarming stories and characters the audience can connect to on an emotional level. The personality displayed in the characters of his films and the technological advancements remain influential when animating today. He was also considered by many of his colleagues to be a master storyteller and the animation department did not fully recover from his demise until the late 1980s in a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The most financially and critically successful films produced during this time include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994). In 1995, Walt Disney Pictures distributed Pixar's Toy Story, the first computer animated feature film. Walt Disney's nephew Roy E. Disney claimed that Walt would have loved Toy Story and that it was "his kind of movie".[108] With the rise of computer animated films a stream of financially unsuccessful Traditional hand-drawn animated features in the early years of the 2000s (decade) emerged. This led to the company's controversial decision to close the traditional animation department. The two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility, firing hundreds of people in the process. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, Home on the Range. However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar, and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed with the largely successful 2009 film The Princess and the Frog. This marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation and the studio hired back staff who had been laid-off in the past. Today, Disney produces both traditional and computer animation.

CalArts[link]

In his later years, Disney devoted substantial time to funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). Formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930s, when Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went to CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, Disney paved the way for the creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation.[109] He also donated 38 acres (0.154 km2) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for construction of the school. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1972.

In an early admissions bulletin, Disney explained: "A hundred years ago, Wagner conceived of a perfect and all-embracing art, combining music, drama, painting, and the dance, but in his wildest imagination he had no hint what infinite possibilities were to become commonplace through the invention of recording, radio, cinema and television. There already have been geniuses combining the arts in the mass-communications media, and they have already given us powerful new art forms. The future holds bright promise for those who imaginations are trained to play on the vast orchestra of the art-in-combination. Such supermen will appear most certainly in those environments which provide contact with all the arts, but even those who devote themselves to a single phase of art will benefit from broadened horizons."[110]

Walt Disney Family Museum[link]

In 2009, The Walt Disney Family Museum opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards that he received.[111]

Antisemitism accusations[link]

Disney was long rumored to be antisemitic during his lifetime, and such rumors have persisted after his death. Indeed, in the 1930s he welcomed German filmmaker and Nazi propagandist Leni Riefenstahl to Hollywood.[112] Disney biographer Neal Gabler, the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concluded in 2006 that available evidence does not support such accusations. In a CBS interview Gabler summarized his findings:

That's one of the questions everybody asks me... My answer to that is, not in the conventional sense that we think of someone as being an antisemite. But he got the reputation because, in the 1940s, he got himself allied with a group called the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, which was an anti-Communist and antisemitic organization. And though Walt himself, in my estimation, was not antisemitic, nevertheless, he willingly allied himself with people who were antisemitic, and that reputation stuck. He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life.[113]

Disney eventually distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s.[114]

The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that Disney did have "difficult relationships" with some Jewish individuals, and that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons, such as Three Little Pigs and The Opry House. However, the museum points out that Disney employed Jews throughout his career, donated to several Jewish charities (The Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Yeshiva College[disambiguation needed ], Jewish Home for the Aged, The American League for a Free Palestine)[114] and was named "1955 Man of the Year" by the B'nai B'rith chapter in Beverly Hills.[114][115]

Academy Awards[link]

This display case in the lobby of the Walt Disney Family Museum in San Francisco shows many of the Academy Awards he won, including the distinctive special award at the bottom for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.

