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![Rick Wakeman-Six Wives of Henry VIII [Full Album] 1973](http://web.archive.org./web/20121009045820im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/9cxOvwt3XJw/0.jpg "Absolute masterpiece")
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Hampton Court Palace
Hampton Court Palace is a royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in south west London; it has not been lived in by the British royal family since the 18th century. The palace is located south west of Charing Cross and upstream of Central London on the River Thames. It was originally built for Cardinal Wolsey, a favourite of King Henry VIII, circa 1514; in 1529, as Wolsey fell from favour, the palace was passed to the King, who enlarged it.
http://wn.com/Hampton_Court_Palace -
Leicester
Leicester (, ) is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands area of England. It is also the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and at the edge of the National Forest. In 2006, the population of the Leicester unitary authority was estimated at 289,700, the largest in the East Midlands, whilst 441,213 people lived in the wider Leicester Urban Area. Eurostat's Larger Urban Zone listed the population of the area at 772,400 people as of 2004. Leicester is the 10th most populous settlement in the United Kingdom using the 2001 census definitions and the urban area is the fifteenth largest conurbation in the UK, the second largest in the region behind the Nottingham Urban Area.
http://wn.com/Leicester -
Northolt
Northolt is a suburb in the London Borough of Ealing, West London, UK. It spreads across both sides of the A40. The name Northolt means northern wood and distinguishes it from Southolt (Southall).
http://wn.com/Northolt -
Perivale
Perivale is a small suburb in the London Borough of Ealing, west of Charing Cross, central London. Landmarks in the suburb include the A40, a large road that connects Central London with the M40 motorway, and the large Art Deco Hoover Building, as well as St Mary's Church (C:15th century), the River Brent and Perivale Wood Bird Reserve run by the Selborne Society.
http://wn.com/Perivale -
Queen Elizabeth Hall
The Queen Elizabeth Hall (QEH) is a music venue on the South Bank in London, United Kingdom that hosts daily classical, jazz, and avant-garde music and dance performances. The QEH forms part of Southbank Centre arts complex and stands alongside the Royal Festival Hall, which was built for the Festival of Britain of 1951, and the Hayward Gallery. It stands on the former site of a Shot Tower, built as part of a lead works in 1826 and retained for the Festival of Britain.
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Royal Festival Hall
The Royal Festival Hall is a 2,900 seat concert, dance and talks venue within Southbank Centre in London. It is situated on the South Bank of the River Thames, not far from Hungerford Bridge. It is a Grade I listed building - the first post-war building to become so protected (in April 1988). The London Philharmonic Orchestra performs the majority of its London concerts in the hall.
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West Indies
http://wn.com/West_Indies
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Adam Wakeman
Adam Wakeman (born 11 March 1974 in Windsor, Berkshire, England) is the current keyboardist for Ozzy Osbourne's band and also keyboardist for Black Sabbath. Other artists Adam has been involved with include, Annie Lennox, Travis, Company of Snakes, Rick Wakeman, Will Young, Victoria Beckham, and Atomic Kitten.
http://wn.com/Adam_Wakeman -
Alex Skolnick
Alexander Nathan Skolnick (born September 29, 1968, born and raised in Berkeley, California) is an American jazz and metal guitarist. He was a member of the thrash metal band Testament from its formation in San Francisco in 1983 until his departure in 1993. He returned briefly to re-record some old material for the band's First Strike is Still Deadly release, as well as the "Thrash of the Titans" all-star performance in 2001, before returning full-time four years later.
http://wn.com/Alex_Skolnick -
Benoît David
http://wn.com/Benoît_David -
Bernie Tormé
http://wn.com/Bernie_Tormé -
Bill Bruford
William Scott "Bill" Bruford (born 17 May 1949 in Sevenoaks, Kent) is an English drummer. He was the original drummer for the progressive rock group Yes. Bruford has performed for numerous popular acts since the early 1970s, including a stint as touring drummer for Genesis. From 1972 to 1997, Bruford was the drummer for progressive rock band King Crimson. Bruford moved away from progressive rock to concentrate on jazz, leading his own jazz group, Earthworks, for several years. He retired from public performance in 2009, but continues to run his two record labels and to speak about music. His autobiography, Bill Bruford: The Autobiography, was published in early 2009.
http://wn.com/Bill_Bruford -
Billy Sherwood
William "Billy" Wyman Sherwood (born March 14, 1965, Las Vegas, Nevada) is a musician, record producer, and engineer.
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Brad Gillis
Brad Gillis (born 1957) is a guitarist most famous for playing with the band Night Ranger. He was in the band Rubicon during the 1970s before Night Ranger. He has also played for Ozzy Osbourne and Fiona, and has released solo albums.
http://wn.com/Brad_Gillis -
Brian Tichy
Brian Tichy (born on August 18, 1968 in Denville, New Jersey) is a drummer, guitar player, vocalist and songwriter. Since 2009 he has been the drummer for Foreigner although in 2010, he was replaced by Jason Sutter. Tichy began playing drums at age eight and started playing guitar at age 12. His earliest influences include Led Zeppelin, Kiss, Aerosmith, AC/DC and Van Halen.
http://wn.com/Brian_Tichy -
Brian Willoughby
Brian Willoughby born 20 September 1949, in Glenarm, Co Antrim, Northern Ireland is a British guitarist. He has worked with many artists (see the discography below), as well as releasing solo work.
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Carmine Appice
Carmine Appice (born December 15, 1946) is an American rock drummer of Italian background and is the older brother of drummer Vinny Appice by 12 years. He received a classical music training and was influenced by the jazz drumming of Buddy Rich and Gene Krupa early on. Appice is best known for his associations with Vanilla Fudge, Cactus, and the power trio Beck, Bogert & Appice.
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Cat Stevens
Yusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou; 21 July 1948 in London, England), originally and commonly known by his former stage name Cat Stevens, is a British musician. He is a singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, educator, philanthropist, and prominent convert to Islam.
http://wn.com/Cat_Stevens -
Chas Cronk
Chas Cronk is an English singer-songwriter and musician.
http://wn.com/Chas_Cronk -
Chris Squire
Christopher Russell Edward "Chris" Squire (born 4 March 1948), is an English musician, known as the bass guitarist and backing vocalist for the progressive rock group Yes. He is the only member of the group to appear on every album.
http://wn.com/Chris_Squire -
Chris Wyse
Chris Wyse is the current bass guitarist for the influential hard rock band The Cult. He is also the vocalist and bassist of his own band, Owl.
http://wn.com/Chris_Wyse -
Conspiracy (band)
Conspiracy was a progressive rock band founded by Billy Sherwood (formerly of Yes) and Chris Squire (bassist in Yes). The band has released two albums: Conspiracy (2000) and The Unknown (2003), and a live DVD (2006), but is currently inactive.
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David Bowie
David Bowie ( ; born David Robert Jones, 8 January 1947) is an English rock musician, who has also worked as an actor, record producer and arranger. A major figure for five decades in the world of popular music, Bowie is widely regarded as an innovator, particularly for his work in the 1970s, and is known for his distinctive voice and the intellectual depth of his work.
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David Jensen
David "Kid" Jensen (born July 4, 1950), is a Canadian-born British radio DJ.
http://wn.com/David_Jensen -
Don Airey
Don Airey (born 21 June 1948 in Sunderland, England) has been the keyboardist in the rock band Deep Purple since 2002, succeeding Jon Lord. He has had a long and productive career, playing with such acts as Gary Moore, Ozzy Osbourne, Judas Priest, Black Sabbath, Jethro Tull, Whitesnake, Colosseum II, Sinner, Michael Schenker, Uli Jon Roth, Rainbow, Divlje jagode and Living Loud. He has also worked with Andrew Lloyd Webber.
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Elton John
Sir Elton Hercules John, CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight; 25 March 1947) is an English singer-songwriter, composer and pianist. He has worked with his songwriting partner Bernie Taupin since 1967; they have collaborated on more than 30 albums to date.
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Geezer Butler
Geezer Butler (born Terence Michael Joseph Butler on 17 July 1949 in Birmingham, England) is an English musician and songwriter. Butler is best known as the bassist and co-lyricist of heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He was also involved in Heaven & Hell from 2006 to 2010.
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Geoff Downes
Geoffrey "Geoff" Downes (born 25 August 1952) is an English rock keyboard player, songwriter, and producer, best known as the keyboardist for the bands Asia, The Buggles, and also his stint with Yes in 1980. When he was a keyboardist for The Buggles, he played multiple keyboards to achieve a New Wave technopop sound. He was once entered for the Guinness Book Of Records for performing with the most keyboards (28) on stage in one performance.
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Gordon Giltrap
Gordon Giltrap (born 6 April 1948, at the British Home for Mothers and Babies, Brenchley, Kent) is an English acoustic and electric guitarist and composer, whose musical styles cross multiple genres - folk, blues, folk rock, pop, classical and rock.
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Igor Khoroshev
Igor Petrovich Khoroshev (; born 14 July 1965, Moscow) is a Russian keyboard player living in the USA, best known for his work with Yes between 1997 and 2001. Khoroshev appeared on their studio albums Open Your Eyes and The Ladder and the live album .
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Jack Osbourne
Jack Joseph Osbourne (born 8 November 1985) is an English media personality, best known as the son of musician Ozzy Osbourne and music manager Sharon Osbourne, and brother of Aimee and Kelly Osbourne.
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Jack Wild
Jack Wild (30 September 1952 – 1 March 2006) was a British actor who achieved fame for his leading role in the 1969 children's TV series H.R. Pufnstuf and for his performances in both stage and screen productions of the Lionel Bart musical Oliver! with Ron Moody, Shani Wallis, and Oliver Reed. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor at the age of 16 for the role of the Artful Dodger in Oliver!.
http://wn.com/Jack_Wild -
Jake E. Lee
Jakey Lou Williams (born February 15, 1957 in Norfolk, Virginia, USA), commonly known as Jake E. Lee, is an American guitarist best known for playing with Ozzy Osbourne in the mid-1980s and later in his own band Badlands.
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James LoMenzo
James "JLo" LoMenzo (born January 13, 1959 in Brooklyn, New York) is a metal bassist known for his roles as a former member of White Lion and Megadeth.
http://wn.com/James_LoMenzo -
Jason Newsted
Jason Curtis Newsted (born March 4, 1963 in Battle Creek, Michigan) is an American bassist known as a former bassist of Metallica. After he left Metallica, he continued with his project Echobrain, played with Ozzy Osbourne and joined heavy metal band Voivod. Newsted uses the pseudonym Jasonic, which serves as both his alias in Voivod and the name of his music publishing company. He is also the founder of the Chophouse Records studio and label based in California.
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Jasper Carrott
Jasper Carrott OBE (born Robert Norman Davis on 14 March 1945) is a British comedian, actor and television presenter.
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Jerry Cantrell
Jerry Fulton Cantrell Jr (born March 18, 1966 in Tacoma, Washington), is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter best known for his work with the grunge/metal band Alice in Chains, as lead guitarist, backing and co-lead vocalist, and co-lyricist. He has written or co-written every song in the Alice In Chains catalog except for "Queen of the Rodeo", "Hate to Feel", "Angry Chair", and "Head Creeps". He performs lead vocals on his solo projects, and is part of Alice in Chains' harmonizing dual-vocal style. He resides in Los Angeles and spends time on his family ranch in Oklahoma. Jerry is currently on tour in North America supporting Alice In Chain's first new studio album in over 14 years, Black Gives Way To Blue.
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Joe Holmes
Joe Holmes (born June 11, 1963) is a Heavy metal guitarist. Born in New Jersey, he took lessons from guitarist Randy Rhoads in 1979. Holmes joined an L.A based band called Terriff in 1983. Holmes left Terriff to join Lizzy Borden in 1987. He left Lizzy Borden in 1988 and rejoined Terriff, staying with the latter group until 1990.
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John Ford (musician)
John Ford (born 1 July 1948, Fulham, London, England) is an English singer-songwriter and musician. He relocated to the United States in mid 1980s and now resides on the North Shore of Long Island, New York.
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John Hawken
John Hawken (born John Christopher Hawken, 9 May 1940, at Christchurch General Hospital, Bournemouth, Hampshire (now Dorset) is a British keyboard player. He studied classical piano between the ages of four and eighteen at which point he succumbed to the lure of rock and roll. Hawken's first band was the Cruisers Rock Combo (1960 to 1962) but he is possibly best known for his contributions to various versions of The Nashville Teens (1962 to 1968). He was then a founder member of Renaissance in 1969.
http://wn.com/John_Hawken -
Jon Anderson
Jon Anderson (born John Roy Anderson on 25 October 1944) is an English musician, known as the former lead singer of the progressive rock band Yes. He is also an accomplished solo artist, and has collaborated with artists such as the Greek musician Vangelis, among others.
http://wn.com/Jon_Anderson -
Jules Verne
http://wn.com/Jules_Verne -
Kelly Osbourne
Kelly Michelle Osbourne (born 27 October 1984) is a British media personality, fashion designer, singer, actress and model, known for being the daughter of Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne. She was thrust into the limelight after appearing on the reality series The Osbournes with her family, for which they won a 2002 Emmy award for Outstanding Reality Programme. She has also appeared on Dancing with the Stars, in which she and professional dance partner Louis van Amstel took third place, and has made forays into music, acting, theatre, fashion, writing, and radio agony aunt and colomnist and television presenting.
http://wn.com/Kelly_Osbourne -
Lee Kerslake
Lee Kerslake (born 16 April 1947 in Bournemouth, Hampshire now Dorset, England) is an English musician, best known as the longtime drummer and backing vocalist for the rock band Uriah Heep, in addition to his work in the Ozzy Osbourne band
http://wn.com/Lee_Kerslake -
Lita Ford
Carmelita Rossana Ford AKA Lita Gillette (born September 19, 1958) is a British-born, American rock musician and singer who was the lead guitarist for The Runaways and achieved popularity for her solo career between the 1980s and late 2000s.
http://wn.com/Lita_Ford -
Mike Bordin
Mike Bordin (born November 27, 1962 in San Francisco, California) is the co-founder and drummer of rock band Faith No More. He is also known for playing with Ozzy Osbourne. As a left-handed drummer, he notably plays with a right-handed kit with his ride cymbal on the left. He is noted for his distinctive long dreadlocks, and for playing in shorts while shirtless at concerts.
http://wn.com/Mike_Bordin -
Mike Inez
Michael "Mike" Inez (born May 14, 1966, in San Fernando, California) is a rock musician best known for his role as the bassist of Alice in Chains. Inez has also worked with other popular musical acts such as Ozzy Osbourne, Black Label Society, and Heart. Inez is of Filipino ancestry.
http://wn.com/Mike_Inez -
Nina Carter
Nina Carter (born 4 October 1952) is an English former 1970s Page Three girl and occasional singer. She currently runs an image consultancy and works as a life coach.
http://wn.com/Nina_Carter -
Oliver Wakeman
Oliver Wakeman (26 February 1972) is a keyboardist best-known as a member of Yes, where he replaced his father, Rick Wakeman.
http://wn.com/Oliver_Wakeman -
Ozzy Osbourne
John Michael "Ozzy" Osbourne (born 3 December 1948) is an English singer-songwriter whose career has spanned over 40 years.
http://wn.com/Ozzy_Osbourne -
Patrick Moraz
Patrick Philippe Moraz (born June 24, 1948 in Villars-Ste-Croix, Morges, Switzerland) is a progressive rock keyboard player. He is best known as the keyboardist for the progressive rock band Yes, from 1974 to 1976, and the Moody Blues from 1978 to 1991. He was classically trained at the Conservatory of Lausanne, but played jazz primarily before entering progressive rock and has been highly acclaimed for his virtuosity.
http://wn.com/Patrick_Moraz -
Paul Simon
Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter.
http://wn.com/Paul_Simon -
Pete Way
'''Peter 'Pete' Frederick Way''' (born 7 August 1951, in Enfield, Middlesex) is a bass player.
http://wn.com/Pete_Way -
Peter Banks
:For the keyboard player Peter Banks, see the entry for the band After the Fire.
http://wn.com/Peter_Banks -
Phil Soussan
Phil Soussan (born June 23, 1961 in London, England) is a bass guitarist, songwriter and producer who has gained noteriety as a member of a host of famed rock and roll bands, including some who have been fronted by such vocalists as Ozzy Osbourne, Billy Idol, Vince Neil, Johnny Hallyday and John Waite, as well as a membership in Beggars & Thieves. Soussan has also played in bands featuring Jimmy Page, Steve Lukather, Edgar Winter and Richie Kotzen.
http://wn.com/Phil_Soussan -
Randy Castillo
http://wn.com/Randy_Castillo -
Randy Rhoads
http://wn.com/Randy_Rhoads -
Rick Wakeman
Richard Christopher Wakeman (born 18 May 1949) is an English keyboard player, composer, and songwriter. He is known for being the keyboardist for progressive rock band Yes, his solo career, and latterly as a contributor to the BBC Television comedy show Grumpy Old Men.
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman -
Robert Moog
Dr. Robert Arthur Moog (, respell|), commonly called Bob Moog (May 23, 1934 – August 21, 2005) was an American pioneer of electronic music, best known as the inventor of the Moog synthesizer.
http://wn.com/Robert_Moog -
Rod Coombes
Rod Coombes (born May 15, 1946) is an English singer-songwriter and musician.
http://wn.com/Rod_Coombes -
Ron Chesterman
http://wn.com/Ron_Chesterman -
Rudy Sarzo
http://wn.com/Rudy_Sarzo -
Sandy Denny
Sandy Denny (6 January 1947 – 21 April 1978), born Alexandra Elene Maclean Denny, was an English singer and songwriter who has been described by Allmusic's Richie Unterberger as "the pre-eminent British folk rock singer".
http://wn.com/Sandy_Denny -
Steve Vai
Steven Siro "Steve" Vai (born June 6, 1960) is a three time Grammy Award-winning Italian-American rock guitarist, songwriter, vocalist and producer. After starting his professional career as a music transcriptionist for Frank Zappa, Vai recorded and toured in Zappa's band for two years, from 1980 to 1982. The guitarist began a solo career in 1983 and has released 13 solo albums as of 2008. Apart from his work with Frank Zappa, Vai has also recorded and toured with Public Image Ltd., Alcatrazz, David Lee Roth, and Whitesnake. Vai has been a regular touring member of the G3 Concert Tour which began in 1996. In 1999 Vai started his own record label, Favored Nations, intending to showcase, as Vai describes, "...artists that have attained the highest performance level on their chosen instruments."
http://wn.com/Steve_Vai -
The Syn
The Syn are an English band that were active from 1965 to 1967, and then reunited as a progressive rock band in 2004. Chris Welch, in his book, Close to the Edge: The Story of Yes wrote, "The Syn were very similar to Yes in fact. It was very much a precursor of Yes."
http://wn.com/The_Syn -
Tom Brislin
Tom Brislin is an American keyboardist, vocalist, songwriter, and producer from New Jersey. He is the founding member of the rock band Spiraling, and plays or has played keyboards with several well-known acts. Brislin is currently a Contributing Editor for Keyboard Magazine[http://www.keyboardmag.com/biography/tom-brislin/66].
http://wn.com/Tom_Brislin -
Tommy Clufetos
Tommy Clufetos (born December 30, 1979) Currently plays drums for Ozzy Osbourne, and previously played for famous rock artists Ted Nugent and Alice Cooper. He also played drums for Rob Zombie, and was featured on the 2006 album Educated Horses, Zombie's first live release, 2007's Zombie Live and 2010's Hellbilly Deluxe 2. In March 2010 it was announced that Tommy had quit Rob Zombie and been replaced by Joey Jordison of Slipknot for the forthcoming Zombie tours. Tommy is now drumming for Ozzy Osbourne replacing drummer Mike Bordin who is currently touring with Faith No More.
http://wn.com/Tommy_Clufetos -
Tony Hooper
Tony Hooper is an English singer-songwriter and musician. He is best known as a founder-member of Strawbs together with Dave Cousins. He left Strawbs in 1972 after their album Grave New World when it became obvious that the band was moving further away from its folk roots towards rock and progressive rock. He rejoined for a 10-year stint in 1983. Tony has been the guitarist in the Ceilidh & Barn-Dance Band [http://www.pitchforkband.co.uk Pitchfork] since 1984 and is also a member of Misalliance.
http://wn.com/Tony_Hooper -
Tony Iommi
Francis Anthony "Tony" Iommi (born 19 February 1948, in Aston, Birmingham, England) is an English guitarist and songwriter best known as the founding member of pioneering heavy metal band Black Sabbath, and the sole constant band member through multiple personnel changes.
http://wn.com/Tony_Iommi -
Tony Kaye (musician)
Tony Kaye (born Anthony John Selvidge, 11 January 1946, Leicester, England) is a British musician.
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Trevor Rabin
http://wn.com/Trevor_Rabin -
Wives of Henry VIII
The wives of Henry VIII were the six queens consort married to Henry VIII of England between 1509 and 1547.
http://wn.com/Wives_of_Henry_VIII -
Zakk Wylde
Zakk Wylde (born Jeffrey Phillip Wielandt; January 14, 1967 in Bayonne, New Jersey) is an American musician and songwriter, who is best known as the former guitarist for Ozzy Osbourne and founder of the heavy metal band Black Label Society. He was the lead guitarist and vocalist in Pride & Glory, who released one self-titled album in 1994 before disbanding. As a solo artist he released Book of Shadows in 1996.
http://wn.com/Zakk_Wylde
Wakeman, Rick Filmography
- Mercury (2013)
- The Haunting of Harry Payne (2012)
- Emerson: Pictures of an Exhibitionist (2012)
- Grandma (2011)
- Forever Young: How Rock 'n' Roll Grew Up (2010)
- The HAB Theory (2010)
- Prog Rock Britannia (2009)
- Grumpy Old Picture Show (2008)
- Countdown: One Last Consonant Please, Carol (2008)
- Amazing Grace (2007)
- Classic Artists: Yes (2007)
- Yes: Live at Montreux 2003 (2007)
- The Other Side of Rick Wakeman (2007)
- Amazing Journey: The Story of The Who (2007)
- Rick Wakeman: Made in Cuba (2006)
- Grumpy Old New Year (2006)
- Songs from Tsongas: Yes 35th Anniversary Concert (2005)
- Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony (2005)
- Have I Got News for You: The Best of the Guest Presenters - Volume 2 (2005)
- Jon Anderson: Tour of the Universe (2005)
- Mr Countdown: A Tribute to Richard Whiteley (2005)
- The Wonderful World of Whiteley (2005)
- Shameful Secrets of the 70s (2005)
- Moog (2004)
- Yes: Acoustic (2004)
- Blood on the Turntable (2004)
- Body and Soul (2004)
- Yes: Acoustic (2004)
- Out There (2004)
- Yesspeak (2003)
- Richard Whiteley: Television Man (2003)
- The Old Grey Whistle Test: Vol. 2 (2003)
- God Save the Queen: the Soundtrack to the Summer of '77 (2002)
- Alone (2002)
- Roger Dean: Views (2001)
- Yes: Keys to Ascension (2001)
- Rick Wakeman: Live in Buenos Aires (2001)
- Roger Dean: Views (2001)
- Rick Wakeman: The Legend Live in Concert 2000 (2000)
- My Favourite Hymns (1998)
- Live at Jongleurs (1997)
- Midnight in Saint Petersburg (1996)
- Perry & Croft: The Sitcoms (1995)
- Bullet to Beijing (1995)
- Bygones (1994)
- An Audience with Jimmy Tarbuck (1994)
- Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe: An Evening of Yes Music Plus (1994)
- Rick Wakeman: The Classical Connection (1991)
- Yesshows '91: Union Tour Live (1991)
- Yes: Greatest Video Hits (1991)
- YesYears (1991)
- Cue the Music (1991)
- Rick Wakeman: Live (1990)
- In the Big Dream (1989)
- The Day After the Fair (1987)
- Hero: The Official Film of the 1986 FIFA World Cup (1987)
- Crimes of Passion (1984)
- G'olé! (1984)
- Database (1984)
- Through the Keyhole (1983)
- GasTank (1982)
- She (1982)
- The Burning (1981)
- My Son, My Son (1979)
- Yes: Live in Philadelphia 1979 (1979)
- White Rock (1977)
- Lisztomania (1975)
- Yessongs (1975)
- Lisztomania (1975)
- Rick Wakeman in Concert: Journey to the Centre of the Earth (1975)
- Rick Wakeman in Concert: Journey to the Centre of the Earth (1975)
- Una fórmula para correr (1975)
- Sounding Out: Yes (1972)
- The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
Karaoke:
Lyrics:
- A Vision
- Africa East
- African Bach
- After Prayers
- And You And I
- Anthem
- Brainstorm
- Buried Alive (ozzy Osbourne)
- Don't Touch The Merchandise
- Elegy: Written In A Country Churchyard
- Face In The Crowd
- Is Anybody There (bonnie Tyler)
- Jericho
- Jonah
- Julia
- Just A Game
- Liberty
- Love's Dream
- Magna Charter
- Men In Suits
- Merlin The Magician
- Message Of Mine
- Music Reincarnate Part I: The Warning
- Music Reincarnate: The Maker
- Music Reincarnate: The Realisation
- Music Reincarnate: The Reaper
- Music Reincarnate: The Spaceman
- My Homeland
- Never Is A Long Long Time (trevor Rabin)
- No Earthly Connection-the Prisoner
- No Name
- Parables
- Peace At Last
- Recollection
- Robot Man
- Sir Galahad
- Sir Lancelot And The Black Knight
- The 23rd Psalm
- The Betrayal
- The Creation
- The Lost Cycle
- The Proles
- The Return Overture
- The Ten Commandments
- The Volcano
- Your Song
- The End Of The Return
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- A Voyage of Discovery
- Once Upon a Time
- The First Dawn
- The Ice Age
- Distant Dreams
- Melodrama
- Sepia Moments
- To Those We Loved
- Victoriana
- Eden
- Perchance to Dream
- One Journey
- Mystical Tales
- Ave Maria
- Glory
- The Piano Messiah
- The Granary Canon
- Beautiful Saviour
- Jesu Joy of Man's Desiring
- My Redeemer
- Moods of Morning
- Always With You
- Kum-Ba-Ya
- Gone but Not Forgotton
- Stairway to Heaven
- Living Tree, Part 1
- Morning Star
- House of Freedom
- Living Tree, Part 2
- Anyway and Always
- 23/24/11
- Forever
- Garden
- Just One Man
- The Savannah Bird
- Caesar Augustus
- The Kiss
- Hermes
- The Thinker
- David
- The Discus Thrower
- The Last of England
- Spring
- The Death of Chatterton
- The Light of the World
- Work
- By Angle Tarn
- Maddie Goes West
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The Six Wives of Henry VIII - Live at Hampton Court Palace - 2nd May 2009
Released 2009
Released 2009
- Tudorture
- Intro to Catherine of Aragon
- Catherine of Aragon
- Intro to Kathryn Howard
- Kathryn Howard
- Intro to Jane Seymour
- Jane Seymour
- Intro to Defender of the Faith
- Defender of the Faith
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The Six Wives of Henry VIII - Live at Hampton Court Palace - 1st May 2009
Released 2009
Released 2009
- Revealing Science Of God
- Long Distance Runaround
- America
- Roundabout
- Going For The One
- Owner Of A Lonely Heart
- And You And I
- Wondrous Stories
- Awaken
- International Flag
- The Dove (Opening Ceremony)
- Wayward Spirit
- Latin Reel (Theme From G'Ole)
- Red Island
- Spanish Holiday
- No Possibla
- Shadows
- Black Pearls
- Frustration
- Spanish Montage
- G'Ole
- Just Another Day
- Mr. Lonely
- One in the Eye
- Men in Suits
- Leave the Blindfold
- Waveform
- Retrospective
- Homage to the Doctor
- Can You Smell Burning?
