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Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
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Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Christmas Island
The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. It is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
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France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Fujian
is a province on the southeast coast of China. Fujian borders Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jian'ou, two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. It is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China with Han Chinese majority.
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Guangdong
Guangdong () is a province on the southern coast of People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province. It surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are amongst the most populous and important cities in China.
http://wn.com/Guangdong -
Han Dynasty
http://wn.com/Han_Dynasty -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
http://wn.com/Indonesia -
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Kaifeng
Kaifeng (; Postal map spelling: Kaifeng), formerly known as Bianliang (), Bianjing (), Daliang (), or simply Liang (), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, People's Republic of China. Located along the southern bank of the Yellow River, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the west, Xinxiang to the northwest, Shangqiu to the east, Zhoukou to the southeast, Xuchang to the southwest, and the province of Shandong to the northeast.
http://wn.com/Kaifeng -
Laos
Laos (, , or ), officially the '''Lao People's Democratic Republic''', is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west.
http://wn.com/Laos -
Liaoning
http://wn.com/Liaoning -
Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
http://wn.com/Macau -
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
http://wn.com/Malaysia -
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty (; ), or Empire of the Great Ming (, also anachronistically ), was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng who established the Shun Dynasty, which was soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, regimes loyal to the Ming throne (collectively called the Southern Ming Dynasty) survived until 1662.
http://wn.com/Ming_Dynasty -
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
http://wn.com/NASA -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
Northern Wei
http://wn.com/Northern_Wei -
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines -
Qing Dynasty
http://wn.com/Qing_Dynasty -
Quanzhou
Quanzhou () is a prefecture-level city in Fujian province, People's Republic of China. It borders all other prefecture-level cities in Fujian but two (Ningde and Nanping) and faces the Taiwan Strait. In older English works, its name may appear as Chinchew or Chinchu or Zayton.
http://wn.com/Quanzhou -
Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_China -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Sichuan
http://wn.com/Sichuan -
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa -
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
http://wn.com/South_Korea -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Thailand -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
http://wn.com/Vietnam -
Yangtze River Delta
The Yangtze River Delta, Yangtze Delta or YRD, also called Yangzi, or Chang Jiang Delta, Rive Chang Delta Tai Lake Region or the Golden Triangle of the Yangtze (; Hanyu Pinyin: ), generally comprises the triangular-shaped territory of Wu-speaking Shanghai, southern Jiangsu province and northern Zhejiang province of China. The area lies at the heart of the region traditionally called Jiangnan (literally, "south of the Yangtze River"). The Yangtze river drains into the East China Sea. In modern times the area is home to an economy the size of a medium-sized developed country, encompassing a GDP (when measured to purchasing power parity) of some $2 trillion US, which is 40% of the national economy (about the size of that of France, 2,046,899 MM$ in 2007 according to the International Monetary Fund). The urban build-up in the area has given rise what may be the largest concentration of adjacent metropolitan areas in the world. It covers an area of 99600 km2 and is home to over 80 million people as of 2007, of which an estimated 50 million are urban.
http://wn.com/Yangtze_River_Delta -
Yellow River
http://wn.com/Yellow_River -
Yuan Dynasty
http://wn.com/Yuan_Dynasty -
Zhangzhou
http://wn.com/Zhangzhou
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Andrew Yao
Andrew Chi-Chih Yao () is a prominent computer scientist and computational theorist. Yao used the minimax theorem to prove what is now known as Yao's Principle.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Yao -
Barefoot doctors
http://wn.com/Barefoot_doctors -
Buddhism
http://wn.com/Buddhism -
Buyei
http://wn.com/Buyei -
Cai Lun
http://wn.com/Cai_Lun -
Cao Xueqin
http://wn.com/Cao_Xueqin -
Charles K. Kao
Sir Charles Kuen Kao, GBM, KBE, FRS, FREng (; born November 4, 1933) is a pioneer in the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications. Kao, widely regarded as the "Godfather of Broadband", "Father of Fiber Optics" or "Father of Fiber Optic Communications", was awarded half of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication".
http://wn.com/Charles_K_Kao -
Chen Ning Yang
Chen-Ning Franklin Yang () (born October 1, 1922) is a Chinese-American physicist who worked on statistical mechanics and particle physics. He, together with Tsung-dao Lee, received the 1957 Nobel prize in physics for their work on parity nonconservation of weak interaction. Yang naturalized as a United States citizen in 1964.