Walt Disney holds the record for both the most Academy Award nominations (59) and the number of Oscars awarded (22). He also earned four honorary Oscars. His last competitive Academy Award was posthumous.[116]

  • 1932: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Flowers and Trees (1932)
  • 1932: Honorary Award for creation of Mickey Mouse.
  • 1934: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Little Pigs (1933)
  • 1935: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Tortoise and the Hare (1934)
  • 1936: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Orphan Kittens (1935)
  • 1937: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Country Cousin (1936)
  • 1938: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Old Mill (1937)
  • 1939: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ferdinand the Bull (1938)
  • 1939: Honorary Award for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) The citation read, "For Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field." (The award, unique in the history of the Oscars, is one large statuette and seven miniature statuettes.)[5]
  • 1940: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ugly Duckling (1939)
  • 1941: Honorary Award for Fantasia (1940), shared with: William E. Garity and J.N.A. Hawkins. The citation for the certificate of merit read, "For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of Fantasia."[5]
  • 1942: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Lend a Paw (1941)
  • 1943: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Der Fuehrer's Face (1942)
  • 1949: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Seal Island (1948)
  • 1949: Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (Honorary Award)
  • 1951: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Beaver Valley (1950)
  • 1952: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Nature's Half Acre (1951)
  • 1953: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Water Birds (1952)
  • 1954: Best Documentary, Features: The Living Desert (1953)
  • 1954: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: The Alaskan Eskimo (1953)
  • 1954: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953)
  • 1954: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Bear Country (1953)
  • 1955: Best Documentary, Features: The Vanishing Prairie (1954)
  • 1956: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: Men Against the Arctic
  • 1959: Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects: Grand Canyon
  • 1969: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day

Other honors[link]

Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars awarded in recognition of his significant contribution to the city of Anaheim and specifically Disneyland, which is now the Disneyland Resort. The star is located at the pedestrian entrance to the Disneyland Resort on Harbor Boulevard. Disney has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures and the other for his television work.

Walt Disney received the Congressional Gold Medal on May 24, 1968 (P.L. 90-316, 82 Stat. 130–131) and the Légion d'Honneur awarded by France in 1935.[117] In 1935, Walt received a special medal from the League of Nations for creation of Mickey Mouse, held to be Mickey Mouse award.[118] He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964.[119] On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Walt Disney into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.

A minor planet, 4017 Disneya, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina, is named after him.[120]

The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.

Waltograph, a freeware typeface, is based on his signature and handwriting.

In 1993, HBO began development of a Walt Disney biopic, directed by Frank Pierson and produced by Lawrence Turman, but the project never materialized and was soon abandoned.[121] However, Walt - The Man Behind the Myth, a biographical documentary about Disney, was later made.[122]

Preceded by
None
Voice of Mickey Mouse
1928–1947, 1955-1959
Succeeded by
Jimmy MacDonald

See also[link]

Notes[link]

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  97. ^ Gabler, Neal 2006 Walt Disney: The Triumph of Imagination, Alfed A. Knofph Inc, New York City
  98. ^ a b c "The Day Walt Died". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/waltspassing/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21. 
  99. ^ "Horsing Around With Walt and Polo". Mouse Planet. http://www.mouseplanet.com/articles.php?art=ww070711ws. Retrieved 2008-05-21. 
  100. ^ a b c "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1966.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21. 
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References[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Walt_Disney

Related pages:

