Lviv

Monday, 15 October 2012

Chocolate, beer and coffee in Lviv - BBC

Street Workout Tour in Lviv Ternopil Vinnitsa

LVIV AIRCRASH 2002/2012/VIDEO 1 - GREYS ALIENS UFOS AND THE FAKE CRASH SCENES

Landing at Lviv International Airport - Nov 2, 2011

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Austrian Empire
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Banja Luka
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Baturyn
Baturyn (; also referred to as Baturin), is a historic town in the Chernihiv Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. It is located in the Bakhmatskyi Raion (district) of the oblast, on the banks of the Seym River. The current estimated population is 3,066.
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Belz
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Bibrka
Bibrka (, ) is a town in western Ukraine, located in the Lviv Oblast (province) about 29 km southeast of Lviv on PI29.
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Brody
http://wn.com/Brody
Bucharest
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Budapest
http://wn.com/Budapest
Busk, Ukraine
Busk (; ) is a city located in Busk Raion in Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. The city's population was 8,896 as of the 2006 Ukrainian Census.
http://wn.com/Busk_Ukraine
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or the Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc roughly long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second longest mountain range in Europe (after the Scandinavian Mountains, ). They provide the habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois and lynxes, with the highest concentration in Romania, as well as over one third of all European plant species.
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Cherkasy
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Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi ( ; ; ; ; ; see also ) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast (province) in southwestern Ukraine. The city is situated on the upper course of the River Prut, a tributary of the Danube, in the northern part of historic region of Bukovina, which is currently divided between Romania and Ukraine. At the time of the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of the city was 240,600..
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Chervonohrad
http://wn.com/Chervonohrad
Chyhyryn
Chyhyryn (, ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. In 1648 to 1669 the city was the capital of Ukraine (Cossack Hetmanate).
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Crimea
http://wn.com/Crimea
Dnipropetrovsk
Dnipropetrovsk ( ) or Dnepropetrovsk () formerly Yekaterinoslav (, , translit. Katerynoslav) is Ukraine's third largest city with 1.1 million inhabitants. It is located southeast of Ukraine's capital Kiev on the Dnieper River, in the south-central region of the country. Dnipropetrovsk is the administrative center of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (province).
http://wn.com/Dnipropetrovsk
Drohobych
{{Infobox settlement
http://wn.com/Drohobych
Dubliany
Dubliany (, ) is a town in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 8,469 (2001). In the early 20th century, it was famous as the seat of the Agricultural Academy.
http://wn.com/Dubliany
Gdańsk
http://wn.com/Gdańsk
General Government
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Georgia (country)
http://wn.com/Georgia_(country)
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany
Grozny
Grozny (; , ) is the capital city of the Chechen Republic, Russia. The city lies on the Sunzha River. According to the 2002 Census, the city had a population of 210,720 people (a little more than half of the population a decade before) and in 2008 the city had a population of 230,100 people.
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Halych
http://wn.com/Halych
Hlukhiv
Hlukhiv (, ), is a historic town in Sumy region of Ukraine, just south from the Russian border (see ). As of 2001, the city's population is 35,800. It is near the air base of Chervonoye Pustogorod.
http://wn.com/Hlukhiv
Hlyniany
Hlyniany (, ) is a small city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 3,378 (2001).
http://wn.com/Hlyniany
Horodok, Lviv Oblast
Horodok (, ) is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Horodok Raion. Population is 16,082 (2001).
http://wn.com/Horodok_Lviv_Oblast
Hungary
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Israel
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Ivano-Frankivsk
http://wn.com/Ivano-Frankivsk
Kamianka-Buzka
Kamianka-Buzka (, translit. ''Kam'ianka-Buz'ka'', ) is a city in the Lviv Oblast, of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Kamianka-Buzkyi Raion (district). The city was previously known as Kamianka Strumilowa, and was a district city in Galicia. From 1918 to 1939 it was part of Poland, and called Kamionka Strumilowa, was the capital of a county of the Tarnopol Voivodship).
http://wn.com/Kamianka-Buzka
Kharkiv
Kharkiv (, ;) or Kharkov () is the second largest city in Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Kharkiv
Kherson
Kherson () is a city in southern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Kherson Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate raion (district) within the oblast. Kherson is an important port on the Black Sea and Dnieper River, and the home of a major ship-building industry. The current estimated population is 329,000 (as of 2007).
http://wn.com/Kherson
Kherson Oblast
http://wn.com/Kherson_Oblast
Khodoriv
Khodoriv (; ) is a city in the Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine. It has a population of 10,080.
http://wn.com/Khodoriv
Khyriv
Khyriv (, ) is a small town in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Khyriv
Kiev Oblast
http://wn.com/Kiev_Oblast
Kiev Pechersk Lavra
Kiev Pechersk Lavra (), also known as the Kiev Monastery of the Caves, is a historic Orthodox Christian monastery in Kiev, Ukraine. Since its foundation as the cave monastery in 1015 the Lavra has been a preeminent center of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Eastern Europe. Together with the Saint-Sophia Cathedral, it is inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was named one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine on August 21, 2007, based on voting by experts and the internet community.
http://wn.com/Kiev_Pechersk_Lavra
Kirovohrad
Kirovohrad ( , , Kirovograd), formerly Elisavetgrad, is a city in central Ukraine. It is located on the Inhul river. It is a motorway junction. Pop. 239,400 (2004 est.).
http://wn.com/Kirovohrad
Komarno, Ukraine
http://wn.com/Komarno_Ukraine
Kraków
http://wn.com/Kraków
Kutaisi
http://wn.com/Kutaisi
Lemberg Ghetto
http://wn.com/Lemberg_Ghetto
Lublin
Lublin (, Liublin, Loblin) is the ninth largest city in Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 350,392 (June 2009). Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula river. Lublin is a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016.
http://wn.com/Lublin
Luhansk
Luhansk (, ) (formerly Voroshilovgrad) also known as Lugansk (; ) is a city in southeastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Luhansk Oblast (province). The city itself is also designated as its own separate municipality within the oblast. The current estimated population is around 445,900 (as of 2004)
http://wn.com/Luhansk
Lutsk
http://wn.com/Lutsk
Lviv
http://wn.com/Lviv
Lviv High Castle
The Lviv High Castle or Lviv Castle Hill (; ; ) is a historic castle located on one of the hills of the Western Ukrainian city of Lviv. It is currently the highest point in the city, 413 metres above sea level.
http://wn.com/Lviv_High_Castle
Lviv Oblast
http://wn.com/Lviv_Oblast
Market Square (Lviv)
The Rynok Square in Lviv (, ) is a central square of the city of Lviv, Ukraine. It was planned in the second half of the 14th century, following granting city rights by Polish king Casimir III, who annexed Red Ruthenia. The king ordered Lviv to be moved more to the south, where a new city was built to the plan of a traditional European settlement: a central square surrounded by living quarters and fortifications. Old, Ruthenian Lviv had become a suburb of the new city.
http://wn.com/Market_Square_(Lviv)
Mickiewicz Square
http://wn.com/Mickiewicz_Square
Morshyn
Morshyn () is a city in Ukraine's Lviv Oblast (province). Population is 6,482 (2001).
http://wn.com/Morshyn
Mostyska
Mostyska (, ) is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Mostyska Raion. Population is 9,150 (2001). There is a break of gauge where the railway systems of the two countries meet. To speed up though traffic, a track gauge changing facility of the SUW 2000 variable gauge axle system has been installed to allow fitted trains to pass through the break of gauge at walking pace.
http://wn.com/Mostyska
Mykolaiv
Mykolaiv (), also known as Nikolayev (from Russian ), is a major city in southern Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Mykolaiv
NKVD
The '''People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs' ( Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del''), abbreviated NKVD ( ) was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Stalin.
http://wn.com/NKVD
Novi Sad
http://wn.com/Novi_Sad
Novyi Kalyniv
Novyi Kalyniv () is a small city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 3,582 (2001).
http://wn.com/Novyi_Kalyniv
Odessa
Odessa or Odesa (; ) is the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast (province) located in southern Ukraine. The city is a major seaport located on the northwest shore of the Black Sea and the fourth largest city in Ukraine with a population of 1,029,000 (as of the 2001 census).
http://wn.com/Odessa
Odessa Oblast
http://wn.com/Odessa_Oblast
Peremyshliany
Peremyshliany (, , , Premislani) is a town in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Peremyshliany Raion. Population is 7,565 (2001).
http://wn.com/Peremyshliany
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland
Poltava
Poltava (, ) is a city in central Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Poltava Oblast, as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Poltavskyi Raion within the oblast. The city itself is also designated as its own separate raion within the oblast. The current estimated population is 313,400 (as of 2004). The city lies on the banks of the river Vorskla.
http://wn.com/Poltava
Poltava Oblast
http://wn.com/Poltava_Oblast
Przemyśl
http://wn.com/Przemyśl
Pustomyty
Pustomyty () is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Pustomyty Raion. Population is 9,798 (2001).
http://wn.com/Pustomyty
Racławice Panorama
http://wn.com/Racławice_Panorama
Radekhiv
Radekhiv (, ) is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Radekhiv Raion. Population is 9,230 (2001).
http://wn.com/Radekhiv
Rishon LeZion
Rishon LeZion ( , lit. First to Zion), is the fourth-largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain 12 kilometers south of Tel Aviv. It is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area. The city had a population of 227,600 at the end of 2009. Founded in 1882 by European Jewish immigrants, it was the second Jewish farm colony established in Land of Israel in the 19th century, after Petah Tikva.
http://wn.com/Rishon_LeZion
Rivne
Rivne (; , Rovno; ; ) is a historic city in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Rivne Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Rivne Raion (district) within the oblast. The city itself is also designated as its own separate raion within the oblast.
http://wn.com/Rivne
Rudky
Rudky (, ) is a small town in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 4,942 (as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census).
http://wn.com/Rudky
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia
Rzeszów
http://wn.com/Rzeszów
Saint Petersburg
http://wn.com/Saint_Petersburg
Samarkand
Samarkand (; ; ; ; from Sogdian: "Stone Fort" or "Rock Town") is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century, it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane), and is the site of his mausoleum (the Gur-e Amir). The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. The Registan was the ancient centre of the city.
http://wn.com/Samarkand
Sambir
Sambir (, ) is a city in the Lviv Oblast, western Ukraine, close to the border with Poland. Serving as the administrative center of the Sambir Raion (district), the city itself is also designated as a separate raion within the oblast. It is located at around .
http://wn.com/Sambir
Scottish Café
http://wn.com/Scottish_Café
Serbia
Serbia (pronounced: ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central- and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern lowlands of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; its border with Albania is disputed. Serbia's capital city, Belgrade, is among the most populous in Southeastern Europe.
http://wn.com/Serbia
Sevastopol
Sevastopol (; ) (see pronunciation below) is a port city, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea peninsula. It has a population of 342,451 (2001). The city, formerly the home of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, is now home to a Ukrainian naval base and facilities leased by the Russian Navy and used as the headquarters of both the Ukrainian Naval Forces and Russia's Black Sea Fleet. In 1993, the city was the subject of a territorial dispute between the Russian Federation and Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Sevastopol
Simferopol
Simferopol (; ; ; , meaning city of common good; , literally: The white mosque) is the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in southern Ukraine. As the capital of Crimea, Simferopol is an important political, economic, and transport center of the peninsula. As of 2006, the city's population is 340,600.
http://wn.com/Simferopol
Skole
Skole () is a city in the Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Skole Raion. As of 2001, the population is 6,742.
http://wn.com/Skole
Slavske
Slavske (, ) is a popular ski resort town in the Eastern Beskids range of the Carpathian mountains in western Ukraine with a population of 3,700. It's one of the biggest Ukrainian winter sports centers. Slavske is located 600 meters above sea level in the Skole district in Lviv Oblast, close to the town of Skole, 130 km southwest of Lviv and 670 km west of Kiev.
http://wn.com/Slavske
Slovakia
http://wn.com/Slovakia
Sokal
:This is an article about the city in Ukraine. For other uses, see Sokal (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Sokal
Sosnivka
Sosnivka (, ) is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 11,889 (2001).
http://wn.com/Sosnivka
Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union
Stanyslaviv
http://wn.com/Stanyslaviv
Stockholm
http://wn.com/Stockholm
Sudova Vyshnia
Sudova Vyshnia (, ) is a small city of Mostyska Raion in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 6,668 (2001).
http://wn.com/Sudova_Vyshnia
Sumy Oblast
http://wn.com/Sumy_Oblast
Szczecin
:For other meanings, see Szczecin (disambiguation) and Stettin (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Szczecin
Ternopil
http://wn.com/Ternopil
Ternopil Oblast
http://wn.com/Ternopil_Oblast
Truskavets
http://wn.com/Truskavets
Tsardom of Russia
http://wn.com/Tsardom_of_Russia
Turka Raion
Turka Raion () is a raion in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Turka. It has a population of 54 906.
http://wn.com/Turka_Raion
Turka, Ukraine
Turka (, ) is a town in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 7,681 (2001). Its the administrative center of the Turkivskyi Raion.
http://wn.com/Turka_Ukraine
Uhniv
Uhniv (, , ) is a city in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. Population is 1,021 (2001).
http://wn.com/Uhniv
Ukraina Stadium
Ukraina Stadium () is a multi-purpose stadium in Lviv, Ukraine. It is currently used mostly for football matches, and is the home of FC Karpaty Lviv. The stadium holds 28,051 people.
http://wn.com/Ukraina_Stadium
Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
http://wn.com/Ukraine
Ukrainian SSR
http://wn.com/Ukrainian_SSR
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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USSR
http://wn.com/USSR
Uzbekistan
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan
Uzhhorod
http://wn.com/Uzhhorod
Velyki Mosty
Velyki Mosty (; ; ) is a city in the Sokalskyi Raion of the Lviv Oblast (province) of Western Ukraine. Population is 5,925 (2001).
http://wn.com/Velyki_Mosty
Vienna Secession
http://wn.com/Vienna_Secession
Vienna State Opera
http://wn.com/Vienna_State_Opera
Vinnytsia
Vinnytsia (, ; ; also known by other names) is a city located on the banks of the Southern Buh River, in central Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Vinnytsia
Volodymyr-Volynskyi
Volodymyr-Volynskyi (, , , ) is a city located in Volyn Oblast, in north-western Ukraine. Serving as the administrative centre of the Volodymyr-Volynskyi District, the city itself is also designated as a separate raion within the oblast. The city is the historic centre of the region of Volhynia and the historic capital of the Principality of Volhynia.
http://wn.com/Volodymyr-Volynskyi
Vynnyky
Vynnyky () is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 13,654 (2001).
http://wn.com/Vynnyky
Warsaw
Warsaw ( ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of June 2009 was estimated at 1,711,466, and the Warsaw metropolitan area at approximately 2,785,000. The city area is , with an agglomeration of (Warsaw Metro Area Obszar Metropolitalny Warszawy). Warsaw is the 9th largest city in the European Union by population.
http://wn.com/Warsaw
Whitstable
Whitstable (, locally ) is a seaside town in northeast Kent, southeast England. It is approximately north of the city of Canterbury and approximately west of the seaside town of Herne Bay. It is part of the City of Canterbury district and has a population of about 30,000.
http://wn.com/Whitstable
Winnipeg
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than sixty percent of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (a point now commonly known as The Forks).
http://wn.com/Winnipeg
Wrocław
http://wn.com/Wrocław
Yalta Conference
http://wn.com/Yalta_Conference
Yalta conference
http://wn.com/Yalta_conference
Yavoriv
Yavoriv (; ) is a city located in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Yavoriv Raion and rests approximately 50 km west of the oblast capital, Lviv.
http://wn.com/Yavoriv
Zamość
http://wn.com/Zamość
Zaporizhia Oblast
http://wn.com/Zaporizhia_Oblast
Zhovkva
Zhovkva (; ; ) is a city in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, north of Lviv. It is the administrative center of the Zhovkivskyi Raion (district). The current estimated population is 13,500.
http://wn.com/Zhovkva
Zhytomyr
Zhytomyr (, , , ) is a historic city in the North of the western half of Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Zhytomyr Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Zhytomyr Raion (district). Note that the city of Zhytomyr is not a part of the Zhytomyr raion: the city itself is designated as its own separate raion within the oblast; moreover Zhytomyr consists of two so-called "raions in a city": the Bohunskyi raion and the Koroliovskyi raion (named in honour of Sergei Koroliov). Zhytomyr is located at around , occupying an area of .
http://wn.com/Zhytomyr
Zolochiv
Zolochiv (, ) is a town located in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Zolochiv Raion (district).
http://wn.com/Zolochiv
Łódź
http://wn.com/Łódź