http://wn.com/Chen_Ning_Yang -
Chien-Shiung Wu
http://wn.com/Chien-Shiung_Wu -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
China proper
China proper (also Inner China) was a term used by Western writers on the Qing Dynasty to express a distinction between the core and frontier regions of China. There is no fixed extent for China proper, as many administrative, cultural, and linguistic shifts have occurred in Chinese history. One definition refers to the original area of Chinese civilization, the North China Plain; another to the "Eighteen Provinces" system of the Ming Dynasty. While "China proper" is associated with the Han people, many Han live and have lived outside of China proper. The term was and is not an administrative distinction for the governments of China. Today, the term is promoted by separatists to argue that certain areas are not culturally a part of China.
http://wn.com/China_proper -
Chinese Tatars
http://wn.com/Chinese_Tatars -
Ching W. Tang
Ching W. Tang, is a Hong Kong - American chemist. He was born in Yuen Long, Hong Kong in 1947. Tang currently is the Doris Johns Cherry Professor at the University of Rochester Chemical Engineering Department. He also has joint appointments in the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Physics and Astronomy.
http://wn.com/Ching_W_Tang -
Choh Hao Li
http://wn.com/Choh_Hao_Li -
Civilization
Civilization (or civilisation) refers to either: 1) the procession of human societies generally toward more development and use of more complex technology, higher population densities, increasing per capita gross domestic product, and other significant advancements; or 2) any human society (for example, "Ancient Greek Civilization") associated with any particular geographical location at a particular time, historical or current. (When used in this second sense, the word is often restricted to apply only to societies that have attained a particular level of advancement, especially the founding of cities, with the word "city" defined in various ways.) The level of advancement of a civilization is often measured by its progress in agriculture, long-distance trade, occupational specialization, and urbanism. Aside from these core elements, civilization is often marked by any combination of a number of secondary elements, including a developed transportation system, writing, standards of measurement (currency, etc.), contract and tort-based legal systems, characteristic art styles (which may pertain to specific cultures), monumental architecture, mathematics, sophisticated metallurgy, and astronomy.
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Confucius
http://wn.com/Confucius -
Dai people
http://wn.com/Dai_people -
Daniel C. Tsui
http://wn.com/Daniel_C_Tsui -
Daur people
http://wn.com/Daur_people -
David Ho (scientist)
David Da-i Ho (; born November 3, 1952) is a Taiwanese American AIDS researcher famous for pioneering the use of protease inhibitors in treating HIV-infected patients with his team.
http://wn.com/David_Ho_(scientist) -
Dongxiang people
http://wn.com/Dongxiang_people -
Du Fu
http://wn.com/Du_Fu -
Emperor Wu of Han
http://wn.com/Emperor_Wu_of_Han -
Evenks
http://wn.com/Evenks -
Fujian
is a province on the southeast coast of China. Fujian borders Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jian'ou, two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. It is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China with Han Chinese majority.
http://wn.com/Fujian -
Gao Xingjian
http://wn.com/Gao_Xingjian -
Gin people
http://wn.com/Gin_people -
Gu Hongzhong
http://wn.com/Gu_Hongzhong -
Guan Yu
http://wn.com/Guan_Yu -
Guangdong
Guangdong () is a province on the southern coast of People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province. It surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are amongst the most populous and important cities in China.
http://wn.com/Guangdong -
Hakka people
http://wn.com/Hakka_people -
Hani people
The Hani people (Hani: Haqniq; ; ) are an ethnic group. They form one of the 56 nationalities officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They also form one of the 54 officially recognized ethnic groups of Vietnam. There are 12,500 Hanis living in the Lai Chau and Lao Cai provinces of Vietnam.
http://wn.com/Hani_people -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong -
Hui people
http://wn.com/Hui_people -
Kazakhs
The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; ; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia, and Mongolia).
http://wn.com/Kazakhs -
Khitans
http://wn.com/Khitans -
Koreans in China
The population of Koreans in China include millions of descendants of Korean immigrants with citizenship of the People's Republic of China, as well as smaller groups of South and North Korean expatriates, with a total of roughly 2.3 million people .
http://wn.com/Koreans_in_China -
Kyrgyz people
http://wn.com/Kyrgyz_people -
Lai Man-Wai
http://wn.com/Lai_Man-Wai -
Laozi
Laozi (; also Lao Tse, Lao Tu, Lao-Tzu, Lao-Tsu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations) was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, and best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching. His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of Taoism (also spelled "Daoism"). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist religion, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones". Laozi literally means "old master", and is generally considered honorific.