- The Stalker
- Soul Mortality
- Dance of the Imps
- Gifts From Heaven
- The All Mighty Almighty
- Dawn and Dusk
- The Da Vinci Variations
- Elizabethan Rock
- Catherine Howard
- Starship Trooper / Wurm
- Paint it Black
- The Myths & Legends .. Excerpt (a) King Arthur Overture (b) Arthur
- Lancelot & The Black Knight
- Jane Seymour
- Eleanor Rigby
- Journey to the Centre of the Earth Excerpt
- Merlin the Magician
- Catherine Howard
- Elizabethan Rock
- Starship Trooper / Wurm
- The Fighter
- Fields of Green
- Paint It Black
- Oriental Iceman
- The Myths & Legends of King Arthur & The Knights of the Round Table: A - King Arthur Overture / B - Arthur / C - The Last Battle
- Catherine Howard
- Nine Ice Groove
- In The Frame
- Ice Pie
- Lure Of The Wild
- Dancing On Snowflakes
- Eleanor Rigby
- Frost In Space
- Harlem Slalom
- A Wish
- A Glimpse of Heaven
- Catherine Howard
- Morning Has Broken
- Wonderous Stories
- St. Michael's Isle / Chapel Hill
- Space Oddity / Life on Mars
- The Meeting / And You and I
- Merlin the Magician
- Gone But Not Forgotten
- Journey to the Centre of the Earth
- Buried Alive
- Jane Seymour
- No Earthly Connection/The Prisoner
- Catherine Parr
- The Visit/Return of the Phantom
- Starship Trooper/Wurm
- Pachabel's Canon in D
- Birdman of Alcatraz
- Catherine Howard/Catherine of Aragon
- Seasons of Change
- Jane Seymour
- The Nursery Rhyme Concerto
- Merlin the Magician
- Children of Chernobyl
- The Recollection/Dance of a Thousand Lights
- And You and I/Wonderous Stories
- Guinevere/Lancelot and the Black Knight
- Help/Eleanor Rigby
- Clair de Lune
- Lure of the Wild
- Catherine Howard
- Eleanor Rigby
- Past and Present
- The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table
- Catherine Parr
- White Castles
- Glacier Valleys
- The Porcelain Doll
- The Snowcat
- Pillars of Hope
- A Fountain of Tears
- The Figurine
- The Dancing Pierrot
- A Castle of Dreams
- Oriental Iceman
- Ice Pie
- Dancing on Snowflakes
- Nine Ice Groove
- In the Frame
- Harlem Slalom
- Frost in Space
- The Snow Leopard
- Tuatara
- The Desert Lizard
- The Pond Skater
- Lacemakers
- The Salamander
- Chameleons
- The Christmas Wren
- The Chrysalis
- The Opening Line
- Return of the Prophet
- Megalomania
- Gemini
- The Bear
- Dylic
- Freefall
- Three Wives
- Fremiet's Cat
- Fanfare
- Bassolla
- Nothing Left to Say
- Latin Cycle
- Ambient Loop
- Without Love
- Section Seven
- Hall of Fame
- On Our Way
- Forever and Ever
- Freefall
- Starship Trooper
- The Promise of Love
- The Spanish Wizard
- The Never Ending Road
- The Fighter
- Tell Me Why
- The Rope Trick
- The Niceman
- Fields of Green
- Gnash
- Balance of Power
- Wings of Fortune
- Static
- The Party
- Wired for Sound
- Juliet
- Tubular Balls
- Carlos
- The Love That I Know
- The Jig
- Lure of the Wild
- Catherine Howard
- Eleanor Rigby
- Past and Present
- The Myths & Legends of King Arthur & The Knights of the Round Table
- Catherine Parr
- Roundabout
- Wondrous Stories
- Don't Kill the Whale
- Going for the One
- Siberian Khatru
- Madrigal
- Starship Trooper
- A Wish
- Hymn Of Hope
- A Prayer For Creation
- A Cry Without Tears
- A Prayer For All
- The Answer
- The Empty Vessel
- Silent Prayer
- Devotion
- The Lord's Prayer
- Prayers Of Prophets
- Stay With Me
- The Only God
- I Can Hear You
- Evening Prayer
- A Final Wish
- Lakeland Walks
- Wild Moors
- Harvest Festival
- The Glade
- Dandelion Dreams
- Ducks and Drakes
- Green to Gold
- Stepping Stones
- Morning Haze
- Waterfalls
- The Spring
- Quiet Valleys
- Nature Trails
- Heather Carpets
- Gone but Not Forgotten
- After the Ball
- Elgin Mansions
- Sea Horses
- The Hymn
- "The 1984 Trilogy" 1984 Overture
- Merlin the Magician
- Catherine Howard
- Catherine of Aragon
- Finale (Incorporating Julia)
- Floating Clouds
- Still Waters
- The Dream
- The Sleeping Village
- Sea of Tranquility
- Peace
- Sunset
- Dying Embers
- Dusk
- Evening Moods
- Magna Charter
- After Prayers
- Battle Sonata
- The Siege
- Rochester Collage
- The Story of Love (King John)
- March of Time
- Don't Fly Away
- Isabella
- Softsword
- Hymn of Hope
- African Bach
- Message of Mine
- My Homeland
- Liberty
- Anthem
- Brainstorm
- Face in the Crowd
- Just a Game
- Africa East
- Don't Touch the Merchandise
- The Creation
- The Ten Commandments
- Jericho
- David and Goliath
- The 23rd Psalm
- Jonah
- Parables
- The Betrayal
- God, the Word
- Warnings
- The Sad Dream
- Twilight
- The Sleeping Child
- Mr. Badger
- Jack Frost
- The Lone Star
- Rain Shadows
- Fox by Night
- Night Owls
- An Evening Romance
- Harbour Lights
- The Pirate
- Storm Clouds
- Lost at Sea
- The Mermaid
- Waves
- The Fisherman
- Flying Fish
- The Marie Celeste
- Time and Tide
- The Lone Sailor
- The Sailor's Lament
- Custer's Last Stand
- Ocean City
- Angel of Time
- Slaveman
- Ice
- Open Your Eyes
- Elizabethan Rock
- Make Me a Woman
- Rock Age
- Waves (A Special Overture) / The Journey
- Mars (The Bringer Of War)
- Venus (The Bringer Of Peace)
- Mercury (The Winged Messenger)
- Jupiter (The Bringer Of Jollity)
- Circles / Saturn (The Bringer Of Old Age)
- Uranus (The Magician)
- Neptune (The Mystic) / The Heavens Reply / Beyond (The Finale)
- Tell 'em All You Know
- The Opening Line
- The Opera
- Man's Best Friend
- Glory Boys
- Silent Nights
- Ghost of a Rock 'n' Roll Star
- The Dancer
- Elgin Mansions
- That's Who I Am
- It's a Lovely Life
- Eastern Shadows
- Joanna
- The Stretch
- Policeman's Ball
- Stax
- Taken in Hand
- Paridise Lost
- The Box
- Web of Love
- Dangerous Woman
- Twij
- Pandamonia
- Gone but Not Forgotten
- One for the Road
- Bedtime Stories
- Happening Man
- Shakespeare Run
- Monkey Nuts
- Elegy: Written in a Country Churchyard
- Variations on the Fire
- The Chase Continues (Po's Plane)
- Theme From "The Burning"
- Shear Terror and More
- Devil's Creek Breakdown
- The Fire
- Doin' It
- The Chase
- Shear Terror
- The Burning (End Title Theme)
- I'm So Straight I'm a Weirdo
- The Dragon
- Dark
- Maybe '80
- Early Warning
- Spy of 55
- Do You Believe in Fairies?
- Rock 'n' Roll Prophet
- Chasing the Devil
- Expect the Unexpected
- Beyond the Void
- An Angel Spoke to Me
- The Soundtrack
- The Fairground Shuffle
- Robert the Robot
- Standing Room Only
- Tigger the Bounce
- The Temple of Life
- Pedra da Gavea
- Front Line
- Bombay Duck
- Animal Showdown
- Big Ben
- Rhapsody in Blue
- Wooly Willy Tango
- The Pulse
- Swan Lager
- March of the Gladiators
- Falcons de Neige
- The Flasher
- The Palais
- Stand-by
- Sea Horses
- Half Holiday
- Summertime
- Alpha Sleep
- March of the Child Soldiers
- The Gospel According to St. Matthew, Part One: The Baptism
- The Gospel According to St. Matthew, Part Two: The Welcoming
- The Gospel According to St. Matthew, Part Three: The Sermon on the Mount
- The Gospel According to St. Matthew, Part Four: The Lord's Prayer
- The Gospel According to St. Mark, Part One: The Way
- The Gospel According to St. Mark, Part Two: The Road to Jerusalem
- The Gospel According to St. Mark, Part Three: Trial and Error
- The Gospel According to St. Mark, Part Four: Galilee
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Rick Wakeman Solo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Published: 15 Jan 2006
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
Clip of live Rick Wakeman keyboard solo
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Solo
Rick Wakeman's awesome piano solo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Published: 16 Nov 2006
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
Visit Rick Wakemans website at www.rwcc.com I'm glad to introduce you the king of all the keyboardist, playing the BEST PIANO SOLO EVER!! ... Ladies and gentlemen... Rick Wakeman! post your comment ty
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman's_awesome_piano_solo
Rick Wakeman - Catherine Aragon (2009) from "The Six Wives Of Henry VIII"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Published: 15 Sep 2009
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
For more info - www.eagle-rock.com Rick Wakemans The Six Wives Of Henry VIII is one of the landmark albums of the seventies, a critical and commercial success that has sold in excess of 15 million copies worldwide. In May 2009, Rick Wakeman finally achieved his long held dream of performing the entire album live at Hampton Court Palace. It was the first time the whole album had ever been performed in concert & included the Henry VIII track Defender Of The Faith, that had to be cut from the original album for space reasons, plus new opening and closing pieces. The two spectacular sell out concerts were a never to be repeated event and this film shows why they will live long in the memory of all those fortunate enough to attend. Tracklisting: 1) Tudorture / Henrys Fanfare 2) Tudorture / 1485 3) Catherine Of Aragon (2009) 4) Kathryn Howard (2009) 5) Janes Prelude 6) Jane Seymour (2009) 7) Defender Of The Faith 8) Katherine Parr (2009) 9) Anne Of Cleves (2009) 10) Anne Boleyn (2009) 11) Tudorock
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Catherine_Aragon_2009_from_The_Six_Wives_Of_Henry_VIII
Rick Wakeman - Kathryn Howard (2009) from "The Six Wives of Henry VIII"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Published: 15 Sep 2009
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
For more info - www.eagle-rock.com Rick Wakemans The Six Wives Of Henry VIII is one of the landmark albums of the seventies, a critical and commercial success that has sold in excess of 15 million copies worldwide. In May 2009, Rick Wakeman finally achieved his long held dream of performing the entire album live at Hampton Court Palace. It was the first time the whole album had ever been performed in concert & included the Henry VIII track Defender Of The Faith, that had to be cut from the original album for space reasons, plus new opening and closing pieces. The two spectacular sell out concerts were a never to be repeated event and this film shows why they will live long in the memory of all those fortunate enough to attend. Tracklisting: 1) Tudorture / Henrys Fanfare 2) Tudorture / 1485 3) Catherine Of Aragon (2009) 4) Kathryn Howard (2009) 5) Janes Prelude 6) Jane Seymour (2009) 7) Defender Of The Faith 8) Katherine Parr (2009) 9) Anne Of Cleves (2009) 10) Anne Boleyn (2009) 11) Tudorock
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Kathryn_Howard_2009_from_The_Six_Wives_of_Henry_VIII
Rick Wakeman - Jane Seymour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Published: 08 Jan 2007
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
Live performance of Jane Seymour from Rick Wakeman's awesome 'Made in Cuba' DVD.
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Jane_Seymour
Rick Wakeman-Six Wives of Henry VIII [Full Album] 1973
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 36:50
- Published: 09 Jun 2012
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
Absolute masterpiece
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman-Six_Wives_of_Henry_VIII_Full_Album_1973
Rick Wakeman - Anne Boleyn (2009)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:09
- Published: 04 Jan 2010
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
Rick Wakeman - Anne Boleyn (2009)
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Anne_Boleyn_2009
Rick Wakeman(Live 1987)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 97:28
- Published: 22 Aug 2011
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
The Rick Wakeman Experience date: 01 October 1987 venue: Royal Festival Hall location: London, UK Rick Wakeman Band, BBC Radio Orchestra and Neil Richardson Singers FM Source Rick Wakeman - Keyboards & Stories Tony Fernandez - Drums David Paton - Bass Ashley Holt - Vocals Ramon Ramedios - Vocals & Narration BBC Radio Orchestra conducted by Neil Richardson Chorus - The Neil Richardson Singers 01 Myths & Legends of King Arthur excerpts 02 Sea Horses 03 Welcome the Star 04 The Hour 05 Gone But Not Forgotten 06 Catherine Howard 07 Robot Man Disc 2 01 White Rock 02 Anne Boleyn 03 Summertime 04 Overture from 1984 05 Journey to the Centre of the Earth excerpts 06 After the Ball 07 Merlin the Magician
http://wn.com/Rick_WakemanLive_1987
RICK WAKEMAN - Anne Boleyn
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Published: 08 Oct 2008
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
The Six Wives of Henry VIII Anne Boleyn-The Day Thou Gavest Lord Hath Ended
http://wn.com/RICK_WAKEMAN_Anne_Boleyn
Rick Wakeman Arthur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:30
- Published: 03 Jul 2008
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
Song and pics
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Arthur
Rick Wakeman Merlin The Magician
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:49
- Published: 04 Jul 2008
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
Song and pics
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Merlin_The_Magician
Rick Wakeman - Guinevere ( Wembley 1975 )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Published: 15 Dec 2006
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Guinevere performed during King Arthur on ice at wembley in 1975
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Guinevere_Wembley_1975_
Rick Wakeman - Keyboard Solo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Published: 06 Mar 2007
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
Rick Wakeman, best ever?
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Keyboard_Solo
YES - Awaken - P2 (Montreux-2003) - Rick Wakeman
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:20
- Published: 23 Jun 2009
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
This YES concert from Montreux in 2003 is regarded by the band and fans alike as one of the finest they have ever played. Jon Anderson-Steve Howe-Chris Squire-Rick Wakeman-Alan White Awaken (Going For The One 1977) High vibration go on to the sun, oh let my heart dreaming past a mortal as me. Where can I be? Wish the sun to stand still. Reaching out to touch our own being Past a mortal as we Here we can be We can be here, be here now. Here we can be. AWAKEN SUNS HIGH STREAM THRU AWAKEN GENTLE STRONG DREAMS BEGIN HERE AWAKEN MASS .)(. MASS TOUCH STAR,SONG,AGE,LESS TOUCHING Workings of man set to ply out historical life. Reregaining the flower of the fruit of his tree. All awakening, all restoring you. Workings of man, crying out from the fires set aflame. By his blindness to see that the warmth of his being is promised for his seeing, his reaching so clearly. Workings of man driven far from the path. Rereleased in inhibitions So that all is left for you all is left for you all is left for you all this left for you now. Master of things. Master of light. Songs cast alight on you. All pure chance. Hark thru dark ties. As exists cross divided. That tunnel us out of sane existence. In all encircling mode. In challenge as direct. Oh closely guided plan. As eyes see young stars assemble. Awaken in our heart. Master of soul. Master of time. Set to touch. Setting sail. All impenetrable youth. Over all of our lands. Ask away. And as we look. That thought be contact. Forever closer <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/YES_Awaken_P2_Montreux-2003_Rick_Wakeman
The lost Cycle (No Earthly Connection - Rick Wakeman 1976)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:10
- Published: 29 Oct 2010
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
The Brittish keyboard-wiz' soloalbum from 1975. Rick Wakeman is best known for his membership in the 60-70's progressive band Yes and his contribution in Strawbs, as well as other projects. He is also an educated classical pianist and church organist. You can hear it in the excellent and many instrumental parts in his music.
http://wn.com/The_lost_Cycle_No_Earthly_Connection_Rick_Wakeman_1976
Morning has broken (Rick Wakeman)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Published: 16 Jun 2008
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Rick Wakeman on grand piano to this classical song.
http://wn.com/Morning_has_broken_Rick_Wakeman
Rick Wakeman Return to the Center of the Earth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Published: 20 Jul 2006
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
Taken during the concert July 15, 2006 at Quebec Music Festival. A mixture of live video and stills set to the finale music. Created with muvee (www.muvee.com), a great program!
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Return_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth
Rick Wakeman - Excerpts From The Six Wives Of Henry VIII
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:34
- Published: 22 Aug 2006
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
Rick Wakeman and his keyboards. Yessongs concert in 1973
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Excerpts_From_The_Six_Wives_Of_Henry_VIII
Gordon Giltrap and Rick Wakeman - Fast Approaching
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Published: 12 Jul 2006
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
STOP PRESS - AUGUST 2008, GORDON AND RICK ARE IN THE LAST STAGES OF RELEASING THEIR NEW DUAL ALBUM "FROM BRUSH AND STONE" WHICH WILL BE AVAILABLE FROM VOICEPRINT. From the DVD/CD Gordon Giltrap and Friends at Symphony Hall Birmingham. Legendary Guitarist Gordon with Guest Rick Wakeman duet Gordons popular Track - Fast Approaching. Also included on the Voiceprint DVD/CD Apalacian Dreaming, A Dublin Day, Work from the Brotherhood Suite, Here comes the Sun, Mrs Singer's Waltz, A Christmas Carol, Maddie Goes West, Drifter, Heartsong, Lucifer's Cage. Avaialble from www. voiceprint.co.uk
http://wn.com/Gordon_Giltrap_and_Rick_Wakeman_Fast_Approaching
Rick Wakeman Interview/Concert snippets - Part 1 of 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:54
- Published: 21 Jan 2009
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
A Rick Wakeman's interview in Argentina/ He played at Gran Rex Theater at full capacity
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Interview_Concert_snippets_Part_1_of_3
Jon Lord and Rick Wakeman - It's Not As Big As It Was
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Published: 09 Jul 2011
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
For the first time ever, the Deep Purple and Yes keyboard masters perform together. At the Sunflower Jam, Royal Albert Hall London 8th July 2011
http://wn.com/Jon_Lord_and_Rick_Wakeman_It's_Not_As_Big_As_It_Was
Rick Wakeman At Lincoln Cathedral
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:26
- Published: 23 Nov 2009
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Rick Wakeman - Close to the edge (on piano)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:46
- Published: 29 Apr 2009
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
La tecnica "acustica" di Rick Wakeman effettua una rilettura di uno dei pezzi forti firmati dagli Yes nell'oro dell'esperienza progressive del gruppo. Un'esecuzione particolarmente complessa da un punto di vista formale che inquadra al meglio le sonorità e, al medesimo tempo, le capacità del recente Rick Wakeman pianista. Buona visione.
http://wn.com/Rick_Wakeman_Close_to_the_edge_on_piano
Photo: DOD / Public Domain
07 Oct 2012
America's longest war entered its 12th year Sunday, with the anniversary marked by a Taliban statement claiming that NATO forces are "fleeing Afghanistan" in "humiliation and disgrace". The US led the...
Photo: AP / Andres Kudacki
06 Oct 2012
It’s getting tiresome; every other month a Clásico is contested in some competition (La Liga? The Copa del Rey? The Champions League? The Supercopa de España?). At least that’s how it appears. Though...
Photo: AP / Al Jacinto
07 Oct 2012
Manila: The Philippine government and Muslim rebels have agreed a peace deal for the country's troubled south, President Benigno Aquino announced on Sunday, signalling an end to a 40-year conflict...
Photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
07 Oct 2012
October 7, 2012 -- Updated 0717 GMT (1517 HKT) US troops launch rockets during a training exercise in the South Korean border county of Cheorwon on September 13. Seoul, South Korea (CNN) -- South...
Photo: AP / Muhammed Muheisen
07 Oct 2012
Imran Khan says two-day convoy has been a success despite failing to reach intended destination Imran Khan addresses a peace rally in Tank. Photograph: A Majeed/AFP/Getty Images...
Concert review: Rick Wakeman, Bruce Mason Centre
07 Oct 2012
NZ Herald
Rick Wakeman's mum would have been so proud of him. Sitting up there on stage doing a proper piano recital rather than those dramatic and rowdy songs he did with prog rock heroes Yes. Mrs Wakeman - who he dedicates the lovely Gone But Not Forgotten to later in the performance - wasn't a fan of that...(size: 2.7Kb)
Rick Wakeman: Keys to the kingdom
06 Sep 2012
NZ Herald
Legendary keyboardist Rick Wakeman is returning to play his extravagant works. He talks to Scott Kara. It was one day during 1971 - Rick Wakeman can't remember exactly - and David Bowie had invited him round to his house to listen to some new songs he'd written. The pair knew each other well, and...(size: 5.6Kb)
Rick Wakeman to get first Prog God Award
04 Sep 2012
Music News
Prog Magazine who recently announced the first annual Orange Amplification presents the Progressive Music Awards are to honour the legendary Rick Wakeman as the first ever recipient of the Prog God Award. Rick Wakeman is one of the most respected and celebrated keyboardists in the world of music. An...(size: 2.2Kb)
Rick Wakeman wins first 'Prog God Award'
30 Aug 2012
IMDb
Rick Wakeman is to be awarded the 'Prog God Award' at the Progressive Music Awards...(size: 0.5Kb)
BBC News
Progressive rock musician Rick Wakeman is to perform his rock opera The Myths and Legends of King Arthur for the first time in more than 35 years. The former Yes keyboard player's show will be performed at Gloucester's Kingsholm Stadium as part of the Medieval Mystery Play Festival in...(size: 2.4Kb)
An Intimate Evening With Rick Wakeman
08 Aug 2012
Scoop
Thursday, 09 August 2012, 10:26 am Press Release: The Stetson Group Media release: Thursday 9 August 2012 Stewart & Tricia Macpherson for THE STETSON GROUP In association with The Sound present: An Intimate Evening With Rick Wakeman Photo - Lee Wilkinson Stewart Macpherson, of The Stetson Group has...(size: 5.3Kb)
NZ Herald
It's only August but if you're looking to dance the New Year away, it's time to decide where you're heading and book a campsite. Coromandel Gold, one of the festive season's biggest music events, has announced its line-up and branches out with a number of international acts including veteran New...(size: 5.0Kb)
The Examiner
As the prominent member of one of progressive rock’s most important and adored groups, YES, Rick Wakeman is often considered one of the greatest keyboardists of all time. And without a doubt, he is; but, just as his work within the group is often celebrated, his solo output has been majorly...(size: 7.9Kb)
Music News
Van Halen will be playing at Greenwich Village's Cafe Wha? on Thursday night but don't try to get tickets. It's looking to be a journalists only show. It will be their first show since the end of the 2007-08 tour. According to Rolling Stone, the location may have been picked because David Lee Roth's...(size: 2.0Kb)
The Examiner
Former Yes mainstays Jon Anderson and Rick Wakeman will release a live album on November 28 through Gonzo Multimedia. Titled The Living Tree in Concert Part One, the album captures the pair performing live in the UK in 2010 in support of their album The Living Tree. “For many years Jon and I...(size: 4.6Kb)
| Rick Wakeman | |
|---|---|
 Rick Wakeman in 2003. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Richard Christopher Wakeman |
| Born | (1949-05-18) 18 May 1949 (age 63) Perivale, London, England |
| Genres | Rock, progressive rock, pop, electronica, jazz fusion, classical, Christian music |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter |
| Instruments | Keyboards, piano, synthesiser |
| Years active | 1969–present |
| Labels | A&M, Charisma, President Records, Voiceprint, Griffin, EMI, Music Fusion, Hot Productions, Studio T |
| Associated acts | Yes, Strawbs, ABWH, David Bowie, Warhorse, Black Sabbath, Cat Stevens |
| Website | www.rwcc.com |
Richard Christopher Wakeman (born 18 May 1949) is an English keyboard player, composer and songwriter best known for being the former keyboardist in the progressive rock band Yes. He is also known for his solo albums, contributing to the BBC comedy series Grumpy Old Men and for Rick's Place, his former radio show on Planet Rock that aired until December 2010.
Wakeman was born in West London. He purchased his first electronic keyboard at 12 years of age. In 1968, he studied the piano, clarinet, orchestration and modern music at the Royal College of Music before leaving after a year in favour of session music work. He went on to feature on songs by artists including Black Sabbath,[1] David Bowie, T. Rex, Elton John and Cat Stevens. Wakeman joined the folk group Strawbs in 1969 and played on three of their albums. He first joined Yes in 1971 to replace Tony Kaye, and left the group in 1974 to work on his solo career. He returned in 1976 before leaving with lead vocalist Jon Anderson in 1980. Wakeman was part of the side project Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe, a group of ex-Yes members formed in 1989, and the eight-member Yes line-up that followed until his third departure in 1992. He returned for two years in 1995 and once more in 2002, where he was part of the band's 35th anniversary tour until its end in 2004.
Wakeman began his solo career during his first run with Yes. His perhaps most known records being his first three, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1973), Journey to the Centre of the Earth (1974) and The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table (1975). He has produced over 100 solo albums that have sold more than 50 million copies.[2] In November 2010, Wakeman was awarded the Spirit of Prog award at the annual Marshall Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards.[3]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Rick Wakeman was born on 18 May 1949 in the west London suburb of Northolt to Cyril Frank and Mildred Helen Wakeman.[4][5] He attended Wood End Infants School in 1954, followed by Drayton Manor Grammar School in 1959.[6] He started playing the piano at the age of 5 and purchased his first electronic keyboard at the age of 12.[7] In 1968, Wakeman secured a place at the Royal College of Music, where he studied piano, clarinet, orchestration and modern music. He left a year later in favour of session music work.
Music career[link]
Session work and the Strawbs (1969–1971)[link]
Wakeman became an active session musician. In June 1969, he played Mellotron on David Bowie's single "Space Oddity" for a session fee of £9.[8] He went on to play piano for Bowie's "Life on Mars?", "Changes" and "Oh! You Pretty Things" in April 1971 and "Absolute Beginners" in 1985. He also played the piano on the Cat Stevens' hit "Morning Has Broken". In 1971 he acquired an early Minimoog synthesiser, purchasing it at half price from actor Jack Wild who believed that it was defective because it only played one note at a time.[7][9]
In 1970 and 1971, Wakeman was part of the folk rock group Strawbs. His first appearance on an album sleeve was on Dragonfly, the group's second studio album released in February 1970. The band held a concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London on 11 July 1970 where Wakeman performed a solo piano piece named "Temparament of Mind". He received a standing ovation for his performance, and the track appeared on the band's live record released that year, Just a Collection of Antiques and Curios.[10] Wakeman appeared on the front page of Melody Maker soon after, which called him "Tomorrow's Superstar",[11] and composed the theme music to the television show Ask Aspel.[12] He remained in the Strawbs for a third album, From the Witchwood, but left the group in mid-1971.