Adam Ulam
Adam Bruno Ulam (1922–2000) was an American professor of History and Political Science at Harvard University. Ulam was one of the world's foremost authorities on Russia and the Soviet Union, and author of twenty books and many articles.
http://wn.com/Adam_Ulam
Adam Zagajewski
http://wn.com/Adam_Zagajewski
Aleksander Fredro
http://wn.com/Aleksander_Fredro
Aleksander Myszuga
http://wn.com/Aleksander_Myszuga
Andrei Volokitin
Andriy Volokitin (born 18 June 1986 in Lviv) is a Ukrainian chess player and International Grandmaster of Chess.
http://wn.com/Andrei_Volokitin
Andriy Sadovyi
http://wn.com/Andriy_Sadovyi
Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians (, hayer) are a nation and ethnic group native to the Caucasus and the Armenian Highland.
http://wn.com/Armenians
Aryan
Aryan is an English language loanword derived from Sanskrit Arya ('Noble') and denoting variously
http://wn.com/Aryan
Belarusians
Belarusians (, ) Bielarusy; also Belarussians, Belorussians, or Byelorussians) are an East Slavic ethnic group (or nationality) who populate the majority of the Republic of Belarus. Introduced to the world as a new state in the early 1990s, the Republic of Belarus brought with it the notion of a re-emerging Belarusian ethnicity, drawn upon the lines of the Old Belarusian language spoken by the Ruthenian ethnic group that ruled (together with ancestors of today's Lithuanians) the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, after the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, many of the Old Belarusian-speaking Ruthenian nobles would be absorbed by the Polish szlachta in the West and, later, the Russian nobility in the East, leaving only a small rural-dwelling population to be the propagators of a distinct non-literary Belarusian language up until its revival.
http://wn.com/Belarusians
Bohdan Khmelnytsky
http://wn.com/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky
Bohdan-Ihor Antonych
http://wn.com/Bohdan-Ihor_Antonych
Boroldai
http://wn.com/Boroldai
Bruno Schulz
Bruno Schulz (July 12, 1892 – November 19, 1942) was a Polish writer, fine artist, literary critic and art teacher, who is widely regarded as one of the great Polish-language prose stylists of the 20th century. Schulz was born in Drohobycz, in the province of Galicia, to Jewish parents, and spent most of his life there. He was killed by a German Nazi officer.
http://wn.com/Bruno_Schulz
Casimir Zeglen
http://wn.com/Casimir_Zeglen
Crimean Karaites
http://wn.com/Crimean_Karaites
Daniel of Galicia
http://wn.com/Daniel_of_Galicia
Elena Vesnina
Elena Sergeevna Vesnina () (born Lviv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, on August 1, 1986) is a professional female tennis player from Russia. Her career high rank was #22, achieved on October 12, 2009. She is coached by former ATP tour player Andrei Chesnokov.
http://wn.com/Elena_Vesnina
Eliza Orzeszkowa
http://wn.com/Eliza_Orzeszkowa
Emanuel Ax
Emanuel Ax (born 8 June 1949) is a Grammy-winning American-Jewish classical pianist. He is currently a teacher on the faculty of the Juilliard School. He is widely considered one of the greatest pianists of the 21st century.
http://wn.com/Emanuel_Ax
Ethnic Poles
http://wn.com/Ethnic_Poles
Filaret Kolessa
Dr. Filaret Mykhailovych Kolessa () (1871 - February 4, 1947) was a Ukrainian ethnographer, folklorist, composer, musicologist and literary critic. He was a member of the Shevchenko Scientific Society from 1909, The Free Ukrainian Academy of Sciences from 1929, and the founder of Ukrainian ethnographic musicology.
http://wn.com/Filaret_Kolessa
Gabriela Moyseowicz
http://wn.com/Gabriela_Moyseowicz
Gabriela Zapolska
http://wn.com/Gabriela_Zapolska
Henryk Sienkiewicz
http://wn.com/Henryk_Sienkiewicz
Henryk Vogelfänger
http://wn.com/Henryk_Vogelfänger
Henryk Wars
Henryk Wars (birth name Warszawski or Warszowski, December 29, 1902, Warsaw - September 1, 1977, USA) was a Polish and later American pop music composer.
http://wn.com/Henryk_Wars
Hugo Steinhaus
http://wn.com/Hugo_Steinhaus
Hungarians
http://wn.com/Hungarians
Hutsuls
http://wn.com/Hutsuls
Ignacy Łukasiewicz
http://wn.com/Ignacy_Łukasiewicz
Ioan Potcoavă
http://wn.com/Ioan_Potcoavă
Ivan Franko
http://wn.com/Ivan_Franko
Ivan Trush
Ivan Trush (, pronounced as Troosh) was a Ukrainian impressionist painter, a master of landscape and portraiture, an art critic, and active community patron of arts in Galicia or Halychyna - a historical region in western Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Ivan_Trush
Jadwiga of Poland
|
http://wn.com/Jadwiga_of_Poland
Jan Kasprowicz
Jan Kasprowicz (December 12, 1860 – August 1, 1926) was a poet, playwright, critic and translator; a foremost representative of Young Poland.
http://wn.com/Jan_Kasprowicz
Jan Kiliński
http://wn.com/Jan_Kiliński
Jan Matejko
http://wn.com/Jan_Matejko
Jerzy Żuławski
http://wn.com/Jerzy_Żuławski
Jews
:For the Jewish way of life, including religion, law, culture, and philosophy, see Judaism. "Jew" redirects here; for other uses, see Jew (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Jews
Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975, and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.
http://wn.com/Jimmy_Carter
Jogaila
http://wn.com/Jogaila
John III Sobieski
http://wn.com/John_III_Sobieski
Joseph Roth
Joseph Roth (September 2, 1894 in Brody - May 27, 1939 in Paris) was an Austrian novelist, best known for his family saga Radetzky March (1932), and for his novel of Jewish life, Job (1930).
http://wn.com/Joseph_Roth
Joseph Stalin
http://wn.com/Joseph_Stalin
Juliusz Schauder
http://wn.com/Juliusz_Schauder
Józef Piłsudski
http://wn.com/Józef_Piłsudski
Karl Radek
Karl Bernhardovich Radek (31 October 1885 - 19 May 1939) was a socialist active in the Polish and German movements before World War I and an international Communist leader after the Russian Revolution.
http://wn.com/Karl_Radek
Karol Borsuk
Karol Borsuk (May 8, 1905, Warsaw – January 24, 1982, Warsaw) was a Polish mathematician.
http://wn.com/Karol_Borsuk
Karol Mikuli
http://wn.com/Karol_Mikuli
Kazimierz Górski
http://wn.com/Kazimierz_Górski
Kazimierz Kuratowski
http://wn.com/Kazimierz_Kuratowski
Kazimierz Twardowski
http://wn.com/Kazimierz_Twardowski
Kazimierz Wajda
http://wn.com/Kazimierz_Wajda
King Jan Sobieski
http://wn.com/King_Jan_Sobieski
Laurel and Hardy
Laurel and Hardy were one of the most popular comedy teams of the early to mid Classical Hollywood era of American cinema. Composed of thin, English-born Stan Laurel (1890–1965) and heavy, American-born Oliver Hardy (1892–1957) they became well known during the late 1920s to the mid-1940s for their work in motion pictures; the team also appeared on stage throughout America and Europe.
http://wn.com/Laurel_and_Hardy
Lemko
http://wn.com/Lemko
Lemkos
Lemkos (), one of several quantitatively and territorially small ethnic groups who also call themselves Rusyns (), are one of the ethnic groups inhabiting the Carpathian Mountains. Their language has been variously described as a Lemko language in its own right or a dialect of the Ukrainian language.
http://wn.com/Lemkos
Leo Fuchs
http://wn.com/Leo_Fuchs
Leonid Stein
http://wn.com/Leonid_Stein
Leopold Staff
http://wn.com/Leopold_Staff
Les Kurbas
http://wn.com/Les_Kurbas
List of Leopolitans
The inhabitants of Lviv are commonly known in English as Leopolitans (from the Latin name for the city, Leopolis). The following is a list of notable Leopolitans.
http://wn.com/List_of_Leopolitans
Louis I of Hungary
http://wn.com/Louis_I_of_Hungary
Lubomyr Husar
Lubomyr Husar, MSU () (born 26 February 1933) is the major archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, a minority church in Ukraine but the largest sui juris Eastern church in full communion with the Holy See. He is also a Cardinal of the Catholic Church. After the recent transfer of the see of Lviv to Kiev in August, 2005, he is now the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Major Archbishop of Kiev-Galicia.
http://wn.com/Lubomyr_Husar
Ludwig von Mises
http://wn.com/Ludwig_von_Mises
Ludwik Fleck
Ludwik Fleck (July 11, 1896 – July 5, 1961) was a Polish medical doctor and biologist who developed in the 1930s the concept of Denkkollektiv (or thought collectives). This concept is important in philosophy of science and sociology of science in that it helps explain how scientific ideas change over time, similar to Thomas Kuhn's later notion of paradigm shift or Foucault's episteme.
http://wn.com/Ludwik_Fleck
Lwów Eaglets
http://wn.com/Lwów_Eaglets
Maria Konopnicka
http://wn.com/Maria_Konopnicka
Marian Jaworski
Marian Jaworski (, born August 21, 1926) is a Cardinal Priest and the former Archbishop of Lviv of the Latins in the Roman Catholic Church.
http://wn.com/Marian_Jaworski
Mark Kac
http://wn.com/Mark_Kac
Markiyan Shashkevych
http://wn.com/Markiyan_Shashkevych
Martin Buber
http://wn.com/Martin_Buber
Maurice Goldhaber
Maurice Goldhaber (born April 18, 1911) is an American physicist, who in 1957 (with Lee Grodzins and Andrew Sunyar) established that neutrinos have negative helicity.
http://wn.com/Maurice_Goldhaber
Michał Boym
http://wn.com/Michał_Boym
Michał Matyas
http://wn.com/Michał_Matyas
Moriz Rosenthal
http://wn.com/Moriz_Rosenthal
Morris L. West
http://wn.com/Morris_L_West
Muhammad Asad
http://wn.com/Muhammad_Asad
Mykhailo Hrushevskyi
http://wn.com/Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi
Mykola Kolessa
http://wn.com/Mykola_Kolessa
Myroslav Skoryk
Myroslav Skoryk (, born July 12, 1938 in Lviv) is a famous Ukrainian composer of diverse and impressive compositions. His music is contemporary in style and contains stylistic traits from two disparate folk traditions: Ukrainian and American.
http://wn.com/Myroslav_Skoryk
Nikifor
http://wn.com/Nikifor
Oleh Luzhny
Oleh Romanovych Luzhny (, born 5 August 1968 in Lviv) is a retired Ukrainian footballer and current assistant manager of FC Dynamo Kyiv. His name is alternatively Romanised as Oleg Luzhny.
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Orest Subtelny
http://wn.com/Orest_Subtelny
Ottoman Empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire
Paul Muni
http://wn.com/Paul_Muni
Paul Robert Magocsi
Paul Robert Magocsi (born 1945) is an American professor of history, political science, and Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto. He has been with the University since 1980, and became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1996. He currently acts as President of the World Congress of Rusyns, and has authored many books on Rusyn history.
http://wn.com/Paul_Robert_Magocsi
Poles
The Polish people, or Poles ( , singular Polak) are the inhabitants of Poland and Polish emigrants irrespective of their ancestry. Their religion is predominantly Roman Catholic. As a nation, they are bounded by the Polish language, which belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of west slavic languages of Central Europe. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Western and Eastern Europe, the Americas and Australia. Polish citizens live predominantly in Poland.
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Pope John Paul II
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II
Primo Levi
Primo Michele Levi (pronounced ; July 31, 1919 – April 11, 1987) was a Jewish-Italian chemist and writer. He was the author of two novels and several collections of short stories, essays, and poems, but is best known for If This Is a Man, his account of the year he spent as a prisoner in the Auschwitz concentration camp in Nazi-occupied Poland. The book has been described as one of his best books, by one of the most important writers of the twentieth century.
http://wn.com/Primo_Levi
Rachel Korn
http://wn.com/Rachel_Korn
Richard von Mises
http://wn.com/Richard_von_Mises
Ruslana
Ruslana Stepanivna Lyzhychko (; born on 24 May 1973) is a World Music Award winning and MTV Europe Music Award nominated artist, and the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2004.
http://wn.com/Ruslana
Ruslana Lyzhychko
http://wn.com/Ruslana_Lyzhychko
Rusyns
http://wn.com/Rusyns
Ruthenians
The term Ruthenians (, Rusyns, Rus') is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used. Initially it was the ethnonym used for the Ukrainian people. With the emergence of Ukrainian nationalism in the mid 19th century, the term initially went out of use first in eastern and central Ukraine, just later in western Ukraine. In western Ukraine, especially Carpathian Ruthenia, and in Ukrainian ethnic territories outside of Ukraine it is often still used (see Rusyns).
http://wn.com/Ruthenians
Ryszard Koncewicz
http://wn.com/Ryszard_Koncewicz
Saint George
http://wn.com/Saint_George
Salomon Buber
Solomon (or Salomon) Buber (1827–1906) was a Jewish Galician scholar and editor of Hebrew works. He is especially remembered for his editions of Midrash and other medieval Jewish manuscripts, and for the pioneering research surrounding those texts.
http://wn.com/Salomon_Buber
Sholem Aleichem
Sholem Aleichem (, Russian and ) (March 2, 1859 - May 13, 1916) was the pen name of Salomon Naumovich Rabinovich, a leading Yiddish author and playwright. The musical Fiddler on the Roof, based on his stories about Tevye the Milkman, was the first commercially successful English-language stage production about Jewish life in Eastern Europe.
http://wn.com/Sholem_Aleichem
Stanislaw Ulam
http://wn.com/Stanislaw_Ulam
Stanisław Grabski
http://wn.com/Stanisław_Grabski
Stanisław Głąbiński
http://wn.com/Stanisław_Głąbiński
Stanisław Lem
http://wn.com/Stanisław_Lem
Stanisław Ulam
http://wn.com/Stanisław_Ulam
Stanyslav Lyudkevych
http://wn.com/Stanyslav_Lyudkevych
Stefan Banach
http://wn.com/Stefan_Banach
Stefan Bastyr
http://wn.com/Stefan_Bastyr
Stefan Drzewiecki
Stefan Drzewiecki (July 26, 1844 in Kunka, Podolia, Russian Empire (today Ukraine) – April 23, 1938 in Paris) was a Polish scientist, journalist, engineer, constructor and inventor, working in Russia and France.
http://wn.com/Stefan_Drzewiecki
Stepan Bandera
http://wn.com/Stepan_Bandera
Svyatoslav Vakarchuk
http://wn.com/Svyatoslav_Vakarchuk
Symon Petliura
http://wn.com/Symon_Petliura
Tadeusz Brzeziński
http://wn.com/Tadeusz_Brzeziński
Tadeusz Rychter
http://wn.com/Tadeusz_Rychter
Taras Shevchenko
Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko () ( – ) was a Ukrainian poet, artist and humanist. His literary heritage is regarded to be the foundation of modern Ukrainian literature and, to a large extent, the modern Ukrainian language. Shevchenko also wrote in Russian and left many masterpieces as a painter and an illustrator.
http://wn.com/Taras_Shevchenko
Tatar
http://wn.com/Tatar
Ukrainians
http://wn.com/Ukrainians
Vassily Ivanchuk
Vasyliy Ivanchuk, also transliterated as Vasyl () (born March 18, 1969 in Kopychyntsi, Ukrainian SSR), is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster.
http://wn.com/Vassily_Ivanchuk
Vasyl Stefanyk
http://wn.com/Vasyl_Stefanyk
Viktor Yushchenko
http://wn.com/Viktor_Yushchenko
Volodymyr Ivasyuk
http://wn.com/Volodymyr_Ivasyuk
Volodymyr Kubiyovych
http://wn.com/Volodymyr_Kubiyovych
Wacław Kuchar
http://wn.com/Wacław_Kuchar
Wojciech Bobowski
http://wn.com/Wojciech_Bobowski
Władysław Opolczyk
http://wn.com/Władysław_Opolczyk
Władysław Orkan
http://wn.com/Władysław_Orkan
Władysław Reymont
http://wn.com/Władysław_Reymont
Władysław Sadłowski
http://wn.com/Władysław_Sadłowski
Włodzimierz Chomicki
http://wn.com/Włodzimierz_Chomicki
Yaroslav Stetsko
http://wn.com/Yaroslav_Stetsko
Zbigniew Brzeziński
http://wn.com/Zbigniew_Brzeziński
Zbigniew Herbert
http://wn.com/Zbigniew_Herbert
Zygmunt Janiszewski
http://wn.com/Zygmunt_Janiszewski

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Denver Post

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BBC News

14 Oct 2012

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Lviv Region's agricultural enterprises damaged by weathering will receive financial assistance (15954306) 21 Sep 2012

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"Lwów", "Lvov", and "Lemberg" redirect here. For other uses, see Lwów (ship), Lvov (disambiguation), and Lemberg (disambiguation).

