Grand Prince of Kiev (sometimes Grand Duke of Kiev) was the title of the Kievan prince and the ruler of Kievan Rus' in the 9th–12th centuries.

The Annals of St. Bertin (Annales Bertiniani) for the year 839 became the first written record on the Rus'/Rhos. Louis the Pious, the Frankish emperor, came to the conclusion that the people called Rhos (qui se, id est gentem suum, Rhos vocari dicebant) belong to the gens of Swedes (eos gentis esse Sueonum).

Most of modern surveys of Rus' history narrate that in these Frankish annals the ruler of the Rhos/Rus (people of Swedish origin) was called chaganus (Latin form of the Turk word khaqan, or khagan, qaghan, qagan), similar to the Khazar chaqan (khaqan), a title of a prime ruler in the nomadic societies in Eurasia.^[1]

Yet the original Latin text, published by Georg Weitz in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica in 1883, contains a very significant difference from modern translations: it says the ruler of the Rhos was named not chaganus, but chacanus. Based on such a spelling of the royal name, chacanus, some historians thought that it simply meant the Scandianvian name Håkan. Such an interpretation of the passage in the Annales Bertiniani suggests that by 839 this konung Hakan, accompanied by his military followers from Scandinavia, most likely from East Sweden, operated in North Rus'. The Khagan-versus-Håkan debate, started in the 18th century, is still alive,^[2] although at present there is almost total unity of opinion that the title of the ruler of Rus' is of Khazar origin.^[3]

Rurik (Rørik in Old East Norse), a semi-legendary Scandinavian Varangian, was the founder of Rurik Dynasty, which ruled Kievan Rus', Rus' principalities and early Russian Tsardom for the next 700 years.^[4] Genealogical DNA test results of modern Rurikid princes indicate that Rurik was of Finno-Ugrian descent (haplogroup N1c1).^[5], however the Rurikids do not possess the DYS390=24 mutation associated with the Finnic languages, theirs remaining the ancestral DYS390=23, with the Rurikid haplotype itself (all values considered) more closely associated with [North] Germanic speakers (Varangians).^[6] Rurik's capital was Holmgard (Novgorod), a city settled by Slavic and Finno-Ugrian peoples (now north-western Russia). His successor Oleg relocated the capital to Kiev (now the capital of Ukraine) at around 880, laying the foundation of what has become known as Kievan Rus'.^[7]

While the early rulers of Rus' were Scandinavians, they gradually merged into the local Slavic population but in the 11th century, dynastic links still remained; Yaroslav the Wise, (called Jarisleif in Scandinavian chronicles), married a Swedish princess Ingigerd, gave asylum to king Olaf II of Norway, and invited Harald Hardrada, later king Harald III of Norway, and his warriors to fight for him. According to Adam of Bremen, Anund Gårdske, a man from Kievan Rus' was elected king of Sweden, ca 1070. As he was a Christian, however, he refused to sacrifice to the Aesir at the Temple at Uppsala and he was deposed by popular vote.

The unity of Kievan Rus' gradually declined, and by 1136 Kievan Rus' had shattered into a number of smaller states, the southern of which contested control of Kiev. Finally, Kievan Rus' was destroyed by the Mongols in the period of 1237–1240,^[8] but the Rurikid line persisted and continued to rule Rus' principalities.

The rulers of Kievan Rus' held the titles Kniaz and later Velikiy Kniaz, which are traditionally translated as Grand Prince or Grand Duke.^[8]

Princes of Kiev[link]

Legendary princes of Kiev[link]

According to some Ukrainian historians (i.e. Kanyhin, Tkachuk), Ptolemy's mention of Metropolis, Sarmatian town on Dnieper River (the name Dnieper is derived from Sarmatian (Iranian) Dānu apara "the river far away"), shows the ancient existence of Kiev.^[9]

• Bozh (Bož, Boz), (born ? – died c.376 CE)

Bozh was a prince of Antes, the east Slavic people (slavized Sarmatians^{[citation needed]}) who inhabited the territories between the Dniester River and the middle Dnieper River, near the present-day city of Kiev.^[10] He was killed by Winithar (Viniþa-harjis, "Veneti-killer"), prince of Ostrogoths, soon after the Hunnic invasion which took place in c.376.

• Alyp-bi (378–390)

Alyp-bi, son of Balambér aka Bülümer, was the khan of the Western Huns who was buried on Kuyantau mountain (current Kiev).

