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Polonnaruwa
Royal Palace
Nickname(s): පුලතිසිපුර
Polonnaruwa Location in Sri Lanka
Coordinates: 7°56′0″N 81°0′0″E / 7.933333°N 81°E / 7.933333; 81
Country	Sri Lanka
Province	North Central Province
Polonnaruwa	Before 1070 AD
Government
• Mayor
Area
• Total	3,293 km2 (1,271 sq mi)
• Land	3,077 km2 (1,188 sq mi)
• Water	216 km2 (83 sq mi)  6.59%%
Population (2001)
• Total	359,000
• Density	117/km2 (300/sq mi)
Time zone	Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone (UTC+5:30)

Ancient City of Polonnaruwa *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Country	Sri Lanka
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, iii, vi
Reference	201
Region **	Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription	1982 (6th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO

Polonnaruwa (Sinhalese - පොළොන්නරුව Tamil - பொலநறுவை or புளத்தி நகரம் as called by Cholas) was an ancient kingdom in Sri Lanka.

The second most ancient of Sri Lanka's kingdoms, Polonnaruwa was first declared the capital city by King Vijayabahu I, who defeated the Chola invaders in 1070 AD to reunite the country once more under a local leader.

The Ancient City of Polonnaruwa has been declared a World Heritage Site.

History[link]

While Vijayabahu's victory and shifting of Kingdoms to the more strategic Polonnaruwa is considered significant, the real Polonnaruwa Hero of the history books is actually his grandson, Parakramabahu I. It was his reign that is considered the Golden Age of Polonnaruwa, when trade and agriculture flourished under the patronage of the king, who was so adamant that no drop of water falling from the heavens was to be wasted, and each was to be used toward the development of the land; hence, irrigation systems that are far superior to those of the Anuradhapura Age were constructed during Parakramabahu's reign, systems which to this day supply the water necessary for paddy cultivation during the scorching dry season in the east of the country. The greatest of these systems, is the Parakrama Samudraya or the Sea of Parakrama. It is of such a width that it is impossible to stand upon one shore and view the other side, and it encircles the main city like a ribbon, being both a moat against intruders and the lifeline of the people in times of peace. The Kingdom of Polonnaruwa was completely self-sufficient during King Parakramabahu's reign.

However, with the exception of his immediate successor, Nissankamalla I, all other monarchs of Polonnaruwa were slightly weak-willed and rather prone to picking fights within their own court.^{[citation needed]} They also went on to form more intimate matrimonial alliances with stronger South Indian kingdoms, until these matrimonial links superseded the local royal lineage and gave rise to the Kalinga invasion by King Kalinga Magha in 1214 and the eventual passing of power into the hands of a Pandyan King following the Arya Chakrawarthi invasion of Sri Lanka in 1284. The capital was then moved to Dambadeniya.

The city of Polonnaruwa was also called Jananathamangalam during the short Chola reign.

Present Situation[link]

Today the ancient city of Polonnaruwa remains one of the best planned archeological relic sites in the country, standing testimony to the discipline and greatness of the Kingdom's first rulers. Its beauty was also used as a backdrop to filmed scenes for the Duran Duran music video Save a Prayer in 1982. The ancient city of Polonnaruwa has been declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO.

Near the ancient city, there is a small town with several hotels (especially for tourists) and some glossy shops, and places to fulfill day to day needs. There are government institutions in a newly built area called “new town,” about 6 km away from the town and the main road. The largest school in the district, Polonnaruwa Royal Central College is situated at new town.

Polonnaruwa is the 2nd largest city in north central province. But it is known as one of the cleaner and more beautiful cities in the country. The green environment, amazing ancient constructions, Parakrama Samudraya (a huge lake built in 1200), attractive tourist hotels and hospitable people, attract local and foreign tourists.

One recent scientific observation is that of its climate changes: historically, Polonnaruwa had a tropical climate most of the year, although it was occasionally chilly in December and January. But in recent years the rain and chilliness has been increased noticeably. Although this is surprising to some people, it is more enjoyable for tourists. However, there is a setback: as paddy field farmers can suffer when there is too much rain..

Picture gallery[link]

• 

  Lankatilaka temple

• 

  Thuparama

• Polonnaruwa sandakada pahana.jpg

  Sandakada Pahana at Polonnaruwa

• 

  Statue at Gal Vihariya

• Medirigiriya watadageya 1.jpg

  Medirigiriya Vatadage

• Polonnaruwa ruins 3 nissanka latha mandapaya.jpg

  Nissanka Latha Mandapaya at Polonnaruwa

• Polonnaruwa ruins 4 watadageya.jpg

  Polonnaruwa Vatadage

• Polonnaruwa ruins 7 parakramabahu statue.jpg

  Statue of King Parakramabahu at Polonnaruwa

• Polonnaruwa ruins 1.jpg

  Ruins at Polonnaruwa (i)

• Polonnaruwa ruins 2 atadageya.jpg

  Ruins at Polonnaruwa (ii)

• Polonnaruwa ruins 5.jpg

  Ruins at Polonnaruwa (iii)

• Polonnaruwa ruins 6.jpg

  Ruins at Polonnaruwa (iv)

See also[link]

• Anuradhapura
• World Heritage List
• Sigiriya
• Mahawamsa
• Gal Vihare
• Place names in Sri Lanka

Maps[link]

• Detailed map of Polonnaruwa and Sri Lanka

External links[link]

• Discover Sri Lanka - More information & images about Polonnaruwa
• Discover Sri Lanka - Historical background of Polonnaruwa
• Discover Sri Lanka - Old City of Polonnaruwa

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Polonnaruwa

• Ancient City of Polonnaruwa
• "Discovering Polonnaruwa" - an article in The Hindu
• Galvihara - a unique display of rock art
• Official website of the Sri Lanka Tourism Board
• A list of traditional names of cities in Sri Lanka
• Polonnaruwa - The Cultural Triangle Vistors

References[link]

• Balasooriya, Jayasinghe (2004). The Glory of Ancient Polonnaruva. Sooriya Printers, Polonnaruva. ISBN 955-8158-01-1 (Archeological ruins)

v t e Cities in Sri Lanka Capitals Colombo (commercial) Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte (national) Other cities Anuradhapura Badulla Batticaloa Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Galle Hambantota Jaffna Kandy Kurunegala Maharagama Matara Moratuwa Negombo Nuwara Eliya Polonnaruwa Ratnapura Trincomalee

v t e World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka Anuradhapura · Central Highlands · Galle and its Fortifications · Golden Temple of Dambulla · Kandy · Polonnaruwa · Sigiriya · Sinharaja Forest Reserve

Coordinates: 7°56′N 81°00′E / 7.933°N 81°E / 7.933; 81