This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)

Throat
Diagram of the Human Throat.
Dorlands/Elsevier	Throat

In vertebrate anatomy, the throat (Latin gula) is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the esophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink.

The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals.

It is sometimes considered a synonym for fauces.^[1]

The jugulum is the lower part of the throat, just above the breast.^[2] The term is reflected in the external and internal jugular vein, which pass through this region.

See also[link]

• Strep throat
• Tracheotomy
• Tonsilloliths
• Throat singing (disambiguation)

References[link]

Look up throat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

v t e Human regional anatomy (TA A01.1) Head Forehead · Ear · Jaw · Face (Cheek, Eye, Nose, Mouth, Chin) · Occiput · Scalp · Temple Neck Throat · Adam's apple Trunk Chest (Breast) · Abdomen (Navel) · Back · Pelvis (Sex organs) Limbs Upper limb Shoulder · Axilla · Arm Elbow · Forearm Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little) Lower limb/ (see also leg) Hip · Buttocks · Thigh Knee · Calf · Crus Ankle · Heel · Foot · Toe (Hallux · Long  • Third  • Fourth  • Fifth) · Sole General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

This respiratory system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since December 2011. Its references may not meet Wikipedia's guidelines for reliable sources. Tagged since December 2011. It may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since June 2009.

Barclay Crenshaw, who is known by the stage name Claude VonStroke, is an American house and techno producer based in San Francisco. He owns the Dirtybird and Mothership labels. In July 2006 he released his debut album, Beware of the Bird. He has produced a 'Fabric' mix, which was released in May 2009, and has also appeared on Pete Tong's Essential Mix Radio show. In 2009, he released his second studio album, Bird Brain.

Bio[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2011)

VonStroke grew up in Detroit, Michigan. He was not into techno until later in life but, surprisingly, was a rapper. In the early 2000s, Claude met up with The Martin Brothers. He soon afterward^[when?] formed the dirtybird label.

Discography[link]

Singles[link]

• 2006 "The Whistler"
• 2006 "Deep Throat" (ITA # 1 / GER # 1 / BEL #1)
• 2006 "Who's Afraid of Detroit ?"
• 2007 "Groundhog Day"
• 2008 "Scarlet Macaw"
• 2009 "Beat That Bird" (With Justin Martin)
• 2009 "Vocal Chords"
• 2009 "Monster Island"
• 2010 "California" (With J Phlip)
• 2012 "Ignorance Is Bliss" (With Eats Everything)
• 2012 "Le Fantome" (With Jaw)

Albums[link]

• 2006 Beware of the Bird

Track listing:

1. Warming Up the Bass Machines
2. Deep Throat
3. Chimps
4. Beware of the Bird
5. The Whistler
6. Who's Afraid of Detroit?
7. Eastern Market
8. Cicada "17 Year Mix" (Remix of Justin Martin)
9. The 7 Deadly Strokes
10. Birdshit (Remix of Frankie)
11. Southern Fried Remix (Remix of Justin M & Sammy D "The Southern Draw")
12. Lullabye (Live Rec. from Poorboy, Detroit 1999. New Vocal by QZen)
13. Heater (Remix of Samim "Heater")

• 2009 Bird Brain

Track Listing

1. Monster Island
2. The Greasy Beat feat. Bootsy Collins
3. Vocal Chords
4. Big n' Round
5. Bay Area
6. California
7. Aundy
8. Beat That Bird
9. Storm On Lake St. Claire
10. Jasper's Baby Robot

Professional reviews[link]

http://www.residentadvisor.net/review-view.aspx?id=3985
http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/claude-vonstroke/beware-of-the-bird.htm
http://music.guardian.co.uk/electronic/reviews/story/0,,1977265,00.html

Sources[link]

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2011)

http://www.discogs.com/artist/Claude+Vonstroke
http://www.myspace.com/claudevonstroke
http://www.ministryofsound.com.au/music_single_coloumn.cfm?page_id=60278922114311003&se_id=115
http://www.dirtybirdrecords.com/claude_vonstroke.html
http://www.sumimanagement.com
http://www.blue-collarent.com
http://www.mothershipmusic.com/index.php/claude-vonstroke

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2011)

John W. Bowman, Jr., better known by his stage name DJ Kool is an American rapper who, in the late 1990s, produced several popular rap singles. Born in 1959 in Washington, D.C., his influence from his years of working the go-go and rap circuits became apparent in his music. During the early- to mid-1980s, Kool worked as a warm-up DJ for Rare Essence, until he was picked up by CLR Records.