http://wn.com/Laozi -
Lee Kuan Yew
http://wn.com/Lee_Kuan_Yew -
Li Bai
http://wn.com/Li_Bai -
Li Qingzhao
http://wn.com/Li_Qingzhao -
Liaoning
http://wn.com/Liaoning -
Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
http://wn.com/Macau -
Mainland China
Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC). This term excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
http://wn.com/Mainland_China -
Manchu
http://wn.com/Manchu -
Manchu people
#REDIRECTManchu
http://wn.com/Manchu_people -
Min Chueh Chang
Dr. Min Chueh Chang (; October 10, 1908 - June 5, 1991), often credited as M.C. Chang, was a Chinese American reproductive biologist. His specific area of study was the fertilisation process in mammalian reproduction. Though his career produced findings that are important and valuable to many areas in the field of fertilisation, including his work on in vitro fertilisation which led to the first "test tube baby", he was best known to the world for his contribution to the development of the combined oral contraceptive pill at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology.
http://wn.com/Min_Chueh_Chang -
Mongol
http://wn.com/Mongol -
Mongols
http://wn.com/Mongols -
Mongols in China
http://wn.com/Mongols_in_China -
Nanai people
http://wn.com/Nanai_people -
Oroqen people
:Not to be confused with the Oroch and Orok peoples of Russia.
http://wn.com/Oroqen_people -
Qiang people
The Qiang people () are an ethnic group of China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, with a population of approximately 200,000, living mainly in northwestern part of Sichuan province.
http://wn.com/Qiang_people -
Qin Shi Huang
http://wn.com/Qin_Shi_Huang -
Qiu Jin
http://wn.com/Qiu_Jin -
Religion in China
Religion in China has been characterized by pluralism since the beginning of Chinese history. The Chinese religions are family-oriented and do not demand the exclusive adherence of members. Some scholars doubt the use of the term "religion" in reference to Buddhism and Taoism, and suggest "cultural practices" or "thought systems" as more appropriate names. The questions of who should be called religious in China, and what religion or religions they should be called are up to debate. Generally, the percentage of people who call themselves religious in China have been the lowest in the world.
http://wn.com/Religion_in_China -
Roger Y. Tsien
Roger Yonchien Tsien (; born February 1, 1952) is an American biochemist and a professor at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego. He was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in chemistry "for his discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with two other chemists: Martin Chalfie of Columbia University and Osamu Shimomura of Boston University and Marine Biological Laboratory.
http://wn.com/Roger_Y_Tsien -
Salar people
http://wn.com/Salar_people -
Samuel C. C. Ting
http://wn.com/Samuel_C_C_Ting -
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Shiing-Shen Chern
http://wn.com/Shiing-Shen_Chern -
Shing-Tung Yau
Shing-Tung Yau (; born April 4, 1949) is a Chinese American mathematician working in differential geometry. He was born in Shantou, Guangdong Province, China into a family of scholars from Jiaoling, Guangdong Province.
http://wn.com/Shing-Tung_Yau -
Sichuan
http://wn.com/Sichuan -
Sima Qian
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http://wn.com/Sima_Qian -
Soong May-Ling
http://wn.com/Soong_May-Ling -
Steven Chu
Steven Chu (born February 28, 1948) is an American physicist and currently the 12th United States Secretary of Energy. Chu is known for his research at Bell Labs in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him a share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips. At the time of his appointment as Energy Secretary, he was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley and the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where his research was concerned primarily with the study of biological systems at the single molecule level. Previously, he had been a professor of physics at Stanford University. He is a vocal advocate for more research into alternative energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combating climate change. For example, he has conceived of a global "glucose economy", a form of a low-carbon economy, in which glucose from tropical plants is shipped around like oil is today.
http://wn.com/Steven_Chu -
Su Shi
http://wn.com/Su_Shi -
Sun Tzu
http://wn.com/Sun_Tzu -
Sun Yat-Sen
http://wn.com/Sun_Yat-Sen -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Taiwanese aborigines
http://wn.com/Taiwanese_aborigines -
Tajiks of Xinjiang
http://wn.com/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang -
Terence Tao
http://wn.com/Terence_Tao -
Tibetan people
The Tibetan people (; ) are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet, which is mostly in the People's Republic of China. They number 5.4 million and are the 10th largest ethnic group in the country. Significant Tibetan minorities also live in India, Nepal, and Bhutan.
http://wn.com/Tibetan_people -
Tsien Hsue-shen
http://wn.com/Tsien_Hsue-shen -
Tsung-Dao Lee
Tsung-Dao Lee (T.D. Lee, ) (born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese-born American physicist, well known for his work on parity violation, the Lee Model, particle physics, relativistic heavy ion (RHIC) physics, nontopological solitons and soliton stars.