http://de.wn.com/Walt Disney

http://es.wn.com/Walt Disney

http://ru.wn.com/Дисней, Уолт

http://cs.wn.com/Walt Disney

http://pt.wn.com/Walt Disney

http://pl.wn.com/Walt Disney

http://hi.wn.com/वॉल्ट डिज़्नी

http://it.wn.com/Walt Disney

http://id.wn.com/Walt Disney

http://nl.wn.com/Walt Disney

http://fr.wn.com/Walt Disney




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Eliseo Salazar
Nationality Chile Chilean
Born (1954-11-14) November 14, 1954 (age 57)
Santiago, Chile
2012 Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series
Current team TRG Motorsports
Years active 1998, 1999, 2012
Car no. 64
Starts 3
Wins 0
Poles 0
Previous series
2004-2008
2003
1996-2002
1995-1996
1994-1997
1988-1990
1986-1987
1981-1983
1980
Rally Mobil
American Le Mans Series
Indy Racing League
CART IndyCar World Series
IMSA Exxon WSC Championship
World Sportscar Championship
International Formula 3000
Formula One World Championship
British F1 Championship
Awards
1999
1990
Scott Brayton Trophy
Autosport Sportsman of the Year
Formula One World Championship career
Active years 1981-1983
Teams March, Ensign, ATS, RAM
Races 37 (24 starts)
Championships 0
Wins 0
Podiums 0
Career points 3
Pole positions 0
Fastest laps 0
First race 1981 United States Grand Prix West
Last race 1983 Belgian Grand Prix
NASCAR career
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series career
1 race(s) run over 1 year(s)
Best finish 93rd – 1997
First race 1997 Parts America 150 (Watkins Glen)
Wins Top tens Poles
0 0 0
Statistics current as of February 1, 2012.

Eliseo Salazar Valenzuela (born November 14, 1954 in Santiago, Chile) is a Chilean racing driver. He participated in 37 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix (debuting on March 15, 1981) scoring a total of three championship points. Salazar currently participates in the Chilean national rally championship.

Contents

Formula One (1981-1983)[link]

After racing in the British F1 Championship in 1980 with a Williams FW07, and winning in Silverstone, he moved to Formula One in 1981, with March. He switched midseason to Ensign, and finished 6th in the Dutch Grand Prix. In 1982 he drove for ATS, and finished 5th in the San Marino Grand Prix, a race where only 7 teams entered due to the FISA-FOCA war. Probably his most famous career moment in Formula One came when he collided with the overtaking race leader Nelson Piquet in the 1982 German Grand Prix. After both drivers got out of their stricken cars, the angry Piquet started to punch and kick Salazar, to the shock and amazement of the millions of F1 fans watching the race live on TV. Salazar did not respond to the assault due to the friendship with the Brazilian driver, who helped him in his first European experiences as a driver. Months later Piquet apologised to Salazar over the phone, after being told by a BMW mechanic that the engine in his car was about to expire anyway, and that Salazar avoided BMW the embarrassment of an engine failure at their home race. (BMW officials were in attendance) [1]. In 1983 he entered 6 races with RAM Racing, but the car was very slow and he only managed to qualify twice. He finished 14th in Jacarepaguá and retired in Long Beach with gearbox failure.

After the Chilean economic crisis in the early years of the 80's, Salazar had to leave F1, and competed with little success at the Formula 3000 championship and the South American Formula Three Championship in some races. He began to race rally in Chile, becoming the champion of the 1985 hill-climbing season in Chile in a Toyota Corolla XT.

Sport Prototype (1988-1990)[link]

In late '80s, Salazar drove some races in the FIA World Sport Prototype Championship. His best result was 1st place at the C-1 class in the '88 Fuji 1000 km in Japan with a Spice SE88C Ford car of the BP Spice Engineering. Thanks to his contacts with Tom Walkinshaw, he joined the Jaguar Silk-Cut factory team, to dispute the 24 Hours of Le Mans. In the 1989 race, the Chilean, with Alain and Michel Ferté, achieved the 8th place with the Jaguar XJR-9; but his best result would be winning the 1990 event of the historic race in a Jaguar XJR-12, but after driving several hours in the No. 3 car, he was forced to leave his seat to the British driver Martin Brundle, who received the chequered flag, and Salazar was forced to move to the No. 4 car, which retired at 20 hours with mechanical problems (Brundle's original car, the No. 1, was pulled out at 14 hours for electrical problems). For that particular fact, he was named the 1990 Sportsman of the Year by the prestigious British magazine Autosport.

Career in USA (1994-2002)[link]

After years with no competition, working as a co-host in a Chilean version of the TV show "funniest home videos" called "Video Loco" (the Spanish for "Crazy Videos", broadcasted in Universidad Católica Televisión channel, also known as "Canal 13", the Spanish for "Channel 13"), Salazar received an opportunity to join the Ferrari-Momo factory team for the 1994 IMSA Sport Prototype championship in the WSC (World Sport Car) series, with the Italian Gianpiero Moretti. He raced at the Exxon World Sports Car Championship in 1994 and 1995 with several races won and podiums with the Ferrari 333 SP. Those results were good enough to pull him to the Indy Car World Series.