Lviv
Львів

View of the historic Old Town of Lviv.

Flag
Coat of arms	Logo

Motto: "Semper fidelis"

Map of Ukraine (blue) with Lviv (red) highlighted.

Coordinates: 49°51′0″N 24°01′0″E / 49.85°N 24.016667°ECoordinates: 49°51′0″N 24°01′0″E / 49.85°N 24.016667°E

Country

Ukraine

Oblast

Lviv Oblast

Raion

Lviv City Municipality

Founded

1256

Magdeburg law

1353

Government

• City Chairman

Andriy Sadovyi

Area

• City

182.01 km² (70.27 sq mi)

Elevation

296 m (971 ft)

Population (2010)

• City

760,000

• Density

4,298/km² (11,130/sq mi)

• Metro

1,498,000

Time zone

EET (UTC+2)

• Summer (DST)

EEST (UTC+3)

Postal code

79000

Area code(s)

+380 32(2)

Licence plate

BC (before 2004: ТА,ТВ,ТН,ТС)

Sister cities

Corning, Freiburg, Grozny, Kraków, Novi Sad, Przemyśl, Saint Petersburg, Whitstable, Winnipeg, Rochdale

Website

http://lviv.travel/en/index ^(English)
http://www.city-adm.lviv.ua ^(Ukrainian)

Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів L’viv, IPA: [lʲwiu̯] ( listen); Polish: Lwów, pronounced [lvuf]; Russian: Львов, L'vov; German: Lemberg and Yiddish Lemberg, לעמבערג; Latin: Leopolis; see also other names) is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically had also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center; as Poles and Jews comprised a demographic majority of the city for a period leading up to the outbreak of World War II, the Holocaust, and Polish population transfers (1944–1946) that followed. The historical heart of Lviv with its old buildings and cobblestone roads has survived World War II and ensuing Soviet presence largely unscathed. The city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as the Lviv University and the Lviv Polytechnic. Lviv is also a home to many world-class cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra and the famous Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The historic city centre is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lviv celebrated its 750th anniversary with a son et lumière in the city centre in September 2006.

As a medieval city in Red Ruthenia, Lviv was founded on the existent settlement most probably in 1247 by King Danylo Halytskyi of the Ruthenian principality of Halych-Volhynia, and named in honour of his son, Lev. The first record belongs to the cronicles mentioning the events of 1256, when the fire in the city of Cholm was seen from Lviv. Together with the rest of Red Ruthenia, Lviv was captured by the Kingdom of Poland in 1349 during the reign of Polish king Casimir III the Great. Lviv belonged to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1349–1772, the Austrian Empire 1772–1918 and the Second Polish Republic 1918–1939. With the joint German-Soviet Invasion of Poland at the outbreak of the second World War, the city of Lviv with adjacent land were annexed and incorporated into the Soviet Union, becoming part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1939 to 1941. Between July 1941 and July 1944 Lviv was under German occupation and was located in the General Government. In July 1944 it was captured by the Soviet Red Army and the Polish Home Army. According to the agreements of the Yalta Conference, Lviv was again integrated into the Ukrainian SSR. Most of the Poles living in Lviv were resettled into Polish territories annexed from Germany.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the city remained a part of the now independent Ukraine, for which it currently serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast, and is designated as its own raion (district) within that oblast.

On 12 June 2009 the Ukrainian magazine Focus assessed Lviv as the best Ukrainian city to live in.^[1] Its more Western European flavor lends it the nickname the "Little Paris of Ukraine". The city is expecting a sharp increase in the number of foreign visitors for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, and as a result a major new airport terminal is being built. Lviv is one of 8 Polish and Ukrainian cities that is co-hosting the group stages of the tournament.

1 Geography
- 1.1 Location
- 1.2 Climate
2 History
3 Demographics
- 3.1 Poles
- 3.2 Jews
4 Government
- 4.1 Administrative division
5 Culture
6 Notable people
7 International relations
- 7.1 Twin towns and sister cities
8 Economy
9 Education
- 9.1 Universities
10 Tourism
- 10.1 Tourist attractions
11 Popular culture
12 Transportation
13 See also
14 References
15 External links

Geography [link]

Location [link]

Lviv satellite view (Landsat 5, 2010-11-14)

The city of Lviv is crossed by one of the longest integer land meridians 24° of East longitude in the Eastern Hemisphere (East of Greenwich). According to calculations conducted in April-May 2012 by Dr. Hirnyj, this meridian crosses 3235 km of European, 7346 km of African and 2235 km of Antarctic ice-covered land including islands, which sums up to 12816 km. This is only 341 km shorter than the extent of land crossed by the meridian 22° of East longitude.

Lviv is located on the edge of the Roztochia Upland, approximately 70 km from the Polish border and 160 km (99 mi) from the eastern Carpathian Mountains. The average altitude of Lviv is 296 m (971.13 ft) above sea level. Its highest point is the Vysokyi Zamok (High Castle), 409 m (1,341.86 ft) above sea level. This castle has a commanding view of the historic city centre with its distinctive green-domed churches and intricate architecture.

The old walled city was at the foothills of the High Castle on the banks of the river Poltva. In the 13th century, the river was used to transport goods. In the early 20th century, the Poltva was covered over in areas where it flows through the city; the river flows directly beneath the central street of Lviv, Freedom Avenue (Prospect Svobody) and the renowned Lviv Opera House.

Climate [link]

Lviv's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with cold winters and mild summers. The average temperatures are −3.1 °C (26 °F) in January and 18.3 °C (65 °F) in July.^[2] The average annual rainfall is 745 mm (29 in) with the maximum being in summer.^[2] Lviv approximately receives 1809 hours of sunshine annually.^[3]

Climate data for Lviv
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	13.8 (56.8)	17.7 (63.9)	22.4 (72.3)	28.2 (82.8)	32.2 (90.0)	33.4 (92.1)	36.3 (97.3)	35.1 (95.2)	31.0 (87.8)	25.3 (77.5)	21.6 (70.9)	16.5 (61.7)	36.3 (97.3)
Average high °C (°F)	−0.1 (31.8)	1.3 (34.3)	6.3 (43.3)	13.6 (56.5)	19.4 (66.9)	22.0 (71.6)	23.9 (75.0)	23.5 (74.3)	18.3 (64.9)	12.9 (55.2)	6.0 (42.8)	0.9 (33.6)	12.3 (54.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−3.1 (26.4)	−2.2 (28.0)	1.9 (35.4)	8.3 (46.9)	13.8 (56.8)	16.4 (61.5)	18.3 (64.9)	17.7 (63.9)	13.0 (55.4)	8.1 (46.6)	2.6 (36.7)	−1.8 (28.8)	7.8 (46.0)
Average low °C (°F)	−6.1 (21.0)	−5.5 (22.1)	−1.7 (28.9)	3.6 (38.5)	8.4 (47.1)	11.3 (52.3)	13.2 (55.8)	12.5 (54.5)	8.4 (47.1)	4.1 (39.4)	−0.3 (31.5)	−4.6 (23.7)	3.6 (38.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−28.5 (−19.3)	−29.5 (−21.1)	−24.8 (−12.6)	−12.1 (10.2)	−5 (23.0)	0.5 (32.9)	4.5 (40.1)	2.6 (36.7)	−3 (26.6)	−13.2 (8.2)	−17.6 (0.3)	−25.6 (−14.1)	−29.5 (−21.1)
Precipitation mm (inches)	40 (1.57)	44 (1.73)	45 (1.77)	52 (2.05)	89 (3.5)	89 (3.5)	96 (3.78)	76 (2.99)	67 (2.64)	51 (2.01)	49 (1.93)	47 (1.85)	745 (29.33)
Avg. rainy days	9	9	11	14	16	17	16	14	14	14	13	11	158
Mean monthly sunshine hours	65.1	79.1	111.6	189.0	226.3	237.0	254.2	223.2	180.0	148.8	57.0	37.2	1,808.5
Source no. 1: Pogoda.ru.net^[2]
Source no. 2: HKO (sun only 1961-1990).^[3]

History [link]

Main article: History of Lviv

Market Square (Ukrainian: Ploshcha Rynok) of Lviv. The Lviv City Hall (Ukrainian: Ratusha) is situated there.

Pre-history [link]

Archeologists have demonstrated that the Lviv area was settled by the 5th century.^[4] This fact places this settlement within the territory of once powerful state of White Chroatia. From the ninth century in the area of present-day Lviv, between Castle Hill and the river Poltva, there existed a Lendian settlement – in the tenth century the Lendians established a fortified settlement on Castle Hill.^[5] In 1977 it was discovered that the Orthodox church of St. Nicholas had been built on a previously functioning cemetery.^[6] In 981, the Cherven Towns area was captured by Vladimir I and fell under the rule of Kievan Rus.

Halych-Volyn Principality [link]

Lviv was founded by King Daniel of Galicia in the Ruthenian principality of Halych-Volhynia and named in honour of his son Lev.^[7]

In 1261 the town was invaded by the Tatars.^[8] Various sources relate the events which range from destruction of the castle through to a complete razing of the town. All the sources agree that it was on the orders of the Mongol general Burundai. The Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka of the Shevchenko Scientific Society say that the order to raze the city was reduced by Burundai; the Galician-Volhynian chronicle states that in 1261 "Said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles'".^[9] Basil Dmytryshyn states that the order was implied to be the fortifications as a whole "If you wish to have peace with me, then destroy [all fortifications of] your towns".^[10] According to the Universal-Lexicon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit the town's founder was ordered to destroy the town himself.^[11]

After King Daniel's death, King Lev rebuilt the town around the year 1270 at its present location, choosing Lviv as his residence,^[8] and made Lviv the capital of Galicia-Volhynia.^[12] The city is first mentioned in the Halych-Volhynian Chronicle regarding the events that were dated 1256. The town grew quickly due to an influx of Polish people from Kraków, Poland, after they had suffered a widespread famine there.^[11] Around 1280 many Armenians lived in Galicia and were mainly based in Lviv where they had their own Archbishop.^[13] The town was inherited by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1340 and ruled by voivode Dmitri Detko, the favourite of the Lithuanian prince Lubart, until 1349.^[14]

Galicia–Volhynia Wars [link]

During the wars over the succession of Galicia-Volhynia Principality in 1339 King Casimir III of Poland undertook an expedition and conquered Lviv in 1340, burning down the old princely castle.^[8] Poland ultimately gained control over Lviv and the adjacent region in 1349. From then on the population was subjected to attempts to both Polonize and Catholicize the population.^[15]

Casimir built two new castles.^[8] In 1356 he brought in German colonists and within 7 years granted the Magdeburg rights which implied that all city matters were to be resolved by a council elected by the wealthy citizens. The city council seal of the 14th century stated: S(igillum): Civitatis Lembvrgensis.

After Casimir had died in 1370, he was succeeded as king of Poland by his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary, who in 1372 put Lviv together with the region of Galicia-Volhynia under the administration of his relative Władysław, Duke of Opole.^[8] When in 1387 Władysław retreated from the post of its governor, Galicia-Volhynia became occupied by the Hungarians, but soon Jadwiga, the youngest daughter of Louis, but also ruler of Poland and wife of King of Poland Władysław II Jagiełło, unified it directly with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.^[8]

Kingdom of Poland [link]

Fedorovych's autograph from 23 July 1583

A painting by Jan Matejko of King Jan Kazimierz of Poland pledging his famous oath in L'viv's Latin Cathedral.

Lwów (Lviv), Racławice Panorama opened in 1894

Lemberg (Lviv) in 1915

File:Sejm Galicyjski.jpg

The Galician Sejm (till 1918), since 1920 Polish Jan Kazimierz University

As part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland Lwów (Lviv) became the capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship founded in 1389. The city's prosperity during the following centuries is owed to the trade privileges granted to it by Casimir, Jadwiga and the subsequent Polish kings.^[8]

In 1412 the city became the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese, which since 1375 had been in Halych.^[8] In 1444 Lviv was granted with the staple right, which resulted in city's growing prosperity and wealth, as it became one of major trading centres on the merchant routes between Central Europe and Black Sea region. It was also transformed into a one of main fortresses in the kingdom.

As Lviv prospered it became religiously and ethnically diverse with Germans, Poles, Ruthenians, Armenians and Jews being the most important ethnicities living within the city. With passing time many had assimilated into the dominant Polish culture and became polonized.

In 1572 the first publisher of books in Ukraine, Ivan Fedorovych, a graduate of the University of Kraków, settled in Lviv for a brief period. The city became a significant centre for Eastern orthodoxy with the establishment of an orthodox brotherhood, a Greek-Slavonic school and a printery which published the first full versions of the Bible in Church Slavonic in 1580.

The 17th century brought invading armies of Swedes, Hungarians,^[16]^[17] Turks,^[18]^[19] Russians and Cossacks^[17] to its gates. In 1648 an army of Cossacks and Crimean Tatars besieged Lviv. The city was not sacked due to its beauty and the fact that the leader of the revolution Bohdan Khmelnytsky studied there and did not want to see it ruined. As a result a ransom of 250 000 ducat was paid and the Cossacks marched west towards Zamość. Lviv was the only major city in Poland which was not captured. In 1672 it was surrounded by the Ottomans who failed to conquer it. Lviv was captured for the first time by a foreign army in 1704 when Swedish troops under King Charles XII entered the city after a short siege.

Habsburg Empire [link]

In 1772, following the First Partition of Poland, the region was annexed by Austria. Known in German as Lemberg, the city became the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. The city grew dramatically under Austrian rule, increasing in population from approximately 30,000 at the time of Austrian annexation in 1772^[20] to 206,100 by 1910.^[21]

In 1773, the first newspaper in Lviv, Gazette de Leopoli, began to be published. In 1784, a German language University was opened; after closing again in 1805, it was re-opened in 1817.

In the 19th century, the Austrian administration attempted to Germanise the city's educational and governmental functioning. Many cultural organizations which did not have a pro-German orientation were closed. After the revolution of 1848, the language of instruction at the University shifted from German to include Ukrainian and Polish. Around that time, a certain sociolect developed in the city known as the Lwów dialect. Considered to be a type of Polish dialect, it draws its roots from numerous other languages besides Polish.

In 1853, it was the first European city to have street lights due to innovations discovered by Lviv inhabitants Ignacy Łukasiewicz and Jan Zeh. In that year kerosene lamps were introduced as street lights which in 1858 were updated to gas and in 1900 to electricity.

After the so-called Ausgleich of February 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into a dualist Austria-Hungary and a slow yet steady process of liberalisation of Austrian rule in Galicia started. From 1873, Galicia was de facto an autonomous province of Austria-Hungary with Polish and Ukrainian or Ruthenian, as official languages. Germanisation was halted and the censorship lifted as well. Galicia was subject to the Austrian part of the Dual Monarchy, but the Galician Sejm and provincial administration, both established in Lviv, had extensive privileges and prerogatives, especially in education, culture, and local affairs. The city started to grow rapidly, becoming the 4th largest in Austria-Hungary, according to the census of 1910. Many Belle Époque public edifices and tenement houses were erected, the buildings from the Austrian period, such as the opera theater built in the Viennese neo-Renaissance style, still dominate and characterize much of the centre of the city.

During Habsburg rule, Lviv became one of the most important Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish cultural centres. In Lviv, according to the Austrian census of 1910, which listed religion and language, 51% of the city's population were Roman Catholics, 28% Jews, and 19% belonged to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Linguistically, 86% of the city's population used the Polish language and 11% preferred the Ukrainian language.^[21] Lviv was home to the Polish Ossolineum, with the second largest collection of Polish books in the world, the Polish Academy of Arts, the Polish Historical Society, the Polish Theatre and Polish Archdiocese. At the same time, the city also housed the largest and most influential Ukrainian institutions in the world, including the Prosvita society dedicated to spreading literacy in the Ukrainian language, the Shevchenko Scientific Society, the Dniester Insurance Company and base of the Ukrainian cooperative movement, and it served as the seat of the Ukrainian Catholic Church. Lviv was also a major centre of Jewish culture, in particular as a centre of the Yiddish language, and was the home of the world's first Yiddish-language daily newspaper, the Lemberger Togblat, established in 1904.^[22]

In the early stage of World War I, Lviv was captured by the Russian army in September 1914 but retaken by Austria–Hungary in June the following year.