http://wn.com/Tsung-Dao_Lee -
Uzbeks
http://wn.com/Uzbeks -
Willow Palisade
Willow Palisade (, Liutiao bian) was a system of ditches and embankments planted with willows intended to restrict movement into Manchuria, built by the Qing Dynasty during the later 17th century. It is often conveniently divided into three connected sections: the western and eastern sections, forming the "Inner Willow Palisade" around Liaodong Peninsula, and the northern section, also known as the "Outer Willow Palisade", separating the traditionally Manchu areas (to the east) from the traditionally Mongol area (to the west) north of the Inner Palisade.
http://wn.com/Willow_Palisade -
Wu Hu
:For other uses, see Wuhu.
http://wn.com/Wu_Hu -
Wu Sangui
http://wn.com/Wu_Sangui -
Xianbei
The Xianbei () were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan.
http://wn.com/Xianbei -
Xinjiang
Xinjiang (; ; ; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
http://wn.com/Xinjiang -
Xuan Zang
#REDIRECTXuanzang
http://wn.com/Xuan_Zang -
Yang Liwei
http://wn.com/Yang_Liwei -
Yellow Emperor
http://wn.com/Yellow_Emperor -
Yi people
http://wn.com/Yi_people -
Yuan T. Lee
Yuan Tseh Lee (; born November 19, 1936) is a chemist. He was the first Taiwanese Nobel Prize laureate, who, along with the Hungarian-Canadian John C. Polanyi and American Dudley R. Herschbach won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1986 "for their contributions to the dynamics of chemical elementary processes."
http://wn.com/Yuan_T_Lee -
Yugur
The Yugurs (),
http://wn.com/Yugur -
Zhang Heng
http://wn.com/Zhang_Heng -
Zhang Zhongjing
Zhang Zhongjing (), formal name Zhang Ji (, 150 - 219), was an Eastern Han physician and one of the most eminent Chinese physicians during the later years of the Eastern Han. He established medication principles and summed up the medicinal experience up until that time, thus making a great contribution to the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
http://wn.com/Zhang_Zhongjing -
Zhou Xuan
Zhou Xuan ( - ) was a popular Chinese singer and film actress. By the 1940s, she had become one of China's seven great singing stars. She is probably the most well-known of the seven, as she had a concurrent movie career until 1953.
http://wn.com/Zhou_Xuan -
Zhuang people
http://wn.com/Zhuang_people
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China's Uighers fear a Han economic takeover
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:02
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
China's minority Uighur community, the majority of whom live in the northeastern autonomous region of Xinjiang, fear they could be left isolated by Chinese government plans to modernise and develop the region economically. This region is the country's largest natural gas-producing areas but as Al Jazeera's Melissa Chang reports from Kashgar, it is also one of the poorest. The Uighurs, a Muslim Turkic ethnic group who have long complained they are victims of government discrimination and repression, say China's declaration of Kashgar, a city in Xinjiang, as a Special Economic Zone, will probably benefit the country's predominant Han Chinese at their expense. They say their jobs and land are under threat as a consequence of a massive influx of Han Chinese migrants. Geoff Crothall, a researcher at the China Labour Bulletin, a rights group, said social problems and ethnic tensions in the region would probably escalate as the government implements new economic projects there. "If you just look at the population figures of Xinjiang, only two million people there actually have a residency card, while about 12 million others are just migrant workers," he told Al Jazeera. "The Uighurs, the indigenous group in Kashgar, are going to be subject to a flood of Han Chinese as well. "Because it's always the Han Chinese migrant workers who build the new office buildings, new factories, and that is clearly going to create further tension in the future."
http://wn.com/China's_Uighers_fear_a_Han_economic_takeover
Huns VS Han China War - China Cavalry VS Turik Cavalry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:03
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
The Eastern (Dai Prefecture) Theatre : Huo Qubing's forces set off from Dai Prefecture, marched over 1000 miles and directly engaged the forces of the Xiongnu's Worthy Prince of the East (左賢王, "Wise King of the East"). The battle was swift and decisive, as the Worthy Prince's forces were no match for Huo's elite cavalry. The Huo's army quickly encircled and overran their enemy, killing 70443 men and capturing three Xiongnu lords and 83 nobles. Huo Qubing's forces suffered a 20% casualty rate but were quickly resupplied locally from their capture. He then went on to conduct a series of rituals upon arrival at the Khentii Mountains (狼居胥山, and the more northern 姑衍山) in order to symbolize the historic Han victory, then continued his pursuit as far as Lake Baikal (瀚海), effectively annihilating the Xiongnu clan The Western (Dingxiang) Theatre:The Han army mobilized as planned. After a journey of over 500 miles, they encountered the Chanyu's main forces of 80000 cavalry. This was unexpected, as the original strategy was to let Huo Qubing's elite troops deal with Chanyu's elite cavalry (the reason that the two Han columns switched route). The Xiongnu forces, however, had been long waiting in anticipation to ambush their adversary. The Han forces, on the other hand, were tired and outnumbered, especially since the eastern division had not yet arrived on the battlefield. Without hesitation, the Xiongnu charged the Han forces with a 10000-strong vanguard of cavalry. Wei ...