He signed a contract with the Dick Simon Racing in 1995 to race in the CART Indy Car World Series, with a strong debut at the Indy 500. With a Lola-Cosworth, he started 33rd and finished 4th in the Cristal-Copec-Mobil 1 No.7.

When the IRL and CART split in 1996, Eliseo chose to compete in the new series. He became a regular top driver at Indy 500 with four Top 10 results. His best result at Indianapolis was in 2000, when he started and finished on 3rd place, at the wheel of a G-Force-Oldsmobile Aurora for A. J. Foyt Enterprises.

In 1997, Salazar earned his first and only victory in IRL racing, at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway, racing for Team Scandia. That year, he also made his only start at a NASCAR sanctioned race, finishing 17th on the Watkins Glen International road course, in the Craftsman Truck Series.

2000 and 2001 were the best years in the IRL for Eliseo, finishing 4th and 5th in those championships, with five top 5 results in 2000. In 2002, he suffered a serious accident testing at Indianapolis, and was forced miss several races. After much consideration Salazar decided to retire from Indy Car racing and focus on Sports Cars.

In, Salazar joined the American Le Mans Series, where he raced in a Porsche 911 GT3 and a Ferrari 360.

Present and future (2004-)[link]

Salazar then returned to Chile where, in 2004, he joined the official Hyundai rally team in the Rally Mobil, the national rally championship. His car was an N3-class Hyundai Coupe GK 2.0L.

In November 2005, Salazar competed in the inaugural race of the Grand Prix Masters, as a late replacement for Alan Jones. In 2006 he raced in both GPM races in Qatar and England.

In 2007, Salazar moved to the N4-class of the Rally Mobil, the Chilean Rally Championship, driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX, and was 5th in his first year at the N4-Class with a car of the ING Team.

His last international project is to race the Lisboa-Dakar rally, with the object to be the first ever pilot to have raced in the Monaco Grand Prix, the Le Mans 24 Hours, the 24 Hours of Daytona, the Indianapolis 500 and the Rally Dakar. In February he signed a pre-contract with Jean-Louis Schlesser to drive one of his buggies at the 2008 Dakar Rally; but he couldn't get the sponsors.

In 2008, Eliseo raced in the Rally Mobil with his own team, formed by 3 Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX in the N4-Class.

He made his debut in the Dakar Rally in 2009 with a McRae Prototype, finishing in 88th place. He will compete in the 2010 edition as part of the Team Dakar USA, in a third Hummer H3, in addition to the ones raced by owner Robby Gordon and Frenchman Eric Vigouroux.

Personal life[link]

On May 15, 2001, Eliseo and his wife, Kari Marciniak, welcomed their son Eliseo Damian Salazar-Marciniak. The younger Salazar attended his first Indy 500 at the age of 8 days old.

Career results[link]

Complete Formula One World Championship results[link]

(key)

Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 WDC Points
1981 March Grand Prix Team March 811 Cosworth V8 USW
DNQ
BRA
DNQ
ARG
DNQ
SMR
Ret
BEL
DNQ
MON
DNPQ
18th 1
Ensign Racing Ensign N180B ESP
14
FRA
Ret
GBR
DNQ
GER
NC
AUT
Ret
NED
6
ITA
Ret
CAN
Ret
CPL
Ret
1982 Team ATS ATS D5 Cosworth V8 RSA
9
BRA
Ret
USW
Ret
SMR
5
BEL
Ret
MON
Ret
DET
Ret
CAN
Ret
NED
13
GBR
DNQ
FRA
Ret
GER
Ret
AUT
DNQ
SUI
14
ITA
9
CPL
DNQ
22nd 2
1983 RAM Automotive Team March March RAM 01 Cosworth V8 BRA
15
USW
Ret
FRA
DNQ
SMR
DNQ
MON
DNQ
BEL
DNQ
DET
CAN
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
EUR
RSA
NC 0