Polish-Ukrainian War [link]

Further information: Polish-Ukrainian War

File:Orleta.jpg

The Lwów Eaglets, teenage soldiers who fought on Polish side during the Battle of Lwów (1918)

After the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy at the end of World War I Lviv became an arena of battle between the local Polish population and the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen. Both nations perceived the city as integral part of their new statehoods which at that time were forming in the former Austrian territories. On the night of 31 October – 1 November 1918 the Western Ukrainian National Republic was proclaimed with Lviv as its capital. 2,300 Ukrainian soldiers from the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (Sichovi Striltsi), which had previously been a corps in the Austrian Army, took control over Lviv. The city's Polish majority opposed the Ukrainian declaration and began to fight against the Ukrainian troops.^[23] During this combat an important role was taken by young Polish city defenders called Lwów Eaglets. For the courage of its inhabitants Lviv was awarded the Virtuti Militari cross by Józef Piłsudski on 22 November 1920.

The Ukrainian forces withdrew outside Lviv's confines by 21 November 1918, after which elements of Polish soldiery begun to loot and burn much of the Jewish and Ukrainian quarters of the city, killing approximately 340 civilians (see: Lwów pogrom (1918)).^[24] The retreating Ukrainian forces besieged the city. The Sich riflemen reformed into the Ukrainian Galician Army (UHA). The Polish forces aided from central Poland, including general Haller's Blue Army, equipped by the French, relieved the besieged city in May 1919 forcing the UHA to the east. Despite Entente mediation attempts to cease hostilities and reach a compromise between belligerents the Polish–Ukrainian War continued until July 1919 when the last UHA forces withdrew east of the river Zbruch. The border on the river Zbruch was confirmed at the Treaty of Warsaw, when in April 1920 Polish government signed an agreement with Symon Petlura where it was agreed that for military support against the Bolsheviks the Ukrainian People's Republic renounced its claims to the territories of Eastern Galicia.

In August 1920 Lviv was attacked by the Red Army under the command of Aleksandr Yegorov and Stalin during Polish-Soviet War but the city repelled the attack.^[25]

Polish sovereignty over Lviv was internationally recognised when the Council of Ambassadors ultimately approved it in March 1923.

Interbellum period [link]

Main languages of Lviv
from the census of 1931^[26]

Polish	198,212	(63.5%)
Yiddish	75,316	(24.1%)
Ukrainian	24,245	(7.8%)
Ruthenian	10,892	(3.5%)
Other	3,566	(1.1%)
Total	312,231

^{Note: In the table above Ruthenian nationality stands

for Ruthenians who did not adopt the Ukrainian

ethnic identity in the early 20th century

and Lemkos, Boykos, Hutsuls and Rusyns.}

In the interbellum period Lviv held the rank of Poland's third most populous city (after Warsaw and Łódź) and became the seat of the Lwów Voivodeship. Right after Warsaw, it was the second most important cultural and academic centre of interwar Poland. In the academic year 1937–38 there were 9,100 students attending 5 higher education facilities including the renowned university and institute of technology.^[27] In 1920 professor Rudolf Weigl of the Lwów University discovered the vaccine against typhus. The major trade fair called Targi Wschodnie was established 1921. Its geographic location gave it an important role in stimulating international trade and fostering city's and Poland's economic development.

While the eastern part of the Lwów Voivodeship had a relative Ukrainian majority in most of the rural areas the city itself did not (see table to the right). Prewar Lviv had also a large and thriving Jewish population. The Polish inhabitants of the city spoke the characteristic Lwów dialect.

Although Polish authorities obliged themselves internationally to provide Eastern Galicia with an autonomy (including a creation of a separate Ukrainian university in Lviv) and even though in September 1922 adequate Polish Sejm's Bill^[28] was enacted, it was not fulfilled. Instead, the Polish government closed down many Ukrainian schools that had previously flourished during Austrian rule^[29] and closed down every Ukrainian university department at the University of Lviv with the exception of one.^[30] Unlike in Austrian times, when the size and amount of public parades or other cultural expressions corresponded to each cultural group's relative population, the Polish government emphasized the Polish nature of the city and limited public displays of Jewish and Ukrainian culture. Military parades and commemorations of battles at particular streets within the city, all celebrating the Polish forces who fought against the Ukrainians in 1918, became frequent, and in the 1930s a vast memorial monument and burial ground of Polish soldiers from that conflict was built in the city's Lychakiv Cemetery. The Polish government fostered the idea of Lviv as an eastern Polish outpost standing strong against eastern "hordes."^[31]

World War II and Soviet occupation [link]

Further information: Battle of Lwów (1939)

Following the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and by 14 September Lviv was completely encircled by German units.^[32] Subsequently the Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. The Soviet Union annexed the eastern part of Second Polish Republic including the city of Lviv which capitulated to the Red Army on 22 September 1939.

The city (named Lvov in Russian) became the capital of the newly formed Lviv Oblast. The Soviets opened many Ukrainian-language schools that had been closed by the Polish government^[33] and Ukrainian was reintroduced in the University of Lviv (where the Polish government had banished it during the interwar years), which became thoroughly Ukrainized and renamed after Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko.^[34]

The Soviets also started repressions against local Poles and Ukrainians deporting many of the citizens. Waves of deportations started with the Poles followed by the Jews who had refused Soviet passports and then the Ukrainian nationalists.

German occupation [link]

On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany and several of its allies invaded the USSR.

Lviv Holocaust memorial in Israel

In the initial stage of Operation Barbarossa (late June 1941) Lviv was taken by the Germans. The evacuating Soviets killed most of the prison population. Wehrmacht forces arriving in the city discovered evidence of the Soviet mass murders^[35] committed by the NKVD and NKGB. Ukrainian nationalists, organized as a militia, and the civilian population were allowed to take revenge on the "Jews and the Bolsheviks" and indulged in several mass killings in Lviv and the surrounding region, which resulted in the deaths estimated at between 4,000 and 10,000 Jews (see: Lviv pogroms). The Germans during the occupation of the city committed numerous other atrocities including the killing of Polish university professors.

On 30 June 1941 Yaroslav Stetsko proclaimed in Lviv the Government of an independent Ukrainian state allied with Nazi Germany. This was done without pre-approval from the Germans and after 15 September 1941 the organisers were arrested.^[36]^[37]^[38]

The Sikorski–Mayski Agreement signed in London on 30 July 1941 between Polish government-in-exile and USSR's government invalidated the September 1939 Soviet-German partition of Poland, as the Soviets declared it null and void.^[39]

Meanwhile German-occupied Eastern Galicia at the beginning of August 1941 was incorporated into the General Government as Distrikt Galizien with Lviv as district's capital.

Germany viewed Galicia, formerly Austrian crown land, as already aryanised and civilised. As a result the Ukrainian Galicians escaped the full extent of German acts in comparison to Ukrainians who lived in Reichskommissariat Ukraine and other parts of German occupied Ukraine.^[40] German policy towards the Polish population in this area was more harsh and comparable to the situation in the rest of the General Government. According to the Third Reich's racial policies Galician Jews became the main target of German repressions. Almost all of the Jewish Galicians were deported to concentration camps or killed. In 1941 there were approximately 200,000 Jews in Lviv.^[41] By the end of the war the Jewish population was virtually wiped out with only 200 to 300 Jews left alive.^[42]

Soviet re-occupation [link]

The Soviet 3rd Tank Army entered Lviv again after the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive of 22–24 July 1944. After the city was taken by cooperating Soviet forces and local resistance soldiers of Armia Krajowa (see: Lwów Uprising), the local commanders of the Polish AK were invited to a meeting with the commanders of the Red Army where they were arrested by the NKVD.

In January 1945 the local NKVD arrested many Poles in Lviv where, according to Soviet sources, on 1 October 1944 Poles still made a clear majority – 66.7% of the population, to encourage their emigration from their city. Those arrested were released after they signed papers agreeing to emigrate to Poland which postwar borders were moved westwards with Lviv left within the borders of the Soviet Union, according to the Yalta conference settlements.

It is estimated that from 100,000 to 140,000 Poles were resettled from the city into the so called Recovered Territories as a part of postwar population transfers, many of them to the area of newly acquired Wrocław, formerly the German city of Breslau. Little remains of Polish culture in Lviv except for the Italian-influenced architecture.^[43] The Polish history of Lviv is still well remembered in Poland and those Poles who stayed in Lviv have formed their own organisation the Association of Polish Culture of the Lviv Land.

Lviv and its population suffered greatly during the two world wars as many of the offensives were fought across the local geography causing significant collateral damage and disruption.

On 16 August 1945, a border agreement^[44] between the government of the Soviet Union and the Provisional Government of National Unity, installed by the Soviets, was signed in Moscow. In that treaty, Poland formally ceded its prewar eastern part to the Soviet Union agreeing to the Polish-Soviet border drawn according to the so called Curzon Line. Consequently, the agreement was ratified on 5 February 1946. Thus, in February 1946, Lviv became a part of the Soviet Union.

Soviet Union [link]

Expulsion of the Polish population together with migration from Ukrainian-speaking rural areas around the city and from other parts of the Soviet Union altered the ethnic composition of the city which became mostly Ukrainian.

In the 1950s and 1960s the city significantly expanded both in population and size mostly due to the city's rapidly growing industrial base. Due to the fight of SMERSH with the guerrilla formations of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army the city obtained a nickname with a negative connotation of Banderstadt as the City of Stepan Bandera. The word stadt was added instead of the common Slavic grad to imply alienation. Over the years the residents of the city found this so ridiculous that even people not familiar with Bandera accepted it as a sarcasm in reference to the Soviet perception of western Ukraine. By the time of the fall of the Soviet Union the name became a proud mark for the Lviv natives culminating in the creation of a local rock band under the name Khloptsi z Bandershtadtu (Boys from Banderstadt).^[45]

In the period of liberalisation from the Soviet system in the 1980s the city became the centre of political movements advocating Ukrainian independence from the USSR.

Independent Ukraine [link]

This section requires expansion.

Citizens of Lviv strongly supported Viktor Yushchenko during the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election and played a key role in the Orange Revolution. Hundreds of thousands of people would gather in freezing temperatures to demonstrate for the Orange camp. Acts of civil disobedience forced the head of the local police to resign and the local assembly issued a resolution refusing to accept the fraudulent first official results.^[46]

Lviv remains today one of the main centres of Ukrainian culture and the origin of much of the nation's political class.

Demographics [link]

Population makeup by ethnicity of Lviv 1900-2001, in thousands^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51]

Ethnicity	1900	%	1931	%	Oct 1944	%	1950	%	1959	%	1979	%	1989	%	2001	%
Ukrainians	33.9	19.9%	49.7	15.9%	40.6	26.4%	144.6	49.9%	246.4	60.0%	492.2	74.0%	622.7	79.1%	639.0	88.1%
Russians			~0.5	0.2%	8.5	5.5%	90.4	31.2%	110.9	27.0%	128.3	19.3%	126.5	16.1%	64.6	8.9%
Jews	45.1	26.5%	99.6	31.9%	1.7	1.1%	18.6	6.4%	24.6	6.0%	17.6	2.7%	12.8	1.6%	1.9	0.3%
Poles	84.1	49.4%	157.5	50.4%	103.4	66.7%	30.0	10.3%	16.4	4.0%	11.9	1.8%	9.7	1.2%	6.4	0.9%
Total	170.2	100.0%	311.5	100.0%	154.0	100.0%	~290.0	100.0%	410.7	100.0%	665.1	100.0%	786.9	100.0%	725.2	100.0%

Language use 1931-1989

Language	1931	1970	1979	1989
Ukrainian	11.3%	65.2%	71.3%	77.2%
Russian		31.1%	25.7%	19.9%
Yiddish	24.1%
Polish	63.5%
Other	1.1%	3.7%	3.0%	2.9%

Ethnic population
of Lviv (2001)^[52]

Ukrainians	88.1%
Russians	8.9%
Poles	0.9%
Belarusians	0.4%
Jews	0.3%
Armenians	0.1%

Ethnicity in Lviv
according to the census of 1989

Ukrainians	622,800	(79.1%)
Russians	126,418	(16.1%)
Jews	12,837	(1.6%)
Poles	9,697	(1.2%)
Belarusians	5,800	(0.7%)
Armenians	1,000	(0.1%)
Total	778,557

^{Numbers do not include regions

and surrounding towns}

1405: approx. 4,500 inhabitants in the old town, and additionally approx. 600 in the two suburbs.^[53]
1544: approx. 3,000 inhabitants in the old town (number had decreased by about 30 % due to the fire of 1527), and additionally approx. 2,700 in the suburbs.^[53]
1840: approx. 67,000 inhabitants, including 20,000 Jews.^[54]
1850: nearly 80,000 inhabitants (together with the four suburbs), including more than 25,000 Jews.^[55]
1890: 127,943 inhabitants (64,102 male, 63,481 female), predominantly Polish (12,162 Germans, 9,067 Ruthenians), among them 67,280 Catholics, 21,876 members of the Greek Uniate Churches, 2,061 Protestants and 36,130 Jews.^[56]
1900: 159,877 inhabitants, including the military (10,326 men). Of these inhabitants, 82,597 were members of the Roman Catholic Church, 29,327 members of the Greek Uniate Churches, and 44,258 were Jews. As their language of communication, 120,634 used Polish, 20,409 German or Yiddish, and 15,159 Ukrainian.^[57]

1921: 219,400 inhabitants, including 112,000 Poles, 76,000 Jews and 28,000 Ukrainians.^[58]

1939: 340.000 inhabitants.^[59]

2001: 725,000 inhabitants, of whom 88 percent were Ukrainians, 9 percent Russians and 1 percent Poles.^[60] A further 200,000 people commuted daily from suburbs.

2007:735,000 inhabitants.

By gender:^[52]

51.5% women

48.5% men

By place of birth:^[52]

56% born in Lviv

19% born in Lviv oblast

11% born in Ukraine, but in the East

07% born in the former republics of the USSR (Russia 4%)

04% born in Poland

03% born in Western Ukraine, but not in Lviv oblast

Religious adherence:^[52]

45% Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

31% Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate

05% Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

03% Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)

03% Other faiths

1999: 77.6 percent of Lviv's inhabitants were primarily Ukrainian-speaking.^[61]

Poles [link]

Year	Poles	%	Total
1921 ^[58]	112,000	51	219,400

1989	9,500^[62]	1.2^[60]	790,908^[63]
2001^[60]	6,400	0.9	725,200

Many Poles moved to Lviv after the city was conquered by King Casimir in 1349. It became a major Polish cultural centre and this continued after the partitions of Poland.

Lviv was depolonised mainly through Soviet-arranged population exchange from 1944–46. ^[64] Those that remained found themselves having lost their state status and becoming an ethnic minority. By 1959 Poles made up only 4% of the population after Ukrainians, Russians and Jews.^[64] The Polish population underwent significant assimilation; in 1989 40% considered Ukrainian as their mother tongue, 15% Russian.^[64] During Soviet times two Polish schools continued to function: № 10 (with 8 grades) and № 24 (with 10 grades).^[64]

In the 1980s the process of uniting groups into ethnic associations was allowed. In 1988 a Polish language newspaper was allowed («Gazeta Lwowska»).^[65] The Polish population of the city continues to use the dialect of the Polish language known as Lwów dialect (Polish: gwara lwowska).^[65] The word ment (see militsiya) used in the Soviet Union is derived from that dialect.

Jews [link]

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Holocaust Memorial in Lviv

The first known Jewish settlers in Lviv date back to 1256 and became an important part of this city cultural life, making significant contributions in trade, science and culture.^[66] Apart from the Rabbinate Jews there were many Karaite Jews who had settle in the city after coming from the East and from Byzantium. After Casimir III conquered Lviv in 1349 the Jewish citizens received many privileges equal to that of other citizens of Poland. Lviv had two separate Jewish quarters, one within the city walls and one outside on the outskirts of the city. Each had their separate synagogues, although they both shared a cemetery which was also used by the Karaite community. Before 1939 there were 97 synagogues.