Joining Yes and start of solo career (1971–1975)[link]
In 1971, Wakeman joined the progressive rock band Yes, replacing their organist Tony Kaye. His first concert with the group took place in Leicester on 30 September 1971.[13] He worked on the group's fourth, fifth and sixth studio albums – Fragile (1971), Close to the Edge (1972), and Tales from Topographic Oceans (1973). Wakeman, however, felt Tales from Topographic Oceans was pretentious and – despite its ambition – insubstantial. He disliked performing the album on tour, feeling the length of the songs prevented the band from playing their more popular tracks. Following the tour, as the band began work on what would become Relayer (1974), Wakeman felt further alienated from the group. Disenchanted with the direction in which Yes was going, and already into a successful solo career, he left.[citation needed]
Wakeman produced his first three solo albums during his first run with Yes. On 23 January 1973,[14] he released The Six Wives of Henry VIII, an instrumental concept album based on his interpretations of the musical characteristics of the wives of Henry VIII, using keyboard instruments. The album was overall well received by critics. TIME magazine named the record one of the best pop albums of 1973.[15] In October 1975, the album was certified Gold.[16]
On 18 January 1974, Wakeman performed Journey to the Centre of the Earth, a forty-minute piece based on the Jules Verne novel of the same name, at the Royal Festival Hall in London. Combining rock with an orchestra and choir, the concert was recorded and released on 18 May, where it topped the UK album charts on entry for one week. The record became a multi-million dollar seller in six weeks.[17] The album was certified Gold in September 1974.[16]
In May 1975, Wakeman released The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, with the album was performed live at the Empire Pool on ice. The show was well received but expensive to produce, consuming much of the income from sales of the album.[7][18] The album was also a worldwide success, reaching No.21 in the United States while going Gold (the third time a Wakeman record had achieved this) in Brazil, Japan and Australia.[19] The album has sold 12 million copies.[20]
In 1975, Wakeman produced the first of two soundtracks for films by Ken Russell, that being Lisztomania; Wakeman would go on to create the soundtrack for Crimes of Passion in 1984. In 1976, Wakeman produced and created the album No Earthly Connection in France.
Rejoining Yes (1976–1980)[link]
Wakeman returned to Yes for their 1977 album Going for the One. He remained until their next album, Tormato, a year later. He is reputed to have given the album its name by throwing a tomato at a showing of the art used for the album's cover.[21][22]
Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe and Yes (1989–1992)[link]
In 1989, he joined with three fellow ex-Yes members to form Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe ("ABWH"). After ABWH's first album, some of the completed tracks for a planned second album were merged with tracks from an in-progress Yes album to create the album Union. Wakeman, along with the combined members of both bands then joined to form a Yes supergroup (made up of past and present members of Yes) for the subsequent tour in 1991. When the tour ended a year later, Wakeman left again.
Fourth run with Yes (1995–1997)[link]
He then returned in 1996 for the Keys to Ascension albums but left before the band could tour.
Fifth run with Yes and Hampton Court (2002–2009)[link]
In 2002, he rejoined Yes and stayed with the band until their 2008 In The Present Tour. For the group's 40th anniversary tour, Wakeman was replaced by his son, Oliver Wakeman.
In 2008, Wakeman toured with a solo show named Rick Wakeman's Grumpy Old Picture Show, featuring an evening of music and stories.
In May 2009, Wakeman performed The Six Wives of Henry VIII live at Hampton Court Palace for the first time, for two nights. The performance was recorded and released as The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace.
Instruments[link]
Although Wakeman is a noted player of the grand piano, electric piano, Hammond organ, Minimoog and many later models of synthesiser, he is well known as an exponent (for a time) of the Mellotron – an analogue electronic musical instrument that uses a bank of pre-recorded magnetic tape strips, each of which is activated by a separate key on its keyboard and lasts approximately 8 seconds. Wakeman featured playing this instrument, to varying degrees, on the David Bowie track "Space Oddity", the Yes albums Fragile, Close to the Edge and Tales From Topographic Oceans, as well as the solo albums The Six Wives of Henry VIII and White Rock. It proved too unwieldy and unreliable for regular touring, and he eventually doused the last Mellotron that he owned in petrol and set fire to it in a field.[23] Undeterred, he worked with David Biro to develop the Birotron, which used the then popular 8-track cassette format rather than tape strips. Because of the advent of digital keyboards at that time, and also because the cassette tape format could not reproduce the attack and decay of musical notes (which the tape strips of the Mellotron could reproduce), the Birotron was never a commercial or technical success. Only 35 Birotrons were produced, and Wakeman eventually threw his across the stage after it broke down mid-concert, an action he now regrets as there are only six remaining examples.[23]
Recent years[link]
Wakeman's track "Arthur" has been used as the theme tune to the BBC's Election Night Coverage since 1979, with the exception of 2001 and 2010. Wakeman's album Fields of Green '97 features the track "Election '97/Arthur" which was used by the BBC for their coverage of the 1997 General Election. The music was revamped for the BBC's 2005 general election night coverage.
His TV career was launched in 1982 when he hosted Gastank on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom. The show featured a mix of interviews with 1970s musicians and impromptu performances where the guest artist would join Wakeman and his house band in playing re-arranged versions of their classic songs or entirely new pieces created for the show. Wakeman hosted the ITV comedy show Live at Jongleurs for 8 years.
Wakeman is a contributor to the BBC Two show Grumpy Old Men. He has also appeared in a number of episodes of Countdown. He has also appeared on the satirical panel shows Never Mind the Buzzcocks (4 appearances) and Have I Got News For You. Between September 2005 and December 2010, Wakeman presented Rick's Place, a weekly radio show on Planet Rock with David 'Kid' Jensen. Wakeman appeared as himself in "Journey to the Centre of Rick Wakeman", the season two finale of Mitch Benn's Crimes Against Music, a BBC Radio 4 comedy programme. The episode detailed a fictional war between England and Wales in 2009 which only Wakeman could stop. Wakeman provided piano for Benn's 2008 single "Sing Like an Angel", which was released on iTunes. In December 2006, Wakeman was the guest host for an episode of The Personality Test on Radio 4. He also appeared on Top Gear and set a race track lap time of 1'55.26. Wakeman made his debut appearance on Just a Minute on Radio 4 on 7 February 2011.[24]
In October 2007, Wakeman commenced a new tour 'Rick Wakeman's Grumpy Old Picture Show', where he accompanies video performers such as Gordon Giltrap and the English Rock Ensemble (Ashley Holt, Lee Pomeroy, Dave Colquhoun and Tony Fernandez). A Freemason, he is a member of Chelsea Lodge No. 3098, the membership of which is made up of entertainers.[25] In 2009, Wakeman became a Patron of Tech Music Schools.
In 2011, Wakeman, alongside Fiaba's drummer Bruno Rubino, has been recording and arranging the debut full-length studio album of the Italian singer Valentina Blanca.[citation needed]
In January 2012, Wakeman appeared as part of a group backing Jasper Carrott on BBC 1's The One Jasper Carrott.
Personal life[link]
On 28 March 1970, Wakeman married his first wife Rosaline Woolford at twenty years of age[26] and had two sons, Oliver (b. 26 February 1972) and Adam (b. 11 March 1974). Rick and Rosaline divorced in 1977, and Wakeman married studio secretary Danielle Corminboeuf in January 1980 in the West Indies,[27] with whom he had one son, Benjamin (b. 1978).[28] He had a daughter, Jemma Kiera (b. 21 February 1983), with former Page 3 model Nina Carter[29] and the two married in 1984 followed by the birth of their son, Oscar (b. 14 May 1986).[30] He has had a renewal of his Christian faith,[31] which began around the time of his marriage to Nina Carter.[32] Nina and Rick divorced in December 2004.[33]
Rick Wakeman had a daughter Manda (b. 9 May 1986) with his long time friend, designer and seamstress Denise Gandrup, whom he first met in 1972. Denise designed much of Wakeman's stage outfits including his famous capes.[34][35]
In his twenties, Wakeman suffered three heart attacks.[21] The first occurred after a performance of Journey to the Centre of the Earth at the Crystal Palace Bowl on 27 July 1974.
In 1980 he was mis-diagnosed as having rheumatoid arthritis in his hands. He only found out in 2008 that the pain he was suffering was just due to sudden overwork after a period of lack of keyboard practice.[36]
A passionate football fan, Wakeman has supported Brentford F.C. since he was a child, and later on he also became a director of the West London club. After a disagreement with the board[citation needed], he moved on to Manchester City F.C. but maintained his allegiance to Brentford. He was involved in the ownership of the American soccer club Philadelphia Fury in the late '70s, along with other rock celebrities such as Peter Frampton and Paul Simon.
He is a strong supporter of the UK's Conservative Party, and performed a concert in September 2004 for the benefit of the party.[citation needed]
Wakeman has been president of the show business charity The Heritage Foundation. The charity erects blue plaques on the homes and/or work-places of late entertainers and sportspeople. He is also Honorary President of the Classic Rock Society, a UK-based organisation helping to promote classic and progressive rock.
Discography[link]
Main article: Rick Wakeman discography
Bibliography[link]
- Wakeman, Rick (1995). Say Yes! An Autobiography. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-62151-6.
- Wakeman, Rick (2008). Grumpy Old Rockstar: and Other Wondrous Stories. Preface Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84809-004-0.
- Wakeman, Rick (2010). Further Adventures of a Grumpy Old Rockstar. Arrow. ISBN 978-1-84809-176-4.
References[link]
- ^ I am Ozzy. Ozzy Osbourne with Chris Ayres. Grand Central Publishing/Hatchet Book Group. 2009. Pages 160-162. ISBN 978-0-446-56989-7. Wakeman plays on the song "Sabbra Cadabra" on the album Sabbath Bloody Sabbath.
- ^ "INTERVIEW: Rick Wakeman's Grumpy Old Picture Show". Worthing Herald. 3 April 2008. http://www.worthingherald.co.uk/leisure/INTERVIEW-Rick-Wakeman39s-Grumpy-Old.3942964.jp. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
- ^ Johnston, Emma (11 November 2010). "AC/DC, Stones, Slash Win At Classic Rock Awards". Billboard. http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i380e27368bb3e68cd49c42cece12498c. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ Wooding, pp. 23–25
- ^ "Rick Wakeman Communication Centre – Biography". http://www.rwcc.com/biogra.asp. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
- ^ Webber, Richard (24 April 2009). "Me and my school photo: Rick Wakeman remembers his first day at school". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1172848/Me-school-photo-Rick-Wakeman-remembers-day-school.html. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ a b c Wright, Jeb (2009). "Henry at the Hampton: An Exclusive Interview with Rick Wakeman". Classic Rock Revisited. http://www.classicrockrevisited.com/interviewrickwakeman.htm. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
- ^ http://bowiezone.com/#/rick-wakeman/4552189748
- ^ A conversation with Rick Wakeman and Robert Moog in the 2004 documentary Moog.
- ^ Wooding, pp. 56–57.
- ^ Wooding, p. 58.
- ^ Wooding, p. 66.
- ^ Wooding, p. 73.
- ^ Wooding, pp. 98–108.
- ^ "Music: The Year's Best". Time Magazine. 31 December 1973. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910925,00.html. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
- ^ a b "RIAA – Gold and Platinum Search". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=rick%20wakeman&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ "Music: Rock Goes to College". Time Magazine. 23 September 1974. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908764,00.html. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
- ^ Miller, Jonathan (November 1995). "Rick Wakeman: Cirque Surreal". Sound On Sound. http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/nov95/rickwakeman.html?print=yes. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
- ^ Live on the Test (1994) liner notes.
- ^ John Bungey (20 December 2008). "Prog Rock Britannia celebrates the men in loon pants". The Times. UK. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5320354.ece. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ a b Wright, Jeb (May 2002). "Rick Wakeman of Yes". Classic Rock Revisited. Archived from the original on 6 January 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040106024554/http://www.classicrockrevisited.com/interviews02/Rick+Wakeman.htm. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ^ Tiano, Mike (3 September 2008). "Conversation with Roger Dean [nfte #308"]. Notes From the Edge. http://www.nfte.org/interviews/RD308.html. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ^ a b The Birotron
- ^ Just A Minute, Series 59, Episode 1 Retrieved on 2 March 2011.
- ^ Chelsea Lodge No. 3098 100 Years 1905–2005
- ^ Wooding, p. 46
- ^ Wakeman 1995, p. 138
- ^ Wakeman 1995, p. 146
- ^ Wakeman 1995, p. 155
- ^ Wakeman, p. 185
- ^ RWCC > Say Yes – The Autobiography
- ^ Wakeman, Rick. Say Yes!, Hodder & Stoughton Religious, (4 May 1995) ISBN 0-340-62151-6 ISBN 978 0340621516
- ^ Rick Wakeman rick-wakeman.fullmoviereview.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-25.
- ^ Rick Wakeman Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
- ^ Close to the Edge 2008, p. 122
- ^ Kaufman, Rachel. Rick Wakeman hid his crippling 'arthritis' for 30 years fearing it would ruin his rock career. In fact, he didn't have it at all... dailymail.co.uk. 23 September 2008. Retrieved on 25 December 2011.
- Wooding, Dan (1979). Rick Wakeman: The Caped Crusader. Granada Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-0-586-04853-5.
- Wakeman, Rick (1995). Say Yes! An Autobiography. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-62151-6.
- Welch, Chris (2008). Close to the Edge - The Story of Yes. Music Sales. ISBN 978-1-84772-132-7.
External links[link]
- Rick Wakeman's Communication Centre
- Rick Wakeman's Official Press Photos
- Rick Wakeman at the Internet Movie Database
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Wakeman, Rick |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | British musician |
| Date of birth | 18 May 1949 |
| Place of birth | Perivale, London, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Wakeman
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This article is about the wives of Henry VIII. For a more complete list of consorts, see List of English consorts.
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The wives of Henry VIII were the six queens consort married to Henry VIII of England between 1509 and 1547.
The six women to hold the title 'queens consort' of King Henry VIII were, in order:
- Catherine of Aragon (divorced),
- Anne Boleyn (executed),
- Jane Seymour (died days after giving birth, widely believed to be following birth complications),
- Anne of Cleves (annulled)
- Catherine Howard (executed),
- Catherine Parr (survived).
A common device to remember the fates of his consorts is "annulled, beheaded, died, annulled, beheaded, survived" or “divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived”. It is often noted that Catherine Parr "survived him"; in fact Anne of Cleves also survived the king and was the last of his queens to die. Of the six queens, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn and Jane Seymour each gave Henry one child who survived infancy—two daughters and one son, all three of whom would eventually ascend to the throne. They were Queen Mary I, Queen Elizabeth I, and King Edward VI, respectively.
Catherine Howard and Anne Boleyn, Henry's two queens who were beheaded, were first cousins. Several of his wives worked in at least one of his other wives' service [Ex ladies in waiting]. Anne Boleyn worked in Catherine of Aragon's service; Jane Seymour worked in Catherine of Aragon's and Anne Boleyn's service; and Catherine Howard worked in Anne of Cleves's.
Legally speaking, four of these marriages (Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Anne of Cleves, and Catherine Howard) never occurred as they were annulled, so under a legal interpretation, Henry VIII actually had only two wives (Jane Seymour and Catherine Parr) despite having six weddings.
Henry was distantly related to all six of his wives through their common ancestor, King Edward I of England.[1]
There is a rhyme which also helps to remember his wives:
King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was wedded. One died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded.
However, this rhyme is somewhat invalid, because he didn't divorce two wives; he had the marriages annulled.
Henry and at least four of his wives (Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour and Catherine Parr) have been characters in opera (for details, see List of historical opera characters).
Contents |
Catherine of Aragon[link]
Main article: Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536; Spanish: Catalina de Aragón) was Henry's first wife.[2] After the death of Arthur, her first husband and Henry's brother, a papal dispensation was obtained to enable her to marry Henry, though the marriage did not take place until after he came to the throne in 1509. Prospects were looking good when Catherine became pregnant in 1510, just 4 months after their marriage, but the girl was stillborn. Catherine became pregnant again in 1511, and gave birth to a boy who died two months later. In 1512, Catherine gave birth to a stillborn boy, and then a stillborn girl in 1513. Finally, Catherine bore him a healthy daughter in 1516, Mary. It took her two years to conceive again. This pregnancy also ended with a stillborn girl. It is said that Henry truly loved Catherine of Aragon, he himself professed it many a time in song, letters, inscriptions, public declarations etc.
Henry, at the time a Roman Catholic, sought the Pope's approval for an annulment on the grounds that his marriage was invalid because Catherine had first been his brother's wife. Henry had begun an affair with Anne Boleyn, who is said to have refused to become his mistress (Henry had already consummated an affair with and then dismissed Anne's sister, Mary Boleyn, and most historians believe that Anne wanted to avoid the same treatment)[citation needed]. Despite the pope's refusal, Henry separated from Catherine in 1531. In the face of the Pope's continuing refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine, Henry ordered the highest church official in England, Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, to convene a court to rule on the status of his marriage to Catherine. On 23 May 1533[3] Cranmer ruled the marriage to Catherine null and void. On 28 May 1533 he pronounced the King legally married to Anne (with whom Henry had already secretly exchanged wedding vows, probably in late January 1533). This led to the break from the Roman Catholic Church and the later establishment of the Church of England.
Shakespeare called Catherine "The Queen of Earthly Queens".
Marriage to Henry VIII: 11 June 1509 – 23 May 1533 (23 years, 11 months, 11 days), Annulled
Anne Boleyn[link]
Main article: Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn (c.1501/1507–19 May 1536) was the second wife of Henry VIII of England and the mother of Elizabeth I of England. Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. The daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Boleyn (born Lady Elizabeth Howard), Anne was of nobler birth than Jane Seymour, Henry's later wife. She was dark-haired, with beautiful features and lively manners; she was educated in Europe, largely as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Claude of France.
Anne resisted the King's attempts to seduce her in 1526 and she refused to become his mistress, as her sister, Mary Boleyn, had been. It soon became the one absorbing object of the King's desires to secure a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, so he could marry Anne. When it became clear that Pope Clement VII was unlikely to give the king an annulment, the breaking of the power of the Roman Catholic Church in England began.
Henry had Thomas Wolsey dismissed from public office and later had the Boleyn family's chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1533, Henry and Anne went through a secret wedding service.[4] She soon became pregnant and there was a second, public wedding service, which took place in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be good and valid. Soon after, the Pope launched sentences of excommunication against the King and the Archbishop. As a result of Anne's marriage to the King, the Church of England was forced to break with Rome and was brought under the king's control.[4] Anne was crowned Queen Consort of England on 1 June 1533. Later that year, on 7 September, Anne gave birth to another daughter, Elizabeth. When Anne failed to quickly produce a male heir, her only son being stillborn, the King grew tired of her and a plot was hatched by Thomas Cromwell to execute her.
Although the evidence against her was unconvincing, Anne was beheaded on charges of adultery, incest, and high treason on 19 May 1536. Following her daughter Elizabeth's coronation as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe. Over the centuries, Anne has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. Due to this fact, she has remained in the popular memory and Anne has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had."[citation needed]
Marriage to Henry VIII: 28 May 1533 – 19 May 1536 (2 years, 11 months, 21 days), annulled then beheaded[5]
Jane Seymour[link]
Main article: Jane Seymour
Jane Seymour (c.roughly 1508– 24 October 1537) was Henry's third wife. She served Catherine of Aragon and was one of Anne Boleyn's ladies-in-waiting.[6] It is strongly believed that she is the mistress that disposed of Anne, who was executed just 10–11 days before Jane's marriage to the king. She was of lower birth than most of Henry's wives, as the daughter of a knight. Finally, a year later, Jane gave birth to a healthy, legitimate male heir, Edward, but Seymour died twelve days later, seemingly because of post-natal complications. This apparently caused her husband genuine grief, as she was the only queen to receive a proper Queen's burial; when the King died in 1547, he was buried next to her.
Marriage to Henry VIII: 30 May 1536 – 24 October 1537 (1 year, 4 months, 24 days), death from complications of childbirth.
Anne of Cleves[link]
Main article: Anne of Cleves
Anne of Cleves (22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was Henry's fourth wife, for only six months in 1540, from 6 January to 9 July. Anne of Cleves was a German princess.[7] It has been incorrectly stated that Henry referred to her as "A Flanders Mare" The label has stuck with Anne.[8] Her pre-contract of marriage with Francis I, Duke of Lorraine, was cited as grounds for an annulment. Anne agreed to this, claiming that the marriage had not been consummated, and because she hadn't resisted the annulment, was given a generous settlement, including Hever Castle, former home of Henry's former in-laws, the Boleyns. She was given the name "The King's Sister", and became a friend to him and his children until his death. She outlived both the King and his last two wives, making her the last of the six wives to die.
Marriage to Henry VIII: 6 January 1540 – 9 July 1540 (6 months, 3 days), Annulled.
Catherine Howard[link]
Main article: Catherine Howard
Catherine Howard (c.1521 – 13 February 1542) was Henry's fifth wife between 1540–1542, sometimes known as "the rose without a thorn". Henry was informed of her alleged adultery with Thomas Culpepper on 1 November 1541.[9]
Marriage to Henry VIII: 28 July 1540 – 13 February 1542 (1 year, 6 months, 18 days), Beheaded.
Catherine Parr[link]
Main article: Catherine Parr
Catherine Parr (1512 – 7 September 1548), also spelled Kateryn, was the sixth and last wife of Henry VIII 1543–1547. She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal and his wife Maud Green. Through her father, Catherine was a direct descendant of King Edward III of England (House of Plantagenet) and Philippa of Hainault, Queen Consort of England through their son Prince John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster Plantagenet and his mistress, later wife, Katherine Swynford née Roët. Through John of Gaunt's daughter Lady Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland (the maternal great-great grandmother of Henry) Catherine was a 3rd cousin, once removed, of her husband, Henry VIII. By Henry's paternal descent from John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, another child of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford, the two were also fourth cousins, once removed.[10]
Catherine showed herself to be the restorer of Henry's court as a family home for his children. Catherine was determined to present the royal household as a close-knit one in order to demonstrate strength through unity to Henry's opposers.[citation needed] Perhaps Catherine's most significant achievement was Henry's passing of an act that confirmed both Mary's and Elizabeth's line in succession for the throne, despite the fact that they had both been made illegitimate by divorce or remarriage. Such was Henry's trust in Catherine that he chose her to rule as Regent while he was attending to the War in France and in the unlikely event of the loss of his life, she was to rule as Regent until six year old Edward came of age.
Catherine also has a special place in history as she was the most married queen of England, having had four husbands in all; Henry was her third. She had been widowed twice before marrying Henry. After Henry's death, she married Thomas Seymour, uncle of Edward VI, to whom she had formed an attachment prior to her marriage with Henry. She had one child by Seymour, Mary, and died shortly after childbirth. Mary's history is unknown, but she is believed to have died as a toddler.
Marriage to Henry VIII: 12 July 1543 – 28 January 1547 (3 years, 6 months, 16 days), His death
References[link]
- ^ Antonia Fraser, The Wives of Henry VIII, genealogical tables
- ^ Pollard, A.F. "♥King Henry VII." Encyclopædia Britannica. 11th edition. 2008. Print.
- ^ Lacey Baldwin Smith, Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty, p.116
- ^ a b "Anne Boleyn 1507–1536." World Book Encyclopedia. "19th ed". 2001. Print.
- ^ Tudor History – Anne Boleyn
- ^ Jokinen, Anniina. "[The Six Wives of King Henry VII http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/sixwives.htm]" 2007. Web. 7 May 2009.
- ^ "Anne of Cleves." World Book Encyclopedia. "19th ed". 2001. Print.
- ^ Burnett "History of the Reformation of England" Print
- ^ "Catherine Howard." World Book Encyclopedia. "19th ed".He said she looked like a horse. 2001. Print.
- ^ http://www.thepeerage.com/e274.htm
http://wn.com/Wives_of_Henry_VIII
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"Henry VIII" redirects here. For other uses, see Henry VIII (disambiguation).
| Henry VIII | |
|---|---|
 |
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| King Henry VIII after Hans Holbein the Younger, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool | |
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| Reign | 21 April 1509 – 28 January 1547 |
| Coronation | 24 June 1509 |
| Predecessor | Henry VII |
| Successor | Edward VI |
| Spouse | Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr |
| Issue | |
| Henry, Duke of Cornwall Mary I of England Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset Elizabeth I of England Edward VI of England |
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| House | House of Tudor |
| Father | Henry VII of England |
| Mother | Elizabeth of York |
| Born | (1491-06-28)28 June 1491 Greenwich Palace, Greenwich |
| Died | 28 January 1547(1547-01-28) (aged 55) Palace of Whitehall, London |
| Burial | 4 February 1547 St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle |
| Signature |  |
| Religion | Christianity (Anglican, previously Roman Catholic) |
| English Royalty |
|---|
| House of Tudor |
.svg) Royal Coat of Arms |
| Henry VIII |
| Henry, Duke of Cornwall |
| Mary I |
| Elizabeth I |
| Edward VI |
Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.
Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Yet he remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, even after his excommunication from the Catholic Church.[1] Henry oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542.
Henry was considered an attractive, educated and accomplished king in his prime and has a reputation as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne".[2][3] Besides ruling with absolute power, he also engaged himself as an author and composer. His desire to provide England with a male heir—which stemmed partly from personal vanity and partly because he believed a daughter would be unable to consolidate the Tudor Dynasty and the fragile peace that existed following the Wars of the Roses[4]—led to the two things for which Henry is remembered: his six marriages, and the English Reformation, making England a mostly Protestant nation. In later life he became morbidly obese and his health suffered; his public image is frequently depicted as one of a lustful, egotistical, harsh, and insecure king.[5]
Contents
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Early years: 1491–1509[link]
Born at Greenwich Palace, Henry VIII was the third child of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.[6] Of the young Henry's six siblings, only three — Arthur, Prince of Wales; Margaret; and Mary — survived infancy. In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. In 1494, he was made Duke of York. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Henry was given a first-rate education from leading tutors, becoming fluent in Latin, French, and Spanish.[7] As it was expected that the throne would pass to Prince Arthur, Henry's older brother, Henry was prepared for a clerical career. Elizabeth of York, his mother, died when Henry was aged 11.[8]
Death of Prince Arthur[link]
In 1502, Arthur died at the age of 15, after only 20 weeks of marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Arthur's death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother, the 10-year-old Henry, who then became Prince of Wales. Henry VII renewed his efforts to seal a marital alliance between England and Spain, by offering his second son in marriage to Prince Arthur's widow, Catherine of Aragon, youngest surviving child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.[9] For the new Prince of Wales to marry his brother's widow, a dispensation from the Pope was normally required to overrule the impediment of affinity because, as told in the Book of Leviticus, "If a brother is to marry the wife of a brother they will remain childless." Catherine swore that her marriage to Prince Arthur had not been consummated. Still, both the English and Spanish parties agreed that an additional papal dispensation of affinity would be prudent to remove all doubt regarding the legitimacy of the marriage.