According to some Slavic historians (i.e. Alexander Veltman), the ancient Koueve or Kievans from folk legends entered the Gothic history under the name Kwäne, Quene, Choani, Cunni, Chuni, and in the end Hunni; the town of Kiev got the name Kiänugard, Kuenagard, Konagard, Kunagard, Hunugard.^[11]

• Kyi (the 5th–6th century)

According to Slavophiles, Kyi ruled since 430, one of the dates attributed to the legendary founding of Kiev in 482, although that date relates to Kovin on the Danube in Serbia. Some historians speculate that Kyi was a Slavic prince of eastern Polans in the 6th century. Kyi's legacy along with Shchek's is mentioned in the Book of Veles, authenticity of which, however, is disputed.

• Oleg (Oldegar) (the 8th century)

Oleg, an apocryphal Kiev voivode, probably of Danish or Swedish origin, under the overlordship of the Khazar Khaganate.

• Bravlin (c.790–c.810)

Bravlin was a Varangian prince or chieftain, who led a Rus' military expedition to devastate Crimea, from Kerch to Sugdaea, in the last years of the 8th century.

• Dir (Dyri) (c.838–882)

According to some Russian historians (i.e. Gleb S. Lebedev), Dir was a chacanus of Rhos (Rus' khaqan).^[3] Thomas Noonan asserts that one of the Rus' "sea-kings", the "High king", adopted the title khagan in the early 9th century.^[12] Peter Benjamin Golden maintained that the Rus' became a part of the Khazar federation, and that their ruler was officially accepted as a vassal kagan of the Khazar Khaqan of Itil.^[13]

Some western historians (i.e. Kevin Alan Brook) suppose that Kiev was founded by Khazars or Magyars, both Turkic peoples. Kiev is a Turkic place name (Küi = riverbank + ev = settlement).^[14] At least during the 8th and 9th centuries Kiev functioned as an outpost of the Khazar empire (a hill-fortress, called Sambat, "high place" in Old Turkic). According to Omeljan Pritsak, Constantine Zuckerman and other scholars, Khazars lost Kiev at the beginning of the 10th century.^[15][16]

[edit] Rurik Dynasty

The Rurikids were descendants of Rurik (Rørikr), a Varangian pagan chieftain, according to the FamilyTreeDNA Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project, Rurik appears to have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup N1c1, based on testing of his modern male line descendants.^[17] But while genetically related to the later Baltic Finnic peoples, the Rurikids do not possess the DYS390=24 mutation associated with the Finnic languages, theirs remaining the ancestral DYS390=23, with the Rurikid haplotype itself (all values considered) more closely associated with [North] Germanic speakers (Varangians).^[18]

All the rulers of Kievan Rus' before the conversion of Vladimir I and all the country to Christianity are Pagan rulers, except Olga of Kiev. In the period between the 2nd half of the 13th c. and the 2nd half of the 14th c., princes of Kiev were forced to accept Mongol/Tatar overlordship.