http://wn.com/Huns_VS_Han_China_War_China_Cavalry_VS_Turik_Cavalry
Chinese HanFu (Traditional costume of Han-Chinese nationality)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
PS: I've posted 2nd video clip about Hanfu, pls check it in: www.youtube.com I am also a Han Chinese. We have our own traditional costume, and it is called Hanfu(漢服) . Hanfu is one of our heritages that we are proud of, and it has also influenced most traditional costumes of other neighboring Asian countries such as the Japanese Kimono(着物 or 吳服) or Korean Hanbok(한복 or 조선옷). if you come across any Chinese culture that is different from Greater China, please do not blindly trust what you see because these cultures may not be original/pure as they have been changed/altered/influenced by other cultures. Please enjoy the video and I hope that you like it. :-D
http://wn.com/Chinese_HanFu_Traditional_costume_of_Han-Chinese_nationality
Chinese Han Warriors - Fearless 霍元甲
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
pictures of really cool Chinese guys in Hanfu Song by Jay Chou from the movie Fearless 霍元甲Includes pictures depicting heroes such as Xiangyu and Yuji (widely known in the famous opera Farewell my Concubine), Zhugeliang and Zhouyu from Three Kingdoms...
http://wn.com/Chinese_Han_Warriors_Fearless_霍元甲
Chinese HanFu (Traditional costume of Han-Chinese nationality) - II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
This is my 2nd video of Hanfu(漢服). I've changed to use another software, and added some effects. If u got some suggestions, pls just tell me. Cheers buddies. :-P Hanfu is traditional costume of Han-Chinese people, and it has also influenced the traditional costumes of other neighboring Asian countries such as the Japanese Kimono(着物 or 吳服) or Korean Hanbok(한복 or 조선옷). if you come across any Chinese culture that is different from Greater China, please do not blindly trust what you see because these cultures may not be original/pure as they have been changed/altered/influenced by other cultures.
http://wn.com/Chinese_HanFu_Traditional_costume_of_Han-Chinese_nationality_II
Discovering China - The Han Dynasty-China's First Golden Age
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
The Han Dynasty began in 206 BC when a man named Liu Bang, who had been born a peasant, led a group of generals to overthrow the Qin dynasty. This started a 400-year period of prosperity—sometimes referred to as China's first golden age. The capital of the dynasty was at Chang'an—one of the biggest cities in the world at the time. The Han dynasty saw massive territorial expansion, with China's area almost doubling. The Han defeated the tribes to North and signed treaties with the clans to the West. This made travel safer and led to the establishment of what became known as the Silk Road. This was the trade route connecting China with the Roman Empire thousands of miles away in Europe. The Han also saw massive cultural developments, with Confucianism—which had been suppressed under the Qin dynasty—rising to become the state philosophy of China's aristocracy. Officials were evaluated on their conduct, according to Confucian philosophy and an Imperial University was established to train them. It was also during the Han period that Buddhism spread to China. Buddhism's emphasis on compassion and universal salvation appealed to the masses. Along with Confucianism and Taoism, Buddhism became one of China's three main religions that would dominate the faith of the Chinese people for the next two thousand years. The Han dynasty gave rise to some of China's most well known historical figures, such as Sima Qian who wrote "The Record of the Grand Historian"—the definitive record of ...