The impatience of Catherine's mother, Queen Isabella I, induced Pope Julius II to grant dispensation in the form of a Papal bull. So, 14 months after her young husband's death, Catherine was betrothed to his even younger brother, Henry. Yet by 1505, Henry VII lost interest in a Spanish alliance and the younger Henry declared that his betrothal had been arranged without his consent.
Continued diplomatic manoeuvring over the fate of the proposed marriage lingered until the death of Henry VII in 1509. Only 17 years old, Henry married Catherine on 11 June 1509 and, on 24 June 1509, the two were crowned at Westminster Abbey.
Early reign: 1509–1525[link]
Two days after his coronation, he arrested his father's two most unpopular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley (grandfather of Henry's daughter Elizabeth's favourite courtier, Robert Dudley). They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. This was to become Henry's primary tactic for dealing with those who stood in his way,[10] as believed by historians such as Crofton. Henry also returned to the public some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers.
... his executors made restitution of great sums of money, to many persons taken against good conscience to the said king's use, by the forenamed Empson and Dudley.[11]
Henry cultivated the image of a Renaissance Man and his court was a centre of scholarly and artistic innovation and glamorous excess, epitomised by the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He was an accomplished musician, author, and poet. His best known musical composition is "Pastime with Good Company" or "The Kynges Ballade". He was an avid gambler and dice player, and excelled at sports, especially jousting, hunting, and real tennis. He was known for his strong defence of conventional Christian piety.[12] Meeting Francis I on 7 June 1520 near Calais, he entertained the French king with a fortnight of lavish entertainment to establish a closer diplomatic relationship after the military conflicts of the previous decade.
France and the Habsburgs[link]
In 1511 Pope Julius II proclaimed a Holy League against France. The new alliance rapidly grew to include not only Spain and the Holy Roman Empire but England as well. Henry decided to use the occasion to expand his holdings in northern France. He concluded the Treaty of Westminster, a pledge of mutual aid with Spain against France, in November 1511 and prepared for involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai.
In 1513 Henry invaded France and his troops defeated a French army at the Battle of the Spurs. His brother-in-law, James IV of Scotland, invaded England at the behest of Louis XII of France,[13] but failed to draw Henry's attention away from France. The English army, led by Queen Catherine, who acted as regent of England while Henry was in France, defeated the Scots at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513. Among the dead was the Scottish King James IV, ending Scotland's brief involvement in the war.
On 18 February 1516 Queen Catherine bore Henry his first child to survive infancy, Princess Mary. (A son, Henry, Duke of Cornwall, had been born in 1511 but lived only a few weeks.)
Power and authority[link]
Government and finances under Henry[link]
Financially, the reign of Henry was a near-disaster. Although he inherited a prosperous economy (and further augmented his royal treasury by seizures of church lands), Henry's heavy spending and high taxes damaged the economy.[14][15] For example, Henry expanded the Royal Navy from 5 to 53 ships. He loved palaces; he began with a dozen and died with fifty-five, in which he hung 2,000 tapestries.[16] By comparison, his neighbour and nephew James V of Scotland had five palaces and 200 tapestries.[17] He took pride in showing off his collection of weapons, which included exotic archery equipment, 2,250 pieces of land ordnance and 6,500 handguns.[18]
Henry began his reign with heavy reliance on advisers and ended with complete control. From 1514 to 1529, Thomas Wolsey (1473–1530), a Catholic cardinal, served as lord chancellor and practically controlled domestic and foreign policy for the young king. He negotiated the truce with France that was signalled by the dramatic display of amity on the Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520). He switched England back and forth as an ally of France and the Holy Roman Empire. Wolsey centralised the national government and extended the jurisdiction of the conciliar courts, particularly the Star Chamber. His use of forced loans to pay for foreign wars angered the rich, who were annoyed as well by his enormous wealth and ostentatious living. Wolsey disappointed the king when he failed to secure a divorce from Queen Catherine. The treasury was empty after years of extravagance; the peers and people were dissatisfied and Henry needed an entirely new approach; Wolsey had to be replaced. After 16 years at the top he lost power in 1529 and in 1530 was arrested on false charges of treason and died in custody. Wolsey's fall was a warning to the Pope and to the clergy of England of what might be expected for failure to comply with the king's wishes. Henry then took full control of his government, although at court numerous complex factions continued to try to ruin and destroy each other.
Geoffrey Elton (1962) argues there was a major Tudor revolution in government. While crediting Henry with intelligence and shrewdness, Elton finds that much of the positive action, especially the break with Rome, was the work of Thomas Cromwell and not the king. Elton sees Henry as competent, but too lazy to take direct control of affairs for any extended period; that is, the king was an opportunist who relied on others for most of his ideas and to do most of the work. Henry's marital adventures are part of Elton's chain of evidence; a man who marries six wives, Elton notes, is not someone who fully controls his own fate. Elton shows that Thomas Cromwell had conceived of a commonwealth of England that included popular participation through Parliament and that this was generally expressed in the preambles to legislation. Parliamentary consent did not mean that the king had yielded any of his authority; Henry VIII was a paternalistic ruler who did not hesitate to use his power. Popular "consent" was a means to augment rather than limit royal power.[19]
Reformation[link]
Main article: English Reformation
Henry never formally repudiated the doctrines of the Catholic Church, but he declared himself supreme head of the church in England in 1534. This, combined with subsequent actions, eventually resulted in a separated church, the Church of England. Henry and his advisors felt the pope was acting in the role of an Italian prince involved in secular affairs, which obscured his religious role. They said Rome treated England as a minor stepchild, allowing it one cardinal out of fifty, and no possibility of that cardinal becoming pope. For reasons of state it was increasingly intolerable to Henry that major decisions in England were settled by Italians. The divorce issue exemplified the problem but was not itself the cause of the problem.[20]
Henry's reformation of the English church involved more complex motives and methods than his desire for a new wife and an heir. Henry asserted that his first marriage had never been valid, but the divorce issue was only one factor in Henry's desire to reform the church. In 1532–1537, he instituted a number of statutes — the act of appeal (Statute in Restraint of Appeals, 1533), the various Acts of Succession (1533, 1534, and 1536), the first Act of Supremacy (1534), and others — that dealt with the relationship between the king and the pope and the structure of the Church of England. During these years, Henry suppressed monasteries and pilgrimage shrines in his attempt to reform the church. The king was always the dominant force in the making of religious policy; his policy, which he pursued skilfully and consistently, is best characterised as a search for the middle way.[21]
Questions over what was the true faith were resolved with the adoption of the orthodox "Act of Six Articles" (1539) and a careful holding of the balance between extreme factions after 1540. Even so, the era saw movement away from religious orthodoxy, the more so as the pillars of the old beliefs, especially Thomas More and John Fisher, had been unable to accept the change and had been executed in 1535 for refusing to renounce papal authority. Critical for the Henrician reformation was the new political theology of obedience to the prince that was enthusiastically adopted by the Church of England in the 1530s. It reflected Martin Luther's new interpretation of the fourth commandment ("Honor thy father and mother") and was mediated to an English audience by William Tyndale.
The founding of royal authority on the Ten Commandments, and thus on the word of God, was a particularly attractive feature of this doctrine, which became a defining feature of Henrician religion. Rival tendencies within the Church of England sought to exploit it in the pursuit of their particular agendas. Reformers strove to preserve its connections with the broader framework of Lutheran theology, with the emphasis on faith alone and the word of God, while conservatives emphasised good works, ceremonies, and charity. The Reformers linked royal supremacy and the word of God to persuade Henry to publish the Great Bible in 1539, an English translation that was a formidable prop for his new-found dignity.[22]
Response to the reforms was mixed. The reforms, which closed down monasteries that were the only support of the impoverished,[23] alienated most of the population outside of London and helped provoke the great northern rising of 1536–1537, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace.[24] It was the only real threat to Henry's security on the throne in all his reign. Some 30,000 rebels in nine groups were led by the charismatic Robert Aske, together with most of the northern nobility. Aske went to London to negotiate terms; once there he was arrested, charged with treason and executed. About 200 rebels were executed and the disturbances ended.[25] Elsewhere the changes were accepted and welcomed, and those who clung to Catholic rites kept quiet or moved in secrecy. They would reemerge in the reign of Henry's daughter Mary (1553–1558).
Dissolving the monasteries[link]
Main article: Dissolution of the Monasteries
England possessed numerous religious houses that owned large tracts of land worked by tenants. Henry dissolved them (1536–1541) and transferred a fifth of England's landed wealth to new hands. The program was designed primarily to create a landed gentry beholden to the crown, which would use the lands much more efficiently.
Henry made radical changes in traditional religious practices. He ordered the clergy to preach against superstitious images, relics, miracles, and pilgrimages, and to remove most candles. The catechism of 1545, called the King's Primer, left out the saints. Latin rituals gave way to English. Shrines to saints were destroyed — including the popular one of St. Thomas of Canterbury — and relics were ridiculed as worthless old bones.
Mistresses[link]
Contrary to popular belief, Henry may not have had very many affairs outside marriage. Apart from women he later married, the identities of only two mistresses are completely undisputed: Elizabeth Blount and Mary Boleyn.[26] However, it is unlikely that they were the only two; Alison Weir has argued that, aside from the affairs listed below, there were numerous other short-term and secret liaisons, most of them conducted in the king's river-side mansion of Jordan House.[27]
Elizabeth "Bessie" Blount gave birth in June 1519 to Henry's illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy. The young boy was made Duke of Richmond in June 1525 in what some thought was one step on the path to legitimising him. In 1533, FitzRoy married Mary Howard, Anne Boleyn's first cousin, but died three years later without any children. At the time of FitzRoy's death (July 1536), Parliament was enacting the Second Succession Act, which could have allowed Henry's illegitimate son to become king.
Mary Boleyn was Henry's mistress before her sister, Anne, became his second wife. She is thought to have been Catherine's lady-in-waiting at some point between 1519 and 1526. There has been speculation that Mary's two children, Catherine and Henry, were fathered by Henry, but this has never been proved and the King never acknowledged them as he did Henry FitzRoy.
In 1510 it was reported that Henry was conducting an affair with one of the sisters of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, either Elizabeth or Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon.[28] Her brother, the Duke of Buckingham, became enraged and Lord George Hastings, her husband, sent her to a convent. Eustace Chapuys wrote, "the husband of that lady went away, carried her off and placed her in a convent sixty miles from here, that no one may see her."[29]
Biographer Antonia Fraser has claimed that Henry had an affair with Mary Shelton in 1535, in opposition to the traditional belief that Margaret ("Madge") Shelton was Henry's lover.[30]
King's Great Matter: 1525–1533[link]
| The Six Wives of Henry VIII |
|---|
 Catherine of Aragon |
| Anne Boleyn |
| Jane Seymour |
| Anne of Cleves |
| Catherine Howard |
| Catherine Parr |
Henry became impatient with Catherine's inability to produce the heir he desired. All of Catherine's children died in infancy except their daughter Mary.[31] Henry wanted a male heir to consolidate the power of the Tudor dynasty.
In 1525, as Henry grew more impatient, he became enamoured of a charismatic young woman in the Queen's entourage, Anne Boleyn.[32] Anne at first resisted his attempts to seduce her, and refused to become his mistress as her sister Mary Boleyn had. She said "I beseech your highness most earnestly to desist, and to this my answer in good part. I would rather lose my life than my honesty."[27]:160 This refusal made Henry even more attracted, and he pursued her relentlessly.
Eventually, Anne saw her opportunity in Henry's infatuation and determined she would only yield to his embraces as his acknowledged queen.[33] It soon became the King's absorbing desire to annul his marriage to Catherine.[34]
Henry appealed directly to the Holy See, independently from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, from whom he kept his plans for Anne secret. Instead, Henry's secretary, William Knight, was sent to Pope Clement VII to sue for the annulment. The grounds were that the bull of Pope Julius II was obtained by false pretences, because Catherine's brief marriage to the sickly Arthur had been consummated. Henry petitioned, in the event of annulment, a dispensation to marry again to any woman even in the first degree of affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by lawful or unlawful connection. This clearly had reference to Anne.[33]
However, as the pope was at that time imprisoned by Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, Knight had difficulty in getting access to him, and so only managed to obtain the conditional dispensation for a new marriage. Henry now had no choice but to put the matter into the hands of Wolsey. Wolsey did all he could to secure a decision in the King's favour, going so far as to arrange an ecclesiastical court to meet in England, with a representative from the Pope.[33] Shakespeare's play, Henry VIII, accurately records Catherine of Aragon's astounding coup in that remarkable courtroom in Act II, scene iv. She bows low to Henry, put herself at his mercy, states her case with irrefutable eloquence and then sweeps out of the courtroom, a woman both formidable and clearly wronged. However much this moment swayed those present and the rest of the world to her side, the Pope had never had any intention of empowering his legate. Charles V resisted the annulment of his aunt's marriage, but it is not clear how far this influenced the pope. But it is clear that Henry saw that the Pope was unlikely to give him an annulment from the Emperor's aunt.[35] The pope forbade Henry to proceed to a new marriage before a decision was given in Rome, not in England. Wolsey bore the blame. Convinced that he was treacherous, Anne Boleyn maintained pressure until Wolsey was dismissed from public office in 1529. After being dismissed, the cardinal begged her to help him return to power, but she refused. He then began a plot to have Anne forced into exile and began communication with Queen Catherine and the Pope to that end. When this was discovered, Henry ordered Wolsey's arrest and had it not been for his death from illness in 1530, he might have been executed for treason.[36] His replacement, Sir Thomas More, initially cooperated with the king's new policy, denouncing Wolsey in Parliament and proclaiming the opinion of the theologians at Oxford and Cambridge that the marriage of Henry to Catherine had been unlawful. As Henry began to deny the authority of the Pope, More's qualms grew.
A year later, Queen Catherine was banished from court and her rooms were given to Anne. With Wolsey gone, Anne had considerable power over political matters. She was an unusually educated and intellectual woman for her time, and was keenly absorbed and engaged with the ideas of the Protestant Reformers. When Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham died, Anne had the Boleyn family's chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, appointed to the vacant position. Through the intervention of the King of France, this was conceded by Rome, the pallium being granted to him by Clement.[37]
Breaking the power of Rome in England proceeded slowly. In 1532, a lawyer who was a supporter of Anne, Thomas Cromwell, brought before Parliament a number of acts including the Supplication against the Ordinaries and the Submission of the Clergy, which recognised Royal Supremacy over the church. Following these acts, Thomas More resigned as Chancellor, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister.[38]
Second marriage[link]
In the winter of 1532, Henry attended a meeting with Francis I of France at Calais in which he enlisted the support of the French king for his new marriage.[39] Immediately upon returning to Dover in England, Henry and Anne went through a secret wedding service.[40] She soon became pregnant and there was a second wedding service in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgment at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of the king's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be valid.[41]
Catherine was formally stripped of her title as queen, and Anne was crowned queen consort on 1 June 1533. The queen gave birth to a daughter slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533. The child was christened Elizabeth, in honour of Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York.[42] Rejecting the decisions of the Pope, Parliament validated the marriage of Henry and Anne with the First Succession Act (Act of Succession 1533). Catherine's daughter, Mary, was declared illegitimate, and Anne's issue were declared next in the line of succession. Most notable in this declaration was a clause repudiating "any foreign authority, prince or potentate". All adults in the Kingdom were required to acknowledge the Act's provisions by oath; those who refused were subject to imprisonment for life. Any publisher or printer of any literature alleging that the marriage was invalid was automatically guilty of high treason and could be punished by death.
Separation from Rome: 1533–1540[link]
Meanwhile, Parliament had forbidden all appeals to Rome and exacted the penalties of praemunire against all who introduced papal bulls into England. Parliament prohibited the Church from making any regulations (canons) without the king's consent. It was only then that Pope Clement at last took the step of launching sentences of excommunication against Henry and Thomas Cranmer,[43][44] declaring at the same time the archbishop's decree of annulment to be invalid and the marriage with Anne null and papal nuncio was withdrawn from England and diplomatic relations with Rome were broken off.[37] Several more laws were passed in England. The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act 1534 required the clergy to elect bishops nominated by the Sovereign. The Act of Supremacy in 1534 declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England" and the Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as such. In response to the excommunications, the Peter's Pence Act was passed in and it reiterated that England had "no superior under God, but only your Grace" and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished by "the unreasonable and uncharitable usurpations and exactions" of the Pope.[45]
In defiance of the Pope the Church of England was now under Henry’s control, not Rome's. Protestant Reformers still faced persecution, particularly over objections to Henry's annulment. Many fled abroad where they met further difficulties, including the influential William Tyndale, who was eventually executed and his body burned at King Henry's behest. Theological and practical reforms would follow only under Henry's successors (see end of section).
Personal troubles[link]
The king and queen were not pleased with married life. The royal couple enjoyed periods of calm and affection, but Anne refused to play the submissive role expected of her. The vivacity and opinionated intellect that had made her so attractive as an illicit lover made her too independent for the largely ceremonial role of a royal wife, given that Henry expected absolute obedience from those who interacted with him in an official capacity at court. It made her many enemies. For his part, Henry disliked Anne’s constant irritability and violent temper. After a false pregnancy or miscarriage in 1534, he saw her failure to give him a son as a betrayal. As early as Christmas 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the chances of leaving Anne without having to return to Catherine.[46]
Opposition to Henry's religious policies was quickly suppressed in England. A number of dissenting monks were tortured and executed. The most prominent resisters included John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Sir Thomas More, Henry's former Lord Chancellor, both of who refused to take the oath to the King and were subsequently convicted of high treason and beheaded at Tower Hill, just outside the Tower of London.
These suppressions, including the Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act of 1536, in turn contributed to further resistance among the English people, most notably in the Pilgrimage of Grace, a large uprising in northern England in October, 1536. Henry VIII promised the rebels he would pardon them and thanked them for raising the issues to his attention, then invited the rebel leader, Robert Aske to a royal banquet. At the banquet, Henry asked Aske to write down what had happened so he could have a better idea of the problems he would "change." Aske did what the King asked, although what he had written was later used against him as a confession. The King's word could not be questioned (as he was held as God's chosen, and second only to God himself) so Aske told the rebels they had been successful and they could disperse and go home. However, because Henry saw the rebels as traitors, he did not feel obliged to keep his promises. The rebels realised that the King was not keeping his promises and rebelled again later that year, but their strength was less in the second attempt and the King ordered the rebellion crushed. The leaders, including Aske, were arrested and executed for treason.
Execution of Anne Boleyn[link]
On 8 January 1536 news reached the king and the queen that Catherine of Aragon had died. Upon hearing the news of her death, Henry and Anne reportedly decked themselves in bright yellow clothing, yellow being the colour of mourning in Spain at the time. Henry called for public displays of joy regarding Catherine's death. The queen was pregnant again, and she was aware of the consequences if she failed to give birth to a son. Her life could be in danger, as with both wives dead, Henry would be free to remarry and no one could claim that the union was illegal. Later that month, the King was unhorsed in a tournament and was badly injured. It seemed for a time that the King's life was in danger. When news of this accident reached the queen, she was sent into shock and miscarried a male child that was about 15 weeks old, on the day of Catherine’s funeral, 29 January 1536. For most observers, this personal loss was the beginning of the end of the royal marriage.[47]
Given the King's desperate desire for a son, the sequence of Anne's pregnancies has attracted much interest. Author Mike Ashley speculated that Anne had two stillborn children after Elizabeth's birth and before the birth of the male child she miscarried in 1536.[48] Most sources attest only to the birth of Elizabeth in September 1533, a possible miscarriage in the summer of 1534, and the miscarriage of a male child, of almost four months gestation, in January 1536.[49] As Anne recovered from her final miscarriage, Henry declared that his marriage had been the product of witchcraft. The King's new mistress, Jane Seymour, was quickly moved into new quarters. This was followed by Anne's brother, George Boleyn, being refused a prestigious court honour, the Order of the Garter, which was instead given to Jane Seymour's brother.[50]
Five men, including Anne's own brother, were arrested on charges of incest and treason, accused of having sexual relationships with the queen.[51] On 2 May 1536 Anne was arrested and taken to the Tower of London. She was accused of adultery, incest and high treason.[52] Although the evidence against them was unconvincing, the accused were found guilty and condemned to death by the peers. George Boleyn and the other accused men were executed on 17 May 1536. At 8 am on 19 May 1536, the queen was executed on Tower Green. She knelt upright, in the French style of executions. The execution was swift and consisted of a single stroke.[53]
Birth of a prince[link]
The day after Anne's execution in 1536 Henry became engaged to Jane Seymour, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting to whom the king had been showing favour for some time. They were married 10 days later. At about the same time as this, his third marriage, Henry granted his assent to the Laws in Wales Act 1535, which legally annexed Wales, uniting England and Wales into one unified nation. This was followed by the Second Succession Act (Act of Succession 1536), which declared Henry's children by Queen Jane to be next in the line of succession and declared both the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth illegitimate, thus excluding them from the throne. The king was granted the power to further determine the line of succession in his will. In 1537, Jane gave birth to a son, Prince Edward, the future Edward VI. The birth was difficult and the queen died at Hampton Court Palace on 24 October 1537 from an infection. After Jane's death, the entire court mourned with Henry for an extended period. Henry considered Jane to be his "true" wife, being the only one who had given him the male heir that he so desperately sought. He was later to be buried next to her at his death.
Final years: 1540–1547[link]
See also: Italian War of 1542–1546 and First Siege of Boulogne
In 1540, Henry sanctioned the destruction of shrines to saints. At this time, Henry wished to marry once again to ensure the succession. Thomas Cromwell, created Earl of Essex, suggested Anne, the sister of the Protestant Duke of Cleves, who was seen as an important ally in case of a Roman Catholic attack on England. Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to Cleves to paint a portrait of Anne for the king. Despite speculation that Holbein painted her in an overly flattering light, it is more likely that the portrait was accurate; Holbein remained in favour at court. After regarding Holbein's portrayal, and urged by the complimentary description of Anne given by his courtiers (and the fact that many others whom Holbein painted had no desire to risk marriage with Henry), the king agreed to wed Anne. On Anne's arrival in England, Henry is said to have found her unattractive, privately calling her a "Flanders Mare". There is no record of Anne's opinion of the relative attractions of her morbidly obese new husband.[54]
Henry wished to annul the marriage so he could marry another. The Duke of Cleves had become engaged in a dispute with the Holy Roman Emperor, with whom Henry had no desire to quarrel. Queen Anne was intelligent enough not to impede Henry's quest for an annulment. Upon the question of marital sex, she testified that her marriage had never been consummated. Henry was said to have come into the room each night and merely kissed his new bride on the forehead before retiring. All impediments to an annulment were thus removed.
The marriage was subsequently dissolved and Anne received the title of "The King's Sister", and was granted Hever Castle, the former residence of the Boleyn family. Cromwell, meanwhile, fell out of favour for his role in arranging the marriage and was subsequently attainted and beheaded. The office of Vicegerent in Spirituals, which had been specifically created for him, was not filled.
On 28 July 1540 (the same day Cromwell was executed), Henry married the young Catherine Howard, Anne Boleyn's first cousin and a lady-in-waiting of Anne's.[55] He was absolutely delighted with his new queen. Soon after her marriage, however, Queen Catherine had an affair with the courtier Thomas Culpeper. She employed Francis Dereham, who was previously informally engaged to her and had an affair with her prior to her marriage, as her secretary. Thomas Cranmer, who was opposed to the powerful Roman Catholic Howard family, brought evidence of Queen Catherine's activities to the king's notice. Though Henry originally refused to believe the allegations, he allowed Cranmer to conduct an investigation, which resulted in Queen Catherine's implication. When questioned, the queen could have admitted a prior contract to marry Dereham, which would have made her subsequent marriage to Henry invalid, but she instead claimed that Dereham had forced her to enter into an adulterous relationship. Dereham, meanwhile, exposed Queen Catherine's relationship with Thomas Culpeper. Catherine was executed on 13 February 1542. She was aged between 17 and 22 when she died (opinions differ as to her year of birth). That same year, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown. Abbots and priors lost their seats in the House of Lords; only archbishops and bishops came to comprise the ecclesiastical element of the body. The Lords Spiritual, as members of the clergy with seats in the House of Lords were known, were for the first time outnumbered by the Lords Temporal.
Henry married his last wife, the wealthy widow Catherine Parr, in 1543. She argued with Henry over religion; she was a reformer, but Henry remained a conservative. This behaviour nearly proved her undoing, but she saved herself by a show of submissiveness. She helped reconcile Henry with his first two daughters, the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth. In 1544, an Act of Parliament put the daughters back in the line of succession after Edward, Prince of Wales, though they were still deemed illegitimate. The same act allowed Henry to determine further succession to the throne in his will.
A wave of political executions that commenced with Edmund de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk in 1513 ended with Henry Earl of Surrey in January, 1547. Although some sources claim that, according to Holinshed, the number of executions in this reign amounted to 72,000, the figure referred to "great thieves, petty thieves, and rogues," and the source is not Holinshed but the English clergyman William Harrison. This inflated figure came from Gerolamo Cardano who in turn got it from the Roman Catholic Bishop of Lisieux.[56]
Death and succession[link]
Late in life, Henry became obese (with a waist measurement of 54 inches/137 cm) and had to be moved about with the help of mechanical inventions. He was covered with painful, pus-filled boils and possibly suffered from gout. His obesity and other medical problems can be traced from the jousting accident in 1536 (that had also led to Anne Bolyn's miscarriage) in which he suffered a leg wound. The accident actually re-opened and aggravated a previous leg wound he had sustained years earlier, to the extent that his doctors found it difficult (if not impossible) to treat it. The wound festered for the remainder of his life and became ulcerated, thus preventing him from maintaining the same level of physical activity he had previously enjoyed. The jousting accident is believed to have caused Henry's mood swings, which may have had a dramatic effect on his personality and temperament.[57]
The theory that Henry suffered from syphilis has been dismissed by most serious historians.[58] Syphilis was a well-known disease in Henry's time, and although his contemporary Francis I of France was treated for it, the notes left from Henry's physicians do not indicate that the English king was. A more recent and credible theory suggests that Henry's medical symptoms, and those of his older sister Margaret Tudor, are characteristic of untreated Type II diabetes. According to research published in March 2011, his wives' pattern of pregnancies and his mental deterioration suggests that the king may have been Kell positive and suffered from McLeod syndrome.[59][60]
Obesity specialists at Imperial College London have analysed Henry VIII’s history and body morphology to identify that this was likely as a result of traumatic brain injury after his 1536 jousting accident, which in turn led to a neuroendocrine cause of his obesity. This analysis identifies growth hormone deficiency (GHD) as the source for his increased adiposity but also significant behavioural changes (multiple marriages and war with France) noted in his later years.[61]
Henry's obesity hastened his death at the age of 55, which occurred on 28 January 1547 in the Palace of Whitehall, on what would have been his father's 90th birthday. He expired soon after allegedly uttering his last words: "Monks! Monks! Monks!",[62] perhaps in reference to the monks he caused to be evicted during the dissolution of the monasteries.[63] Henry VIII was interred in St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle, next to his wife Jane Seymour.[64]Over a hundred years later, Charles I was buried in the same vault.
File:Meeting of Henry VIII and Maximilian.png
Meeting of Henry VIII and Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor.