In 1996, he recorded his most successful track, "Let Me Clear My Throat," which was released on American Recordings. The track peaked at #8 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1997.^[1] The song prominently featured a sample of "The 900 Number" by DJ Mark the 45 King, (that song featured a sample from Marva Whitney's "Unwind Yourself",^[2] repeated over a breakbeat for six minutes). The song also began by sampling "Hollywood Swinging" by Kool and the Gang. The song is a recognizable dance floor-filler, and the track remains popular to this day^[update]. DJ Kool was featured on Mýa's 2006 single "Ayo!" from her 2008 album Liberation. He was also featured on two tracks on Will Smith's 2005 album Lost and Found.

On November 21, 2009, he performed at halftime of a Denver Nuggets basketball game.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• The Music Ain't Loud Enuff (1990)
• 20 Minute Workout (1992)
• Let Me Clear My Throat (1996)

Singles[link]

• "Let Me Clear My Throat" (1996)

Guest Appearances[link]

• "Be A Man" by "Macho Man" Randy Savage (2003)
• "Let's Get Dirty (I Can't Get in da Club)" by Redman (2001)
• " We Won't" by Will Smith (2005)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Yahoo Biography
• Musicmatch guide
• Fansite
• DJ Kool Video interview with Money Train & Thenkman
• DJ Kool Video interview with DJ Tutor

This article on an American disc jockey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009)

Biz Markie
Background information
Birth name	Marcel Theo Hall
Also known as	The Diabolical Biz Markie, The Markie Kidd
Born	(1964-04-08) April 8, 1964 (age 48) Harlem, New York
Origin	Long Island, New York
Genres	Hip hop, comedy music
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, actor, producer
Years active	1983–present
Labels	Cold Chillin'/Warner Bros., Tommy Boy Entertainment
Associated acts	Juice Crew, Beastie Boys, Digital Underground
Website	www.bizmarkie.com

Marcel Theo Hall (born April 8, 1964,^[1] Harlem, New York) better known by his stage name, Biz Markie, is an American rapper, beatboxer, DJ, comedian, singer, reality television personality, and commercial spokesperson. He is best known for his single "Just a Friend", an American Top 10 hit in 1989. In 2008, "Just a Friend" made #100 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest hip hop songs of all time.

Markie has been called "the Clown Prince of Hip Hop."^[2][3]

Life and career[link]

Biz Markie's career began on Long Island, New York ^[4] in the early 1980s, where he established his reputation for beat-boxing and rapping. MC Shan and Roxanne Shante were part of Marley Marl's Cold Chillin' Records, and Biz beatboxed on Shante's underground hit "Def Fresh Crew" (1986). This lent credibility to his recording career and put Cold Chillin' on the map. In the same year, Biz Markie's debut single, "Make the Music With Your Mouth, Biz", was released on Prism Records. He released his debut album, Goin' Off, which attracted a fair amount of attention, largely due to the lead single, "Make the Music With Your Mouth, Biz". The album also featured the underground hit singles "Nobody Beats The Biz", "The Vapors" and "Pickin' Boogers".^[5]

I Need a Haircut sales were already low when Markie was served a lawsuit by Gilbert O'Sullivan, who claimed that the album's Alone Again featured an unauthorized sample from his hit "Alone Again (Naturally)". O'Sullivan's claim was upheld in a landmark ruling, Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records, Inc.,^[6] that altered the landscape of hip-hop, finding that all samples must be cleared with the original artist before being used. In accordance with the ruling, Warner Bros., the parent company of Cold Chillin', had to pull I Need a Haircut from circulation, and all companies had to clear samples with the samples' creators before releasing the records. This development reflected the increasing popularity of hip-hop and the financial stakes over which releases were set. Biz responded in 1993 with the mischievously titled All Samples Cleared!, but his career had been hurt by the publicity emanating from the lawsuit, and the record suffered accordingly. For the remainder of the decade, he occasionally made television appearances, including guest appearances on In Living Color (including as contestant Damian "Foosball" Franklin in the recurring game show sketch "The Dirty Dozens" and as Marlon Cain in "Ed Bacon: Guidance Counselor") and in a 1996 freestyle rap commercial on MTV2. He also made numerous guest appearances with the Beastie Boys, "Check Your Head" (1992), "Ill Communication" (1994), "Hello Nasty" (1998), and their anthology The Sounds of Science (1999). He also rapped on the song "Schizo Jam", on Don Byron's 1998 release, "Nu Blaxploitation" (Blue Note/Capitol) and worked with Canibus on the first track on the Office Space soundtrack (1999). He also rapped on the track "So Fresh" alongside Slick Rick on Will Smith's 1999 album "Willennium".

In 1996, he appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD, America is Dying Slowly, alongside Wu-Tang Clan, Coolio, and Fat Joe, among others. The CD, meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African American men, was heralded as a masterpiece by The Source magazine.