http://wn.com/Discovering_China_The_Han_Dynasty-China's_First_Golden_Age
Han Chinese beauties in traditional costumes (Hanfu)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
Artworks for Chinese REAL costumes Hanfu.(include some noblewomen wearing formal attires )
http://wn.com/Han_Chinese_beauties_in_traditional_costumes_Hanfu
Conversation with Han Han, Chinese blogger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:41
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Channel NewsAsia | 20 September 2011
http://wn.com/Conversation_with_Han_Han,_Chinese_blogger
Tajik / Han Chinese Song - Gulbita / Why are the Flowers So Red
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
1 - movie version (1963) 2 - tv version (2006) 3 - opera (2005) 4 - original song (2006) Introduction to Tajiks: en.wikipedia.org Images of Tajiks: images.google.com Images of beautiful Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: images.google.com Xinjiang Local Government: www.xinjiang.gov.cn
http://wn.com/Tajik_Han_Chinese_Song_Gulbita_Why_are_the_Flowers_So_Red
HAN CHINESE RULE THE WORLD, UYGHURS, URUMQI, XINJIANG
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
HAN CHINESE RULE THE WORLD, UYGHURS, URUMQI, XINJIANG
http://wn.com/HAN_CHINESE_RULE_THE_WORLD,_UYGHURS,_URUMQI,_XINJIANG
Han dynasty Chinese clothes show in bristol 2012 Chinese new year party 汉服秀
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
Pretty chinese girls wear the Han dynasty Chinese clothes, make a fashion show with the chinese classical music, bring us back to the ancient China. Check it and feel it!!!!
http://wn.com/Han_dynasty_Chinese_clothes_show_in_bristol_2012_Chinese_new_year_party_汉服秀
Han Chinese mob in hunt for Uighur Muslims
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
"We want revenge for our dead", "We heard from the television that Uighurs had killed hundreds of Han Chinese, including children. We cannot bear it anymore. We cannot live our lives in this city. We will show the Uighurs that the Han people can join our hands together also." Chinese reports suggested the local Han Chinese, unhappy with the level of protection they had received from police, were now taking matters into their own hands.
http://wn.com/Han_Chinese_mob_in_hunt_for_Uighur_Muslims
Han Chinese Immigrants and Army Attacking Uyghur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Han Chinese Immigrants are starting to Attack uyghur's residential area ,shops, apartment even innocent uyghur people on the street, It's good that Western Meida are there, This Chinese Communist can't Cover their ass.
http://wn.com/Han_Chinese_Immigrants_and_Army_Attacking_Uyghur
Discovering China - Chinese Gardens, Cuisine and Han Couture
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:32
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
For more news and videos visit ➡ english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ➡ http Add us on Facebook ➡ on.fb.me This week Margaret Trey checks out traditional Ming Dynasty gardens, Ben Hedges talks to masterchef Robin Luo about his cooking and we check out some traditional Chinese Han Couture.
http://wn.com/Discovering_China_Chinese_Gardens,_Cuisine_and_Han_Couture
汉服Han Chinese Traditional Clothing (3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:06
- Updated: 22 Apr 2012
From: www.ntdtv.com --- My Blog : thetruthaboutfalungong.blogspot.com , http --- My Video Channel : www.youtube.com , www.dailymotion.com --- My Photo Slideshow: www.flickr.com Shocking Video Documenting Persecution Suffered by Falun Gong practitioners in China, I am saddened to see such suffering, Pls help them & spread these video around, so as to STOP it! 1) www.youtube.com 2) www.youtube.com 3) www.youtube.com 4) www.youtube.com 5) www.youtube.com 6) www.youtube.com 7) www.youtube.com 法轮功学员受迫害录像怵目惊心1) www.youtube.com 2) www.youtube.com 3) www.youtube.com 4) www.youtube.com 5) www.youtube.com 6) www.youtube.com 7) www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/汉服Han_Chinese_Traditional_Clothing_3
Han Chinese traditional Costume (HanFu)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
Chinese traditional lady's Costume (HanFu) made by 杨柳晓月
http://wn.com/Han_Chinese_traditional_Costume_HanFu
China From My Eyes - Dude gets beaten to death at barbecue in Inner Mongolia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:37
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Take you to a BBQ to eat some wild treats. Goat, goat penis, cow penis, chicken heads... etc... We drink way too much baijiu and beer. Then a dude gets the life beaten out of him while his girlfriend tries to save his life. Didn't work... There have been huge brawls with swords, knives, and other weapons between the Han Chinese and the Mongolians everyday recently. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/China_From_My_Eyes_Dude_gets_beaten_to_death_at_barbecue_in_Inner_Mongolia
Han chinese style dancing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
real Han chinese style dancing made by 仙風道骨and her partners ^_^
http://wn.com/Han_chinese_style_dancing
"Day Road" Chinese Han Hong
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
"Day Road" Chinese Han Hong
http://wn.com/Day_Road_Chinese_Han_Hong
Ancient Chinese Clothing【Hanfu 漢服】
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:04
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Ancient Chinese Clothing: There are various dynasties that influenced the styles of the ancient Chinese clothing. From long robes to wide sleeves, each had their own distinct pattern, which made its mark. The pre 17th century ancient Chinese clothing or the Han Chinese clothing has a...