Portrait	Name	Born-Died	Ruled From	Ruled Until
	Rurik I, founder of the dynasty.	ca.830-879	864	879
	Oleg the Seer (Helgi)[19], Varangian konung of Holmgård (Novgorod) and Kønugård (Kiev)	?-912	882	912
	Igor I (Ingvar), the son of Rurik I	?-945	912	945
	St.Olga (Helga) (regent), was baptized by Emperor Constantine VII but failed to bring Christianity to Kiev	?-969	945	962
	Sviatoslav I (Sven)[20], the first true ruler of Rus' who destroyed the Khazar Khaganate and united all of the Rus' principalities under the Kiev throne	942–972	962	972
	Yaropolk I (Jaropolk)[21], supposedly was baptised into Catholicism, and then was murdered by two Varangians	958 (960?)-980	972	980
80px	Vladimir I the Great (Valdamarr), son of Sviatoslav I and Malusha, his early rule is characterized by a staunch pagan reaction but in 988 he was baptized into Orthodoxy and successfully converted Kievan Rus' to Christianity	958-1015	980	1015
	Sviatopolk I the Accursed (Sventopluk),[22] son of Yaropolk I and a Greek nun	980-1019	1015	1019
80px	Yaroslav I the Wise (Jarizleifr), son of Vladimir the Great (Valdamarr) and Rogneda of Polotsk (Ragnhild), Prince of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod, and Grand Prince of Kiev; during his reign Kievan Rus' reached the pinnacle of its power	978-1054	1019	1054
	Iziaslav I of Kiev, son of Yaroslav and Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden, first time	1024–1078	1054	1068
	Vseslav I of Polotsk, son of Bryachislav of Polotsk and unknown mother, a brief ruler during Iziaslav's official reign	1039–1101	1068	1069
	Iziaslav I of Kiev, second time	1024–1078	1069	1073
	Sviatoslav II of Kiev (on picture, first from right), son of Yaroslav and Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden	1027–1076	1073	1076
	Iziaslav I of Kiev, third time, first King of Rus' (Pope Gregory VII sent him a crown from Rome in 1075)	1024–1078	1076	1078
	Vsevolod I of Kiev, son of Yaroslav and Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden	1030–1093	1078	1093
	Sviatopolk II of Kiev, son of Iziaslav I and Gertrude of Poland	1050–1113	1093	1113
80px	Vladimir II Monomakh, son of Vsevolod I and Anastasia of Byzantium, he is considered to be the last ruler of the united Kievan Rus'	1053–1125	1113	1125
	Mstislav I the Great, known as Harald in the Norse Sagas, son of Vladimir II and Gytha of Wessex, after his reign Kievan Rus' fell into recession starting a rapid decline	1076–1132	1125	1132
	Yaropolk II , brother of Mstislav I.	1082-1139	1132	1139
	Viacheslav I, brother of Yaropolk II and Mstislav II. First time.	1083-1154	1139	1139
	Vsevolod II, married Maria, sister of Mstislav I, Yaropolk II and Viacheslav I.	?-1146	1139	1146
	Igor II, brother of Vsevolod II.	?-1147	1146	1146
	Iziaslav II, son of Mstislav I and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden. First time	1097–1154	1146	1149
	Yuri I Dolgorukiy, first time	1099-1157	1149	1151
	Viacheslav I, Second time, jointly with Iziaslav II	1083-1154	1151	1154
	Iziaslav II, second time, jointly with Viacheslav I.	1097–1154	1151	1154
	Rostislav I, brother of Iziaslav II. First time	1110–1167	1154	1154
	Iziaslav III, grandson of Sviatoslav II. First time.	?–1162	1154	1155
	Yuri I Dolgorukiy, second time.	1099-1157	1155	1157
	Iziaslav III, second time.	?–1162	1157	1158
	Rostislav I, second time. Jointly with Iziaslav III in 1162.	1110–1167	1158	1167
	Iziaslav III, third time, jointly with Rostislav I.	?–1162	1162	1162
	Mstislav II, son of Iziaslav II and Agnes of Germany. First time.	?–1172	1167	1169
	Gleb, son of Yuri Dolgorukiy. First time.	?-1171	1169	1169
	Mstislav II, second time.	?–1172	1170	1170
	Gleb, second time.	?-1171	1170	1171
	Vladimir III, son of Mstislav I the Great.	1132-1173	1171	1171
	Michael I, half-brother of Gleb.	?-1176	1171	1171
	Roman I, son of Rostislav I and Agnes of Swabia. First time.	?-1180	1171	1173
	Vsevolod III the Big Nest, brother of Michael I.	1154-1212	1173	1173
	Rurik II, brother of Roman I. First time.	?-1215	1173	1173
	Sviatoslav III, son of Vsevolod II. First time.	?-1194	1174	1174
	Yaroslav II, son of Iziaslav II. First time.	?-1180	1174	1175
	Roman I, second time.	?-1180	1175	1177
	Sviatoslav III, second time.	?-1194	1177	1180
	Yaroslav II, second time.	?-1180	1180	1180
	Rurik II, second time.	?-1215	1180	1182
	Sviatoslav III, third time.	?-1194	1182	1194
	Rurik II, third time.	?-1215	1194	1202
	Igor III, son of Yaroslav II. First time.	?-?	1202	1202
	Rurik II, fourth time, jointly with Roman II and Rostislav II (until 1205).	?-1215	1203	1205
	Roman II the Great, son of Mstislav II. In his first time ruled jointly with Rurik II and Rostislav II (until 1205).	1160-1205	1203	1205
	Rostislav II, son of Rurik II. Ruled jointly with his father 1204-1206 and with Roman II 1204-1205.	1173-1214	1204	1206
	Rurik II, fifth time, jointly with his son Rostislav II.	?-1215	1206	1206
	Vsevolod IV the Red, son of Sviatoslav III. His baptismal name was "Daniil" (Daniel). First time.	?-1212	1206	1207
	Rurik II, sixth and last time.	?-1215	1207	1210
	Vsevolod IV the Red, second time.	?-1212	1210	1212
	Igor III, second time.	?-?	1212	1214
	Mstislav III, son of Roman I.	?-1223	1214	1223
	Vladimir IV, brother of Rostislav II.	1187-1239	1223	1235
	Iziaslav IV, a member of Rurik dynasty, descendant of Rurik I.	1186-?	1235	1236
	Yaroslav III, son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. First time	1191-1246	1236	1238
	Michael II, son of Vsevolod IV. First time.	1185-1246	1238	1239
	Rostislav III, son of Michael II.	1210-1262	1239	1239
	Daniel, son of Roman II the Great.	1201-1264	1239	1240
	Michael II, second time.	1185-1246	1241	1243
	Yaroslav III, second time	1191-1246	1243	1246
	St. Alexander Nevsky, son of Yaroslav III.	1220-1263	1246	1263
	Yaroslav IV, brother of Alexander.	1230-1271	1263	1271
	Lev, son of Daniel.	1228-1301	1271	1301
	Volodymyr-Ivan Ivanovich	?-?	1301	?
	Stanislav Ivanovich	1228-1301	?	1321