Before the Holocaust about one third of the city's population was made up of Jews (more than 140,000 on the eve of World War II). This number swelled to about 240,000 by the end of 1940 as tens of thousands of Jews fled from the Nazi-occupied parts of Poland into the relative (and temporary) sanctuary of Soviet-occupied Poland (including Lviv) following the Molotov-Rippentrop pact that divided Poland into Nazi and Soviet zones in 1939. Almost all these Jews were killed in The Holocaust. After the war, a new Jewish population was formed from among the hundreds of thousands of Russians and Ukrainians that migrated to the city, then called Lvov. The post-war Jewish population peaked at 30,000 in the 1970s. Currently the Jewish population has shrunk considerably as a result of emigration (mainly to Israel and the United States) and, to a lesser degree assimilation, and is estimated at 1,100. A number of organizations continue to be active.

Government [link]

Lviv city hall.

Administrative division [link]

Lviv is divided into six raions (districts), each with its own administrative bodies:

Halych district (ukr. Галицький район – Halytskyi raion)
Zaliznytsia district (ukr. Залізничний район – Zaliznychnyi raion)
Lychakiv district (ukr. Личаківський район – Lychakivs'kyi raion)
Sykhiv district (ukr. Сихівський район – Sykhivs'kyi raion)
Franko district (ukr. Франківський район – Frankivs'kyi raion)
Shevchenko district (ukr. Шевченківський район – Shevchenkivs'kyi raion)

Notable suburbs include:

Vynnyky (ukr. місто Винники)
Briukhovychi (ukr. селище Брюховичі)
Rudne (ukr. селище Рудне)
Derevach (ukr. село Деревач)

Culture [link]

Lviv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre *
UNESCO World Heritage Site

Country	Ukraine
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, v
Reference	865
Region **	Europe
Inscription history
Inscription	1998 (22nd Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO

Lviv's historic centre has been on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage list since 1998. UNESCO gave the following reasons^[67] for its selection:

Criterion II: In its urban fabric and its architecture, Lviv is an outstanding example of the fusion of the architectural and artistic traditions of eastern Europe with those of Italy and Germany.

Criterion V: The political and commercial role of Lviv attracted to it a number of ethnic groups with different cultural and religious traditions, who established separate yet interdependent communities within the city, evidence for which is still discernible in the modern town's landscape.

Architecture [link]

Lviv's historic churches, buildings and relics date from the 13th century. In recent centuries it was spared some of the invasions and wars that destroyed other Ukrainian cities. Its architecture reflects various European styles and periods. After the fires of 1527 and 1556 Lviv lost most of its gothic-style buildings but it retains many buildings in renaissance, baroque and the classic styles. There are works by artists of the Vienna Secession, Art Nouveau and Art Deco.

The buildings have many stone sculptures and carvings, particularly on large doors,which are hundreds of years old. The remains of old churches dot the central cityscape. Some three- to five-storey buildings have hidden inner courtyards and grottoes in various states of repair. Some cemeteries are of interest: for example the Lychakivskiy Cemetery where the Polish elite were buried for centuries. Leaving the central area the architectural style changes radically as Soviet-era high-rise blocks dominate. In the centre of the city the Soviet era is reflected mainly in a few modern-style national monuments and sculptures.

Monuments in Lviv [link]

Bronze sculpture dedicated to Nikifor, the famed folk and naïve painter of Lemko descent.

Inside the Church of the Transfiguration.

St. George's Cathedral, former seat of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

The Church of the Assumption.

Chapel of the Boim family

The Lviv Opera and Ballet Theatre, an important cultural centre for residents and visitors.

Renaissance yard of King Jan III Sobieski House

Dominican Church

Palace of Potocki family

Kryvka Church

City sculptures commemorate many people and topics reflecting the rich history of Lviv. There are monuments to:

During the interbellum period there were monuments commemorated to important figures of the history of Poland. Some of these were moved to the Polish Recovered Territories, like the monument of Aleksander Fredro which now is in Wrocław, the monument of King Jan III Sobieski which after 1945 was moved to Gdańsk, and the monument of Kornel Ujejski which now is in Szczecin.

Books [link]

Every day a book market takes place around the monument to Ivan Fеdorovych. He was a typographer in the 16th century who fled Moscow and found a new home in Lviv. New ideas came to Lviv during the Austro–Hungarian Empire. In the 19th century many publishing houses, newspapers and magazines were established. Among these was the Ossolineum which was one of the most important Polish scientific libraries. Most Polish-language books and publications of the Ossolineum library are still kept in a local Jesuit church. In 1997 the Polish government asked the Ukrainian government to hand over these documents and in 2003 Ukraine allowed access to the publications. In 2006 an office of the Ossolineum (which now is located in Wrocław) was opened in Lviv and began a process to scan all its documents.

Literature written in Lviv contributed to Austrian, Ukrainian, Yiddish and Polish literature. Translation work took place between these cultures.

Religion [link]

Lviv is a city of religious variety and there have been conflicts between different faiths. At one point over 60 churches existed in the city. The largest Christian churches have existed in the city since the 13th century. There are three major Christian groups: The Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv, the Roman Catholics, and the Armenian Church. Each have had a diocesan seat in Lviv since the 16th century. The Golden Rose Synagogue was built in Lviv in 1582. At the end of the 16th century the Orthodox community in Ukraine transferred their allegiance to the Pope in Rome and became the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. This bond was forcibly dissolved in 1946 by the Soviet authorities and the Roman Catholic community was forced out by the expulsion of the Polish population. Since 1989, religious life in Lviv has experienced a revival.

Lviv is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv, the centre of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine and until 21 August 2005 was the centre of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. About 35 per cent of religious buildings belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, 11.5 per cent to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 9 per cent to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate and 6 per cent to the Roman Catholic Church.

Until 2005 Lviv was the only city with two Catholic Cardinals: Lubomyr Husar (Byzantine Rite) and Marian Jaworski (Latin Rite).

In June 2001 Pope John Paul II visited the Latin Cathedral, St. George's Cathedral and the Armenian Cathedral.

Lviv historically had a large and active Jewish community and until 1941 at least 45 synagogues and prayer houses existed. Even in the 16th century two separate communities existed. One lived in today's old town with the other in the Krakowskie Przedmieście. In the 19th century a more differentiated community started to spread out. Liberal Jews sought more cultural assimilation and spoke German and Polish. On the other hand Orthodox and Hasidic Jews tried to retain the old traditions. Between 1941 and 1944 the Germans in effect completely destroyed the centuries-old Jewish tradition of Lviv. Most synagogues were destroyed and the Jewish population forced first into a ghetto before being forcibly transported to concentration camps where they were murdered.^[68]

Under the Soviet Union, synagogues remained closed and were used as storage facilities or movie houses. Only since the fall of the Iron Curtain has the remainder of the Jewish community experienced a faint revival.

Arts [link]

The "Group Artes" was a young movement founded in 1929. Many of the artists studied in Paris and travelled throughout Europe. They worked and experimented in different areas of modern art: Futurism, Cubism, New Objectivity and Surrealism. Co–operation took place between avant-garde musicians and authors. Altogether thirteen exhibitions by "Artes" took place in Warsaw, Kraków, Łódz and Lviv. The German occupation put an end to this group. Otto Hahn was executed in 1942 in Lviv and Aleksander Riemer was murdered in 1943 in Auschwitz. Henryk Streng and Margit Reich-Sielska were able to escape the Holocaust (or Shoah). Most of the surviving members of Artes lived in Poland after 1945. Only Margit Reich-Sielska (1900–1980) and Roman Sielski (1903–1990) stayed in Soviet Lviv.

For years the city was one of the most important cultural centers of Poland with such writers as Aleksander Fredro, Leopold Staff, Maria Konopnicka and Jan Kasprowicz living in Lviv. It also is home to one of the largest museums in Ukraine the National Museum of Lviv.

Theatre and opera [link]

In 1842 the Skarbek Theatre was opened making it the third largest theatre in Central Europe. In 1903 the Lviv National Opera house, which at that time was called the City-Theatre, was opened emulating the Vienna State Opera house. The house initially offered a changing repertoire such as classical dramas in German and Polish language, opera, operetta, comedy and theatre. The opera house is named after the diva Salomea Krushelnytska who worked here.

Museums and art galleries [link]

The first museum of Lviv was the Lubomirscy Museum opened in 1827. It displayed a wide collection of art and historical objects connected with history of Poland. In 1857 the Baworowski Library was founded whose most precious books are now kept in Kraków.

The most notable of the museums and art galleries are Lviv National Art Gallery, the Lviv National Museum which houses the National Gallery, the Museum of Religion (formerly the Museum of Atheism) and the National Museum (formerly the Museum of Industry).

Music [link]

Lviv has an active musical and cultural life. Apart from the Lviv Opera it has symphony orchestras, chamber orchestras and the Trembita Chorus. Lviv has one of the most prominent music academy and music colleges in Ukraine the Lviv Conservatory and also has a factory for the manufacture of stringed musical instruments.

Lviv has been the home of numerous composers such as Mozart's son Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Stanislav Liudkevych and Mykola Kolessa.

Lviv is the hometown of the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 winner Ruslana who has since become well known in Europe and the rest of the world.

The classical pianist Mieczysław Horszowski (1892–1993) was born here. The opera diva Salomea Kruszelnicka called Lviv her home in the 1920s to 1930s. Adam Han Gorski (1940– ) an internationally renowned concert violinist was born here. "Polish Radio Lwów" was a Polish radio station that went on-air on 15 January 1930. The programme proved very popular in Poland. Classical music and entertainment was aired as well as lectures, readings, youth-programmes, news and liturgical services on Sunday.

Popular throughout Poland was the Comic Lwów Wave a cabaret-revue with musical pieces. Jewish artists contributed a great part to this artistic activity. Composers such as Henryk Wars, songwriter Emanuel Szlechter, the actor Mieczysław Monderer and Adolf Fleischer ("Aprikosenkranz und Untenbaum") worked in Lviv. The most notable stars of the shows were Henryk Vogelfänger and Kazimierz Wajda who appeared together as the comic duo "Szczepko and Tońko" and were similar to Laurel and Hardy.

After World War II many of the Jewish artists and entertainers were either killed or fled and Polish artists had to leave for Poland as a result of the Yalta Conference.

Universities and academia [link]

Lviv University is one of the oldest in Central Europe and was founded as a Society of Jesus(Jesuit) school in 1608. Its prestige greatly increased through the work of philosopher Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938) who was one of the founders of the Lwów-Warsaw School of Logic. This school of thought set benchmarks for academic research and education in Poland. The Polish politician of the interbellum period Stanisław Głąbiński had served as dean of the law department (1889–1890) and as the University rector (1908–1909). In 1901 the city was the seat of the Lwów Scientific Society among whose members were major scientific figures. The most well-known were the mathematicians Stefan Banach, Juliusz Schauder and Stanisław Ulam who were founders of the Lwów School of Mathematics turning Lviv in the 1930s into the "World Centre of Functional Analysis" and who's share in Lviv academia was substantial.

In 1852 in Dublany (eight kilometers from the outskirts of Lviv) the Agricultural Academy was opened and was one of the first Polish agricultural colleges. The Academy was merged with the Lviv Polytechnic in 1919. Another important college of the interbellum period was the Academy of Foreign Trade in Lwów.

Mathematics [link]

Lviv was the home of the Scottish Café where in the 1930s and the early 1940s Polish mathematicians from the Lwów School of Mathematics met and spent their afternoons discussing mathematical problems. Stanisław Ulam who was later a participant in the Manhattan Project and the proposer of the Teller-Ulam design of thermonuclear weapons, Stefan Banach one of the founders of functional analysis, Hugo Steinhaus, Karol Borsuk, Kazimierz Kuratowski, Mark Kac and many other notable mathematicians would gather there.^[69] The café building now houses the Universalny bank at 27 Taras Shevchenko Prospekt (prewar Polish street name: ulica Akademicka).^[70] Mathematician Zygmunt Janiszewski died in Lviv on January 3, 1920.

Print and media [link]

The most popular newspapers in Lviv are "Vysokiy Zamok", "Ekspres", "Lvivska hazeta", "Ratusha", Subotna poshta", "Hazeta po-lvivsky", "Postup" and others. Popular magazines include "Chetver" and "Ї". The Polish community continues to publish the oldest continually published newspaper in eastern Europe known as «Gazeta Lwowska».

The Lviv oblast television company transmits on channel 12. There are 3 private television channels operating from Lviv: "Liuks", "NTA" and "ZIK".

There are 17 regional and all-Ukrainian radio stations operating in the city.

A number of information agencies exist in the city such as "ZIK", «Zaxid.net», «Гал-info», «Львівський портал» and others.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011)

This article is missing information about Ukrainian aspects of Print and Media in this section. Pre Polish takeover and post Soviet fall would be nice. This concern has been noted on the talk page where whether or not to include such information may be discussed. (June 2010)

Lviv is home to one of the oldest Polish-language newspapers Gazeta Lwowska which was first published in 1811 and still exists in a bi–weekly form. Lviv is the center of promotion of the Ukrainian Latin alphabet(Latynka).

Among other publications were such titles as

Kurier Lwowski: associated with people's movement which existed from 1883 to 1935. Among the writers who cooperated with it were such renowned names as Eliza Orzeszkowa, Jan Kasprowicz, Bolesław Limanowski, Władysław Orkan as well as Ivan Franko,
Słowo Lwowskie (1895–1939): A right-wing daily which cooperated with Władysław Reymont, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Kazimierz Tetmajer, Leopold Staff, Jerzy Żuławski and Gabriela Zapolska. Among its editors-in-chief was Stanisław Grabski. In the early 20th century Słowo's circulation was 20,000 and it was the first Polish newspaper to publish a serialisation of Reymont's novel Chłopi.^[71] After World War II Słowo was moved to Wrocław with first postwar issue published on 1 November 1946.
Czerwony Sztandar: A Soviet daily published between 1939 and 1941.

Starting in the 20th century a new movement started with authors from Central Europe. In Lviv a small neo-romantic group of authors formed around the lyricist Schmuel Jankev Imber.^[who?]^{[citation needed]} Small print offices produced collections of modern poems and short stories and through emigration a large networkwas established. A second smaller group^[who?] in the 1930s tried to create a connection between avantgarde art and Yiddish culture. Members of this group were Debora Vogel, Rachel Auerbach and Rachel Korn. The Holocaust destroyed this movement with Debora Vogel amongst many other Yiddish authors murdered by the Germans in the 1940s.^{[citation needed]}

In cinema and literature [link]

The 2011 film In Darkness, Poland's entry in the 84th Academy Awards category for Best Foreign Film, is based on a true incident in Nazi-occupied Lviv
Portions of the film Schindler's List were shot in the city centre as this was less expensive than filming in Kraków.
Some of the Austrian road-movie Blue Moon was shot in Lviv.
Parts of the film and novel Everything Is Illuminated take place in Lviv.
Brian R. Banks' Muse & Messiah: The Life, Imagination & Legacy of Bruno Schulz (1892–1942) has several pages which discuss the history and cultural-social life of the Lviv region. The book includes a CD-ROM with many old and new photographs and the first English map of nearby Drohobych.
The book The Girl in the Green Sweater: A Life in Holocaust's Shadow by Krystyna Chiger takes place in Lviv.
Large parts of 1997 film The Truce depicting Primo Levi's war experiences were shot in Lviv.
Large portions of the film d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers were shot in downtown Lviv.
The book The Lemberg Mosaic (2011) by Jakob Weiss describes Jewish L'viv (Lemberg/Lwow/Lvov) during the period 1910–1943, focusing primarily on the Holocaust and related events.
In the book and film The Shoes of the Fisherman the Metropolitan Archbishop of Lviv is released from a Soviet labor camp and later elected Pope.

Sport [link]

Lviv was an important centre for sport in Central Europe and is regarded as the birth–place of Polish football. The first known official goal in a Polish football match was scored there on 14 July 1894 during the Lwów-Kraków game. The goal was scored by Włodzimierz Chomicki who represented the team of Lviv. In 1904 Kazimierz Hemerling from Lviv published the first translation of the rules of football into Polish and another native of Lviv, Stanisław Polakiewicz, became the first officially recognised Polish referee in 1911 the year in which the first Polish Football Federation was founded in Lviv.

The first Polish professional football club, Czarni Lwów opened here in 1903 and the first stadium, which belonged to Pogoń, in 1913. Another club, Pogoń Lwów, was four times football champion of Poland (1922, 1923, 1925 and 1926). In the late 1920s as many as four teams from the city played in the Polish Football League (Pogoń, Czarni, Hasmonea and Lechia). Hasmonea was the first Jewish football club in Poland. Several notable figures of Polish football came from the city including Kazimierz Górski, Ryszard Koncewicz, Michał Matyas and Wacław Kuchar.