http://wn.com/Ancient_Chinese_Clothing【Hanfu_漢服】
![Super Junior M - SuperGirl Chinese Version Lyrics [ han yu ping ying ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121108061024im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/sCSH17UXr-E/default.jpg "Super Junior M - SuperGirl Chinese Version Lyrics [ han yu ping ying ]")
Super Junior M - SuperGirl Chinese Version Lyrics [ han yu ping ying ]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
Note : *I Don't Own This Song or Lyrics ! * Hehe .. Super junior M ! n or ofcourse also Super Junior Althought Hangeng has left the group . but in my heart he is still one of them in the group !! =D ! SuperJunior , SuperJunior M , Hangeng the BEST ! XDDDD , btw enjoy LOL . (=
http://wn.com/Super_Junior_M_SuperGirl_Chinese_Version_Lyrics_han_yu_ping_ying_
我的祖国- Sung by: 韩红- Han Hong
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
This is a Chinese revolutionary song from the 60s. It was from a Chinese movie called "Shang Kan Lin" about China's participation in the Korean War where it beat the shit out of the Americans.This version is done in a modern ballad style by Han Hong. It got stirring melody with words to match.
http://wn.com/我的祖国_Sung_by_韩红_Han_Hong
China - Injured following clashes between Han and Uighurs
- Order:
- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 09 Aug 2012
www.euronews.net The Muslim neighbourhoods of Urumqi remained under paramilitary surveillance on Wednesday, a day after the Chinese government imposed a curfew in the capital of the Xinjiang region after a deadly soar in ethnic tensions.
http://wn.com/China_Injured_following_clashes_between_Han_and_Uighurs
Photo: AP / Andres Kudacki
07 Nov 2012
Barack Obama claimed a second presidential term last night as a progressive coalition of women, minorities and young people came together to return America’s first black president to the White...
Photo: US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Todd A. Schaffer
06 Nov 2012
- At an unknown location somewhere deep beneath the world's oceans, a British submarine sits primed to launch up to 40 nuclear warheads with a collective destructive power almost 300 times greater...
Photo: AP
06 Nov 2012
The inquiry into the miners' deaths is showing how police doctored evidence and revealing a force that believes itself to be above South African law...
Photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
07 Nov 2012
CHICAGO (Reuters) - The crowd was smaller than it was four years ago, and the venue was indoors, but President Barack Obama's victory party early on Wednesday shared a theme with his 2008 election...
Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
05 Nov 2012
RAMALLAH, West Bank - A Western diplomat says the exhumation of late Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat's remains will take place Nov. 26....
Auto bailout haunts race for Romney
08 Nov 2012
Detroit news
By David Shepardson Detroit News Washington Bureau Comments Boston â Mitt Romney, the Detroit native and son of an auto executive, may have doomed his quest for the White House when he penned a 2008 essay opposing a U.S. auto bailout. It was first of a series of setbacks on autos that dogged the...(size: 11.7Kb)
Ford, GM fight India market-share loss
08 Nov 2012
Detroit news
By Siddharth Philip Bloomberg News Comments Almost two decades after entering India, here's what General Motors Co. and Ford Motor Co. have to show for their efforts in Asia's third-largest automobile market: combined market share of about 6.5 percent and falling. GM's sales in the country have...(size: 10.1Kb)
Detroit news
By Debbie Arrington Sacramento Bee Comments Purchase Image Four-Onion Gratin features leeks, shallots, onions and garlic in a rich, savory side dish. (Kate Lawson / The Detroit News) Some are real tear-jerkers; others just sweethearts, made for golden rings (or atop burgers). Be they red, yellow,...(size: 23.1Kb)
Detroit news
Tom Long Comments Tom Long reviews 'Skyfall': Starring: Daniel Craig, Javier Bardemm Judi Dench and Naomie Harris Directed by Sam Mendes For its first half, "Skyfall" is something like "On Golden Bond."...(size: 13.4Kb)
China media: Party congress opens
08 Nov 2012
BBC News
The opening of the 18th Chinese Communist Party National Congress - the start of the leadership transition process - dominates China's newspapers, but reaction from netizens remains muted. The People's Daily editorial calls for "snatching new socialist victory with Chinese...(size: 5.3Kb)
MSNBC
BEIJING (Reuters) - Outgoing Chinese President Hu Jintao warned on Thursday that corruption threatens the ruling Communist Party and the state, but said the party must stay in charge as it battles growing social unrest. Major Market Indices He also promised political reform, but offered no dramatic...(size: 8.1Kb)
Meiosis 8-3
08 Nov 2012
IMC