• Since 1321 or 1324: Annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

• Olgimont-Mykhailo (Algimantas Alšėniškis) (1324–1331)^[23]
• Fiodor of Kiev (Teodoras Butvydaitis) (1331–1362)

Princes of Kiev (in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania )[link]

After the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, Kiev and surrounding areas were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania.

• Vladimiras Algirdaitis (Volodymyr Olgerdovych) (1362–1394)
• Skirgaila (1395–1397)
• Ivan Olshansky (Jonas Alšėniškis) (1397–ca.1402)
• Jurgis Gedgaudas (Jerzy Giedygołd) (1404–1411)
• Andrius Jonaitis Alšėniškis (Andriy Ivanovych Olshansky) (ca. 1412–ca.1422)
• Mykolas Jonaitis Alšėniškis (Mykhailo Ivanovych Olshansky) (1422–1432)
• Mykolas Simonaitis Alšėniškis (Mykhailo Semenovych Boloban Olshansky) (1433–1435)
• Švitrigaila (1435–ca.1440), Grand Duke of the Duchy of Ruthenia (1432–ca.1440)
• Aleksandras Olelka (Olelko Volodymyrovych) (1443–1454)
• Simonas Olelkaitis (Semen Olelkovych) (1454–1471)

See also[link]

References[link]

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)

Royal, noble and chivalric ranks

Emperor & Empress consort Empress & Emperor consort

Empress dowager or Empress mother

King & Queen consort or Princess consort Queen & King consort or Prince consort

Queen dowager or Queen mother Princess dowager or Princess mother

Grand Duke & Grand Duchess Grand Prince & Grand Princess

Viceroy & Vicereine

Archduke & Archduchess Infante & Infanta

Duke & Duchess Prince & Princess

Marquess & Marchioness Marquis & Marquise Margrave & Margravine

Count & Countess Earl & Countess

Viscount & Viscountess

Baron & Baroness Freiherr & Freifrau

Baronet & Baronetess Hereditary Knight, Ritter

Knight & Dame

Nobile, Edler von

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The title grand prince or great prince (Latin: Magnus Princeps; Belarusian: Вялíкі князь, 'Vyaliki knyaz'; German: Großfürst; Finnish: Suuriruhtinas; Danish: Storfyrste; Russian: Великий князь, Velikiy knyaz; Swedish: Storfurste; Croatian: Veliki knez; Serbian: veliki župan/велики жупан; Lithuanian: Didysis kunigaikštis; Hungarian: Nagyfejedelem; Czech: Velkokníže; Polish: Wielki książę; Turkish: Büyük prens, Granprens, Ukrainian: Великий князь, Velykyi kniaz) ranked in honour below emperor and tsar and above a sovereign prince (or Fürst).

Grand duke is the usual and established, though not literal, translation of these terms in English and Romance languages, which do not normally use separate words for a "prince" who reigns as a monarch (e.g. Albert II, Prince of Monaco) and a "prince" who does not reign, but belongs to a monarch's family (e.g. Prince William, Duke of Cambridge). German, Dutch, Slavic and Scandinavian languages do use separate words to express this concept, and in those languages grand prince is understood as a distinct title (for a cadet of a dynasty) from grand duke (hereditary ruler ranking below a king).

The title of grand prince was once used for the sovereign of a "grand principality". The last titular grand principalities vanished in 1917 and 1918, the territories being united into other monarchies or becoming republics. Already at that stage, the grand principalities of Lithuania, Transylvania and Finland had been for centuries under rulers of other, bigger monarchies, so that their title of grand prince was "masked" by a royal title (king/tsar) or an imperial one (emperor). The last sovereign to reign whose highest title was grand prince was Ivan IV of Moscow in the 16th century, until he assumed the style Tsar of Russia. When Ivan IV's pre-tsarist title is referred to in English, however, it is usually as grand duke.

Velikiy knjaz is also a Russian courtesy title for members of the family of the Russian tsar (from the 17th century), although those grand princes were not sovereigns.