Lviv is also the Polish birth-place of other sports. In January 1905 the first Polish ice-hockey match took place there and two years later the first ski-jumping competition was organized in nearby Sławsko. In the same year the first Polish basketball games were organized in Lviv's gymnasiums. In autumn 1887 a gymnasium by Lychakiv Street (pol. ulica Łyczakowska) held the first Polish track and field competition with such sports as the long jump and high jump. Lviv's athlete Władysław Ponurski represented Austria in the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. On 9 July 1922 the first official rugby game in Poland took place at the stadium of Pogoń Lwów in which the rugby team of Orzeł Biały Lwów divided itself into two teams – "The Reds" and "The Blacks". The referee of this game was a Frenchman by the name of Robineau.

Lviv now has several major professional football clubs and some smaller clubs. FC Karpaty Lviv, founded in 1963, plays in the first division of the Ukrainian Premier League. Sometimes citizens of Lviv assemble on the central street (Freedom Avenue) to watch and cheer during outdoor broadcasts of games.

Lviv is building a new separate stadium from its now already established Ukraina Stadium to host three group matches during EURO 2012.

Lviv's chess school enjoys a good reputation; such notable grandmasters as Vassily Ivanchuk, Leonid Stein, Alexander Beliavsky, Andrei Volokitin used to live in Lviv.^[72]

Notable people [link]

Sholem Aleichem

Monument to King Jan Sobieski, moved from Lviv to Gdańsk after World War II.

Sholem Aleichem, Yiddish author and playwright
Bohdan-Ihor Antonych, poet
Muhammad Asad, writer
Emanuel Ax, pianist
Stefan Banach, mathematician
Yuri Bashmet, viola player
Alexander Beliavsky, chess grandmaster
Anatoly Belilovsky, science fiction writer
Wojciech Bobowski, dragoman and musician in the Ottoman Empire, first translated the Bible into Ottoman Turkish
Michał Piotr Boym, preacher, sinologist, traveler, cartographer, translator, diplomat, philosopher, philologist, botanist, biologist, doctor
Solomon Buber (1827–1906), banker, writer, philosopher
Tadeusz Brzeziński, Polish consular official and the father of President Jimmy Carter's national security adviser, Zbigniew Brzeziński
Martin Buber, Austrian-Israelian philosopher
Ludwik Fleck, Polish medical doctor and biologist
Ivan Franko, writer, philosopher
Aleksander Fredro, poet, playwright
Leo Fuchs, actor
Eugeniusz Geppert, painter
Jakob-Ber Gimpel, founder of the Lemberg Yiddish Theater
Maurice Goldhaber, physicist
Zbigniew Herbert, poet, writer
Volodymyr Ivasiuk, composer
Danylo “Dendi” Ishutin, Dota 2 player for Natus Vincere
Faina Kirschenbaum, Israeli politician ^[73]
Filaret Kolessa, ethnographer, composer
Maria Konopnicka, poet, writer
Bohodar Korotovych, violinist
Solomiya Krushelnytska, opera singer
Les Kurbas, actor, director
Stanisław Lem, Polish writer
Oleh Luzhny, former professional footballer, current assistant manager of FC Dynamo Kyiv
Stanislav Liudkevych, composer
Karol Mikuli (1819–1897), pianist, Chopin's student
Ludwig von Mises, Austrian-US American economist
Richard von Mises, Austrian-US American mathematician
Gabriela Moyseowicz, composer, pianist
Franz Xavier Mozart, composer
Paul Muni, actor
Aleksander Myszuga, opera singer
Karl Radek (1885–1939), political activist
Moriz Rosenthal (1862–1946), pianist, composer.
Joseph Roth, Austrian writer
Tadeusz Rychter, painter
Ruslana (1973), pop singer
Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Austrian writer
Pinchas Sadeh (born Pinchas Feldman, 1929–94), Polish-born Israeli novelist and poet
Markiyan Shashkevych, writer
Myroslav Skoryk, composer
Leopold Staff, Polish modernist poet
Vasyl Stefanyk, writer
Adam Ulam, historian
Stanisław Ulam, mathematician
Svyatoslav Vakarchuk, rock musician
Elena Vesnina, Tennis Player
Debora Vogel (1902–1942), writer, poet
Adam Zagajewski, poet
Gabriela Zapolska, playwright, actress
Casimir Zeglen, Inventor of the Bulletproof vest

International relations [link]

Twin towns and sister cities [link]

Aleksander Fredro monument, moved from Lviv to Wrocław, its sister city, after World War II.

City	State	Year
Winnipeg	Canada	1973
Freiburg im Breisgau	Germany	1989
Rzeszów	Poland	1992^[74]
Rochdale	United Kingdom	1992
Budapest	Hungary	1993
Rishon LeZion	Israel	1993
Przemyśl	Poland	1995
Kraków^[75]	Poland	1995
Grozny	Russia	1998
Novi Sad	Serbia	1999
Samarkand	Uzbekistan	2000
Kutaisi	Georgia	2002
Wrocław^[76]	Poland	2003
Łódź	Poland	2003
Banja Luka	Bosnia and Herzegovina	2004
Lublin	Poland	2004
Saint Petersburg	Russia	2006

Economy [link]

Lviv is one of the largest cities in Ukraine and is growing rapidly. According to the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine the average salary in the Lviv Oblast is a little less than the average for Ukraine which in December 2007 was about 1616 UAH. In 2006 Ukraine's economic freedom was rated at 3.24 (where a rating 1.0 is "freer" than a rating 5.0). According to the World Bank classification Lviv is a lower middle-income city. There are many restaurants and shops as well as street vendors of food, books, clothes, traditional cultural items and tourist gifts. Banking and money trading are an important part of the economy of Lviv with many banks and exchange offices throughout the city.

Lviv Airlines has its head office on the grounds of Lviv Airport.^[77]

Education [link]

The front façade of the Lviv University, the oldest university in Ukraine.

Lviv Polytechnic National University

Main article: List of universities in Ukraine

Lviv is an important education centre of Ukraine. It is home to three major universities and a number of smaller schools of higher education. There are eight institutes of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, more than forty research institutes, three academies and eleven state-owned colleges.

A considerable scientific potential is concentrated in the city: by the number of doctors of sciences, candidates of sciences, scientific organizations Lviv is the fourth city in Ukraine. Lviv is known for ancient academic traditions, founded by the Assumption Brotherhood School and the Jesuit Collegium. Over 100 thousand students annually study in more than 20 higher educational establishments.

Universities [link]

Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (ukr. Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка)
Lviv Polytechnic (ukr. Національний університет "Львівська політехніка")
Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University (ukr. Львiвський національний медичний унiверситет iм. Данила Галицького)
Lviv Stepan Gzhytsky national university of veterinary medicine and biotechnologies (ukr. Львівський національний університет ветеринарної медицини та біотехнологій імені Степана Гжицького)
National Forestry Engineering University of Ukraine (ukr. Український національний лісотехнічний університет)
Ukrainian Catholic University (ukr. Український католицький університет)
Lviv National Agrarian University (ukr. Львівський національний аграрний університет)
Lviv State University of Physical Training (ukr. Львівський державний університет фізичної культури)
Lviv State University of Life Safety (ukr. Львівський державний університет безпеки життєдіяльності)
Lviv State University of Interior (ukr. Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ)

Tourism [link]

Lviv is considered one of Ukraine's major tourist destinations.^[78] Lviv had a 40% increase in tourists in the early 2010s; the highest rate in Europe.^[78]

Tourist attractions [link]

Rynok square.

The Old Town is an ancient historical part of the city.
- Market Square (Ukrainian: Ploshcha Rynok) 18,300 square metre square in the historical center of the city where Lviv City Hall is situated
- Black House (Ukrainian: Chorna Kamyanytsia)
- Armenian Cathedral
- Orthodox Cathedral
- Korniakt Palace
- Latin Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary
- St. George's Cathedral of the Greek-Catholic Church
- Dominican Church of Corpus Christi
- Chapel of the Boim family
Lviv High Castle (Ukrainian: Vysokyi Zamok), hill overlooking the historical center of the city
- Union of Lublin Mound
Lychakivskiy Cemetery, cemetery where the notable people were buried
Svobody Prospekt, Lviv's central street.
- Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet
Potocki Palace

Popular culture [link]

The native residents of the city jokingly known as the Lvivian batiary (someone who's mischievous). Lvivians also well known for their way of speaking that was greatly influenced by the Lvivian gwara (talk).^[79] The Shoes of the Fisherman, both Morris L. West's novel and its 1968 film adaptation had the titular pope as having been its former archbishop.

Transportation [link]

Buses [link]

File:Marshrutka bogdan.jpg

The so-called marshrutka, a typical Lviv city transport.

The public bus network is mainly represented by mini-buses. Large buses are inconvenient due to the traffic conditions of the narrow streets in the central historical part of the city. People call these mini-buses marshrutka (route taxi) and they operate over the whole city. Marshrutkas have no fixed stops and stop not only at bus stops but in other places where it is allowed. The marshrutkas are cheap, fast and mostly reliable. This kind of transport is so popular and convenient that mini-buses are often overcrowded during rush hour. Marshrutkas also run on suburban lines to most suburbs and nearby towns, e.g. to Shehyni at the Polish border. There are also two bus routes in Lviv.

The price (as of August 2011^[update]) of a one-way single ride in a marshrutka within the city of Lviv is 2.00 UAH regardless of the distance traveled. No tickets are provided – and the money is paid to the driver. The price (February 2010) of a ride on a city-bus is 1.00 UAH.

Trams [link]

Main article: Trams in Lviv

A Lviv tram on a small sett sidestreet in the Old Town.

LAZ E183 of the Lviv Bus Factory on the city street.

The first tramway lines were horse–drawn opening on 5 May 1880 and the electric tram was opened on 31 May 1894. The last horse-drawn line was transferred to electric traction in 1908. In 1922 the tramways were switched to driving on the right-hand side. After World War II and the annexation of the city by the Soviet Union several lines were closed but most of infrastructure was preserved. The tracks are narrow-gauge, unusual for the Soviet Union, but explained by the fact that the system was built while the city was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and needed to run in narrow medieval streets in the centre of town.

The Lviv tramway now runs about 220 cars on 75 km of track. Previously in bad shape many tracks were reconstructed in 2006 and even more are due to be reconstructed.

The price (as of February 2011^[update]) of a tram/trolleybus ticket is 1.25 UAH (reduced fare ticket is 0.60 UAH, e.g. for students). The ticket may be purchased form the driver.

Trolleybuses [link]

After the war the city grew rapidly due to evacuees returning from Russia and the Soviet Government's vigorous development of heavy industry. This included the transfer of entire factories from the Urals and others to the newly "liberated" territories of the USSR.

The city centre tramway lines were replaced with trolleybuses on 27 November 1952. New lines were opened to the blocks of flats at the city outskirts. The network now runs about 100 trolleybuses–mostly of the 1980s Skoda 14Tr and LAZ 52522. In 2006–2008 11 modern low-floor trolleybuses (LAZ E183) built by the Lviv Bus Factory were purchased.

The price (as of February 2010^[update]) of a tram/trolleybus ticket is 1 UAH (reduced fare ticket is 0.50 UAH, e.g. for students). It is claimed as of April 2012^[update] that these priced have gone up to 1.25 UAH and 0.60 UAH respectively.^{[citation needed]} The ticket may be purchased from the driver.

Bicycle transport [link]

Cycling is a new but growing mode of transport in Lviv. In 2011 the City of Lviv ratified an ambitious 9-year program^[80] for the set-up of cycling infrastructure - until the year 2019 an overall length of 270 km (168 mi) cycle lanes and tracks shall be realized. A working group formally organised within the City Council, bringing together representatives of the city administration, members of planning and design institutes, local NGOs and other stakeholders. Events like the All-Ukrainian Bikeday^[81] or the European Mobility Week^[82] show the popularity of cycling among Lviv’s citizens.

As of September 2011, 8 km (5 mi) of new infrastructure have been built. It can be expected that until the end of the year 50 km (31 mi) will be ready for use. The cycling advisor in Lviv - the first such position in Ukraine - is supervizing and pushing forward the execution of the cycling plan and coordinates with various actors in the city. The development of cycling in Ukraine is currently hampered by outdated planning norms and the fact, that most planners didn’t yet plan and experience cycling infrastructure. The update of national legislation and training for planners is therefore necessary.

Rail bus [link]

Lviv "rail bus", a motor-rail car

Lviv used to have a "rail bus". This was a motor-rail car that ran from the largest district of Lviv to one of the largest industrial zones going through the central railway station. It made 7 trips a day and was meant to provide a faster and more comfortable connection between the remote urban districts. The price (as of February 2010^[update]) of a one-way single ride in the rail bus was 1.50 UAH. On 15 June 2010 the route was cancelled as unprofitable.

Railways [link]

Main article: Lviv Railways

Lviv's Main Railway Terminal, an Art Nouveau style construction built in 1903 by Władysław Sadłowski.

Modern Lviv remains a hub on which nine railways converge providing local and international services. Lviv railway is one of the oldest in Ukraine. The first train arrived to Lviv on 4 November 1861. The main Lviv Railway Station, designed by Władysław Sadłowski, was built in 1904 and was considered one of the best in Europe from both the architectural and the technical aspects.

In the interbellum period Lviv (known then as Lwów) was one of the most important hubs of the Polish State Railways. The junction at Lviv consisted in mid-1939 of four stations — main station Lwów Główny (now Ukrainian: Lviv Holovnyi), Lwów Kleparów (now Lviv Klepariv), Lwów Łyczaków (now Lviv Lychakiv), and Lwów Podzamcze (now Lviv Pidzamche). In August 1939 just before World War II 73 trains departed daily from the Main Station including 56 local and 17 fast trains. Lviv was directly connected with all major centers of the Second Polish Republic as well as such cities as Berlin, Bucharest, and Budapest.^[83]

Currently several trains cross the nearby Polish–Ukrainian border (mostly via Przemyśl in Poland). There are good connections to Slovakia (Košice) and Hungary (Budapest). Many routes have overnight trains with sleeping compartments.

Lviv railway is often called a main gateway from Ukraine to Europe although buses are often a cheaper and more convenient way of entering the "Schengen" countries.

Air transport [link]

Beginnings of aviation in Lviv reach back to 1884 when the Aeronautic Society was opened there. The Society issued its own magazine Astronauta but soon ceased to exist. In 1909 on the initiative of Edmund Libanski the Awiata Society was founded. Among its members there was a group of professors and students of the Lviv Polytechnic, including Stefan Drzewiecki and Zygmunt Sochacki. Awiata was the oldest Polish organization of this kind and it concentrated its activities mainly on exhibitions such as the First Aviation Exhibition which took place in 1910 and featured models of aircraft built by Lviv students.^[84]

In 1913–1914 brothers Tadeusz and Władysław Floriańscy built a two-seated airplane. When World War I broke out Austrian authorities confiscated it but did not manage to evacuate the plane in time and it was seized by the Russians who used the plane for intelligence purposes. The Floriański brothers' plane was the first Polish-made aircraft. On 5 November 1918, a crew consisting of Stefan Bastyr and Janusz de Beaurain carried out the first ever flight under the Polish flag taking off from Lviv's Lewandówka (now Ukrainian: Levandivka) airport.^[84] In the interbellum period Lviv was a major center of gliding with a notable Gliding School in Bezmiechowa which opened in 1932. In the same year the Institute of Gliding Technology was opened in Lviv and was the second such institute in the world. In 1938 the First Polish Aircraft Exhibition took place in the city.