Complete International Formula 3000 results[link]

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 DC Points
1986 RAM Motorsport SIL
VAL
11
PAU
DNQ
SPA
21
IMO
Ret
MUG
DNQ
PER
DNQ
ZEL
19th 1.5
Lola Motorsport BIR
4
BUG
12
JAR
Ret
1987 Bromley Motorsport SIL
9
VAL
DNQ
SPA
17
PAU
Ret
DON
18
PER
Ret
- 0
CoBRa Motorsports BRH
18
BIR
DNQ
IMO
14
BUG
Ret
JAR
DNQ

American Open-Wheel[link]

(key)

CART[link]

Year Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Rank Points
1995 Dick Simon Racing United States
MIA
Ret
Australia
SRF
10
United States
PHX
15
United States
LBH
Ret
United States
NZR
12
United States
INDY
4
United States
MIL
16
United States
DET
Ret
United States
POR
15
United States
ROA
18
Canada
TOR
Ret
United States
CLE
10
United States
MIS
Ret
United States
MDO
13
United States
NHM
13
Canada
VAN
13
United States
LS
DNQ
21st 19
1996 Dick Simon Racing United States
MIA
Brazil
RIO
Australia
SRF
United States
LBH
United States
NZR
United States
MIS1
United States
MIL
21
United States
DET
United States
POR
18
United States
CLE
Canada
TOR
United States
MIS2
11
United States
MDO
15
United States
ROA
Canada
VAN
United States
LS
30th 2

IndyCar[link]

Year Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Rank Points
1996 Team Scandia United States
WDW
DNQ
United States
PHX
United States
INDY
6
23rd 29
1996–1997 Team Scandia United States
NHM
9
United States
LVS
7
United States
WDW
United States
PHX
United States
INDY
24
United States
TXS
7
United States
PPIR
12
United States
CLT
10
United States
NH2
4
United States
LV2
1
9th 208
1998 R & S Cars United States
WDW
12
United States
PHX
23
United States
INDY
DNQ
United States
TXS
23
United States
NHM
6
United States
DOV
DNS
United States
CLT
United States
PPI
United States
ATL
United States
TX2
United States
LVS
29th 60
1999 Nienhouse Motorsports United States
WDW
DNS
United States
PHX
20
United States
INDY
33
United States
TXS
5
United States
PPIR
20
United States
ATL
4
United States
DOV
18
United States
PPI2
19
United States
LVS
12
United States
TX2
17
20th 137
2000 A. J. Foyt Enterprises United States
WDW
5
United States
PHX
4
United States
LVS
18
United States
INDY
3
United States
TXS
17
United States
PPIR
6
United States
ATL
10
United States
KTY
25
United States
TX2
5
4th 210
2001 A. J. Foyt Enterprises United States
PHX
2
United States
HMS
3
United States
ATL
5
United States
INDY
7
United States
TXS
7
United States
PPIR
14
United States
RIR
12
United States
KAN
7
United States
NSH
11
United States
KTY
15
United States
STL
17
United States
CHI
18
United States
TX2
4
5th 308
2002 A. J. Foyt Enterprises United States
HMS
5
United States
PHX
4
United States
FON
15
United States
NZR
United States
INDY
United States
TXS
United States
PPIR
United States
RIR
United States
KAN
United States
NSH
19
United States
MIS
19
United States
KTY
14
United States
STL
14
United States
CHI
18
United States
TX2
16
20th 157

Indy 500 results[link]