After his death, his only legitimate son, Edward, inherited the Crown, becoming Edward VI. Since Edward was only nine years old at the time, he could not exercise actual power. Henry's will designated 16 executors to serve on a council of regency until Edward reached the age of 18. The executors chose Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford, Jane Seymour's elder brother, to be Lord Protector of the Realm. In default of heirs to Edward, the throne was to pass to Henry VIII's daughter by Catherine of Aragon, the Princess Mary, and her heirs. If Mary's issue failed, the crown was to go to Henry's daughter by Anne Boleyn, Princess Elizabeth, and her heirs. Finally, if Elizabeth's line became extinct, the crown was to be inherited by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased younger sister, Mary. The descendants of Henry's sister Margaret Tudor – the royal family of Scotland – were therefore excluded from succession according to this act. This final provision failed when James VI of Scotland subsequently became James I of England upon Elizabeth's death.
Public image and memory[link]
Henry worked hard to present an image of unchallengeable authority and irresistible power. He executed at will, beheading, often in public, more English notables than any monarch before or since. The roll of heads included two wives, twenty peers, four leading public servants, and six of the king's close attendants and friends, not to mention one cardinal and various heads of monasteries. In addition Cardinal Wolsey died en route to his treason trial.
A strong man, over six feet tall and broad in proportion, he excelled at jousting and hunting. More than pastimes, they were political devices that served multiple goals, from enhancing his athletic royal image to impressing foreign emissaries and rulers, to conveying Henry's ability to suppress any rebellion. Thus he arranged a jousting tournament at Greenwich in 1517, where he wore gilded armour, gilded horse trappings, and outfits of velvet, satin and cloth of gold dripping with pearls and jewels. It suitably impressed foreign ambassadors, one of who wrote home that, "The wealth and civilisation of the world are here, and those who call the English barbarians appear to me to render themselves such." Henry finally retired from the lists in 1536 after a heavy fall from his horse left him unconscious for two hours, but he continued to sponsor two lavish tournaments a year.[65] He then started adding weight and lost that trim athletic look that had made him so handsome; Henry's courtiers began dressing in heavily padded clothes to emulate — and flatter — their increasingly stout monarch. Towards the end of his reign his health rapidly declined due to unhealthy eating.
Henry was an intellectual. The first English king with a modern humanist education, who read and wrote English, French, Latin and was thoroughly at home in his well-stocked library; he personally annotated many books and wrote and published his own book. He is also said to have written Helas madam. He founded Christ Church Cathedral School, Oxford, in 1546. To promote the public support for the reformation of the church, Henry had numerous pamphlets and lectures prepared. For example, Richard Sampson's Oratio (1534) was a legalistic argument for absolute obedience to the temporal power as vested in divine law and Christian love ("obey my commandments"). Sampson cited historical precedents (now known to be spurious) to support his claim that the English church had always been independent from Rome.[66] At the popular level theatre and minstrel troupes funded by the crown travelled around the land to promote the new religious practices and ridicule the old. In the polemical plays they presented, the pope and Catholic priests and monks were mocked as foreign devils, while the glorious king was hailed as a brave and heroic defender of the true faith.[67]
Henry VIII was an avid gambler and dice player. He was an accomplished musician, author, and poet; his best known piece of music is "Pastime with Good Company" ("The Kynges Ballade"). He is often reputed to have written "Greensleeves" but probably did not. The King was involved in the original construction and improvement of several significant buildings, including Nonsuch Palace, King's College Chapel, Cambridge and Westminster Abbey in London. Many of the existing buildings Henry improved were properties confiscated from Wolsey, such as Christ Church, Oxford, Hampton Court Palace, the Palace of Whitehall, and Trinity College, Cambridge.
The only surviving piece of clothing worn by Henry VIII is a cap of maintenance awarded to the Mayor of Waterford, along with a bearing sword, in 1536. It currently resides in the Waterford Museum of Treasures. A suit of Henry's armour is on display in the Tower of London. In the centuries since his death, Henry has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works.
Royal finances[link]
Henry inherited a vast fortune from his father Henry VII who had, in contrast to his son, been frugal and careful with money. This fortune was estimated to £1,250,000 (£375 million by today's standards).[27]:13 Much of this wealth was spent by Henry on maintaining his court and household, including many of the building works he undertook on royal palaces. Tudor monarchs had to fund all the expenses of government out of their own income. This income came from the Crown lands that Henry owned as well as from customs duties like tonnage and poundage, granted by parliament to the king for life. During Henry's reign the revenues of the Crown remained constant (around £100,000),[27]:64 but were eroded by inflation and rising prices brought about by war. Indeed it was war and Henry's dynastic ambitions in Europe that meant that the surplus he had inherited from his father was exhausted by the mid-1520s. Whereas Henry VII had not involved Parliament in his affairs very much, Henry VIII had to turn to Parliament during his reign for money, in particular for grants of subsidies to fund his wars. The Dissolution of the Monasteries provided a means to replenish the treasury and as a result the Crown took possession of monastic lands worth £120,000 (£36 million) a year.[27]:393 Henry had to debase the coinage in 1526 and 1539 in order to solve his financial problems, and despite his ministers efforts to reduce costs and waste at court, Henry died in debt.
Legacy[link]
Though mainly motivated by dynastic and personal concerns, and despite never really abandoning the fundamentals of the Catholic Church, Henry ensured that the greatest act of his reign would be one of the most radical and decisive of any English monarch. His break with Rome in 1533–1534 was an act with enormous consequences for the subsequent course of English history beyond the Tudor dynasty. Not only in making possible the transformation of England into a powerful (albeit very distinctive) nation; but in the seizing of economic and political power from the Church by the aristocracy, chiefly through the acquisition of monastic lands and assets — a short-term strategy with long-term social consequences. Henry's decision to entrust the regency of his son Edward's minor years to a decidedly reform-oriented regency council, dominated by Edward Seymour, most likely for the simple tactical reason that Seymour seemed likely to provide the strongest leadership for the kingdom, ensured that the English Reformation would be consolidated and even furthered during his son's reign. Such ironies marked other aspects of his legacy.
He fostered humanist learning and yet was responsible for the deaths of several outstanding English humanists. Obsessed with securing the succession to the throne, he left as his only heirs a young son (who died before his 16th birthday) and two daughters adhering to different religions. The power of the state was magnified. Henry worked with some success to make England once again a major player on the European scene but depleted his treasury in the course of doing so, a legacy that has remained an issue for English monarchs ever since.
Scarisbrick (1968) concludes that Henry was a formidable, captivating man who "wore regality with a splendid conviction." But unpredictably his overpowering charm could turn into anger and shouting, for he was high-strung and unstable; hypochondriac and possessed of a strong streak of cruelty. Smith (1971) considered him an egotistical border-line neurotic given to great fits of temper and deep and dangerous suspicions, with a mechanical and conventional, but deeply held piety, having at best "a mediocre intellect" to hold these contradictory forces in harness.
English navy[link]
See also: Tudor navy
Together with Alfred the Great and Charles II, Henry is traditionally cited as one of the founders of the Royal Navy. His reign featured some naval warfare and, more significantly, large royal investment in shipbuilding (including a few spectacular great ships such as Mary Rose), dockyards (such as HMNB Portsmouth) and naval innovations (such as the use of cannon on board ship — although archers were still deployed on medieval-style forecastles and bowcastles as the ship's primary armament on large ships, or co-armament where cannon were used). However, in some ways this is a misconception since Henry did not bequeath to his immediate successors a navy in the sense of a formalised organisation with structures, ranks, and formalised munitioning structures but only in the sense of a set of ships. Elizabeth I still had to cobble together a set of privately owned ships to fight off the Spanish Armada (which consisted of about 130 warships and converted merchant ships) and in the former, formal sense the modern British navy, the Royal Navy, is largely a product of the Anglo-Dutch naval rivalry of the 17th century. Still, Henry's reign marked the birth of English naval power and was a key factor in England's later victory over the Spanish Armada.
Henry's break with Rome incurred the threat of a large-scale French or Spanish invasion. To guard against this he strengthened existing coastal defence fortresses such as Dover Castle and, at Dover, Moat Bulwark and Archcliffe Fort, which he personally visited for a few months to supervise. He built a chain of new 'castles' (in fact, large bastioned and garrisoned gun batteries) along Britain's southern and eastern coasts from East Anglia to Cornwall, largely built of material gained from the demolition of the monasteries. These were known as Henry VIII's Device Forts.
Style and arms[link]
Many changes were made to the royal style during his reign. Henry originally used the style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Lord of Ireland". In 1521, pursuant to a grant from Pope Leo X rewarding a book by Henry, the Defence of the Seven Sacraments, attacking Martin Luther, the royal style became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland". Following Henry's excommunication, Pope Paul III rescinded the grant of the title "Defender of the Faith", but an Act of Parliament declared that it remained valid; and it continues in royal usage to the present day.
In 1535, Henry added the "supremacy phrase" to the royal style, which became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith, Lord of Ireland and of the Church of England in Earth Supreme Head". In 1536, the phrase "of the Church of England" changed to "of the Church of England and also of Ireland".
In 1541, Henry had the Irish Parliament change the title "Lord of Ireland" to "King of Ireland" with the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, after being advised that many Irish people regarded the Pope as the true head of their country, with the Lord acting as a mere representative. The reason the Irish regarded the Pope as their overlord was that Ireland had originally been given to the King Henry II of England by Pope Adrian IV in the 12th century as a feudal territory under papal overlordship. The meeting of Irish Parliament that proclaimed Henry VIII as King of Ireland was the first meeting attended by the Gaelic Irish chieftains as well as the Anglo-Irish aristocrats. The style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head" remained in use until the end of Henry's reign.
Henry's motto was "Coeur Loyal" ("true heart") and he had this embroidered on his clothes in the form of a heart symbol and with the word "loyal". His emblem was the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis.
As Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father (i.e. those of the kingdom), differenced by a label of three points ermine. As king, Henry's arms were the same as those used by his predecessors since Henry IV: Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England).
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Coat of Arms as Prince of Wales
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Coat of arms of King Henry VIII (early reign)
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Coat of arms of King Henry VIII (later reign)
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Ancestry[link]
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Marriages and issue[link]
See also: Wives of Henry VIII
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| By Catherine of Aragon (married Greenwich Palace 11 June 1509; annulled 23 May 1533) | |||
| Unnamed Daughter | 31 January 1510 | 2 February 1510 | |
| Henry, Duke of Cornwall | 1 January 1511 | 22 February 1511 | died aged almost two months |
| Unnamed Son | November 1513 | died shortly after birth | |
| Henry, Duke of Cornwall | December 1514 | died within one month of birth | |
| Queen Mary I | 18 February 1516 | 17 November 1558 | married 1554, Philip II of Spain; no issue |
| Unnamed Daughter | November 1518 | died within one week of birth | |
| By Anne Boleyn (married Westminster Abbey 25 January 1533; annulled 17 May 1536) beheaded on 19 May 1536 | |||
| Henry, Duke of Cornwall | August/September 1534 | died within two minutes of birth | |
| Queen Elizabeth I | 7 September 1533 | 24 March 1603 | never married; no issue |
| Unnamed son | 29 January 1536 | stillborn | |
| By Jane Seymour (married York Place 30 May 1536; Jane Seymour died 24 October 1537) | |||
| King Edward VI | 12 October 1537 | 6 July 1553 | unmarried; no issue |
| By Anne of Cleves (married Greenwich Palace 6 January 1540; annulled 9 July 1540) | |||
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| By Catherine Howard (married Oatlands Palace 28 July 1540; annulled 23 November 1541) beheaded on 13 February 1542 | |||
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| By Catherine Parr (married Hampton Court Palace 12 July 1543; Henry VIII died 28 January 1547) | |||
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| By Elizabeth Blount | |||
| Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset | 15 June 1519 | 23 July 1536 | illegitimate; married 1533, the Lady Mary Howard; no issue |
| By Mary Boleyn Paternity is debated by historians. |
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| Catherine Carey, Lady Knollys | c. 1524 | 15 January 1569 | married Sir Francis Knollys; had issue |
| Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon | 4 March 1526 | 23 July 1596 | married 1545, Ann Morgan; had issue |
List of Popes during the reign of Henry VIII[link]
| Pontificate | Portrait | Involvement with Henry VIII |
|---|---|---|
| Julius II 31 October 1503 – 21 February 1513 Henry VIII between ages of 12 and 21. Henry and the Pope close allies. |
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Granted the dispensation for Henry to marry the widow of his brother. Julius was the warrior pope. In 1511 the Holy League was formed for the purpose of delivering Italy from French rule. England joined the League on 17 November 1511. |
| Leo X 9 March 1513 – 1 December 1521 Henry VIII between ages of 21 and 30. Henry and the Pope close allies. |
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Granted Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith in the last week of his life. Excommunicated Martin Luther. |
| Adrian VI 9 January 1522 – 14 September 1523 Henry VIII between ages of 30 and 32. Short pontificate. |
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Only Dutch pope. Pontificate lasted only 613 days. |
| Clement VII 26 November 1523 – 25 September 1534 Henry VIII between ages of 32 and 42. Henry formed Anglican Church |
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Denied Henry VIII his request for divorce in 1527.[68] |
| Paul III 13 October 1534 – 10 November 1549 Henry VIII between ages of 42 and death. Final break from pope. |
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Catherine of Aragon died 15 months after his election. On 17 December 1538, four years into his pontificate, Paul III excommunicated Henry VIII. |
Depictions in literature and popular culture[link]
Main article: Cultural depictions of Henry VIII of England
See also[link]
- Cestui que
- English monarchs, List of
- English monarchs family tree
- Inventory of Henry VIII of England
- Sebastian Giustinian
- The Rough Wooing
References[link]
- ^ J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 361.
- ^ John A. Guy, The Tudors: a very short introduction (2000) p. 41
- ^ Robert M. Adams, The land and literature of England (1986) pp. 111–12.
- ^ Wilkinson, Josephine. Mary Boleyn: The True Story of Henry VIII's Favourite Mistress p.70. Amberley Publishing, 2009
- ^ Eric Ives, "Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?" History Today 2006 56(2): 28–36.
- ^ Crofton, p.128
- ^ Crofton, p.129
- ^ Churchill, p.29
- ^ Crofton, p.126
- ^ Crofton p,128
- ^ Hall, Edward, The Triumphant Reign of Henry VIII, p. 17 .
- ^ Crofton, p.129
- ^ Guicciardini, History of Italy, 280.
- ^ Elton (1977)
- ^ MacCulloch (1995)
- ^ Simon Thurley, "Palaces for a nouveau riche king." History Today, (June 1991), Vol. 41, No. 6 in Academic Search Premier
- ^ Thomas, Andrea, Princelie Majestie, Birlinn (2005), 79–80 citing Simon Thurley, The Royal Palaces of Tudor England, 222-4.
- ^ Jonathan Davies, "'We Do Fynde in Our Countre Great Lack of Bowes and Arrows': Tudor Military Archery and the Inventory of King Henry VIII," Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 2005 83(333): 11–29. Issn: 0037-9700
- ^ G. R. Elton, The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII (1962) online edition; Elton, Reform and Reformation: England, 1509–1558 (1977) is sharply hostile toward the king — an "ego-centric monstrosity," whose reign "owed its successes and virtues to better and greater men about him; most of its horrors and failures sprang more directly from himself." p. 43
- ^ A. F. Pollard, Henry VIII (1905) provides the classic statement of the Henrician position, esp. pp 230–38. Pollard argues that that Spain and France stayed loyal because they controlled the papacy.
- ^ G. W. Bernard, The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church (2005)
- ^ Richard Rex, "The Crisis of Obedience: God's Word and Henry's Reformation." Historical Journal 1996 39(4): 863–894. Issn: 0018-246x in Jstor
- ^ Meyer, pp.254–6
- ^ Meyer, pp.269–72
- ^ ML Bush, "The Tudor Polity and the Pilgrimage of Grace." Historical Research 2007 80(207): 47–72. ISSN 0950-3471. Fulltext: Ebsco; Geoffrey Moorhouse, The Pilgrimage of Grace: The Rebellion That Shook Henry VIII's Throne (2003) excerpt and text search
- ^ Fraser considers that only three named mistresses are definitely known: Bessie Blount, Mary Boleyn and Madge Shelton, but even the last is now disputed. Fraser p. 220
- ^ a b c d e Weir, Alison (2002). Henry VIII: The King and His Court. Random House. ISBN 978-0-345-43708-2.
- ^ Hart, Kelly (1 June 2009). The Mistresses of Henry VIII (First ed.). The History Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-7524-4835-8. http://books.google.com/?id=r6HGPAAACAAJ.
- ^ PRO, E36/215 f.449
- ^ Fraser, Antonia (1994). The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books. p. Page 220. ISBN 978-0-679-73001-9. http://books.google.com/?id=24UKxUPB5goC.
- ^ Lacey, p. 70.
- ^ Scarisbrick, p. 154.
- ^ a b c
"Henry VIII" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. - ^ Brigden, p. 114.
- ^ Morris, p. 166.
- ^ Christopher Haigh p.92f
- ^ a b "Clement VII" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
- ^ Williams, p.136
- ^ Williams, p.123
- ^ Starkey, pp. 462–4.
- ^ Williams, p.124
- ^ Williams, pp.128–31
- ^ Historians disagree on the exact date of the excommunication; according to Winston Churchill's 'History of the English Speaking Peoples', the bull of 1533 was a draft with penalties left blank and was not made official until 1535. Others say Henry was not officially excommunicated until 1538, by Pope Paul III, brother of Cardinal Franklin de la Thomas.
- ^ According to J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.361, Pope Paul promulgated the Bull of Excommunication on 17 December 1538
- ^ Lehmberg.
- ^ Williams, p.138
- ^ Williams, p.141
- ^ Ashley, p. 240.
- ^ Williams, p.c4
- ^ Williams, p.142
- ^ Williams, pp.143–4
- ^ Hibbert, pp.54–5
- ^ Hibbert, p.60
- ^ Lindsey, Karen (1995). "Divorced, Beheaded, Survived", pp.136–157. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA. ISBN 0-201-60895-2.
- ^ Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals, p.75. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9.
- ^ Harrison, William; Georges Edelen The Description of England: Classic Contemporary Account of Tudor Social Life' Dover Publications Inc.; New edition edition (Feb 1995) originally published 1557 ISBN 978-0-486-28275-6 p.193
- ^ "The jousting accident that turned Henry VIII into a tyrant — This Britain, UK". The Independent (UK). 18 April 2009. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-jousting-accident-that-turned-henry-viii-into-a-tyrant-1670421.html. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- ^ Hays, J. N. (2010). The burdens of disease: epidemics and human response in western history. Rutgers University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8135-4613-1. http://books.google.com/?id=AJReBNnOoL8C&pg=PA68&dq=syphilis+henry+viii#v=onepage&q=syphilis%20henry%20viii&f=false.
- ^ Sohn, Emily (11 March 2011). "King Henry VIII's Madness Explained". discovery.com. http://news.discovery.com/history/henry-viii-blood-disorder-110311.html. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ^ "Solving the Puzzle of Henry VIII". sciencedaily.com. 3 March 2011. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110303153114.htm. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- ^ Ashrafian, Hutan. (2011). "Henry VIII's obesity following traumatic brain injury". Endocrine. DOI:10.1007/s12020-011-9581-z. http://www.bioportfolio.com/resources/pmarticle/267683/Henry-Viii-s-Obesity-Following-Traumatic-Brain-Injury.html.
- ^ Davies, p. 687.
- ^ Marvin, Frederic (2010 (Reprint)). "The Last Words of Distinguished Men and Women: Collected from Various Sources". books.google.co.uk. ISBN 978-1-4400-6608-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bq0aJ5qKoOYC&pg=PA130. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ Early Tudor Tombs and the Rise and Fall of Anglo-Italian Relations, in The The evolution of the grand tour:Anglo-Italian cultural relations since the Renaissance by Edward Chaney (Routledge 2000).
- ^ Steven Gunn, "Tournaments and early Tudor chivalry," History Today, (June 1991), Vol. 41, No. 6 in Academic Search Premier; James Williams, "Hunting and the Royal Image of Henry VIII" Sport in History 2005 25(1): 41–59. Issn: 1746-0263
- ^ Andrew A. Chibi, "Richard Sampson, His Oratio, and Henry VIII's Royal Supremacy." Journal of Church and State 1997 39(3): 543–560. Issn: 0021-969x Fulltext: Ebsco
- ^ See Thomas Betteridge, "The Henrician Reformation and Mid-Tudor Culture." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 2005 35(1): 91–109. Issn: 1082-9636 Fulltext: Ebsco. Original documents are collected by the Centre for Research in Early English Drama at Victoria University, Toronto
- ^ McKim, Donald K., The Cambridge companion to John Calvin, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 247.
Sources[link]
- The New World by Winston Churchill (1966).
- The Reformation Parliament, 1529–1536 by Stanford E. Lehmberg (1970).
- Henry VIII and his Court by Neville Williams (1971).
- The Life and Times of Henry VIII by Robert Lacey (1972).
- The Six Wives of Henry VIII by Alison Weir (1991) ISBN 0-8021-3683-4.
- English Reformations by Christopher Haigh (1993).
- Europe: A history by Norman Davies (1998) ISBN 978-0-06-097468-8.
- Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century by T. A. Morris (1998).
- New Worlds, Lost Worlds by Susan Brigden (2000).
- Henry VIII: The King and His Court by Alison Weir (2001).
- British Kings & Queens by Mike Ashley (2002) ISBN 0-7867-1104-3.
- Henry VIII: The King and His Court by Alison Weir (2002) ISBN 0-345-43708-X.
- Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII by David Starkey (2003) ISBN 0-06-000550-5.
- The Kings and Queens of England by Ian Crofton (2006).
Bibliography[link]
Biographical[link]
- Bowle, John. Henry VIII: a Study of Power in Action. Little, Brown, 1964.
- Erickson, Carolly. Mistress Anne: the Exceptional Life of Anne Boleyn. (1984). 464 pp. popular biography
- Cressy, David. "Spectacle and Power: Apollo and Solomon at the Court of Henry VIII." History Today 1982 32(oct): 16–22. ISSN: 0018-2753 Fulltext: Ebsco Traces the transition of Henry from Renaissance monarch (the youthful Apollo) to Reformation patriarch (the ageing Solomon) using the graphics and visual images displayed in his court, festivals, and kingdom.
- Gardner, James. "Henry VIII" in Cambridge Modern History vol 2 (1903), a brief political history online edition
- Graves, Michael. Henry VIII (2003), 217 pp, topical coverage
- Ives, E. W. "Henry VIII (1491–1547)", in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004), online at OUP, a good starting point
- Pollard, A. F. Henry VIII (1905), 470 pp; the first modern biography, accurate and still valuable online edition
- Rex, Richard. Henry VIII and the English Reformation. (1993). 205 pp.
- Ridley, Jasper. Henry VIII. (1985). 473 pp. popular biography
- Scarisbrick, J. J. Henry VIII (1968). 592 pp, a favourable scholarly biography
- Smith, Lacey Baldwin. Henry VIII: the Mask of Royalty (1971), a leading scholar writes a psycho-biography online edition
- Starkey, David. Six Wives: the Queens of Henry VIII (2003) excerpt and text search
- Starkey, David. The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics (1986). 174 pp
- Starkey, David, and Susan Doran. Henry VIII: Man and Monarch (2009). 288 pp
- Tytler, Patrick Fraser (1836). Life of King Henry the Eighth. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd (published 1837). http://books.google.com/?id=lWUDAAAAQAAJ. Retrieved 17 August 2008
- Weir, Alison. Henry VIII, King and Court (2001). 640 pp, a flattering portrait excerpt and text search
- Weir, Alison. The Children of Henry VIII. (1996). 400 pp.
Scholarly studies[link]
- Bernard, G. W. The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church. (2005). 712 pp. excerpts and text search
- Bernard, G. W. "The Making of Religious Policy, 1533–1546: Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way." Historical Journal 1998 41(2): 321–349. Issn: 0018-246x Fulltext: in Jstor
- Bernard, G. W. War, Taxation, and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey, and the Amicable Grant of 1525. (1986). 164 pp
- Elton, G. R. The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII (1953; revised 1962), major interpretation online edition
- Coleman, Christoper, and David Starkey, eds. Revolution Reassessed: Revision in the History of Tudor Government and Administration (1986), evaluates Elton thesis
- Elton, G. R. Reform and Reformation: England, 1509–1558 (1977), hostile to Henry
- Fielder, Martha Anne. "Iconographic Themes in Portraits of Henry VIII." PhD dissertation Texas Christian U. 1985. 232 pp. DAI 1985 46(6): 1424-A. DA8517256 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
- Fox, Alistair, and John Guy, eds. Reassessing the Henrician Age: Humanism, Politics and Reform 1500–1550 (1986), 242pp; advanced essays by scholars
- Head, David M. "Henry VIII's Scottish Policy: a Reassessment." Scottish Historical Review 1982 61(1): 1–24. Issn: 0036-9241 Argues that if Henry intended to take over Scotland then his 1542 victory at Solway Moss was the opportune moment, for the French were unable to intervene, the Scottish nobility was in disarray, and the infant Mary was in line for Scotland's throne. Instead, Henry adopted a policy similar to that in Ireland, since he could not afford outright conquest or the luxury of diplomacy.
- Lindsey, Karen. Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII (1995) online edition
- Loades, David. Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict (2007) 248pp; by a leading scholar excerpt and text search
- MacCulloch, Diarmaid, ed. The Reign of Henry VIII: Politics, Policy, and Piety. (1995). 313 pp. essays by scholars
- Marshall, Peter. "(Re)defining the English Reformation," Journal of British Studies July 2009, Vol. 48 Issue 3, pp 564–85,
- Mackie, J. D. The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 (1952), a political survey of the era online edition
- Moorhouse, Geoffrey. Great Harry's Navy: How Henry VIII Gave England Seapower (2007)
- Moorhouse, Geoffrey. The Last Divine Office: Henry VIII and the Dissolution of the Monasteries (2009)
- Slavin, Arthur J., ed. Henry VIII and the English Reformation (1968), readings by historians. online edition
- Smith, H. Maynard. Henry VIII and the Reformation (1948) online edition
- Wagner, John A. Bosworth Field to Bloody Mary: An Encyclopedia of the Early Tudors (2003). ISBN 1-57356-540-7.
- Walker, Greg. Writing under Tyranny: English Literature and the Henrician Reformation. (2005). 556 pp.
Historiography and memory[link]
- Head, David M. "'If a Lion Knew His Own Strength': the Image of Henry VIII and His Historians." International Social Science Review 1997 72(3–4): 94–109. Issn: 0278-2308 Fulltext: Ebsco
- Hoak, Dale. "Politics, Religion and the English Reformation, 1533–1547: Some Problems and Issues." History Compass 2005 3 (Britain and Ireland): 7 pp Issn: 1478-0542 Fulltext: Blackwell Synergy
- Ives, Eric. "Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?" History Today 2006 56(2): 28–36. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: Ebsco
- Rankin, Mark. 'Imagining Henry VIII: Cultural Memory and the Tudor King, 1535–1625'. PhD Dissrertation, Ohio State. U. Dissertation Abstracts International 2007 68(5): 1987-A. DA3264565, 403p.