Interbellum Lviv also was a major center of the Polish Air Force with the Sixth Air Regiment located there. The Regiment was based at the airport in Lviv's suburb of Skniłów (today Ukrainian: Sknyliv) opened in 1924. Sknyliv Airport is now named Lviv International Airport (LWO), and is located 6 km from the city centre.^[85] A new terminal and other improvements are being under a $200 million expansion project in preparation for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship.^[85]

References [link]

^ Lviv is the best city for living in Ukraine – rating, UNIAN (12 June 2009)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). May 2011. http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/33393.htm. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b Climatological Information for L'vov, Ukraine, Russia, accessed 21 April 2012.
^ Iсторія Львова. У трьох томах / Я. Ісаєвич, М. Литвин, Ф. Стеблій. — Львів : Центр Європи, 2006. — Т. 1. — p7. — ISBN 978-966-7022-59-4 (Ukrainian: History of Lviv in Three Tomes")
^ Antoni Schneider, Badania i poszukiwania archeologiczne w Galicji w ostatnich latach, Przegląd Archeologiczny, R.1.: 1876, z.1, s. 16–22; Oleksij Onysymowyć Ratyć, Drevnorus'ki materiały z rozkopok 1955–56 rr. na Zamkovij hori u L'vovi, Materiały i Doslidżennja z Archeologii Prykarpatt'ja i Vołyni 1961, t. 3, s. 115–127 [in:] Łukasz Walczy, Początki Lwowa w świetle najnowszych badań [in:] Lwów wśród nas, cz. 2, 2006, s. 20–21
^ Vołodymyr Vujcyk, Derżavnyj Istoryczno-Architekturnyj Zapovidnyk u L'vovi. Lwów 1991 r. s. 9 [w:] Łukasz Walczy, Początki Lwowa w świetle najnowszych badań [in:] Lwów wśród nas, cz. 2, 2006, s. 20–21
^ Orest Subtelny. (1988) Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p62
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 397-398.
^ Vasylʹ Mudryĭ, ed. (1962). Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka – Lviv: a symposium on its 700th anniversary. Shevchenko Scientific Society (U.S.). p. 58. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai&dq=lviv+Burundai&hl=en&ei=O1ZATdnSF8aZhQfilIizCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA. Retrieved 29 January 2011. "on the occasion of the demand of the baskak of the Tatars, Burundai, that the prince Vasylko and Lev raze their cities said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles'"
^ Basil Dmytryshyn (1991). Medieval Russia: a source book, 850-170. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-03-033422-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai&dq=lvov+Burundai&hl=en&ei=qVZATePjLsHPhAeUorGwCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b Universal-Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit (edited by H. A. Pierer). 2nd edition, vol. 17, Altenburg 1843, pp. 343–344. Works related to Universal Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit at Wikisource
^ B.V. Melnyk, Vulytsiamy starovynnoho Lvova, Vyd-vo "Svit" (Old Lviv Streets), 2001, ISBN 966-603-048-9
^ Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaft und Künste, edited by Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber. Vol. 5, Leipzig 1820, p. 358, footnote 18) (in German).
^ Dobson, Richard Barrie; Walford, Michael Lapidge ; English translation by Adrian (2000). Andre Vauchez ; in conjunction with Barrie. ed. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Chicago: Routledge. p. 879. ISBN 1-57958-282-6.
^ Jacob Caro: Geschichte Polens. Vol. 2, Gotha 1863, p. 286 (in German, online)
^ Cathal J. Nolan. Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization. ABC-CLIO. 2008. pp. 332, 368.
^ ^a ^b Tony Jaques. Dictionary of battles and sieges: a guide to 8,500 battles from antiquity through the twenty-first century, Vol. 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007. pp. 608, 895, 951
^ Francis Ludwig Carsten. The new Cambridge modern history: The ascendancy of France, 1648-88. Cambridge University Press. 1961. p. 512.
^ Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. A concise history of Poland. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81.
^ Tertius Chandler. (1987) Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellon Press
^ ^a ^b New International Encyclopedia, Volume 13. Lemberg 1915, p. 760
^ Paul Robert Magocsi. (2005) Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.12–15
^ Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, Yale University Press, 2003, p.158
^ Norman Davies. "Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth Century Poland." In: Herbert Arthur Strauss. Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870-1933/39. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
^ Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star. Polish-Soviet War
^ Леонид Соколов (9 December 1931). "Л.Соколов, Кто сделал Львов украинским городом? – Украинские Страницы". Ukrstor.com. http://ukrstor.com/ukrstor/sokolov_lvovua.html. Retrieved 25 January 2010–.
^ Mały Rocznik Statystyczny 1939 (Polish statistical yearbook of 1939), GUS, Warsaw, 1939
^ "Text of the 1922 Bill (in Polish)" (in (Polish)). Pl.wikisource.org. 2012-02-29. http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ Magoscy, R. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
^ Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
^ Paul Robert Magocsi. (2005)Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.144–145
^ Robert M. Kennedy, The German Campaign In Poland (1939), Major Infantry United States Army DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DC 1956.
^ Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia, Volume I (1963). Edited by Volodymyr Kubiyovych. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 831–833 and pp.872–874
^ Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
^ "Lviv massacre". Alfreddezayas.com. http://www.alfreddezayas.com/Chapbooks/Lembergmassacre.shtml. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія,
^ І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)
^ ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
^ "Text of Polish-Soviet Treaty of 1941". Avalon.law.yale.edu. 1941-07-30. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/polsov.asp. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ ОУН і УПА в 1943 році: Документи / НАН України. Інститут історії України. – К.: Інститут історії України, 2008. – 347 с. ISBN 978966024911 p.166
^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum^{[dead link]}
^ the holocaust research project
^ The architecture of Poland: An historical survey by Zbigniew Dmochowski
^ pl:wikisource:Umowa graniczna pomiędzy Polską a ZSRR z 16 sierpnia 1945 roku [1] full text of the agreement (Polish)
^ "Official site of the Khloptsi z Bandershtadtu". Bandershtadt.w6.ru. http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ Tchorek, Kamil (26 November 2004). "Protest grows in western city". Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article395652.ece. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
^ Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union by Roman Szporluk, Hoover Institution Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8179-9542-0 / ISBN 978-0-8179-9542-3
^ Національний склад Львівського воєводства за переписом 1931 року
^ Населення Східної Галичини за переписом 1900 року
^ "Зміни етносоціального складу населення Львова" (PDF). http://www.anthropos.org.ua/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1622/1/608-615_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BA_%D0%9A.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ max. "Росіяни та російськомовне населення у сучасному Львові". Homepage.univie.ac.at. http://homepage.univie.ac.at/philipp.ther/lemberg/dierussen_ukr.html. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d According to the census of 2001
^ ^a ^b Heidemarie Petersen: Judengemeinde und Stadtgemeinde in Polen: Lemberg 1356–1581. Harrasso Verlagm Wiesbaden 2003, p. 50 (in German, limited online preview)
^ Universal-Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit (edited by H. A. Pierer). 2nd edition, vol. 7, Altenburg 1843, p. 344.
^ Konversations-Lexikon (edited by Brockhaus). 10th edition, vol. 9, Leipzig 1853, p. 512.
^ Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon. 14th edition, vol. 11, Leipzig 1894, p. 76
^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, pp. 397–398.
^ ^a ^b Der Große Brockhaus. 15th edition, vol. 11, Leipig 1932, pp. 296–297.
^ Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon. 9th edition, vol. 14, Mannheim/Vienna/Zürich 1975, p. 802.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ethnic groups in Lviv, 2001 Ukrainian Census
^ Yaroslav Hrytsak. (2005). Historical Memory and Regional Identity. In Galicia: A Multicultured Land. Christopher Hann and Paul Robert Magocsi (Eds.) Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 185–209
^ 1.2% of 790,908
^ (Russian) Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г.
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^ ^a ^b Polish Embassy The Poles in Lviv continue to be proud of their identity^{[dead link]}, accessed 21:05, 29 October 2009
^ Heidemarie Petersen: Judengemeinde und Stadtgemeinde in Polen: Lemberg 1356–1581 (=Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte, Vol. 61, edited by Osteuropa-Institut of the Free University of Berlin). Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbadeb 2003, p. 37 ff. (in German, limited online preview)
^ L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre, UNESCO — World Heritage. URL Accessed: 30 October 2006
^ Ukrainian Center for Holocaust Studies | Lviv^{[dead link]}
^ Stanislaw M. Ulam, Adventures of a Mathematician, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. ISBN 0-684-15064-6
^ "The Scottish Café in Lvov", at the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
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^ "Lviv – the chess capital of Ukraine".
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^ "Serwis informacyjny UM Rzeszów – Informacja o współpracy Rzeszowa z miastami partnerskimi". www.rzeszow.pl. http://www.rzeszow.pl/wspolpraca-miedzynarodowa/informacja-o-wspolpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi/668,informacja-o-wsp-lpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi.html. Retrieved 2 February 2010. ^{[dead link]}
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External links [link]

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Lviv travel guide from Wikitravel

Official website (Ukrainian)
lvivcenter.org — Multilingual Website of the Center for Urban History in Lviv
wlviv-online.com Lviv Online. The city events guide
Ukrainian Navigational Portal] — Photos and infrastructure objects of Lviv on interactive map
Lviv Map — Download and print
Lviv Rail Terminal — Official website
FC Karpaty Lviv — Official website
Lviv – photographs and information (Czech)
Lviv tramway
“Lviv Reminiscences”, Olena Krushynska’s photogallery (Ukrainian, English, Italian)
Lviv in Photos
lwow.eu — many photos, articles & informations about city and its history (Polish)
Lviv Market Square- Details of the market square
180° High Definition Panorama of Lviv — Gives a panorama view of the entire city at telescopic resolution

v t e Lviv

History	Armenian Statute · Dormition Brotherhood · Jesuit Collegium · First Siege by Cossacks · Second Siege by Cossacks · Lwów Oath · Siege by Turks · Leopolis Triplex · Stauropegion Institute · Stauropegion Press · Ossolineum · Galician Rada · Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia · Prosvita · Ruthenian Triad · Ruthenian National House · Hutsul Secession · Batiars · Lwów Eaglets · Battle 1918 · Pogrom 1918 · Battle 1920 · Secret Ukrainian University · School of Logic · School of Mathematics · Battle 1939 · Massacre of Lviv professors · Lviv pogroms · Lemberg Ghetto · Lwów Uprising · Sknyliv airshow disaster

Religion	Armenian Cathedral · Cathedral of St. George · Chapel of the Boim family · Bernardine Church · Bridgettine Convent · Carmelite Church · Convent of Benedictines · Church of St. Anne · Church of John the Baptist · Church of Mary of Snow · Church of St. Elizabeth · Church of St. Mary Magdalene · Church of St. Onuphrius · Church of the Dormition · Church of the Purification, Lviv · Church of the Transfiguration · Dominican Church · Jesuit Church · Latin Cathedral

Attractions	Arena Lviv · Arsenal Museum · Bandinelli Palace · Black Kamienica · Catholic University · Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów · Freedom Boulevard · Government House · King Cross Leopolis · Korniakt Palace · Lviv High Castle · Lviv University · Lychakivskiy Cemetery · Market Square · Mickiewicz Square · National Museum · Polytechnic University · Liubomyrsky Palace · Metropolitan Palace · Old Town · Pharmacy Museum · Pototsky Palace · Sapieha Palace · Scottish Café · Shevchenkivskyi Hai · Theatre of Opera and Ballet · Skarbek Theatre · Town Hall · Ukraina Stadium · Union of Lublin Mound

Transport	International Airport · Tramway · Main Rail Terminal · Suburban Rail Terminal

Administrative divisions of Lviv Oblast

Administrative center: Lviv

Districts

Cities

Major cities	Boryslav Chervonohrad Drohobych Lviv Morshyn Novyi Rozdil Sambir Stryi Truskavets

Other cities	Belz Bibrka Brody Busk Dobromyl Dubliany Hlyniany Horodok Kamianka-Buzka Khodoriv Khyriv Komarno Mostyska Mykolaiv Novoiavorivsk Novyi Kalyniv Peremyshliany Pustomyty Radekhiv Rava-Ruska Rudky Skole Sokal Sosnivka Staryi Sambir Stebnyk Sudova Vyshnia Turka Uhniv Velyki Mosty Vynnyky Yavoriv Zhovkva Zhydachiv Zolochiv

List of: urban-type settlements — villages

v t e Administrative divisions of Ukraine

Capital: Kiev

Oblasts	Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kiev Kirovohrad Luhansk Lviv Mykolaiv Odessa Poltava Rivne Sumy Ternopil Vinnytsia Volyn Zakarpattia Zaporizhia Zhytomyr

Cities with special status	Kiev Sevastopol

Autonomous republic	Crimea

Administrative centers	Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kiev Kirovohrad Luhansk Lutsk Lviv Mykolaiv Odessa Poltava Rivne Sevastopol Simferopol Sumy Ternopil Uzhhorod Vinnytsia Zaporizhia Zhytomyr

v t e World Heritage Sites in Ukraine

Kiev: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings / Kiev Pechersk Lavra · L'viv - the Ensemble of the Historic Centre · Chernivtsi - the Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans · Struve Geodetic Arc (with nine other countries) · Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (with Slovakia)

v t e Historical Capitals of Rus' and other Ukrainian states

Medieval Ukrainian states

Kievan Rus'	Kiev

Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia	Volodymyr · Halych · Lviv

Cossack Hetmanate	Chyhyryn · Baturyn · Hlukhiv

Grand Duchy of Rus'	Kiev

Ukrainian states after Russian Empire and before Ukrainian SSR

West Ukrainian People's Republic	Lviv · Ternopil · Stanyslaviv

Ukrainian People's Republic	Kiev (1917–1920)

Ukrainian Soviet Republic (ru)	Kiev

Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic	Kharkiv · Luhansk

Ukrainian SSR (since 1917), independent Ukraine (since 1991)

Ukrainian SSR (part of the SU 1922-91), Ukraine	Kharkiv (1919-1934) · Kiev (since 1934)

Footnotes:	¹Meaning (Cossack) states on the territory of current Ukraine

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Armin van Buuren
Van Buuren performing on Queensday in Amsterdam, 2011
Background information
Birth name	Armin van Buuren
Also known as	Gaia, AVB
Born	(1976-12-25) 25 December 1976 (age 35) Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands^[1]
Origin	Koudekerk aan den Rijn, South Holland, Netherlands
Genres	Trance Progressive Trance Uplifting Trance Neo-trance
Occupations	Remixer, Producer, DJ, Composer, Musician, Pianist, Songwriter
Instruments	Synthesizer, drum machine, equalizer, personal computer
Years active	1995–present
Labels	Armada Music (2003–present), Vandit (Co-Joined), Ministry of Sound Australia
Associated acts	Alibi, Dark Matter, Electrix, Lilmotion, Major League, Monsieur Basculant, Red & White, Technology, Triple A, Wodka Wasters, Nadia Ali,^[2] Christian Burns,^[2] Ferry Corsten,^[2] Adam Young,^[2] BT,^[2] Sophie Ellis-Bextor,^[2] Guy Chambers^[2]
Website	arminvanbuuren.com

Armin van Buuren (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑr.mɪn vɑn ˈby.rə(n)]), OON (born 25 December 1976 in Leiden, Netherlands)^[1] is a Dutch trance producer and DJ. Between 2007 and 2010, he was voted number one in DJ Magazine's annual top 100 list of the most popular DJs.^[1] In the 2011 list, he ranked in second place. Since 2001, Van Buuren has hosted a weekly radio show called A State of Trance, which claims to have around 15 million weekly listeners in 26 countries,^[3] which would make it one of the most listened-to radio shows in the world. His 2008 studio album, Imagine, entered the Dutch album chart at #1, a first for a dance music artist in Dutch music history.^[4]

1 Personal life
2 Career
3 Discography
- 3.1 Year Mixes
4 References
5 External links

Personal life [link]

Armin van Buuren was born in Leiden, Netherlands on 25 December 1976,^[1] but grew up in Koudekerk aan den Rijn. Van Buuren started making music when he was 14.^{[citation needed]} He was inspired by French electronic music composer, Jean Michel Jarre, and wished to become a great electronic music composer like Jarre.^{[citation needed]}

He finished high school at the Stedelijk Gymnasium Leiden in 1995, and left for college to study law at Leiden University. While studying law, Van Buuren's interest for making music blossomed, and he began working as a DJ in a local club called Nexus. As his musical career began to take off, he put his law degree on hold, although he did return to finish law school in 2003.

On 18 September 2009, Van Buuren married Erika van Thiel in Wassenaar, Netherlands. They met during a vacation on Crete, and had been together for nine years prior to the marriage.^[5]^[6]

On 12 January 2011, Van Buuren announced the pregnancy of his wife Erika on Twitter.^[7] He hoped the baby, due that summer, would be his "best production ever."^[7] Their daughter, Fenna, was born on 24 July 2011.^[8]

Career [link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012)

1995–1999: Early career and success [link]

In 1995, Van Buuren had his first major success with a track called "Blue Fear", which was released under the Cyber Records label; he was 19 years old at the time. This track, which was produced in the "Euro Trance" mold, made it onto the UK Chart. Another successful track, "Communication" was released under the same label, and became popular in Ibiza, Spain in the summer of 1999. After being signed to AM PM Records, this track entered the UK Chart at No. 18 in 2000.

Armin van Buuren at Lizard Lounge, Dallas, Texas, 9 August 2008

Van Buuren began his DJ career at club Nexus in Leiden, where he learned to play long DJ sets, which were regularly six to seven hours per set.^[9] During school holidays he played more than four times a week. In 1999, he met Dave Lewis who introduced him as a DJ in England and the United States.^[9] His career accelerated, entering the DJ magazine Top-100 in November 2001 at Number 27.^[9] He has played in more than 25 different countries and can often be found on the main stage at big summer festivals. Van Buuren played a record-breaking twelve and a half hour set for Dancetheater in The Hague (the Netherlands).^[10]^[11] In the United Kingdom he performs regularly at Passion (resident 2002), Godskitchen, Gatecrasher, Slinky, Ministry of Sound, Peach and Golden.