Medieval use[link]

Grand Prince, used in the Slavic and Baltic languages, was the title of a mediæval monarch who headed a more-or-less loose confederation whose constituent parts were ruled by lesser princes. Those grand princes' title and position was at the time usually translated as king. In fact, the Slavic knjaz and the Baltic kunigaikštis (nowadays usually translated as prince) are cognates of king. However, a grand prince was usually only primus inter pares within a dynasty, primogeniture not governing the order of succession. All princes of the family were equally eligible to inherit a crown (for example, succession might be through agnatic seniority or rotation). Often other members of the dynasty ruled some constituent parts of the monarchy/country. An established use of the title was in the Kievan Rus' and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (from the 14th century). Thus, Veliki Knjaz has been more like high king than "grand duke", at least, originally and were not subordinated to any other authority as more western (for example Polish) Grand Dukes were.^{[citation needed]} As these countries expanded territorially and moved towards primogeniture and centralization, their rulers acquired more elevated titles.

Some of the first rulers of Hungary in the 10th century were grand princes: Geza and, until his royal coronation, his son and heir Stephen of Hungary.

Великий князь (Velikiy Kniaz; literally, great prince) was, starting in the 10th century, the title of the leading Prince of the Kievan Rus', head of the Rurikid House: first the prince of Kiev, and then that of Vladimir and Galicia-Volhynia starting in the 13th century. Later, several princes of nationally important cities, which comprised vassal appanage principalities, held this title (Grand Prince of Moscow, Tver', Yaroslavl', Ryazan', Smolensk, etc.). From 1328 the Grand Prince of Moscow appeared as the titular head of all of Russia and slowly centralized power until Ivan IV was crowned tsar in 1547. Since then, the title grand prince ceased to be a hereditary office and became a generic title for members of the Imperial family until the Russian Revolution of 1917.

The Lithuanian title Didysis kunigaikštis was used by the rulers of Lithuania, and after 1569, it was one of two main titles used by the monarch of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The kings of Poland from the Swedish House of Vasa also used this title for their non-Polish territories. This Lithuanian title was sometimes latinized as Magnus Dux or Grand Duke.

In 1582, king John III of Sweden added Grand Prince of Finland to the subsidiary titles of the Swedish kings, however without any territorial or civic implications, Finland already being a part of the Swedish realm.

The Holy Roman Empire ruling house of Habsburg instituted a similar Grand Principality in Transylvania (Siebenburgen) in 1765.

After the Russian conquests, the title continued to be used by the Russian emperor in his role as ruler of Lithuania (1793–1918) and of autonomous Finland (1809–1917) as well. His titulary included, among other titles: "Grand Duke of Smolensk, Volynia, Podolia", "Lord and Grand Duke of Nizhni Novgorod, Chernigov" etc.

Modern use[link]

A more literal translation of the Russian title than grand duke would be great prince — especially in the pre-Petrine era — but the term is neither standard nor widely used in English. In German, however, a Russian Grand Duke was known as a Großfürst, and in Latin as Magnus Princeps.

Grand prince remained as a dynastic title for the senior members of the Romanov dynasty in Russia's imperial era. The title Velikiy Kniaz, its use finally formalized by Alexander III, then belonged to children and grandchildren (through sons) of the emperors of Russia. The daughters and paternal granddaughters of Russia's emperors used a different version of the title from females who obtained it as the consorts of Russian grand princes; the form for the latter was Великие Княгини, Velikie knjagini.

The title grand prince is also used for Archduke Amadeo of Austria, the son and heir of the pretender to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. His Tuscan style is HI&RH The Grand Prince of Tuscany.

Styles and forms of address[link]

In modern times a Russian Grand Duke or Grand Duchess is styled Imperial Highness.

See also[link]

• Knyaz
• Monarch
• Fürst
• Principality
• Grand Prince of Finland
• Grand Prince of the Hungarians
• Grand Duchy of Poznan
• Grand Duke of Lithuania
• Grand Duchy of Moscow
• Overlord of the Polanes and Duke of Cracow
• Nobility
• Royal and noble ranks
• Titles of nobility
• Grand Duke of Russia

Dmitry Stepanovich Bortniansky (Russian: Дмитрий Степанович Бортнянский; alternative transcriptions of names are Dmitri and Bortnyansky; 28 October 1751 – 10 October [O.S. 28 September] 1825)^[1] was a Russian^[2] composer of Ukrainian^[3] origin ; his father however had been born in the Polish village of Bartne, and was of Lemkos (Rusyn) stock.^[4].