In 1997 he appeared on the Rolling Stones' song Anybody Seen My Baby? on their album Bridges to Babylon. His part was shortened on some radio versions.

In 1999 he appeared on Len's song Beautiful Day on their album You Can't Stop the Bum Rush.

In 2002, he appeared as an alien in Men in Black II with Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones, essentially playing an alien parody of himself, whose native language sounded exactly like beatboxing. Between 2002 and 2003 he appeared in episode 5 of the TV series Fastlane playing himself as a nightclub DJ. In 2003 he appeared in the international television series titled Kung Faux performing a series of voice over characters featured in a variety of episodes. In 2004, his song The Vapors appeared on the soundtrack of Rockstar's popular videogame Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas which featured an old school hip hop radio station, Playback FM. In 2005, Biz detoured from his recording duties to appear on the first season of the television show Celebrity Fit Club which challenged celebrities to lose weight by a combination of diet and exercise. Biz Markie lost more weight than anybody else in the competition. That year, he was also in an episode of The Andy Milonakis Show.

Biz Markie was a cast member on Nick Cannon's Wild 'n Out, seasons 1 and 3. Biz also does the beatboxing segment, Biz's Beat of the Day on the Nick Jr. show Yo Gabba Gabba!.

Biz Markie began 2008 opening for Chris Rock's "No Apologies" tour. Biz Markie's act includes spinning records ranging from old school hip hop to Lynyrd Skynyrd and then performing "Just a Friend".^[7] Biz Markie's playlist includes the following: "Children's Story" by Slick Rick, "Rapper's Delight" by The Sugarhill Gang, "Billie Jean" by Michael Jackson, "Holiday" by Madonna, "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" by Wham!, "It Takes Two" by Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock, "The Breaks" by Kurtis Blow and "Robot Rock" by Daft Punk.

In December 2009, Biz Markie appeared in a RadioShack commercial, repeating the line: "Oh Snap! Guess what I saw!" from his song "Just A Friend".^[8] That same year saw his debut with Andy Milonakis in television commercials for the commercial Internet service, Tune Up.^[9]

In 2010, Biz Markie appeared on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, providing commentary throughout the series. Biz Markie himself was not included on the list. On November 9, 2010, Biz appeared on The Aquabats! new EP, Radio Down! in the title track. On November 11, 2010, Biz sat in with The Roots on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and performed "Just a Friend" with actor Jeff Goldblum.^[10]

Biz Markie also appeared in the Adventure Time season two episode Slow Love,^[11] which aired on November 15, 2010.

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• 1988: Goin' Off
• 1989: The Biz Never Sleeps
• 1991: I Need a Haircut
• 1993: All Samples Cleared!
• 2003: Weekend Warrior

Compilations[link]

• 1994: Biz's Baddest Beats
• 1996: Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks
• 1998: On the Turntable
• 2000: On the Turntable 2
• 2002: Greatest Hits
• 2006: Make the Music with Your Mouth, Biz
• 2009: Ultimate Diabolical^[12]
• 2009: "Yo Gabba Gabba Music is Awesome!"
• 2010: The Aquabats Radio Down!

Singles[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Biz Markie

• Biz Markie Official Website
• In-depth Biz Markie Interview
• VH-1 Biography
• Biz Markie at the Internet Movie Database

Sore throat

Viral pharyngitis the most common cause of a sore throat.
ICD-10	J02, J31.2
ICD-9	462, 472.1
DiseasesDB	24580
MedlinePlus	000655
eMedicine	emerg/419
MeSH	D010612

A sore throat or throat pain is a common physical symptom usually caused by acute pharyngitis, or throat inflammation, though it also occurs in a number of other situations, such as post trauma and in diphtheria. It can cause mild to extreme pain.

Definition[link]

A sore throat is pain anywhere in the oropharynx.^[1]

Differential diagnosis[link]

A sore throat is usually from irritation or inflammation. The most common cause is acute viral pharyngitis (80%) which is a viral infection of the throat.^[1] Other causes include other infections (such as streptococcal pharyngitis), trauma, and tumors.^[1] In children streptococcal pharyngitis is the cause of 37% of sore throats.^[2]

Treatment[link]

Analgesics such as NSAIDs and paracetamol (acetaminophen) help significantly in the management of pain.^[3] Steroids are also useful in this respect.^[3] The Mayo clinic mentions some tips, including gargling with warm, salty water, resting the voice, and avoiding air pollution.^[4]

Epidemiology[link]

In the United States there are about 2.4 million emergency department visits with throat related complaints per year.^[1]

References[link]