In the beginning of 1999, Van Buuren started his label Armind together with United Recordings. The first release, Gig – "One," was well received. The second release "Touch Me," under the name Rising Star was signed to Ministry of Sound in the UK, before the record was released.

By the time of his third release, Gimmick – "Free" was signed to R&S Records, Van Buuren had managed to make his label popular very quickly. Under the surname Gaia he released "4 Elements" on Captivating Sounds, a sub-label of Warner Brothers. Teaming up with Tiësto, two new projects were born: Major League – "Wonder Where You Are?" was released on Black Hole Recordings and Alibi – "Eternity" was released on Armind. "Eternity" received club and chart success and was signed to Paul van Dyk's imprint Vandit Records. Another major collaboration followed this. Together with Ferry Corsten, Van Buuren recorded a riff-classic titled "Exhale" for the System F. album. Released as a single, this track reached gold status in less than a month.

[edit] 2000–2004: A State of Trance and 76

In 2000, Van Buuren started his own Armin van Buuren compilation series. He managed to find a balance between progressive house,and vocal trance music styles. His first compilation album, A State of Trance (not to be confused with his weekly A State of Trance radio shows), sold more than 10,000 copies and contains Van Buuren's well known remix of Moogwai, "Viola." His second album, Basic Instinct featured a new track: "Perpetuous Dreamer" – "The Sound of Goodbye." This track entered the Dutch charts in June 2001 at number 26. Later in the year, the track hit No. 1 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. The third album, In Motion was released 6 August 2001. This album contained the real trance sound and was very popular in the United States. A fourth album, Transparence, followed in 2002. In 2003, he worked with such artists such as DJ Seth Alan Fannin throughout a global tour on Dance Revolution in Europe, selling out to crowds of 20,000 people in Armin's home country of the Netherlands.

In March 2001, Van Buuren started his own radio show on ID&T Radio (traditionally broadcast in Dutch and later English since ASOT 183). In this weekly two-hour show, entitled A State of Trance, he plays the latest popular trance music tracks. His show and the artists he features are popularized by publishing the artists and track titles on his website. This radio-show/website combination has proven popular internationally. When ID&T Radio changed genres in 2004, Van Buuren left and took A State of Trance with him. The show then moved to Fresh FM, a Dutch radio station. It is now a weekly feature on SLAM!FM, another Dutch radio station, DI.FM, an online radio station, and on XM Satellite Radio, channel 80 in the United States and Canada. A complete list of stations that broadcast A State of Trance can be found at the ASOT section of Armin's website. Also in 2004, Van Buuren remixed the 24 theme song into a trance hit. In June 2005, the 200th episode was celebrated in Amsterdam and subsequently aired on radio. The 250th (eight hour) anniversary episode was celebrated in Club Asta in The Hague, Netherlands, featuring Van Buuren, Jonas Steur, M.I.K.E., John Askew, Rank 1 and Menno de Jong.^{[citation needed]}

In 2002, he had a residency at Glow in Washington D.C.,^[9] and he has played all across North America in San Francisco, Vancouver, Houston, Toronto, Boston, Calgary, Charlotte, Chicago, Montreal, Detroit, Edmonton, Atlanta, Austin, Denver, New York City, Los Angeles, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Seattle and at The Necto (nightclub). He has also regularly appeared at Amnesia on the island of Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Spain. In October that year, Van Buuren was voted Number 5 in the DJ Magazine 100 top DJ's. The following year, he jumped up to the No. 3 spot, and held 3rd place for the next three years. His work left him at the No. 2 spot, just below Paul van Dyk in the 2006 polls, and, in 2007, Armin reached #1, heading the 2007 DJ Mag Top 100. He was voted No. 1 again in 2008, 2009 and again in 2010.^{[citation needed]}

In June 2003, Van Buuren released his debut studio album, 76, a 76-minute album divided into 13 tracks.^[12]

Armin Van Buuren performing at Avalon, Boston, Massachusetts 2007

[edit] 2005–present: Shivers, Imagine and Mirage

On 8 August 2005, Van Buuren released his second studio album, Shivers. On the album Van Buuren worked with artists such as Pakistani-American singer Nadia Ali, English singer Justine Suissa and American trance duo Gabriel & Dresden.

On 11 November 2006, he had a live performance called Armin Only in Ahoy Rotterdam for the second time (after 12 November 2005) with a nine hour solo set, where he performed to over 11,000 fans.

In the summer of 2007, Van Buuren recorded and released a live set at Amnesia, Ibiza. Universal Religion Chapter 3, Live from Amnesia at Ibiza was released on 28 September 2007 as a mix compilation on Armada Records and in the US as "Universal Religion 2008" on Ultra Records on 4 December 2007.

On 17 April 2008, Van Buuren released his third studio album, Imagine. It features collaboration with singers such as Sharon den Adel of Within Temptation and Jacqueline Govaert of Krezip. The album debuted at number one on the Dutch Albums Chart. Since the release of Imagine, Van Buuren has been working with Benno de Goeij and DJ-RA of Rank 1 on solo productions and remixes.^{[citation needed]}

19 April 2008 saw the 3rd edition of Armin Only, this time in the Jaarbeurs in Utrecht, Netherlands. The event was attended by 16,000 fans and (partly) broadcast live on Dutch National TV. During the second half of 2008, Van Buuren took this show abroad, with visits to Australia, Romania, Poland, Belgium, and a special New Years Eve 2008 show at Together As One in Los Angeles, U.S.

On 29 September 2008, Armin won the DJ Award for "Best Trance DJ" at Ibiza along with other nominees, that of Tiësto, Ferry Corsten and Paul van Dyk.

On 12 January 2008, Van Buuren was given the "Buma Cultuur Pop Award," the most prestigious Dutch music award.

In 2009, Foreign Media Games announced the production of In The Mix: Featuring Armin van Buuren, a music game being produced in collaboration with Cloud 9 Music and Van Buuren's Armada Music label. The title is scheduled to be released sometime in 2010 exclusively for the Wii console.^[13]

He has collaborated with his brother, guitarist Eller van Buuren, in such venues as Together As One in Los Angeles, U.S., on New Year's Eve 2009, as well as on Armin's 2008 album Imagine.

On 3 March 2010, Van Buuren was awarded with the prestigious Golden Harp, for his musical work and contribution to Dutch music, by the music collecting society BUMA/STEMRA at the 2010 Buma Harpen Gala in Hilversum, the Netherlands.^[14]^[15]

On 23 June 2010, it was announced that Van Buuren's fourth studio album, Mirage was due to be released on 10 September.^[16] The first single "Full Focus", was released through iTunes Store on 24 June at midnight.^[17] The song peaked at number sixty in the Netherlands. One of the confirmed tracks from the album is a collaboration with English singer Sophie Ellis-Bextor called Not Giving Up On Love, which was released as a single from Bextor's fourth studio album, Make a Scene.^[18]^[19] Armin also wrote a song for English singer Seal, but due to the release of his greatest hits album, Hits, the collaboration never came together.^[20]

On 12 September 2010, Van Buuren launched "A State of Sundays", a new weekly 24-hour radio show aired on Sirius XM Radio ^[21]

On 20 October 2010, Van Buuren won the award for Most Popular International DJ presented by The Golden Gnomes.^[22]

On 27 October 2010, Van Buuren was announced, for the 4th year running, as the number 1 DJ, and thus prolonging his title as 'Most Popular DJ in the World'.^[23]

The 2010 edition of Armin Only: Mirage kicked off on 13 November 2010, in Utrecht, Netherlands, with more shows coming in Saint-Petersburg, Kiev, Buenos Aires, Melbourne, Beirut, Poznań, Moscow and Bratislava .^[24]

On 27 November 2010, Van Buuren made his third appearance in Shanghai, China.

On 2 February 2012, Van Buuren mentioned a new studio album in the works on episode #546 of his radio show, "A State Of Trance".

A State of Trance 500 (ASOT 500)[link]

To mark the 10 year anniversary and 500th episode of his weekly radio show A State of Trance, Van Buuren performed at five shows across five continents over five consecutive weeks along with various artists.

The first show was held on 19 March 2011 in Johannesburg, South Africa at the MTN Expo Center. In addition to Armin, Blake Jarrell, Protoculture, Lange, Leon Bolier, and Jorn van Deynhoven were performers. Super8 & Tab were to be part of the South African show, however a flight cancellation caused them to be absent for the event. The event was attended by over 20,000 people.

Miami's show was performed at the Ultra Music Festival on 27 March, and part of the show were Marcus Schossow, Alex M.O.R.P.H., Cosmic Gate, Gareth Emery, Ferry Corsten, ATB, and Sander van Doorn.

Argentina held the third celebration of ASOT 500 in club G.E.B.A Buenos Aires, with Heatbeat, Jochen Miller, Dash Berlin, Markus Schulz, John O'Callaghan and W & W. It was the only of the five ASOT 500 celebrations that was held outdoors. Van Buuren recorded a live video with his cell phone and uploaded it to Twitter while playing his live set.

ASOT 500 was celebrated in the Netherlands in Den Bosch. Accompanied by more than 30 DJs from countries all over the world, the event was attended by over 30,000 people. DJs present included Markus Schulz, Gareth Emery, Above & Beyond, Paul Oakenfold and Sean Tyas. The event was radio broadcast live to over 30 countries.^[25]^{[dated info]}

The final show was held in Sydney, Australia on 16 April at Acer Arena in Olympic Park. It was a sold out event weeks before the night. Artists present included Shogun, tyDi, Menno de Jong, Aly & Fila, and Alex M.O.R.P.H. Van Buuren played for three hours.

A State of Trance 550 (ASOT 550)[link]

In March 2012, Van Buuren performed in six shows across three continents as part of ASOT 550. He began his tour on March 1 in London, continued on to Moscow on March 7, and to Kiev, Ukraine on March 10. Then, he traveled to the United States to host his show at the Beyond Wonderland festival in Southern California. A week later on March 25, he closed out Ultra Music Festival 2012 for the 5th edition. This was followed by the final show in the Brabanthallen of Den Bosch, the Netherlands.

A State of Trance sponsored a tent at the Electric Daisy Carnival at Met Life stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on May 19, 2012, which by all accounts could be considered an unofficial extension of ASOT 550. ^[26]

Discography [link]

Main article: Armin van Buuren discography

76 (2003)
Shivers (2005)
Imagine (2008)
Mirage (2010)

Year Mixes [link]

Van Buuren is well known for his annual "Year Mix" which incorporates clips and custom mashups from the year's most popular trance tracks. Each year-mix consists of about 85 individual releases, edited into a two hour mix which is released on double CD as well as aired on his weekly radio show at the end of each year. According to Van Buuren, each year-mix takes several months to make, including thousands of digital audio edits and hundreds of audio plugins.

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Armin van Buuren - Armada Music". http://www.armadamusic.com/artist/armin-van-buuren/. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Armada Music: Armin van Buuren - Mirage". http://www.armadamusic.com/music/?release=ARDI1688. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
^ "About - A State of Trance". http://www.astateoftrance.com/about/. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
^ "Armin van Buuren – Imagine". dutchcharts.nl. http://www.dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Armin+van+Buuren&titel=Imagine&cat=a. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
^ "RTL Boulevard – Armin van Buuren getrouwd" (in (Dutch)). Rtl.nl. http://www.rtl.nl/%28/actueel/rtlboulevard/nieuws/articleview/%29/components/actueel/rtlboulevard/2009/09_september/entertainment/articles/17092009_Armin_van_buuren_getrouwd.xml. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
^ "Radio 538 | Headlines | Armin van Buuren gaat trouwen | Radio 538 = 102 FM". Radio538.nl. http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=876641/contentid=93396/. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Armin van Buuren announcing the pregnancy of his wife on Twitter". Armin van Buuren. http://twitter.com/arminvanbuuren/status/25106231626563584.
^ "Armin for "Best Dad In the World"!". http://www.arminvanbuuren.com/news/2011/07/armin-for-%E2%80%98best-dad-in-the-world%E2%80%99/. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Armin van Buuren Profile". InternetDJ.Com. before May 2003. http://www.internetdj.com/links.php?op=viewlinkdetails&lid=686&ttitle=Armin_Van_Buuren.
^ "Armin Van Buuren Trance Deejay Netherlands DJ Global DJ". Tranceelements.com. 25 December 1976. http://www.tranceelements.com/djs/armin-van-buuren-trance-music-biography.html. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
^ "Armin Van Buuren Biography". Starpulse.com. 25 December 1976. http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Van_Buuren,_Armin/Biography/. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
^ "Armin van Buuren - 76 - Release". http://www.arminvanbuuren.com/discography/?release=Arma056. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ 'In The Mix: Featuring Armin van Buuren' (Wii) Shows Off Career Mode – Screen, 30 October 2009
^ "Buma Gouden – en Zilveren Harpen, Buma Exportprijs en Beste Nederlandse Lied uitgereikt" (in Dutch). Buma Cultuur. 3 March 2010. http://www.bumacultuur.nl/nl/nieuws/171/buma-gouden-en-zilveren-harpen-buma-exportprijs-en-beste-nederlandse-lied-uitgereikt. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
^ "Armin van Buuren awarded with Gouden Harp". Armada Music. 4 March 2010. http://www.armadamusic.com/news/2010/03/armin-van-buuren-awarded-with-gouden-harp/. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
^ "New single Full Focus available tonight at 00:00". arminvanbuuren.com. 23 June 2010. http://www.arminvanbuuren.com/news/362/. Retrieved 23 June 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "New single Full Focus out now! " Armin van Buuren". arminvanbuuren.com. http://www.arminvanbuuren.com/news/2010/06/new-single-full-focus-out-now/. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
^ Levine, Nick (7 June 2010). "Music – News – Ellis-Bextor switches single plans". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a223927/ellis-bextor-switches-single-plans.html. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
^ Levine, Nick (24 June 2010). "Armin werkte 'harder dan ooit' aan nieuwe plaat" (in Dutch). DePers.nl. http://www.depers.nl/entertainment/489763/Armin-werkte-harder-dan-ooit.html. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
^ van Luling, Dennis (30 June 2010). "Armin van Buuren verovert ook Zuid-Amerika" (in Dutch). NU.nl. http://www.nu.nl/muziek/2281427/armin-van-buuren-verovert-zuid-amerika.html. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
^ Armin launches A State of Sundays on Sirius XM « Armin van Buuren
^ Golden Gnome Awards
^ Armin van Buuren no 1 DJ in the DJ Mag Top 100 again! « Armin van Buuren
^ Shows & Tickets « Armin Only
^ "A State of Trance 500". Armin van Buuren. Dance Foundation. 20 March 2011. http://www.astateoftrance.com/a-state-of-trance-500/.
^ « Armin van Buuren

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Armin van Buuren

Official website
Artist Page on ArmadaMusic.com
Armin van Buuren on Myspace
Armin van Buuren at Allmusic
Armin van Buuren discography at Discogs
Armin van Buuren discography at MusicBrainz
Armin van Buuren at the Internet Movie Database
Armin van Buuren's profile on Trancepedia
Armada Music – the record label of Armin van Buuren
Armin van Buuren – A State of Trance episodes
*Flowd - artist channel on *Flowd network.

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Erol Alkan	Mixmag Number 1 DJ 2007	Succeeded by Tiësto
Preceded by n/a	Beatport Music Awards: Best Trance Artist 2008–2010	Succeeded by n/a
Preceded by Paul van Dyk	DJ Magazine Number 1 DJ 2007–2010	Succeeded by David Guetta

Armin van Buuren

Studio albums

Other albums

Compilation albums

A State of Trance	A State of Trance 2004 A State of Trance 2005 A State of Trance 2006 A State of Trance 2007 A State of Trance 2008 A State of Trance 2009 A State of Trance 2010 A State of Trance 2011 A State of Trance 2012

Universal Religion	Universal Religion Chapter One Universal Religion 2004 Universal Religion Chapter 3 Universal Religion Chapter 4 Universal Religion Chapter 5

Video games

In the Mix featuring Armin van Buuren

Persondata
Name	Buuren, Armin van
Alternative names	Al mine van buren
Short description
Date of birth	23 December 1995
Place of birth	Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands
Date of death
Place of death

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Contents

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Contents

[edit] 2000–2004: A State of Trance and 76

[edit] 2005–present: Shivers, Imagine and Mirage

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