Primary sources[link]
- Williams, C. M. A. H. English Historical Documents, 1485–1558 (1996) online sources
- Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII: preserved in the Public Record Office, the British Museum and elsewhere, volume 1 edited by John S. Brewer, Robert H. Brodie, James Gairdner. (1862); full text online vol 1; full text vol 3
- Letters & Papers, Henry VIII, 21 vols., at British History Online, see also James Gairdner for more detail
- Nicolas, Nicholas Harris, ed., The Privy Purse Expences of Henry VIII, 1529–1532, Pickering, London (1827)
External links[link]
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- Henry VIII at the Open Directory Project
- Tudor bio
- Jokinen, A. (2004). Henry VIII (1491–1547).
- Eakins, L. E. (2004). "The Six Wives of Henry VIII".
- Public Broadcasting Service. (2003). "The Six Wives of Henry VIII".
- Vallieres, S. (1999). "Tudor Succession Problems"
- Ask About Ireland: Waterford Museum of Treasures Collection: Cap of Maintenance
- Luminarium: King Henry VIII Life, works, essays, study resources
- Henry VIII Podcast Show
- Henry VIII and his wives
- Buehler, Edward. (2004). "Tudor Portraits: Henry VIII".
- Stevens, Garry. (2003). "Henry VIII: Intrigue in the Tudor Court"
- Martin Luther to Henry VIII, 1 September 1525
- Henry VIII to Martin Luther. August, 1526
- Henry VIII to Frederic, John, and George, Dukes of Saxony. January. 20, 1523 re: Luther.
- "Henry VIII Revealed", Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, 2003. — A discussion of the Holbein's 1536 portrait of Henry VIII and related portraits
- Free scores by Henry VIII of England in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
- Free scores by Henry VIII of England in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
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Henry VIII of England
Born: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Henry VII |
Lord of Ireland 21 April 1509 – 28 January 1547 |
Crown of Ireland Act 1542 |
| King of England 21 April 1509 – 28 January 1547 |
Succeeded by Edward VI |
|
| Vacant
Title last held by
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair |
King of Ireland 1541–1547 |
|
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Sir William Scott |
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1493–1509 |
Succeeded by Sir Edward Poyning |
| Preceded by The Marquess of Berkeley |
Earl Marshal 1494–1509 |
Succeeded by The Duke of Norfolk |
| Peerage of England | ||
| Vacant
Title last held by
Arthur |
Prince of Wales 1502–1509 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Edward |
| Preceded by Arthur |
Duke of Cornwall 1502–1509 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Henry |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
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|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Henry VIII of England |
| Alternative names | Henry Tudor |
| Short description | King of England |
| Date of birth | 1491-06-28 |
| Place of birth | Palace of Placentia, Greenwich |
| Date of death | 1547-01-28 |
| Place of death | Palace of Whitehall, London |
http://wn.com/Henry_VIII_of_England
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http://cs.wn.com/Jindřich VIII. Tudor
http://id.wn.com/Henry VIII dari Inggris
http://es.wn.com/Enrique VIII de Inglaterra
http://ru.wn.com/Генрих VIII
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http://pl.wn.com/Henryk VIII Tudor
http://fr.wn.com/Henri VIII d'Angleterre
http://de.wn.com/Heinrich VIII. (England)
http://hi.wn.com/इंग्लैंड के हेनरी अष्टम
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Jane Seymour (disambiguation).
| Jane Seymour | |
|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tenure | 30 May 1536 – 24 October 1537 |
| Proclamation | 4 June 1536 |
| Spouse | Henry VIII of England (1536-1537) |
| Issue | |
| Edward VI of England | |
| House | House of Tudor (By Marriage) |
| Father | John Seymour |
| Mother | Margery Wentworth |
| Born | c. 1508 |
| Died | 24 October 1537 (aged 28-29) Hampton Court Palace |
| Signature |  |
| Religion | Catholic |
Jane Seymour (c. 1508 – 24 October 1537) was Queen of England as the third wife of King Henry VIII. She succeeded Anne Boleyn as queen consort following the latter's execution for trumped up charges of high treason, incest and adultery in May 1536. She died of postnatal complications less than two weeks after the birth of her only child, a son who reigned as Edward VI. She was the only one of Henry's wives to receive a queen's funeral, and his only consort to be buried beside him in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, as she was the only consort to have a male heir.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Jane Seymour was born at Wulfhall, Savernake Forest, Wiltshire, the daughter of Sir John Seymour and Margery Wentworth. Through her maternal grandfather, she was the great-great granddaughter of King Edward III of England through Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence.[1] Because of this, she and King Henry VIII were fifth cousins. She was a half-second cousin to her predecessor Anne Boleyn, sharing a great-grandmother, Elizabeth Cheney.[2] Her date of birth is a matter of debate. It is usually given as 1509 or even 1510, but it has been noted that at her funeral, 29 women walked in succession.[3] Since it was customary for the attendant company to mark every year of the deceased's life in numbers, this implies she was born in 1508, or 1507 and she had not yet celebrated her 30th birthday.
She was not educated as highly as King Henry's previous wives, Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. She could read and write a little, but was much better at needlework and household management, which were considered much more necessary for women.[4] Jane's needlework was reported to be beautiful and elaborate; some of her work survived up to 1652, when it is recorded to have been given to the Seymour family. After her death, it was noted that Henry was an "enthusiastic embroiderer".[5]
She became a maid-of-honour in 1532 to Queen Catherine, but Jane may have served Catherine as early as 1527, and went on to serve Queen Anne Boleyn. The first report of Henry VIII's interest in Jane Seymour was in early 1536, sometime before the death of Catherine of Aragon.
Jane was noted to have a child-like face, as well as a modest personality.[6] According to the Imperial Ambassador Eustace Chapuys, Jane was of middling stature and very pale; he also commented that she was not of much beauty. However, John Russell stated that Jane was "the fairest of all the King's wives." [7] Polydore Vergil commented that she was "a woman of the utmost charm in both character and appearance."[8]
Marriage[link]
King Henry VIII was married to Jane at the Palace of Whitehall, Whitehall, London, on 30 May 1536, just eleven days after Anne Boleyn's execution. She was publicly proclaimed as queen consort on 4 June. She was never crowned, due to a plague in London where the coronation was to take place. Henry may have been reluctant to crown Jane before she had fulfilled her duty as a queen consort by bearing him a son and a male heir.[9]
As queen, Jane Seymour was said to be strict and formal. Her motto was "Bound to obey and serve." [10] She was close to her female relations, Anne Stanhope (her brother's wife) and her sister, Elizabeth. Jane was also close to the Lady Lisle along with her sister-in-law the Lady Beauchamp. Jane considered Lisle's daughters as ladies-in-waiting and she left many of her possessions to Beauchamp. Jane would form a very close relationship with Mary Tudor. The lavish entertainments, gaiety, and extravagance of the Queen's household, which had reached its peak during the time of Anne Boleyn, was replaced by a strict enforcement of decorum. For example, she banned the French fashions that Anne Boleyn had introduced. Politically, Seymour appears to have been conservative.[11]
| The Six Wives of Henry VIII |
|---|
| Catherine of Aragon |
| Anne Boleyn |
| Jane Seymour |
| Anne of Cleves |
| Catherine Howard |
| Catherine Parr |
Her only reported involvement in national affairs, in 1536, was when she asked for pardons for participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace. Henry is said to have rejected this, reminding her of the fate her predecessor met with when she "meddled in his affairs".[12]
Jane put forth much effort to restore Henry's first child, Princess Mary, to court and heir to the throne behind any children that Jane would have with Henry. Jane brought up the issue of Mary's restoration both before and after she became Queen. While Jane was unable to restore Mary to the line of succession, Jane was able to reconcile her with Henry.[13] Eustace Chapuys wrote to Charles V of Jane's compassion and efforts on behalf of Mary's return to favour. A letter from Mary to Jane shows that Mary was grateful to Jane. While it was Jane who first pushed for the restoration, Mary and Elizabeth were not reinstated in the succession until Henry's sixth wife, Queen Catherine Parr, convinced him to do so.[14]
In early 1537, Jane became pregnant. During her pregnancy, she developed a craving for quail, which Henry ordered for her from Calais and Flanders. She went into confinement in September 1537 and gave birth to the coveted male heir, the future King Edward VI of England on 12 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace.[15]
Death[link]
Custom dictated that the Queen did not participate in her children's christening. Consequently, Edward was christened without his mother in attendance on 15 October 1537. Both of the King's daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, were present and carried the infant's train during the ceremony.[16] After the christening, it became clear that Jane Seymour was seriously ill.[17]
Jane Seymour's labour had been difficult, lasting two nights and three days, probably because the baby was not well positioned.[18] According to King Edward's biographer, Jennifer Loach, Jane Seymour's death may have been due to an infection from a retained placenta. According to Alison Weir, death could have also been caused by puerperal fever due to a bacterial infection contracted during the birth or a tear in her perineum which became infected.
Jane Seymour died on 24 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace at Kingston upon Thames.[11]
Funeral[link]
Jane Seymour was buried on 12 November 1537 in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle after the funeral in which her stepdaughter, Mary, acted as chief mourner. Jane was the only one of Henry's wives to receive a Queen's funeral.[11]
The following inscription was above her grave for a time:
- Here lieth a Phoenix, by whose death
- Another Phoenix life gave breath:
- It is to be lamented much
- The world at once ne'er knew two such.
After her death, Henry wore black for the next three months and did not remarry for three years, although marriage negotiations were tentatively begun soon after her death. She was Henry's favourite wife because, historians have speculated, she gave birth to a male heir. When he died in 1547, Henry was buried beside her in the grave he had made for her, on his request.[11]
Legacy[link]
Two of Jane's brothers, Thomas and Edward, used her memory to improve their own fortunes.[11] Thomas was rumoured to have been pursuing Lady Elizabeth, but married the Dowager Queen Catherine Parr instead after the King's death. In the reign of the young King Edward VI, Edward Seymour set himself up as Lord Protector and de facto ruler of the kingdom. Both brothers eventually fell from power, and were executed.[11]
In film[link]
- In 1933, Wendy Barrie played Seymour opposite Charles Laughton's Henry VIII in Alexander Korda's highly-acclaimed film The Private Life of Henry VIII.
- Seymour is a minor character in Hal B. Wallis' 1969 Oscar-winning Anne of the Thousand Days. She was played by Lesley Paterson, opposite Richard Burton as Henry VIII.
- As part of the 1970 BBC series The Six Wives of Henry VIII, the episode entitled "Jane Seymour" presented her as a shy but honest introvert, devoted to her husband. Henry was played by Keith Michell, and Seymour by Anne Stallybrass. The previous episode "Anne Boleyn" displayed Jane as fully knowing the damage her relationship with King Henry was doing.
- In 1973, this interpretation was repeated in Henry VIII and his Six Wives, in which Keith Michell reprised his role from the BBC drama; on this occasion Seymour was played by Jane Asher.
- Seymour was played by Charlotte Roach in David Starkey's documentary series on Henry's Queens in 2001.
- Seymour is a supporting character in the BBC television drama The Other Boleyn Girl, played by Naomi Benson opposite Jared Harris as Henry VIII and Jodhi May as Anne Boleyn.
- In October 2003, in the two-part ITV drama Henry VIII, Ray Winstone starred as the King. Jane Seymour was played by Emilia Fox.
- In The Simpsons episode "Margical History Tour," Seymour is portrayed by the shrill-tongued Miss Springfield during Marge's retelling of Henry's reign. Henry (portrayed by Homer) quickly orders Seymour's beheading after hearing her annoying voice.
- Anita Briem portrays Seymour as lady-in-waiting to Anne Boleyn in the second season of the television series The Tudors, produced for Showtime. In the third season of the same series, when Jane Seymour becomes Queen and later dies, the part is played by Annabelle Wallis.
- Seymour was played by actress Corinne Galloway in the 2008 film The Other Boleyn Girl.
In books[link]
- Is the main character in Carolly Erickson's novel 'The Favoured Queen' which follows her from her appointment as lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon right up to the time she herself becomes Henry's consort.
- Appears in a background role in The Dark Rose, Volume 2 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles.
- A minor character in Philippa Gregory's popular novel The Other Boleyn Girl. Jane is a devout girl seen by the Boleyns as their rival family at court.
- Appears in Alison Weir's debut novel Innocent Traitor and her second The Lady Elizabeth.
- Is the subject of the novel Plain Jane: A Novel of Jane Seymour (Tudor Women Series) by Laurien Gardner (Sarah Hoyt).
- Appears as a lady serving both Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn in Wolf Hall by Hilary Mantel, which ends with hints of her coming prominence. A planned sequel, The Mirror and the Light, is expected to tell her story.[20]
In music[link]
- As Giovanna Seymour, she appears in Gaetano Donizetti's opera Anna Bolena.
- Rick Wakeman recorded the piece "Jane Seymour" for his 1973 album The Six Wives of Henry VIII.
- The English ballad "The Death of Queen Jane" (Child #170) is about the death of Jane Seymour following the birth of Prince Edward. The story as related in the ballad is historically inaccurate, but apparently reflects the popular view at the time of the events surrounding her death. The historical fact is that Prince Edward was born naturally, and that his mother succumbed to infection and died 12 days later. Most versions of the song end with the contrast between the joy of the birth of the Prince and the grief of the death of the Queen.
From version 170A:
- The baby was christened with joy and much mirth,
- Whilst poor Queen Jane's body lay cold under earth:
- There was ringing and singing and mourning all day,
- The Princess Elizabeth went weeping away
- The ballad is included in Loreena McKennitt's Barley album.
- The song "Lady Jane by The Rolling Stones is rumoured to be about Jane Seymour and her relationship with Henry VIII.
Historiography[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Books solely on Jane Seymour are scarce, but two biographies of the Queen have recently been published. The first is a scholarly biography by Pamela Gross, while the second, by Elizabeth Norton, is more accessible to the average reader. A third book, William Seymour's Ordeal by Ambition, is in part a biography of Jane.
Jane was widely praised as "the fairest, the most discreet, and the most meritous of all Henry VIII's wives" in the centuries after her death. One historian, however, took serious umbrage at this view in the 19th century. Victorian author Agnes Strickland, who wrote multi-volume anthologies of French, Scottish, and English royal women, said that the story of Anne Boleyn's last agonised hours and Henry VIII's swift remarriage to Jane Seymour "is repulsive enough, but it becomes tenfold more abhorrent when the woman who caused the whole tragedy is loaded with panegyric." Hester W. Chapman and Eric Ives resurrected Strickland's view of Jane Seymour, and believe she played a crucial and conscious role in the cold-blooded plot to bring Anne Boleyn to the executioner's block. Joanna Denny, Marie Louise Bruce and Carolly Erickson have also refrained from giving overly sympathetic accounts of Jane's life and career. It should be noted that Ives, Bruce, and Denny are biographers of Anne Boleyn as opposed to Jane Seymour.
On the other hand, historical writers like Alison Weir and Antonia Fraser paint a favourable portrait of a woman of discretion and good sense - "a strong-minded matriarch in the making," says Weir. David Starkey and Karen Lindsey are relatively dismissive of Jane's importance in comparison to that of Henry's other major queens (Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Parr), though they refrain from claiming that she was the cause of the unfair trial. They further state that it was unlikely Jane could accomplish as much as her predecessors or her successors because her reign had been relatively short and spent mainly pregnant or unwell.
Lineage[link]
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References[link]
- ^ Elizabeth Norton. Jane Seymour: Henry VIII's True Love, Amberley Publishing, May 15, 2009. p. 8. Google eBook
- ^ Ancestors of Jane Seymour (see bottom of page).
- ^ Alison Weir, The Six Wives of Henry VIII.
- ^ Brown, Meg Lota and Kari Boyd McBride. Women's roles in the Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing. p. 244
- ^ "Henry VIII — the Embroiderer King". Royal School of Needlework. http://www.royal-needlework.co.uk/content/129/henry_viii_embroiderer_king. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
- ^ Portrait of Jane Seymour c. 1537, a painting by Hans, the Younger Holbein
- ^ Norton, Elizabeth (2009). Jane Seymour. Amberley. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-84868-102-6. http://books.google.com/?id=FiXjKTkR0QYC&pg=PA65
- ^ Vergil, Polydore (1950). The Anglica historia of Polydore Vergil, A.D. 1485-1537. Royal Historical Society. p. 337. http://books.google.com/?id=myMIAAAAIAAJ&q=%22utmost+charm%22
- ^ Wagner, John A. (2011). Encyclopedia of Tudor England. ABC-CLIO. p. 1000. ISBN 978-1598842982. http://books.google.com/books?id=EUCY3otvttEC&pg=PA1000&dq=jane+seymour+encyclopedia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jvCyT_NB8MboAdPb9LYJ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Wagner, John A. (2011). Encyclopedia of Tudor England. ABC-CLIO. p. 1000. ISBN 978-1598842982. http://books.google.com/books?id=EUCY3otvttEC&pg=PA1000&dq=jane+seymour+encyclopedia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jvCyT_NB8MboAdPb9LYJ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ a b c d e f JANE SEYMOUR:THIRD WIFE OF HENRY VIII OF ENGLAND
- ^ "The Six Wives of Henry VIII". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/sixwives/meet/js_handbook_king.html. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
- ^ Wagner, John A. (2011). Encyclopedia of Tudor England. ABC-CLIO. p. 1000. ISBN 978-1598842982. http://books.google.com/books?id=EUCY3otvttEC&pg=PA1000&dq=jane+seymour+encyclopedia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jvCyT_NB8MboAdPb9LYJ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals, p. 72. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9.
- ^ Seal, Graham (2001). Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes. p. 129. ISBN 978-1576072165. http://books.google.com/books?id=qfTcKDzzqvIC&pg=PA129&dq=jane+seymour+encyclopedia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jvCyT_NB8MboAdPb9LYJ&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ All Color Book of Henry VIII, by John Walder, Octopus Books Limited ©1973 p. 47.
- ^ Lancelot, Francis. Jane Seymour, Third Wife of Henry the Eighth. Shamrock Publishing (reprint 2011). p. 93/
- ^ "The death of Jane Seymour – a Midwife’s view". Tudorstuff. 2009-03-21. http://tudorstuff.wordpress.com/2009/03/21/the-death-of-jane-seymour-a-midwifes-view/. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
- ^ Boutell, Charles (1863). A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular. London: Winsor & Newton. p. 278
- ^ The Book Show, Transcript of Interview with Hilary Mantel.
- ^ or Sir Robert Coker of Lydeard St Lawrence
External links[link]
- "Jane Seymour". Find A Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1966.
- A quick over-view of Jane's life, with a good portrait gallery as well
- A more in-depth historical look at Jane's life and times
- A geo-biography tour of the Six Wives of Henry VIII on Google Earth
- The text of the ballad The Death of Queen Jane
- Photo of Seymour waxwork Flickr
- A 1996 interview with Anne Boleyn's most respected academic biographer, E.W. Ives in which he offers his interpretations of Anne Boleyn but also speculates on the role Jane played in Anne's downfall
| English royalty | ||
|---|---|---|
| Vacant
Title last held by
Anne Boleyn |
Queen consort of England Lady of Ireland 30 May 1536 – 24 October 1537 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Anne of Cleves |
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Seymour, Jane |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Queen consort of Henry VIII |
| Date of birth | ca. 1507–1508 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 24 October 1537 |
| Place of death | London, England |
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Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Jana Seymourová
http://es.wn.com/Juana Seymour
http://ru.wn.com/Сеймур, Джейн
http://nl.wn.com/Jane Seymour (koningin van Engeland)
http://pt.wn.com/Joana Seymour
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Anne Boleyn (disambiguation).
| Anne Boleyn | |
|---|---|
|
|
| Later copy of an original portrait, which was painted c.1534. | |
|
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| Tenure | 28 May 1533 – 17 May 1536 |
| Coronation | 1 June 1533 |
| Spouse | Henry VIII of England |
| Issue | |
| Elizabeth I of England | |
| House | House of Tudor (by marriage) |
| Father | Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire |
| Mother | Lady Elizabeth Howard |
| Born | c.1501[1] Blickling Hall/ Hever Castle, England |
| Died | 19 May 1536(1536-05-19) (aged 34-35) Tower of London |
| Signature |  |
| Religion | Anglican, formerly Roman Catholic [2] |
Anne Boleyn (
/ˈbʊlɪn/, /bəˈlɪn/ or /bʊˈlɪn/);[3][4] c.1501[5] – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of Henry VIII of England and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right.[6] Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France, largely as a maid of honour to Claude of France. She returned to England in early 1522, in order to marry her Irish cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond; however, the marriage plans ended in failure and she secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's queen consort, Catherine of Aragon.
Early in 1523 there was a secret betrothal between Anne and Henry Percy, son of the 5th Earl of Northumberland. However, in January of 1524 Cardinal Thomas Wolsey broke the betrothal, Anne was sent back home to Hever Castle, and Percy was married to Lady Mary Talbot, to whom he had been betrothed since adolescence. In February/March 1526 Henry VIII began his pursuit of Anne. She resisted his attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress as her sister Mary had. It soon became the one absorbing object of Henry's desires to annul his marriage to Queen Catherine so he would be free to marry Anne. When it became clear that Pope Clement VII would not annul the marriage, the breaking of the power of the Catholic Church in England began. In 1532, Henry granted her the Marquesate of Pembroke.
Henry and Anne married on 25 January 1533, when Anne was 32 or 33. On 23 May 1533 Thomas Cranmer declared Henry and Catherine's marriage null and void; five days later, he declared Henry and Anne's marriage to be good and valid. Shortly afterwards, the Pope decreed sentences of excommunication against Henry and Cranmer. As a result of this marriage and these excommunications, the first break between the Church of England and Rome took place and the Church of England was brought under the King's control. Anne was crowned Queen of England on 1 June 1533. On 7 September she gave birth to the future Elizabeth I of England. To Henry's displeasure, however, she failed to produce a male heir. Henry was not totally discouraged, for he said that he loved Elizabeth and that a son would surely follow. Three miscarriages followed, however, and by March 1536, Henry was courting Jane Seymour.
Henry had Anne investigated for high treason in April 1536. On 2 May she was arrested and sent to the Tower of London, where she was tried before a jury of peers - which included Henry Percy, her former betrothed and her own uncle, Thomas Howard - and found guilty on 15 May. She was beheaded four days later. Modern historians view the charges against her, which included adultery and incest, as unconvincing. Following the coronation of her daughter, Elizabeth, as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe.[7] Over the centuries, she has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. As a result, she has retained her hold on the popular imagination. Anne has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had",[8] since she provided the occasion for Henry VIII to divorce Catherine of Aragon, and declare his independence from Rome.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, later Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. Thomas Boleyn was a respected diplomat with a gift for languages; he was also a favourite of Henry VII of England, who sent him on many diplomatic missions abroad. Anne and her siblings grew up at Hever Castle in Kent. A lack of parish records from the period has made it impossible to establish Anne's date of birth. Contemporary evidence is contradictory, with several dates having been put forward by various historians. An Italian, writing in 1600, suggested that she had been born in 1499, while Sir Thomas More's son-in-law, William Roper, indicated a much later date of 1512. However her birth was most likely sometime between 1501 and 1507. As with Anne herself, it is uncertain when her two siblings were born, but it seems clear that her sister Mary was older than Anne. Mary's children clearly believed their mother had been the elder sister.[9] Most historians now agree that Mary was born in 1499. Mary's grandson claimed the Ormonde title in 1596 on the basis she was the elder daughter, which Elizabeth I accepted.[10][11] Also, Mary was married first, and by custom, the eldest daughter would be married before the younger.[citation needed] Their brother George was born some time around 1504.[12][13]
The academic debate about Anne's birth date focuses on two key dates: 1501 and 1507. Eric Ives, a British historian and legal expert, advocates the 1501 date, while Retha Warnicke, an American scholar who has also written a biography of Anne, prefers 1507. The key piece of surviving written evidence is a letter Anne wrote sometime in 1514.[14] She wrote it in French to her father, who was still living in England while Anne was completing her education at Mechelen, in the contemporary Netherlands, now Belgium. Ives argues that the style of the letter and its mature handwriting prove that Anne must have been about thirteen at the time of its composition, while Warnicke argues that the numerous misspellings and grammar errors show that the letter was written by a child. In Ives's view this would also be around the minimum age that a girl could be a Maid of Honour, as Anne was to the regent[citation needed], Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy. This is supported by claims by a chronicler from the late 16th century, who wrote that Anne was twenty when she returned from France.[15] These findings are contested by Warnicke in several books and articles, but the evidence does not conclusively support either date.[16]
There are two independent contemporary sources for the 1507 date. Author Gareth Russell wrote a summary of the evidence and relates that Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria, wrote her memoirs shortly before her death in 1612; in it the former lady in waiting and confident to Queen Mary I of England wrote of Anne Boleyn "She was convicted and condemned and was not yet twenty-nine years of age." William Camden wrote a history of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England and was granted access to the private papers of Lord Burghley and to the state archives. In that history, in the chapter dealing with Elizabeth's early life, he records in the margin that Anne was born in MCVII.[17]
Anne's great-grandparents included a Lord Mayor of London, a duke, an earl, two aristocratic ladies, and a knight. One of them, Geoffrey Boleyn, had been a mercer and wool merchant before becoming Lord Mayor.[18][19] The Boleyn family originally came from Blickling in Norfolk, fifteen miles north of Norwich.[18] At the time of Anne's birth, the Boleyn family was considered one of the most respected in the English aristocracy. Among her relatives, she numbered the Howards, one of the pre-eminent families in the land; and one of her ancestors included King Edward I of England. According to Eric Ives, she was certainly of more noble birth than Jane Seymour, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr, Henry VIII's three other English wives.[20] The spelling of the Boleyn name was variable. Sometimes it was written as Bullen, hence the bull heads which formed part of her family arms.[21] At the court of Margaret of Austria in the Netherlands, Anne is listed as Boullan. [11] From there she signed the letter to her father as Anna de Boullan.[22] She is also referred to as "Anna Bolina" (which is Latin); that name is in most portraits of her.[22]
Anne's early education was typical for women of her class. Her academic education was limited to arithmetic, her family genealogy, grammar, history, reading, spelling, and writing. She developed domestic skills such as dancing, embroidery, good manners, household management, music, needlework, and singing. Anne learned to play games, such as cards, chess, and dice. She was also taught archery, falconry, horseback riding, and hunting.
Netherlands and France[link]
Anne's father continued his diplomatic career under Henry VIII. In Europe Thomas Boleyn's charm won many admirers, including Archduchess Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. During this period, she ruled the Netherlands on her father's behalf and was so impressed with Boleyn that she offered his daughter Anne a place in her household. Ordinarily, a girl had to be twelve years old to have such an honour, but Anne may have been younger, as the Archduchess affectionately referred to her as "la petite Boulin [sic]".[23] Anne made a good impression in the Netherlands with her manners and studiousness, Margaret reported that she was well spoken and pleasant for her young age ("son josne eaige").[24] and told Sir Thomas Boleyn that his daughter was "so presentable and so pleasant, considering her youthful age, that I am more beholden to you for sending her to me, than you to me" (E.W. Ives, op.cit.). Anne stayed with Margaret from spring 1513 until her father arranged for her to attend Henry VIII's sister, Mary Tudor, Queen of France, for Mary's marriage to Louis XII of France in October 1514.
