Karakoram
Range
Baltoro glacier in the central Karakoram with 8000ers Gasherbrum I & II.
Countries	Pakistan, India, China
Regions	Gilgit–Baltistan, Ladakh, Xinjiang
Borders on	Ladakh Range, Pamirs, Hindu Raj (Hindu Kush)
Highest point	K2
- elevation	8,611 m (28,251 ft)
- coordinates	35°52′57″N 76°30′48″E / 35.8825°N 76.51333°E / 35.8825; 76.51333
Highest Karakoram peaks as seen from International Space Station

The Karakoram, or Karakorum (simplified Chinese: 喀喇昆仑山脉; traditional Chinese: 喀喇崑崙山脈; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún Shānmài; Hindi: काराकोरम, Kārākōrama; Urdu: سلسلہ کوہ قراقرم), is a large mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, India and China, located in the regions of Gilgit–Baltistan (Pakistan), Ladakh (India), and Xinjiang region, (China). It is one of the Greater Ranges of Asia, a part of the greater Himalaya while north of the actual Himalaya Range.

The Karakoram is home to the highest concentration of peaks over eight kilometres (five miles) in height to be found anywhere on earth,^[1] including K2, the second highest peak of the world (8,611 m/28,251 ft). K2 is just 237 m (778 ft) lower than the 8,848 m (29,029 ft) tall Mount Everest.

The range is about 500 km (311 mi) in length, and is the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside the polar regions. The Siachen Glacier at 70 km and the Biafo Glacier at 63 km rank as the world's second and third longest glaciers outside the polar regions.^[2]

The Karakoram is bounded on the northeast by the edge of the Tibetan Plateau, and on the north by the Pamir Mountains. The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed, west to east, by the Gilgit, Indus, and Shyok Rivers, which separate the range from the northwestern end of the Himalaya range proper as these rivers converge southwestward towards the plains of Pakistan.

Exploration[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Due to its altitude and ruggedness, the Karakoram is much less inhabited than parts of the Himalayas further east. European explorers first visited early in the 19th century, followed by British surveyors starting in 1856.

The Muztagh Pass was crossed in 1887 by the expedition of Colonel Francis Younghusband and the valleys above the Hunza River were explored by General Sir George K. Cockerill in 1892. Explorations in the 1910s and 1920s established most of the geography of the region.

Name[link]

Karakoram is a Turkic term meaning black gravel. The name was first applied by local traders to the Karakoram Pass.^[3] Early European travellers, including William Moorcroft and George Hayward, started using the term for the range of mountains west of the pass, although they also used the term Muztagh for the range now known as Karakoram.^[3][4] Later terminology was influenced by the Survey of India, whose surveyor Thomas Montgomerie in the 1850s gave the labels K1 to K6 (K for Karakoram) to six high mountains visible from his station at Mount Haramukh in Kashmir.

The name Karakoram was used in the early 20th century, for example by Kenneth Mason,^[3] for the range now known as the Baltoro Muztagh. The term is now used to refer to the entire range from the Batura Muztagh above Hunza in the west to the Saser Muztagh in the bend of the Shyok River in the east.

Geological importance[link]

The Karakoram and the Himalaya are important to Earth scientists for several reasons. They are one of the world's most geologically active areas, at the boundary between two colliding continents. Therefore, they are important in the study of plate tectonics.

A significant part, 28-50% of the Karakoram Range is glaciated, compared to the Himalaya (8-12%) and European Alps (2.2%).^[5] Mountain glaciers may serve as an indicator of climate change, advancing and receding with long-term changes in temperature and precipitation. A study by the Universities of California and Potsdam found that the Karakoram glaciers are mostly stagnating,^[6] because, unlike in the Himalayas, many Karakoram glaciers are covered in a layer of rubble which has insulated the ice from the warmth of the sun. Where there is no such insulation, the rate of retreat is high.^[7]

Highest peaks[link]

K2

The notable peaks of the Karakoram are:

• K2 (8,611 m)
• Gasherbrum I (8,068 m)
• Broad Peak (Phalchen Kangri) (8,047 m)
• Gasherbrum II (8,035 m)
• Gasherbrum III (7,952 m)
• Gasherbrum IV (7,925 m)
• Distaghil Sar (7,885 m)
• Kunyang Chhish (7,852 m)
• Masherbrum I (7,821 m)
• Batura I (7,795 m)
• Rakaposhi (7,788 m)
• Batura II (7,762 m)
• Kanjut Sar (7,760 m)
• Saltoro Kangri (7,742 m)
• Batura III (7,729 m)
• Saser Kangri (7,672 m)
• Chogolisa (7,665 m)
• Haramosh Peak (7,397 m)
• Momhil Sar (7,343 m)
• Baintha Brakk (7,285 m)
• Muztagh Tower (7,273 m)

The majority of the highest peaks are in the Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan. Baltistan has more than 100 mountain peaks exceeding 6,100 metres (20,000 ft) height from sea level.

[edit] K-names

• K1: Masherbrum
• K2
• K3: Broad Peak
• K4: Gasherbrum II
• K5: Gasherbrum I
• K6: Baltistan Peak
• K7: 6,934 m peak near Charakusa Valley
• K9: approx. 7,000 m peak near Trango Towers
• K10: Saltoro Kangri I
• K11: Saltoro Kangri II
• K12: subsidiary peak of Saltoro Kangri
• K22: Saser Kangri I

Subranges[link]

View of the moon over Karakoram Range in Pakistan

The naming and division of the various subranges of the Karakoram is not universally agreed upon. However, the following is a list of the most important subranges, following Jerzy Wala.^[8] The ranges are listed roughly west to east.

• Batura Muztagh
• Rakaposhi-Haramosh Mountains
• Spantik-Sosbun Mountains
• Hispar Muztagh
• South Ghujerab Mountains
• Panmah Muztagh
• Wesm Mountains
• Masherbrum Mountains
• Baltoro Muztagh
• Saltoro Mountains
• Siachen Muztagh
• Rimo Muztagh
• Saser Muztagh

Passes[link]

From west to east

• Kilik Pass
• Mintaka Pass
• Khunjerab Pass (the highest paved international border crossing at 4,693 m/15,397 ft)
• Shimshal Pass
• Mustagh Pass
• Karakoram Pass
• Sasser Pass

The Khunjerab Pass is the only motorable pass across the range. The Shimshal Pass (which does not cross an international border) is the only other pass still in regular use.

Cultural references[link]

The Karakoram mountain range has been referred to in a number of novels and movies.

Rudyard Kipling refers to the Karakorum mountain range in his novel Kim, which was first published in 1900.

Marcel Ichac made a film titled Karakoram, chronicling a French expedition to the range in 1936. The film won the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival of 1937.

Greg Mortenson details the Karakoram, and specifically K2 and the Balti, extensively in his book Three Cups of Tea, about his quest to build schools for girls in the region.

In the Gatchaman TV series, the Karakoram range houses Galactor's headquarters.

See also[link]

• Karakoram Highway
• List of mountain ranges of the world
• List of highest mountains (a list of mountains above 7,200 m/23,622 ft)
• Mount Imeon

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Curzon, George Nathaniel. 1896. The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus. Royal Geographical Society, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005. ISBN 1-4021-5983-8 (pbk); ISBN 1-4021-3090-2 (hbk).
• Kreutzmann, Hermann, Karakoram in Transition: Culture, Development, and Ecology in the Hunza Valley, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-547210-3
• Mortenson, Greg and Relin, David Oliver. 2008. Three Cups of Tea. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-103426-3 (pbk); Viking Books ISBN 978-0-670-03482-6 (hbk); Tantor Media ISBN 978-1-4001-5251-3 (MP3 CD).
• Kipling, Rudyard 2002. Kim (novel); ed. by Zohreh T. Sullivan. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 039396650X—This is the most extensive critical modern edition with footnotes, essays, maps, etc.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Karakoram

• Blankonthemap The Northern Kashmir Website
• Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
• Great Karakorams
• Karakorams.com : Travel and Trekking in the karakorams