Bortniansky is best known today for his liturgical works. He was one of the "Golden Three" of his era, along with Artemy Vedel and Maksym Berezovsky. Bortniansky composed in many different musical styles, including choral compositions in French, Italian, Latin, German and Church Slavonic.

Student[link]

Dmitry Bortniansky was born on 28 October 1751 in the city of Hlukhiv (present-day Ukraine), then a part of the autonomous Cossack Hetmanate within the Russian Empire (as Glukhov), into the family of Stefan Skurat (or Shkurat), a Lemko-Rusyn Orthodox religious refugee from the village of Bortne in the Malopolska region (he was entered in the Cossack register of Glukhov in 1755)^[5]. At the age of seven, Dmitry's prodigious talent at the local church choir afforded him the opportunity to go the capital of the empire and sing with the Imperial Chapel Choir in St. Petersburg. There he studied music and composition under the director of the Imperial Chapel Choir, the Italian master Baldassare Galuppi. When Galuppi left for Italy in 1769, he took the boy with him. In Italy, Bortniansky gained considerable success composing operas: Creonte (1776) and Alcide (1778) in Venice, and Quinto Fabio (1779) at Modena. He also composed sacred works in Latin and German, both a cappella and with orchestral accompaniment (including an Ave Maria for two voices and orchestra).

Master[link]

Bortniansky returned to the Saint Petersburg Court Capella in 1779 and flourished creatively. He composed at least four more operas (all in French, with libretti by Franz-Hermann Lafermière): Le Faucon (1786), Le fete du seigneur (1786), Don Carlos (1786), and Le fils-rival ou La moderne Stratonice (1787). Bortniansky wrote a number of instrumental works at this time, including piano sonatas and a piano quintet with harp, and a cycle of French songs. He also composed liturgical music for the Orthodox Church, combining the Eastern and Western European styles of sacred music, incorporating the polyphony he learned in Italy; some works were polychoral, using a style descended from the Venetian polychoral technique of the Gabrielis.

After a while, Bortniansky's genius proved too great to ignore, and in 1796 he was appointed Director of the Imperial Chapel Choir, the first director not to have been imported from outside of the Russian Empire. With such a great instrument at his disposal, he produced scores upon scores of compositions, including over 100 religious works, sacred concertos (35 for four-part mixed choir, 10 for double choruses), cantatas, and hymns.

Dmitry Bortniansky died in St. Petersburg on 10 October 1825, and was interred at the Smolensky Cemetery in St. Petersburg. His remains were transferred to the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in the 20th century.

Musical legacy[link]

In 1882, Pyotr Tchaikovsky edited the liturgical works of Bortniansky, which were published in ten volumes. While Dmitry Bortniansky wrote operas and instrumental compositions, it is his sacred choral works that are performed most often today. This vast body of work remains central not only to understanding 18th-century Orthodox sacred music, but also served as inspiration to his fellow Ukrainian composers in the 19th century.

The tune he wrote for the Latin hymn Tantum Ergo eventually became known in Slavic lands as Коль славен (Kol slaven), in which form it is still sung as a Christmas carol today. The tune was also popular with freemasons. It travelled to English speaking countries and came to be known by the names Russia, St. Petersburg or Wells. In Germany, the song was paired with a text by Gerhard Tersteegen, and became a well-known chorale and traditional part of the military ceremony Großer Zapfenstreich (the Grand Tattoo), the highest ceremonial act of the German army, rendered as an honor for distinguished persons on special occasions. Prior to the October revolution in 1917, the tune was played by the Moscow Kremlin carillon every day at midday.

James Blish, who novelized many episodes of the original series of Star Trek, noted in one story, Whom Gods Destroy, that Bortniansky's Ich bete an die Macht der Liebe was the theme "to which all Starfleet Academy classes marched to their graduation."

Works[link]

Operas[link]

• Creonte (1776 Venice)
• Alcide (1778 Venice)
• Quinto Fabio (1779 Modena)
• Le faucon (1786 Gatchina in French, with libretto by Franz-Hermann Lafermière)
• Le fête du Seigneur (1786 Pavlovsk in French, with libretto by Franz-Hermann Lafermière)
• Don Carlos (1786 St Petersburg in French, with libretto by Franz-Hermann Lafermière)
• Le Fils-Rival ou La Moderne Stratonice (1787 Pavlovsk in French, with libretto by Franz-Hermann Lafermière)

Choruses (in Old Church Slavonic)[link]