In France Anne was a maid of honour to Queen Mary, and then to 15-year-old Queen Claude of France, with whom she stayed nearly seven years.[25][26] In the Queen's household she completed her study of French and developed interests in fashion and religious philosophy. She also acquired knowledge of French culture and etiquette.[27] Though all knowledge about Anne's experiences in the French court are conjecture, even Eric Ives, in his latest edition of the biography, conjectures that she was likely to have made the acquaintance of King Francis I's sister, Marguerite de Navarre, a patron of humanists and reformers. Marguerite de Navarre was also an author in her own right, and her works include elements of Christian mysticism and reform that, but for her protection as the French king's beloved sister, verged on heresy. She or her circle may have encouraged Anne's interest in reform, as well as in poetry and literature.[26] Anne's education in France proved itself in later years, inspiring many new trends among the ladies and courtiers of England, and it may have been instrumental in pressing their King toward the culture-shattering contretemps with the Papacy itself. Eric Ives's latest version of his biography hypothesizes that Anne may have had evangelist conviction and a strong spiritual inner life. William Forrest, author of a contemporary poem about Catherine of Aragon, complimented Anne's "passing excellent" skill as a dancer. "Here", he wrote, "was [a] fresh young damsel, that could trip and go."[28]
Anne exerted a powerful charm on those who met her, though opinions differed on her attractiveness. The Venetian diarist Marino Sanuto, who saw Anne when Henry VIII met Francis I at Calais in October 1532, described her as "not one of the handsomest women in the world; she is of middling stature, swarthy complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much raised... eyes, which are black and beautiful".[29] Simon Grynée wrote to Martin Bucer in September 1531 that Anne was "young, good-looking, of a rather dark complexion". Lancelot de Carles called her "beautiful with an elegant figure", and a Venetian in Paris in 1528 also reported that she was said to be beautiful.[30] The most influential description of Anne,[31] but also the least reliable, was written by the Catholic propagandist and polemicist Nicholas Sanders in 1586, half a century after Anne's death: "Anne Boleyn was rather tall of stature, with black hair, and an oval face of a sallow complexion, as if troubled with jaundice. It is said she had a projecting tooth under the upper lip, and on her right hand six fingers. There was a large wen under her chin, and therefore to hide its ugliness she wore a high dress covering her throat... She was handsome to look at, with a pretty mouth".[32] Sanders held Anne responsible for Henry VIII's rejection of the Catholic church, and writing fifty years after her death, was keen to demonize her. Sanders's description contributed to what biographer Eric Ives calls the "monster legend" of Anne Boleyn.[33] Though his details were fictitious, they have formed the basis for references to Anne's appearance even in some modern textbooks.[34]
Anne's experience in France made her a devout Christian in the new tradition of Renaissance humanism. Anne knew little Latin but, trained at a French court, she was influenced by an “evangelical variety of French humanism” which led her to champion the vernacular Bible.[35] While she would later hold the reformist position that the papacy was a corrupting influence on Christianity, her conservative tendencies could be seen in her devotion to the Virgin Mary.[36] Anne's European education ended in 1521, when her father summoned her back to England. She sailed from Calais in January 1522.[37]
At the court of Henry VIII: 1522–1533[link]
Anne was recalled to marry her Irish cousin, James Butler, a young man who was several years older than she was and who was living at the English court,[38] in an attempt to settle a dispute over the title and estates of the Earldom of Ormond. The 7th Earl of Ormond died in 1515, leaving his daughters, Margaret Boleyn and Anne St Leger, as co-heiresses. In Ireland the great-great-grandson of the 3rd earl, Sir Piers Butler, contested the will and claimed the Earldom himself. He was already in possession of Kilkenny Castle - the ancestral seat of the earls. Sir Thomas Boleyn, being the son of the eldest daughter, felt the title belonged to him and protested to his brother-in-law, the Duke of Norfolk, who spoke to King Henry about the matter. Henry, fearful the dispute could be the spark to ignite civil war in Ireland, sought to resolve the matter by arranging an alliance between Piers's son, James, and Anne Boleyn. She would bring her Ormond inheritance as dowry and thus end the dispute. The plan ended in failure, perhaps because Sir Thomas hoped for a grander marriage for his daughter or because he himself coveted the titles. Whatever the reason, the marriage negotiations came to a complete halt.[39] James Butler later married Lady Joan Fitzgerald, daughter and heiress of James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond and Amy O'Brien.
Mary Boleyn, Anne Boleyn's older sister, had earlier been recalled from France in late 1519, ostensibly for her affairs with the French king and his courtiers. She married William Carey, a minor noble, in February 1520, at Greenwich, with Henry VIII in attendance: soon after, Mary Boleyn became the English King's mistress. Historians dispute King Henry VIII's paternity of one or both of Mary Boleyn's children born during this marriage. Henry VIII: The King and His Court, by Alison Weir, questions the paternity of Henry Carey;[40] Dr. G.W. Bernard (The King's Reformation) and Joanna Denny (Anne Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen) argue that Henry VIII was their father. Henry did not acknowledge either child, as he did his son Henry Fitzroy, his illegitimate son by Elizabeth Blount, Lady Talboys.
Anne made her début at the Chateau Vert (Green Castle) pageant in honour of the imperial ambassadors on 4 March 1522, playing "Perseverance." There she took part in an elaborate dance accompanying Henry's younger sister Mary, several other ladies of the court, and her sister. All wore gowns of white satin embroidered with gold thread.[41] She quickly established herself as one of the most stylish and accomplished women at the court, and soon a number of young men were competing for her.[42]
| The Six Wives of Henry VIII |
|---|
| Catherine of Aragon |
| Anne Boleyn |
| Jane Seymour |
| Anne of Cleves |
| Catherine Howard |
| Catherine Parr |
The American historian Retha M. Warnicke writes that Anne was "the perfect woman courtier... her carriage was graceful and her French clothes were pleasing and stylish; she danced with ease, had a pleasant singing voice, played the lute and several other musical instruments well, and spoke French fluently... A remarkable, intelligent, quick-witted young noblewoman... that first drew people into conversation with her and then amused and entertained them. In short, her energy and vitality made her the center of attention in any social gathering." Henry VIII's biographer J. J. Scarisbrick adds that Anne "revelled in" the attention she received from her admirers.[43]
During this time, Anne was courted by Henry Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, and entered into a secret betrothal with the young man. Thomas Wolsey's gentleman usher, George Cavendish, maintained the two had not been lovers. If Cavendish is to be believed, it may be that their relationship wasn't sexual.[44] The romance was broken off when Percy's father refused to support their engagement. According to Cavendish, Anne was sent from court to her family's countryside estates, but it is not known for how long. Upon her return to court, she again entered the service of Catherine of Aragon.
The distinguished courtier-poet Sir Thomas Wyatt grew up at Allington, an estate nearly adjoining the Boleyn family's estate at Hever Castle in Kent. Wyatt was estranged from his own wife, and unverifiable romantic legends about Anne and him abound, particularly in the writings of Wyatt's grandson. There is conjecture that some of the most yearning poetry attributed to Wyatt was inspired by their relationship and that it is Anne whom he describes in the sonnet Whoso List to Hunt,[45] as unobtainable, headstrong, and belonging to the King: "noli me tangere for Caesar's I am/And wild for to hold though I seem tame".[46] In 1526 King Henry became enamoured with her and began his pursuit.[47]
Some say that Anne resisted the King's attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress, often leaving court for the seclusion of Hever Castle. But within a year, he proposed marriage to her, and she accepted. Both assumed an annulment could be obtained within a matter of months. There is no evidence to suggest that they engaged in a sexual relationship until very shortly before their marriage; Henry's love letters to Anne seem to suggest that their love affair remained unconsummated for much of their seven year courtship. However, Anne was pregnant by the time of her marriage.
Henry's annulment[link]
It is probable that the idea of annulment (not divorce as commonly assumed) had suggested itself to Henry much earlier than this and was motivated by his desire for an heir to secure the legitimacy of the Tudor claim to the crown. Before Henry's father Henry VII ascended the throne, England was beset by civil warfare over rival claims to the crown and Henry wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession. He and Catherine had no living sons: all Catherine's children except Mary died in infancy.[49] Catherine of Aragon had first come to England to be bride to Henry's brother Arthur who died soon after their marriage. Spain and England had, at that time, still wanted a union of their kingdoms, and, in 1509, Henry and Catherine were wed. But this marriage could not take place until the Pope had ruled about a passage in the Leviticus 20:21, which seems to forbid the marriage of a man to his brother's widow lest he and the widow be cursed. The Pope ruled that the passage was inapplicable as Arthur had not had relations with Catherine and so the Pope issued a dispensation to that effect. However some years and a new Pope later, Henry was re-thinking things. Prodded by Catherine's inability to provide an heir, and possibly by Anne herself, Henry decided that no Pope had a right to overrule the Bible. This meant that he had been living in sin with Catherine of Aragon all these years, though Catherine hotly contested this and refused to concede that her marriage to Arthur had been consummated. It also meant that his daughter Mary was a bastard, and that the new Pope (Clement VII) must admit the previous Pope's mistake and annul his marriage. Henry's quest for an annulment became euphemistically known as the "King's Great Matter."[50]
Anne saw an opportunity in Henry's infatuation and the convenient moral quandary. She determined that she would yield to his embraces only as his acknowledged queen. She began to take her place at his side in policy and in state, but not, at least not just yet, in his bed.[51] Confusing the issue of whether or not Anne and Henry had a sexual relationship, is the fact that there is no doubt that Anne was pregnant with Elizabeth (born on 7 September 1533) when she and Henry hastily and secretly wed in order to be married when Anne was crowned queen in May, 1533, since any child born before she was queen would not be able to succeed to the throne.
Various are the opinions of scholars and historians as to how deep was Anne's commitment to the Reformation, how much was she perhaps only personally ambitious, and how much she had to do with Henry's defiance of Papal power. There is anecdotal evidence, related to biographer George Wyatt by her former lady-in-waiting Anne Gainsford,[52] that Anne brought to Henry's attention a heretical pamphlet, perhaps Tyndale's "The Obedience of the Christian Man" or one by Simon Fish called "Supplication for Beggars," which cried out to monarchs to rein in the evil excesses of the Catholic Church. She was sympathetic to those seeking further reformation of the Church, and actively protected scholars working on English translations of the scriptures. According to Marie Dowling "Anne tried to educate her waiting-women in scriptural piety” and is believed to have reproved her cousin, Mary Shelton, for “having ‘idle poesies’ written in her prayer book.”[53] If Cavendish is to be believed, Anne's outrage at Wolsey may have personalized whatever philosophical defiance she brought with her from France. Further, the most recent edition of Ives's biography admits that Anne may very well have had a personal spiritual awakening in her youth which spurred her on, not just as catalyst but expediter for Henry's Reformation, though the process took a number of years.
In 1528 sweating sickness broke out with great severity. In London the mortality rate was great and the court was dispersed. Henry left London, frequently changing his residence; Anne Boleyn retreated to the Boleyn residence at Hever Castle, but contracted the illness; her brother-in-law, William Carey, died. Henry sent his own physician to Hever Castle to care for her,[54] and shortly afterwards, she recovered. It soon became the one absorbing object of Henry's desires to secure an annulment from Catherine.[55] Henry had set his hopes upon a direct appeal to the Holy See, acting independently of Cardinal Wolsey, to whom he at first communicated nothing of his plans related to Anne. In 1527 William Knight, the King's secretary, had been sent to Pope Clement VII to sue for the annulment of his marriage to Catherine, on the grounds that the dispensing bull of Pope Julius II permitting him to marry his brother's widow, Catherine, had been obtained under false pretences. Henry also petitioned, in the event of his becoming free, a dispensation to contract a new marriage with any woman even in the first degree of affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by lawful or unlawful connection. This clearly referred to Anne.[56]
As the Pope was, at that time, prisoner of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, as a result of the Sack of Rome in May 1527, Knight had some difficulty obtaining access. In the end he had to return with a conditional dispensation, which Wolsey insisted was technically insufficient.[57] Henry had now no choice but to put his great matter into the hands of Wolsey, who did all he could to secure a decision in Henry's favor.[58] Wolsey went so far as to convene an ecclesiastical court in England, with a special emissary, Lorenzo Campeggio, from the Pope himself to decide the matter. But the Pope never had empowered his deputy to make any decision. The Pope was still a veritable hostage of Charles V, and Charles V was the loyal nephew of Henry's queen, Catherine.[59] The Pope forbade Henry to contract a new marriage until a decision was reached in Rome, not in England. Convinced that Wolsey's loyalties lay with the Pope, not England, Anne, as well as Wolsey's many enemies, ensured his dismissal from public office in 1529. George Cavendish, Wolsey's chamberlain, records that the servants who waited on the king and Anne at dinner in 1529 in Grafton heard her say that the dishonour that Wolsey had brought upon the realm would have cost any other Englishman his head. Henry replied, "Why then I perceive...you are not the Cardinal's friend." Henry finally agreed to Wolsey's arrest on grounds of praemunire.[60] Had it not been for his death from illness in 1530, he might have been executed for treason.[61] A year later in 1531 (fully two years before Henry's marriage to Anne), Queen Catherine was banished from court and her rooms were given to Anne.
Public support, however, remained with Queen Catherine. One evening in the autumn of 1531, Anne was dining at a manor house on the river Thames and was almost seized by a crowd of angry women. Anne just managed to escape by boat.[62]
When Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham died in 1532, the Boleyn family chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, was appointed, with papal approval.[63]
In 1532 Thomas Cromwell brought before Parliament a number of acts including the Supplication against the Ordinaries and Submission of the Clergy, which recognised royal supremacy over the church, thus finalizing the break with Rome. Following these acts, Thomas More resigned as Chancellor, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister.[64]
Marriage[link]
Anne Boleyn was able to grant petitions, receive diplomats, give patronage and had enormous influence over her future husband to plead the cause of foreign diplomats. The ambassador from Milan wrote in 1531 that it was essential to have her approval if one wanted to influence the English government, a view corroborated by an earlier French ambassador in 1529.
During this period, Anne Boleyn did indeed play an important role in England's international position by solidifying an alliance with France. She established an excellent rapport with the French ambassador, Gilles de la Pommeraie. Anne and Henry attended a meeting with the French king at Calais in winter 1532, in which Henry hoped to enlist the support of Francis I of France for his intended marriage. On 1 September 1532, Henry granted her suo jure the Marquessate of Pembroke, an appropriate peerage for a future Queen;[65] as such she became a rich and important woman: The three Dukes and two Marquesses who existed in 1532 were the King's brother-in-law, the King's bastard, and other descendants of royalty; she ranked above all other peeresses. The Pembroke lands and the title of Earl of Pembroke had been held by Henry's great-uncle,[66] and Henry performed the investiture himself.[67]
Anne's family also profited from the relationship. Her father, already Viscount Rochford, was created Earl of Wiltshire. Henry also came to an arrangement with Anne's Irish cousin and created him Earl of Ormond. At the magnificent banquet to celebrate her father's elevation, Anne took precedence over the Duchesses of Suffolk and Norfolk, seated in the place of honour beside the King which was usually occupied by the Queen.[68] Thanks to Anne's intervention, her widowed sister Mary received an annual pension of £100, and Mary's son, Henry Carey, was educated at a prestigious Cistercian monastery.
The conference at Calais was something of a political triumph, but even though the French government gave implicit support for Henry's re-marriage and Francis I himself held private conference with Anne, the French King maintained alliances with the Pope which he could not explicitly defy.[69]
Soon after returning to Dover, Henry and Anne married in a secret ceremony.[70] She soon became pregnant and, to legalise the first wedding considered to be unlawful at the time, there was a second wedding service, also private in accordance with The Royal Book,[71] which took place in London on 25 January 1533. Events now began to move at a quick pace. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer (who had been hastened, with the Pope's assent, into the position of Archbishop of Canterbury recently vacated by the convenient death of Warham) sat in judgment at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of the King's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. He thereupon declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be good and valid.[72]
Queen of England: 1533–1536[link]
Catherine was formally stripped of her title as Queen and Anne was consequently crowned queen consort on 1 June 1533 in a magnificent ceremony at Westminster Abbey with a banquet afterwards.[74] She was the last Queen Consort of England to be crowned separately from her husband. Unlike any other queen consort, Anne was crowned with St Edward's crown, which had previously been used to crown only a reigning monarch.[75] Historian Alice Hunt suggests that this was done because Anne's pregnancy was visible by then and she was carrying the heir who was presumed to be male.[76] On the previous day, Anne had taken part in an elaborate procession through the streets of London seated in a litter of "white cloth of gold" that rested on two palfreys clothed to the ground in white damask, while the barons of the Cinque Ports held a canopy of cloth of gold over her head. In accordance with tradition she wore white, and on her head a gold coronet beneath which her long dark hair hung down freely.[77] The public's response to her appearance was lukewarm.[78]
Meanwhile, the House of Commons had forbidden all appeals to Rome and exacted the penalties of praemunire against all who introduced papal bulls into England. It was only then that Pope Clement at last took the step of announcing a provisional sentence of excommunication against the King and Cranmer. He condemned the marriage to Anne, and in March 1534, he declared the marriage to Catherine legal and again ordered Henry to return to her.[79] Henry now required his subjects to swear the oath attached to the First Succession Act, which effectively rejected papal authority in legal matters and recognised Anne Boleyn as queen. Those who refused, such as Sir Thomas More, who had resigned as Lord Chancellor, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, were then placed in the Tower of London. In late 1534 parliament declared Henry "the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England".[80] The Church in England was now under Henry's control, not Rome's.
Struggle for a son[link]
After her coronation, Anne settled into a quiet routine at the King's favourite residence, Greenwich Palace, to prepare for the birth of her baby. The child was born slightly premature on 7 September 1533. Between three and four in the afternoon, Anne gave birth to a girl, who was christened Elizabeth, probably in honour of either or both Anne's mother Elizabeth Howard and Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York.[81] But the birth of a girl was a heavy blow to her parents, since they had confidently expected a boy. All but one of the royal physicians and astrologers had predicted a son for them and the French king had already been asked to stand as his godfather. Now the pre-prepared letters announcing the birth of a prince had an s hastily added to them to read princes[s] and the traditional tournament for the birth of an heir was cancelled.[82][83]
Nevertheless the infant princess was given a splendid christening, but Anne feared that Catherine's daughter, Mary, now stripped of her title of princess and labelled a bastard, posed a threat to Elizabeth's position. Henry soothed his wife's fears by separating Mary from her many servants and sending her to Hatfield House, where Princess Elizabeth would be living with her own sizeable staff of servants, and where the country air was thought better for the baby's health.[84] Anne frequently visited her daughter at Hatfield and other residences.[85]
The new queen had a larger staff of servants than Catherine. There were over 250 servants to tend to her personal needs, everyone from priests to stable-boys. There were over 60 maids-of-honour who served her and accompanied her to social events. She also employed several priests who acted as her confessors, chaplains, and religious advisers. One of these was Matthew Parker, who would become one of the chief architects of Anglican thought during the reign of Anne's daughter Elizabeth I.[86]
Strife with the king[link]
The king and his new queen enjoyed a reasonably happy accord with periods of calm and affection. Anne Boleyn's sharp intelligence, political acumen and forward manners, although desirable in a mistress, were unacceptable in a wife. She was once reported to have spoken to her uncle in words that "shouldn't be used to a dog".[87] After a stillbirth or miscarriage as early as Christmas 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the possibility of leaving Anne without having to return to Catherine.[88] Nothing came of the issue as the royal couple reconciled and spent summer 1535 on progress. By October, she was again pregnant.
Anne Boleyn presided over a magnificent court. She spent lavish amounts of money on gowns, jewels, head-dresses, ostrich-feather fans, riding equipment, furniture and upholstery, maintaining the ostentatious display required by her status. Numerous palaces were renovated to suit her and Henry's extravagant tastes.[89] Her motto was "The most happy", and she had chosen a white falcon as her personal device.
Anne was blamed for the tyranny of her husband's government and was referred to by some of her subjects as "The king's whore" or a "naughty paike [prostitute]".[90] Public opinion turned further against her following her failure to produce a son. It sank even lower after the executions of her enemies Sir Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher.[91]
Downfall and execution: 1536[link]
On 8 January 1536, news of Catherine of Aragon's death reached the King and Anne. Hearing of her death, they were overjoyed. The following day, Henry and Anne wore yellow, the symbol of joy and celebration in England, from head to toe, and celebrated Catherine's death with festivities.[92] In Spain, the home country of Catherine of Aragon, yellow is the colour of mourning, in addition to black.[93] For this reason, the wearing of yellow by Henry and Anne may have been a symbol of mourning. With Princess Mary's mother dead, Anne, for her part, attempted to make peace with her.[94]
The Queen, pregnant again, was aware of the dangers if she failed to give birth to a son. With Catherine dead, Henry would be free to marry without any taint of illegality. Mary rebuffed Anne's overtures, perhaps because of rumours circulating that Catherine had been poisoned by Anne and/or Henry. These began after the discovery during her embalming that her heart was blackened. Modern medical experts are in agreement that this was not the result of poisoning, but of cancer of the heart, something which was not understood at the time.[87]
Later that month, the King was unhorsed in a tournament and knocked unconscious for two hours, a worrying incident that Anne believed led to her miscarriage five days later.[95] On the day that Catherine of Aragon was buried at Peterborough Abbey, Anne miscarried a baby which, according to the imperial ambassador Chapuys, she had borne for about three and a half months, and which "seemed to be a male child".[96] For Chapuys, this personal loss was the beginning of the end of the royal marriage.[97]
Given Henry's desperate desire for a son, the sequence of Anne's pregnancies has attracted much interest. Author Mike Ashley speculated that Anne had two stillborn children after Elizabeth's birth and before the male child she miscarried in 1536.[98] Most sources attest only to the birth of Elizabeth in September 1533, a possible miscarriage in the summer of 1534, and the miscarriage of a male child, of almost four months gestation, in January 1536.[99] As Anne recovered from her miscarriage, Henry declared that he had been seduced into the marriage by means of "sortilege"—a French term indicating either "deception" or "spells". His new mistress, Jane Seymour, was quickly moved into royal quarters. This was followed by Anne's brother being refused a prestigious court honour, the Order of the Garter, given instead to Sir Nicholas Carew.[100]
Charges of adultery, incest and treason[link]
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According to author and Tudor historian Alison Weir, Thomas Cromwell plotted Anne's downfall while feigning illness and detailing the plot 20–21 April 1536. Anne's biographer Eric Ives, among others, believes that her fall and execution were engineered by Thomas Cromwell.[101] The conversations between Chapuys and Cromwell thereafter indicate Cromwell as the instigator of the plot to remove Anne; evidence of this is seen in the Spanish Chronicle and through letters written from Chapuys to Charles V. Anne differed with Cromwell over the redistribution of Church revenues and over foreign policy. She advocated that revenues be distributed to charitable and educational institutions; and she favoured a French alliance. Cromwell insisted on filling the King's depleted coffers, while taking a cut for himself, and preferred an imperial alliance.[102] For these reasons, suggests Ives, "Anne Boleyn had become a major threat to Thomas Cromwell."[103] Cromwell's biographer John Schofield, on the other hand, contends that no power struggle existed between Anne and Cromwell and that "not a trace can be found of a Cromwellian conspiracy against Anne... Cromwell became involved in the royal marital drama only when Henry ordered him onto the case."[104] Cromwell did not manufacture the accusations of adultery, though he and other officials used them to bolster Henry's case against Anne.[105] Historian Retha Warnicke questions whether Cromwell could have manipulated the king in such a matter.[106] Henry himself issued the crucial instructions: his officials, including Cromwell, carried them out.[107] The result, historians agree, was a legal travesty.[108] In order to do so the Master Secretary Cromwell would need sufficient evidence that would be convincing enough for her conviction or risk his own offices and perhaps life.
Towards the end of April a Flemish musician in Anne's service named Mark Smeaton was arrested, perhaps tortured or promised freedom. He initially denied being the Queen's lover but later confessed. Another courtier, Sir Henry Norris, was arrested on May Day, but since he was an aristocrat, he could not be tortured. Prior to his arrest, Norris was treated kindly by the King, who offered him his own horse to use on the May Day festivities. It seems likely that during the festivities the King was notified of Smeaton's confession and it was shortly thereafter the alleged conspirators were arrested upon order of the King. Norris was arrested at the festival. Norris denied his guilt and swore that Queen Anne was innocent. One of the most damaging pieces of evidence against Norris was an overheard conversation with Anne at the end of April, where she accused him of coming often to her chambers not to pay court to her lady-in-waiting Madge Shelton but to herself. Sir Francis Weston was arrested two days later on the same charge. Sir William Brereton, a Groom of the King's Privy Chamber, was also apprehended on grounds of adultery. Sir Thomas Wyatt, a poet and friend of the Boleyns who was allegedly infatuated with her before her marriage to the king, was also imprisoned for the same charge but was later released, most likely due to his friendship or his family's friendship with Cromwell. Sir Richard Page was also accused of having a sexual relationship with the Queen, but he was acquitted of all charges after further investigation could not implicate him with Anne.[citation needed] The final accused was Queen Anne's own brother, arrested on charges of incest and treason, accused of having a sexual relationship with his sister.[109] George Boleyn was accused of two incidents of incest: November, 1535 at Whitehall and the following month at Eltham.[110]
On 2 May 1536 Anne was arrested and taken to the Tower of London by barge. It is likely that Anne may have entered through The Court Gate in The Byward Tower rather than The Traitor's Gate. In the Tower, she collapsed, demanding to know the location of her father and "swete broder", as well as the charges against her.
In what is reputed to be her last letter to King Henry, dated May 6, she wrote:
"Sir,Your Grace's displeasure, and my imprisonment are things so strange unto me, as what to write, or what to excuse, I am altogether ignorant. Whereas you send unto me (willing me to confess a truth, and so obtain your favour) by such an one, whom you know to be my ancient professed enemy. I no sooner received this message by him, than I rightly conceived your meaning; and if, as you say, confessing a truth indeed may procure my safety, I shall with all willingness and duty perform your demand.