Year Chassis Engine Start Finish Team
1995 Lola T9500 Ford-Cosworth XB 24th 4th Simon
1996 Lola T9500 Ford-Cosworth XB 3rd 6th Scandia
1997 Dallara Oldsmobile Aurora V8 9th 24th Scandia
1998 Riley & Scott Oldsmobile Aurora V8 Failed to Qualify Riley & Scott
1999 G-Force Oldsmobile Aurora V8 18th 33rd Nienhouse
2000 G-Force Oldsmobile Aurora V8 3rd 3rd Foyt
2001 Dallara Chevrolet 28th 7th Foyt

24 Hours of Le Mans results[link]

Year Car Team Finish
1989 Jaguar XJR-9 LM Tom Walkinshaw Racing 8th
1990 Jaguar XJR-12 Tom Walkinshaw Racing DNF (forced to leave the No.3 car that won the race)

FIA World Sport Prototype Championship[link]

Year Race Car Team Finish
1988 Fuji 1000 km Spice Ford SE88C BP Spice Engineering 1st C2 Class
1990 Le Mans 24 Hour Jaguar XJR-12 Tom Walkinshaw Racing DNF (forced to leave the No.3 car that won the race)

Exxon World Sports Car Championship[link]

Year Race Car Team Finish
1994 Road Atlanta Ferrari 333 SP Momo-Cristal 2nd
1994 Lime Rock Ferrari 333 SP Momo-Cristal 1st
1994 Watkins Glen Ferrari 333 SP Momo-Cristal 1st
1994 Indianapolis Ferrari 333 SP Momo-Cristal 1st
1994 Laguna Seca Ferrari 333 SP Momo-Cristal 2nd
1994 Portland Ferrari 333 SP Momo-Cristal 2nd
1994 Phoenix Ferrari 333 SP Momo-Cristal 2nd
1995 24 hrs Daytona Ferrari 333 SP Momo-Cristal 35th (Engine)
1996 Dallas Ferrari 333 SP Team Scandia 4th
1996 Daytona Ferrari 333 SP Team Scandia 5th
1997 Road Atlanta Ferrari 333 SP Central Arkansas 5th
1997 Lime Rock Ferrari 333 SP Central Arkansas 6th
1997 Watkins Glen Ferrari 333 SP Central Arkansas 2nd
1997 Sears Point Ferrari 333 SP Central Arkansas 4th
1997 Las Vegas Ferrari 333 SP Dibos Racing 18th (Engine)
1997 Sebring Ferrari 333 SP Dibos Racing 4th
1997 Laguna Seca Ferrari 333 SP Dibos Racing 4th
Year Car Team Standing Points
1994 Ferrari 333 SP Momo-Cristal 6th 158
1995 Ferrari 333 SP Momo-Cristal 59th 1
1997 Ferrari 333 SP Team Scandia 21st 90

Chilean Rally Championship (Rally Mobil)[link]

Year Car Class Standing Points
2004 Hyundai Coupe GK N3 8th 30
2005 Hyundai Coupe GK N3 5th 49
2006 Hyundai Coupe GK N3 4th 70
2007 Mitsubishi Lancer EVO IX N4 5th 53

Complete WRC results[link]

Year Entrant Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 WDC Points
2012 Eliseo Salazar Mini John Cooper Works WRC MON SWE MEX POR ARG
12
GRE NZL FIN GER GBR FRA ITA ESP NC* 0*

* Season in progress.

External links[link]

Awards
Preceded by
Roberto Guerrero
Scott Brayton Award
1999
Succeeded by
Eddie Cheever

http://wn.com/Eliseo_Salazar

Related pages:

http://ru.wn.com/Салазар, Элизеу

http://fr.wn.com/Eliseo Salazar

http://nl.wn.com/Eliseo Salazar

http://pt.wn.com/Eliseo Salazar

http://de.wn.com/Eliseo Salazar

http://it.wn.com/Eliseo Salazar

http://pl.wn.com/Eliseo Salazar

http://es.wn.com/Eliseo Salazar




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Salazar

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.