• Da ispravitsia molitva moia ("Let My Prayer Arise") no. 2.
• Kheruvimskie pesni (Cherubic Hymns) nos. 1-7
• Concerto No. 1: Vospoite Gospodevi ("Sing unto the Lord")
• Concerto No. 7: Priidite vozraduemsia ("Come Let Us Rejoice")
• Concerto No. 11: Blahoslovi Gospod' ("Blessed is the Lord")
• Concerto No. 18: Blago iest ispovedatsia ("It Is Good To Praise the Lord", Psalm 92)
• Concerto No. 19: Reche Gospod' Gospodevi moemu ("The Lord Said unto My Lord")
• Concerto No. 21: Zhivyi v pomoschi Vyshnaho ("He That Dwelleth", Psalm 91)
• Concerto No. 24: Vozvedokh ochi moyi v gory ("I Lift Up My Eyes to the Mountains")
• Concerto No. 27: Glasom moim ko Gospodu vozzvakh ("With My Voice I Cried Out to the Lord")
• Concerto No. 32: Skazhi mi, Gospodi, konchynu moiu ("Lord, Make Me Know My End")
• Concerto No. 33: Vskuiu priskorbna iesi dusha moia ("Why Are You Downcast, O My Soul?", Psalm 42:5)

Concerto-Symphony[link]

• Concerto-Symphony for Piano, Harp, Two Violins, Viola da gamba, Cello and Bassoon in B Flat Major (1790).

Quintet[link]

• Quintet for Piano, Harp, Violin, Viola da gamba and Cello (1787).

References[link]

External links[link]

• Bortniansky, Dmitri Stepanovich in Columbia Encyclopedia
• Bortniansky: Main biography in Russian by Konstantin Kovalev (Константин Ковалев) - eng. and All about Dmitry Bortniansky + Usual mistakes in the biography of the composer (present time) - eng.
• Bortniansky, Dmytro in Encyclopedia of Ukraine
• Bortniansky, Dmitri Stepanovich in The Cyber Hymnal
• Bortniansky, Dmitri Stepanovich in Karadar Classical Music
• Musicus Bortnianskii, a chamber choir from Toronto which specializes in Bortniansky performance and research
• Free scores by Dmitry Bortniansky in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
• Free scores by Dmytro Bortniansky in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
• Free scores by Dmytro Bortniansky at the International Music Score Library Project
• Free scores Mutopia Project

Saviour Not Made by Hands, written by Ushakov for the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra in 1658, is a key piece of the 17th-century Muscovite icon-painting.

Simon (Pimen) Fyodorovich Ushakov (Russian: Симон (Пимен) Федорович Ушаков) (1626–1686) was a leading Russian graphic artist of the late 17th-century. Together with Fyodor Zubov and Fyodor Rozhnov, he is associated with the comprehensive reform of the Russian Orthodox Church undertaken by Patriarch Nikon.

Biography[link]

We know almost nothing about the early years of Simon Ushakov. His birth date is deduced from his inscription on one of the icons: In the year 7166 painted this icon Simon Ushakov son, being 32 years of age.

At 22 he became a paid artist of the Silver Chamber, affiliated with the Armory Prikaz. The bright, fresh colours and exquisite, curving lines of his proto-baroque icons caught the eye of Patriarch Nikon, who introduced Simon to the tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. He became a great favourite with the royal family and was eventually (1664) assigned to the Kremlin Armoury, run by an educated boyar Bogdan Khitrovo.

Ushakov had a lot of pupils and associates and even published a short treatise on icon-painting entitled A Word to Loving-Meticulous Icon Painting (1664). Some of the more conservative Russian priests, such as archpriest Avvakum, regarded his icons as "lascivious works of devil", for they were too Western for their tastes. Avvakum, in particular, alleged that Ushakov painted his "fleshly saints" after his own portly appearance.

Ushakov also executed secular commissions and produced engravings for book illustrations. In other words, he was one of the first secular painters in Russia. Some of his icons, transported to Western Europe, were instrumental in fomenting interest for nascent Russian painting. He died on 25 June 1686 in Moscow.

Works[link]

• 

  Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky c. 1650

• 

  Great Hierarch. 1658

• 

  Praise to Icons of Virgin Mary of Vladimir. The tree of Russian State 1668

• 

  Our Lady of Eleus, 1668

• 

  Christ-Emmanuel, 1668,

• 

  Archangel Michael Trampling the Devil Underfoot. 1676

• 

  Last Supper 1685

• 

  Christ-Emmanuel, 1686

See also[link]

• List of Russian artists

Sources[link]

• Biography of Simon Ushakov by Archimandrit Avgustin (Nikitin) – in Russian
• Chapter on Ushakov and his school from Igor Grabar's History of Russian Art
• V. N. Alexandrov, History of Russian Art, Minsk, 2004, ISBN 985-13-1199-5