But let not your Grace ever imagine, that your poor wife will ever be brought to acknowledge a fault, where not so much as a thought thereof preceded. And to speak a truth, never prince had wife more loyal in all duty, and in all true affection, than you have ever found in Anne Boleyn: with which name and place I could willingly have contented myself, if God and your Grace's pleasure had been so pleased. Neither did I at any time so far forget myself in my exaltation or received Queenship, but that I always looked for such an alteration as I now find; for the ground of my preferment being on no surer foundation than your Grace's fancy, the least alteration I knew was fit and sufficient to draw that fancy to some other object. You have chosen me, from a low estate, to be your Queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire. If then you found me worthy of such honour, good your Grace let not any light fancy, or bad council of mine enemies, withdraw your princely favour from me; neither let that stain, that unworthy stain, of a disloyal heart toward your good grace, ever cast so foul a blot on your most dutiful wife, and the infant-princess your daughter. Try me, good king, but let me have a lawful trial, and let not my sworn enemies sit as my accusers and judges; yea let me receive an open trial, for my truth shall fear no open flame; then shall you see either my innocence cleared, your suspicion and conscience satisfied, the ignominy and slander of the world stopped, or my guilt openly declared. So that whatsoever God or you may determine of me, your grace may be freed of an open censure, and mine offense being so lawfully proved, your grace is at liberty, both before God and man, not only to execute worthy punishment on me as an unlawful wife, but to follow your affection, already settled on that party, for whose sake I am now as I am, whose name I could some good while since have pointed unto, your Grace being not ignorant of my suspicion therein. But if you have already determined of me, and that not only my death, but an infamous slander must bring you the enjoying of your desired happiness; then I desire of God, that he will pardon your great sin therein, and likewise mine enemies, the instruments thereof, and that he will not call you to a strict account of your unprincely and cruel usage of me, at his general judgment-seat, where both you and myself must shortly appear, and in whose judgment I doubt not (whatsoever the world may think of me) mine innocence shall be openly known, and sufficiently cleared. My last and only request shall be, that myself may only bear the burden of your Grace's displeasure, and that it may not touch the innocent souls of those poor gentlemen, who (as I understand) are likewise in strait imprisonment for my sake. If ever I found favour in your sight, if ever the name of Anne Boleyn hath been pleasing in your ears, then let me obtain this request, and I will so leave to trouble your Grace any further, with mine earnest prayers to the Trinity to have your Grace in his good keeping, and to direct you in all your actions. From my doleful prison in the Tower, this sixth of May;
Your most loyal and ever faithful wife,
Anne Boleyn"
Four of the accused men were tried in Westminster on 12 May 1536. Weston, Brereton, and Norris publicly maintained their innocence and only the tortured Smeaton supported the Crown by pleading guilty. Three days later, Anne and George Boleyn were tried separately in the Tower of London. She was accused of adultery, incest, and high treason.[111] By the Treason Act of Edward III adultery on the part of a queen was a form of treason (presumably because of the implications for the succession to the throne) for which the penalty was hanging, drawing and quartering for a man and burning alive for a woman, but the accusations, and especially that of incestuous adultery, were also designed to impugn her moral character. The other form of treason alleged against her was that of plotting the king's death, with her "lovers", so that she might later marry Henry Norris.[110] Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland sat on the jury that found Anne guilty. When the verdict was announced, he collapsed and had to be carried from the courtroom. He died eight months later, leaving no heirs and his nephew became the next Earl of Northumberland.
On 14 May, Cranmer declared Anne's marriage to Henry dissolved.[112]
Final hours[link]
Although the evidence against them was unconvincing, the accused were found guilty and condemned to death. George Boleyn and the other accused men were executed on 17 May 1536. Anthony Kingston, the Constable of the Tower, reported Anne seemed very happy and ready to be done with life. Henry commuted Anne's sentence from burning to beheading, and rather than have a queen beheaded with the common axe, he brought Jean Rombaud, an expert swordsman from Saint-Omer in France, to perform the execution. On the morning of 19 May, Kingston wrote:
This morning she sent for me, that I might be with her at such time as she received the good Lord, to the intent I should hear her speak as touching her innocency alway to be clear. And in the writing of this she sent for me, and at my coming she said, 'Mr. Kingston, I hear I shall not die afore noon, and I am very sorry therefore, for I thought to be dead by this time and past my pain.' I told her it should be no pain, it was so little. And then she said, 'I heard say the executioner was very good, and I have a little neck,' and then put her hands about it, laughing heartily. I have seen many men and also women executed, and that they have been in great sorrow, and to my knowledge this lady has much joy in death. Sir, her almoner is continually with her, and had been since two o'clock after midnight.[113]
However, her impending death may have caused her great sorrow for some time during her imprisonment. The poem "Oh Death Rock Me Asleep" is generally believed to have been authored by Anne and reveals that she may have hoped death would end her suffering.[114]
Shortly before dawn, she called Kingston to hear mass with her, and swore in his presence, on the eternal salvation of her soul, upon the Holy Sacraments, that she had never been unfaithful to the king. She ritually repeated this oath both immediately before and after receiving the sacrament of the Eucharist.[115]
On the morning of Friday 19 May, Anne Boleyn was judicially executed, not upon Tower Green despite that fact it is the site of the execution memorial, but rather, a scaffold erected on the north side of the White Tower, in front of what is now the Waterloo Barracks.[116] She wore a red petticoat under a loose, dark grey gown of damask trimmed in fur and a mantle of ermine.[117] Accompanied by two female attendants, Anne made her final walk from the Queen's House to the scaffold and she showed a "devilish spirit"[118] and looked "as gay as if she was not going to die".[119] Anne climbed the scaffold and made a short speech to the crowd:
Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul.[113]
This is one version of her speech, written by Lancelot de Carles in Paris, a few weeks following her death; he had been in London, but did not witness either trial or execution. All the accounts are similar, and undoubtedly correct to varying degrees. It is thought that she avoided criticizing Henry to save Elizabeth and her family from further consequences, but even under such extreme pressure Anne did not confess guilt, in fact subtly implying her innocence, in her appeal to historians who "will meddle of my cause".[citation needed]
Death and burial[link]
She knelt upright, in the French style of executions. Her final prayer consisted of her repeating continually, "To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesus receive my soul." Her ladies removed her headdress and necklaces, and then tied a blindfold over her eyes. According to Eric W. Ives, the executioner Rombaud was so taken by Anne that he was shaken. Rombaud found it so difficult to proceed that to distract her and for her to position her head correctly, he may have shouted, "Where is my sword?" just before killing her.[120][121]
The execution consisted of a single stroke.[122] It was witnessed by Thomas Cromwell, Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, the King's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, the Lord Mayor of London, as well as aldermen, sheriffs, and representatives of the various craft guilds. Most of the King's Council were also present.[123] Cranmer, who was at Lambeth Palace, was reported to have broken down in tears after telling Alexander Ales: "She who has been the Queen of England on earth will today become a Queen in heaven."[124] When the charges were first brought against Anne, Cranmer had expressed his astonishment to Henry and his belief that "she should not be culpable." Still, Cranmer felt vulnerable because of his closeness to the queen. On the night before the execution, he had declared Henry's marriage to Anne to have been void, like Catherine's before her. He made no serious attempt to save Anne's life, although some sources record that he had prepared her for death by hearing her last private confession of sins, in which she had stated her innocence before God.[125] However, on the day of her death a Scottish friend found Cranmer weeping uncontrollably in his London gardens, saying that he was sure that Anne had now gone to Heaven.[126]
Henry failed to have organised any kind of funeral or even provide a proper coffin for her.[citation needed] Her body lay on the scaffold for some time before a man (believed to be working inside the Tower) found an empty arrow chest and placed her head and body inside.[citation needed] She was then buried in an unmarked grave in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula. Her skeleton was identified during renovations of the chapel in the reign of Queen Victoria and Anne's resting place is now marked in the marble floor.
Recognition and legacy[link]
Nicholas Sander, a Roman Catholic recusant born c. 1530, was committed to deposing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Roman Catholicism in England. In his De Origine ac Progressu schismatis Anglicani (The Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism), published in 1585, he was the first to write that Anne had six fingers on her right hand.[127] Since physical deformities were generally interpreted as a sign of evil, it is unlikely that Anne Boleyn would have gained Henry's romantic attention had she had any.[128] Upon exhumation in 1876, no abnormalities were discovered. Her frame was described as delicate, approximately 5'3", with finely formed, tapering fingers.[129]
Anne Boleyn was described by contemporaries as intelligent and gifted in musical arts and scholarly pursuits. She was also strong-willed and proud, and often quarrelled with Henry.[130] Biographer Eric Ives evaluates the apparent contradictions in Anne's persona:
To us she appears inconsistent—religious yet aggressive, calculating yet emotional, with the light touch of the courtier yet the strong grip of the politician—but is this what she was, or merely what we strain to see through the opacity of the evidence? As for her inner life, short of a miraculous cache of new material, we shall never really know. Yet what does come to us across the centuries is the impression of a person who is strangely appealing to the early twenty-first century: A woman in her own right—taken on her own terms in a man's world; a woman who mobilised her education, her style and her presence to outweigh the disadvantages of her sex; of only moderate good looks, but taking a court and a king by storm. Perhaps, in the end, it is Thomas Cromwell's assessment that comes nearest: intelligence, spirit and courage.[131]
No contemporary portraits of Anne Boleyn survive. The only likeness is a medal struck in 1534 to commemorate her second pregnancy, though it appears to be severely damaged.[citation needed]
Following the coronation of her daughter as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe, who argued that Anne had saved England from the evils of Roman Catholicism and that God had provided proof of her innocence and virtue by making sure her daughter Elizabeth I became Queen regnant. An example of Anne's direct influence in the reformed church is what Alexander Ales described to Queen Elizabeth as the "evangelical bishops whom your holy mother appointed from among those scholars who favoured the purer doctrine".[132] Over the centuries, Anne has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. As a result, she has remained in the popular memory and Anne has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had."[8]
Legends[link]
Many legends and fantastic stories about Anne Boleyn have survived over the centuries. One is that she was secretly buried in Salle Church in Norfolk under a black slab near the tombs of her Boleyn ancestors.[133] Her body was said to have rested in an Essex church on its journey to Norfolk. Another is that her heart, at her request,[134] was buried in Erwarton (Arwarton) Church, Suffolk by her uncle Sir Philip Parker.[135]
In 18th century Sicily the peasants of Nicolosi believed that Anne Boleyn, for having made Henry VIII a heretic, was condemned to burn for eternity inside Mount Etna. This legend was often told for the benefit of foreign travellers.[136]
A number of people have claimed to have seen Anne's ghost at Hever Castle, Blickling Hall, Salle Church, Tower of London, and Marwell Hall.[137][138][139] The most famous account of her reputed sighting has been described by paranormal researcher Hans Holzer. In 1864, Major General J.D. Dundas of the 60th Rifles regiment was quartered in the Tower of London. As he was looking out the window of his quarters, he noticed a guard below in the courtyard, in front of the lodgings where Anne had been imprisoned, behaving strangely. He appeared to challenge something, which to the General "looked like a whitish, female figure sliding towards the soldier". The guard charged through the form with his bayonet, then fainted.[140] Only the General's testimony and corroboration at the court-martial saved the guard from a lengthy prison sentence for having fainted while on duty. In 1960, Canon W. S. Pakenham-Walsh, vicar of Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, reported having conversations with Boleyn.[141]
Issue[link]
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
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| Elizabeth | 7 September 1533 | 24 March 1603 | Never married, no issue. |
| Henry, Duke of Cornwall |
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Ancestors[link]
Ancestors of Anne Boleyn
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5. Margaret Butler (c. 1454–1539/1540) |
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11. Anne Hankford (c. 1431–1485) |
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23. Lady Anne de Montagu (1400–1457) | |||||||||||||||
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13. Catherine Moleyns (1424-1465) |
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3. Lady Elizabeth Howard (1480–1538)[142] |
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7. Elizabeth Tilney (before 1445–1497)[143] |
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See also[link]
- Anne Boleyn in popular culture
- Anna Bolena, an opera by Gaetano Donizetti with lyrics by Felice Romani (1830)
- Anne of the Thousand Days, a 1969 drama distributed by Universal Pictures
- List of English consorts
- English royal mistress
References[link]
- ^ [[Earlier historians considered 1507 to be the accepted date but in 1981, the art historian Hugh Paget successfully demonstrated that a letter Anne had written in 1513 from Brussels when she was a maid of honour in that court, a position which was only open to a 12 or 13 yr old was not the hand of a 6 yr old. [Ives - Life & Death of Anne Boleyn]]
- ^ Ives, page 230
- ^ Jones, Daniel Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary 12th edition (1963)
- ^ Wells, John C. (1990). Longman pronunciation dictionary. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 83. ISBN 0-582-05383-8. entry "Boleyn"
- ^ [[Earlier historians considered 1507 to be the accepted date but in 1981, the art historian Hugh Paget successfully demonstrated that a letter Anne had written in 1513 from Brussels when she was a maid of honour in that court, a position which was only open to a 12 or 13 yr old was not the hand of a 6 yr old. [Ives - Life & Death of Anne Boleyn]]
- ^ Ives, pp.158-59, p.388 n32, p.389 n53; Warnicke, p.116. Anne is also called "marchioness".
- ^ "Review: The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn". Copperfieldreview.com. http://www.copperfieldreview.com/reviews/life_and_death_of_anne_boleyn.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ a b Ives, p. xv.
- ^ The argument that Mary might have been the younger sister is refuted by firm evidence from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I that the surviving Boleyns knew Mary had been born before Anne, not after. See Ives, pp. 16–17 and Fraser, p. 119.
- ^ Ives, pp. 16-17
- ^ a b Fraser, p.119
- ^ Warnicke, p. 9;
- ^ Ives, p. 15
- ^ "Anne Boleyn's handwriting". Nellgavin.net. http://www.nellgavin.net/boleyn_links/boleynhandwriting.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ Ives, pp.18–20.
- ^ The date 1507 was accepted in Roman Catholic circles. The 16th century author William Camden inscribed a date of birth of 1507 in the margin of his Miscellany. The date was generally favoured until the late nineteenth century: in the 1880s, Paul Friedmann suggested a birth date of 1503. Art historian Hugh Paget, in 1981, first placed Anne Boleyn at the court of Margaret of Austria. See Eric Ives's biography The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn for the most extensive arguments favoring 1500/1501 and Retha Warnicke's The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn for her proposal of a birth year of 1507.
- ^ "The Age of Anne Boleyn" webpage posted 6 April 2010, Confessions of a Ci-devant, http://garethrussellcidevant.blogspot.com/2010/04/age-of-anne-boleyn.html
- ^ a b Ives, p. 3.
- ^ Fraser, pp. 116-17.
- ^ Ives, p.4. "She was better born than Henry VIII's three other English wives".
- ^ Fraser, p.115
- ^ a b Ives, plate 14.
- ^ Fraser and Ives argue that this appointment proves Anne was probably born in 1501; but Warnicke disagrees, partly on the evidence of Anne's being described as "petite." See Ives, p. 19; Warnicke, pp. 12–3.
- ^ Warnicke, p. 12.
- ^ Starkey, pp. 261–63.
- ^ a b Fraser, p. 121.
- ^ Starkey, p. 263.
- ^ Fraser, p. 115.
- ^ Strong, p. 6.
- ^ Ives, p. 20.
- ^ Warnicke, p. 243.
- ^ Strong, 6; Ives, 39.
- ^ Ives, p. 39.
- ^ Warnicke, p. 247.
- ^ Dowling 1991, p.39
- ^ Ives, pp. 219–226. For a masterful re-evaluation of Anne's religious beliefs, see Ives, pp. 277–287.
- ^ Williams, p.103.
- ^ Fraser, p. 122.
- ^ Fraser, pp. 121-124.
- ^ Weir. Henry VIII: The King and His Court. p. 216.
- ^ Ives, pp. 37–39.
- ^ Starkey, p. 271; Ives, 45
- ^ Scarisbrick, J. J. (1968): Henry VIII. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p.349
- ^ Fraser, pp. 126–7; Ives, p. 67 and p. 80.
- ^ "Full text of the poem ''Whoso List to Hunt''". Nellgavin.com. http://www.nellgavin.com/ThomasWyatt/. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ Ives, p. 73.
- ^ Scarisbrick, p. 154.
- ^ Ives, pp. 42–43; Strong, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Lacey, p.70.
- ^ Fraser, p.133
- ^ Graves, p. 132.
- ^ Fraser, p.145
- ^ Dowling 1986, 232
- ^ Starkey p. 331.
- ^ Brigden, p. 114.
- ^ Starkey, p. 301.
- ^ Starkey, pp. 308–12.
- ^ Starkey, pp. 314, 329.
- ^ Morris, p. 166.
- ^ Starkey, pp. 430–33.
- ^ Haigh, 88–95.
- ^ Fraser, p. 171.
- ^ Graves, pp. 21–22; Starkey, pp. 467–73.
- ^ Williams p. 136.
- ^ Ives, pp. 158–59, p. 388 n32, p. 389 n53; Warnicke, p. 116. Contemporary documents call her marquess or lady marquess of Pembroke; this reflects Tudor spelling. Marquesates were relatively new in sixteenth century England, and the English translations of French marquis/marquise were spelled even less stably than most Tudor orthography and many forms were used for either. A male peer was Marquys, marquoys, marquess and so on; his wife would be marquess, marquesse, marquisess and so on, the same ending as Duchess; the resulting confusion was sometimes clarified by such phrases as lady marquess; the modern distinction, by which the wife is Marchioness, was imported from Latin in her daughter's reign. The OED and the Complete Peerage (Vol X., p. 402) take Boleyn's title as the feminine sense of marquess; some biographers, such as Fraser, p. 184, take it as the male sense.
- ^ Starkey, p. 459.
- ^ Wooding, 167.
- ^ Starkey, p. 366.
- ^ Williams, p.123.
- ^ Starkey, pp. 462–464.
- ^ Starkey, Six Wives p.463.
- ^ Williams, p.124.
- ^ Boutell, Charles (1863). A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular. London: Winsor & Newton. p. 278
- ^ Fraser, p. 195.
- ^ Ives, p. 179
- ^ Alice Hunt, The Drama of Coronation: Medieval Ceremony in Early Modern England, Cambridge University Press, 2008
- ^ Ives, p. 177; Starkey, pp. 489–500
- ^ Fraser, pp. 191–194
- ^ Scarisbrick, pp. 414–18; Haigh, pp. 117–18
- ^ Haigh, pp. 118–20.
- ^ Williams, pp.128-131.
- ^ David Starkey: Six Wives, 2003, p. 508
- ^ Letter by Chapuys to the Emperor, 10th July 1533"the King's mistress (amie) was delivered of a daughter, to the great regret both of him and the lady, and to the great reproach of the physicians, astrologers, sorcerers, and sorceresses, who affirmed that it would be a male child"
- ^ Starkey, p. 512.
- ^ Somerset, pp. 5–6.
- ^ "About Matthew Parker & The Parker Library". Parkerweb.stanford.edu. http://parkerweb.stanford.edu/parker/actions/page.do?forward=aboutparker§ion=parker. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ a b Fraser.
- ^ Williams, p.138.
- ^ Ives, pp. 231–260.
- ^ Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals, p.67. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9.
- ^ Williams, pp.137-138.
- ^ Starkey, pp. 549–51; Scarisbrick, p. 436.
- ^ E. Cobham Brewer 1810–1897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
- ^ Starkey, p. 551.
- ^ Scarisbrick, p. 452.
- ^ Scarisbrick, pp. 452–53; Starkey, pp. 552–53.
- ^ Starkey, pp. 553–54.
- ^ Ashley, p. 240.
- ^ Williams, chapter 4.
- ^ Williams, p.142.
- ^ Ives, pp. 319–329. See also Starkey, pp. 559–569, and Elton, pp. 252–53, who share this view.
- ^ Ives, pp. 309–16.
- ^ Ives, p. 315.
- ^ Schofield, pp. 106–108. Schofield claims that evidence for the power struggle between Anne and Cromwell which "now dominates many modern accounts of Anne's last weeks" comprises "fly-by-night stories from Alesius and the Spanish Chronicle, words of Chapuys taken out of context and an untrustworthy translation of the Calendar of State Papers."
- ^ Warnicke, pp. 212, 242; Wooding, p. 194.
- ^ Warnicke, pp. 210–212. Warnicke observes: "Neither Chapuys nor modern historians have explained why if the secretary [Cromwell] could manipulate Henry into agreeing to the execution of Anne, he could not simply persuade the king to ignore her advice on foreign policy".
- ^ "Clearly, he was bent on undoing her by any means." Scarisbrick, p. 455.
- ^ Wooding, pp. 194–95; Scarisbrick, pp. 454–55; Fraser, p.245.
- ^ Williams, pp.143-144.
- ^ a b Ives, p. 344.
- ^ Hibbert, pp.54-55.
- ^ David Starkey, p.581, Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII
- ^ a b Hibbert, p.59.
- ^ O Death! rocke me asleep Sources differ whether George or Anne Boleyne wrote it, O Death Rock Me Asleep though the consensus is that Anne wrote it. O Death Rock Me Asleep.
- ^ Ives, p356
- ^ Ives, p. 423, based on the contemporary Lisle letters.
- ^ Williams, p.146.
- ^ Fraser, p.256
- ^ Fraser, p. 256.
- ^ Fraser, p.257
- ^ The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy (new ed. 2004)[page needed]
- ^ Hibbert, p.60.
- ^ Bruce, Marie Louise (1973). Anne Boleyn. New York: Warner Paperback Library Edition. p.333
- ^ MacCulloch, p. 159.
- ^ Schama, p.307.
- ^ MacCulloch, pp. 149–159
- ^ Ives, 39.
- ^ Warnicke, pp. 58–9.
- ^ Bell, p. 26, Google Books, retrieved on 17 August 2010
- ^ Warnicke, pp. 58–9; Graves, 135.
- ^ Ives, p. 359.
- ^ Ives, p.261, Google Books, retrieved on 5 December 2009
- ^ Norah Lofts, Anne Boleyn, p.181
- ^ Suffolk, Churches. "St Mary's Erwarton". http://www.suffolkchurches.co.uk/erwarton.html. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
- ^ Any Village. "Erwarton, Suffolk". http://www.any-village.com/UK/England/Suffolk/Erwarton/home.aspx. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
- ^ Pratt, Michael (2005). Nelson's Duchy, A Sicilian Anomaly. UK: Spellmount Limited. p.48 ISBN 1-86227-326-X
- ^ Lofts, Anne Boleyn, p.182
- ^ "Ghosts and Hauntings". The Shadowlands. http://theshadowlands.net/ghost/ghost342.html. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
- ^ "Marwell Hall". http://www.zurichmansion.org/halls/marwell.html.
- ^ Hans Holzer, Ghosts I've Met, p. 196
- ^ "Vicar Who 'Talked' to Henry VIII". The Sydney Morning Herald. 31 July 1960. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19600731&id=alsVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HuYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2757,4559585. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
- ^ Lady Elizabeth Howard, Anne Boleyn's mother, was the sister of Lord Edmund Howard, father of Catherine Howard (fifth wife of Henry VIII of England), making Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard first cousins.
- ^ Elizabeth Tilney is the paternal grandmother of Catherine Howard.
Bibliography[link]
- Ashley, Mike British Kings & Queens (2002) ISBN 0-7867-1104-3
- Bell, Doyne C. Notices of the Historic Persons Buried in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London (1877)
- Bernard, G.W. "The fall of Anne Boleyn", English Historical Review, 106 (1991), 584–610 in JSTOR
- Brigden, Susan New Worlds, Lost Worlds (2000)
- Elton, G. R. Reform and Reformation. London: Edward Arnold, 1977. ISBN 0-7131-5953-7.
- Davenby, C "Objects Of Patriarchy" (2012) (Feminist Study)
- Dowling, Maria "A Woman's Place? Learning and the Wives of King Henry VII." History Today, 38-42 (1991).
- Dowling, Maria Humanism in the Age of Henry the VIII (1986)
- Fraser, Antonia The Wives of Henry VIII (1992) ISBN 0-679-73001-X
- Graves, Michael Henry VIII. London, Pearson Longman, 2003 ISBN 0-582-38110-X
- Haigh, Christopher English Reformations (1993)
- Hibbert, Christopher Tower Of London: A History of England From the Norman Conquest (1971)
- Ives, Eric The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (2004) ISBN 1-4051-3463-1
- Ives, E. W. "Anne (c.1500–1536)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (2004) accessed 8 Sept 2011
- Lacey, Robert The Life and Times of Henry VIII (1972)
- Lehmberg, Stanford E. The Reformation Parliament, 1529-1536 (1970)
- Lindsey, Karen Divorced Beheaded Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII (1995) ISBN 0-201-40823-6
- MacCulloch, Diarmaid Thomas Cranmer New Haven: Yale University Press (1996) ISBN 0-300-07448-4.
- Morris, T. A. Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century (1998)
- Norton, Elizabeth Anne Boleyn: Henry VIII's Obsession 2009 hardback ISBN 978-1-84868-084-5 paperback ISBN 978-1-84868-514-7
- Parker, K. T. The Drawings of Hans Holbein at Windsor Castle Oxford: Phaidon (1945)OCLC 822974.
- Rowlands, John The Age of Dürer and Holbein London: British Museum (1988) ISBN 0-7141-1639-4
- Scarisbrick, J. J. Henry VIII (1972) ISBN 978-0-520-01130-4
- Schama, Simon A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World?: 3000 BC–AD 1603 (2000) ISBN 0-563-38497-2
- Schofield, John. The Rise & Fall of Thomas Cromwell. Stroud (UK): The History Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7524-4604-2.
- Somerset, Anne Elizabeth I. London: Phoenix (1997) ISBN 0-385-72157-9
- Starkey, David Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (2003) ISBN 0-06-000550-5
- Strong, Roy Tudor & Jacobean Portraits". London: HMSO (1969)OCLC 71370718.
- Walker, Greg. "Rethinking the Fall of Anne Boleyn," Historical Journal, March 2002, Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp 1-29; blames what she said in incautious conversations with the men who were executed with her
- Warnicke, Retha M. "The Fall of Anne Boleyn: A Reassessment," History, Feb 1985, Vol. 70 Issue 228, pp 1-15; stresses role of Sir Thomas Cromwell, the ultimate winner
- Warnicke, Retha M. The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family politics at the court of Henry VIII (1989) ISBN 0-521-40677-3
- Weir, Allison "The Lady in the Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn" ISBN 978-0-224-06319-7
- Williams, Neville Henry VIII and His Court (1971).
- Wilson, Derek Hans Holbein: Portrait of an Unknown Man London: Pimlico, Revised Edition (2006) ISBN 978-1-84413-918-7
- Wooding, Lucy Henry VIII London: Routledge, 2009 ISBN 978-0-415-33995-7
Further reading[link]
- To Die For: A Novel of Anne Boleyn, (2011) by Sandra Byrd ISBN 978-1-4391-8311-3
- Anne Boleyn, a Music Book, and the Northern Renaissance Courts: Music Manuscript 1070 of the Royal College of Music, London" Ph.D., Musicology, University of Maryland, 1997 ISBN 0-591-46653-8
- The Politics of Marriage by David Loades (1994)
- The Hever Castle Guide Book
External links[link]
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anne Boleyn |
- Free scores by Anne Boleyn at the International Music Score Library Project
- The Anne Boleyn Files
- Queen Anne Boleyn Website
- Anne Boleyn at Salle church Norfolk, UK
- Anne Boleyn's indictment and other Tudor treasures online to mark the 500th anniversary of Henry VIII's accession
- Works by or about Anne Boleyn in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
| English royalty | ||
|---|---|---|
| Vacant
Title last held by
Catherine of Aragon |
Queen consort of England Lady of Ireland 28 May 1533–17 May 1536 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Jane Seymour |
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Boleyn, Anne |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Second wife of King Henry VIII, mother of Queen Elizabeth I |
| Date of birth | ca. 1504 |
| Place of birth | Blickling Hall/ Hever Castle, England |
| Date of death | 19 May 1536 |
| Place of death | Tower of London |
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http://it.wn.com/Anna Bolena
http://cs.wn.com/Anna Boleynová
http://es.wn.com/Ana Bolena
http://ru.wn.com/Болейн, Анна
http://pt.wn.com/Ana Bolena
http://pl.wn.com/Anna Boleyn
http://fr.wn.com/Anne Boleyn
http://de.wn.com/Anne Boleyn
http://hi.wn.com/ऐनी बोलिन
http://nl.wn.com/Anna Boleyn
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