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Simon Ushakov

• On-line text by Simon Ushakov A Word to Loving-Meticulous Icon Painting – in Russian
• Simon Ushakov From Alexander Men' dictionary – in Russian

His Beatitude  Sviatoslav Shevchuk
Major Archbishop of Kyiv-Galicia
Church	Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Elected	23 March 2011
Enthroned	27 March 2011 (&100000000000000010000001 year, &1000000000000009100000091 days)
Predecessor	Lubomyr Husar
Other posts	Metropolitan of Kyiv President of Synod of the Ukrainian Catholic Church Grand Chancellor of Ukrainian Catholic University
Orders
Ordination	26 June 1994 (Priest) by Myroslav Lubachivsky
Consecration	7 April 2009 (Bishop) by Ihor Vozniak
Personal details
Born	(1970-05-05) 5 May 1970 (age 42) Stryi, Ukrainian SSR

Sviatoslav Shevchuk (born 5 May 1970, Ukrainian: Святосла́в Шевчу́к) is the Major Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church since 25 March 2011.

Life[link]

Sviatoslav Shevchuk was born in 1970, in Stryi, Ukrainian SSR. He was ordained as a priest on 26 June 1994. From 2002 to 2005 he worked as head of the secretariat of Major Archbishop Lubomyr Husar.^[1] In 2006 he obtained a Doctorate in theology from the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas and he was rector of the seminary of Lviv.^[2]

On January 14, 2009, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Eparchy of Santa María del Patrocinio en Buenos Aires and consecrated bishop on 7 April 2009, by Archbishop Ihor Vozniak. On 10 April 2010, he was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the same diocese.^[3] In addition to Ukrainian and Spanish, he knows Polish, Russian, English, Italian, Greek, Latin and Old Slavonic.

On 23 March 2011, he was elected Major Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church to replace the retired Lubomyr Husar. This decision was confirmed by Pope Benedict XVI on 25 March 2011.^[4][5] He was enthroned on 27 March 2011. The patriarchs of two of Ukraine's three main Orthodox communities (including UOC-MP) and a leading hierarch of the other were present for the enthronement in the church's new seat, the Cathedral of the Resurrection.

Major Archepiscopate[link]

On 29 March 2011, Major Archbishop Shevchuk said "I'm departing with my bishops and all of the metropolitans of our church to Rome, because it's our duty to make a courtesy visit to the Holy Father," he said a press conference in Kyiv. The UGCC leader said that the UGCC Synod of Bishops had prepared a number of proposals for the Pope. "We're really going to tell of how our church is developing and that each developing church [becomes] a patriarchate, because a patriarchate is a period in the completion of the development of a church," he said.^[6] Cardinal Slipyj in the 1960s already petitioned for the patriarchal title. Instead, Pope Paul VI responded by devising the rank of "Major Archbishop", which grants all the prerogatives of an Eastern patriarch to the head of a self-governing church in full communion, just without the title itself.

Interview[link]

In April 2011 Shevchuk said while visiting Rome to meet Pope Benedict XVI, that he believes he was elected "despite my age." Ukrainian bishops from around the world, who met in a synod in late March to elect a new major archbishop for their church, were looking for a leader who could "unite the church in Ukraine and outside Ukraine," who could "promote the unity of Christians in Ukraine and establish some sort of dialogue with the new Ukrainian government," He continued saying "The No. 1 priority for each head of a church is evangelization, preaching the Gospel of Jesus Christ in today's world," he said. "Of course, our church is growing, is developing its structures ... but we are conscious that the decision about the patriarchate belongs to the Holy Father and we would never press him. We respect his freedom." Major Archbishop Shevchuk also said his age is not really so shocking when one considers the fact that the average age of his priests is about 35. "In our tradition, we do have a married clergy, but a married clergy is not the main reason we have so many young priests," he said.^[7] On 22 June 2011 Major Archbishop Shevchuk was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches to a five year term. It may be renewed every five years until his 80th birthday.

Patriarch Kirill meeting[link]

When asked in April 2011 whether he would wish to meet Patriarch Kirill Shevchuk said that "I would like very much to visit him and hold a personal meeting with him. I am convinced that in peacefully and openly communicating with each other, we can relieve any tension". He continued saying that "I think that today, we should heal the wounds rather than irritate and deepen them. One can heal the wounds of our memory only with mutual forgiveness. Therefore, as for any our brethren or neighbors who wounded us or were wounded by us, the best way to communicate is to be open in a brotherly dialogue, be open to the purification of our memory, to ask for forgiveness and to forgive,"^[8]

Notes[link]