Submitted by asmodey on Wed, 2012-11-07 23:39 Â http://se80.akinintiswab.co.za/qldKqb3O Women flashing http://qui8.akinintjisab.co.za/eebEna6G Qual a fun ao do remedio atenolol http://so.akinintrisab.co.za/Sjnm8sto Orange blinking lights on comcast modem setup http://an9.akinintjisab.co.za/eppDud4Z...(size: 256.0Kb)
Seattle Post
The story of Noah and the Ark was one of my favorite Bible stories as a child. Picturing Noah gathering up the animals, two by two and guiding them into the Ark to save them from the flood waters is a beautiful message of hope. As with any historical story, many people seek to prove or disprove...(size: 3.7Kb)
Bloomberg
LG Electronics Inc. (066570), Panasonic Corp. (6752) and Royal Philips Electronics NV (PHIA) may be fined by European Union antitrust regulators within weeks over price-fixing agreements for cathode-ray tubes used in televisions, four people said. Technicolor SA (TCH) is also among companies...(size: 17.5Kb)
Bloomberg
UBS AG (UBSN)’s top employment lawyer in Europe denied claims by former trader Kweku Adoboli that bank workers are barred from testifying in his defense at a trial over a $2.3 billion trading loss. While UBS contracts may prevent current or former employees from disparaging the Zurich-based bank or...(size: 10.7Kb)
Bloomberg
Elevators at the World Trade Center and Times Square made by Thyssenkrupp AG (TKA) contain technology that a Schindler Holding AG (SCHP) unit said infringes one of its patents. Schindler’s Inventio, based in Switzerland, said the patent for elevator installation was issued by the U.S. Patent and...(size: 11.3Kb)
Bloomberg
The bailout of General Motors Co. (GM) played an important role in the re-election of President Barack Obama, who stumped on the issue in Midwestern swing states. Now comes the hard part: unloading the government’s stake, probably at a big loss. GM received $51 billion from the U.S. Treasury in...(size: 9.6Kb)
Asian Currencies to Cheer End of China Bashing
08 Nov 2012
CNBC
Asian currencies have had a good run so far this year against the U.S. dollar, and analysts expect further upside as President Barack Obama’s re-election signals an end to China bashing and raises hopes of further monetary easing. Obama’s Republican challenger Mitt Romney had said he would label...(size: 17.7Kb)
This article is about the majority ethnic group within China. For other uses, see Han (disambiguation).
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| Simplified Chinese | 汉族 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Han Chinese or Han People (simplified Chinese: 汉族 or 汉人; traditional Chinese: 漢族 or 漢人; pinyin: hànzú or hànrén) are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.
Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), 98% of the population of the Republic of China (Taiwan), 74% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the entire global human population, making it the largest ethnic group in the world. There is considerable genetic, linguistic, cultural, and social diversity among the subgroups of the Han, mainly due to thousands of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicities and tribes within China.[12] The Han Chinese are a subset of the Chinese nation (Zhonghua minzu). Sometimes Han and other Chinese refer to themselves as the "Descendants of the Yan and Huang Emperors" (simplified Chinese: 炎黄子孙; traditional Chinese: 炎黃子孫).
Contents |
Terms and etymology[link]
The name Han comes from the Han Dynasty, which succeeded the short-lived Qin Dynasty that united China. The Han Dynasty's first emperor was originally known as the king of the region of 'Han Zhong' 漢中, which is where the word is derived. Han, as a word in ancient China, especially in classical literary Chinese, can also mean the Milky Way, or as people in ancient China called it, the "Heavenly River" (天河 Tian He).
Prior to the Han Dynasty, the Chinese were referred to[by whom?] as "Huaxia people" (華夏族), citing[who?] ancient text description of China proper as an area of magnificent prosperity and culture. The Han Dynasty was considered as a classical period in Chinese civilization, in that it was able to expand its power and influence over Central, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia, and come to rival its contemporary Roman Empire in population, territory, wealth, and power.[citation needed] As a result of the Han Dynasty's prominence, many Chinese began addressing themselves as "people of Han" (漢人), a name that was since carried down.
In the English language, the Han are often referred to as simply "Chinese".[13] Whether or not the use of the term Chinese correctly or incorrectly refers only to Han Chinese often is the subject of debate.
Among some southern Han Chinese, a different term exists within various Chinese dialects like Cantonese, Hakka and Minnan – Tángrén (唐人, literally "the people of Tang"). This term derives from a later Chinese dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, which is regarded as another zenith of Chinese civilization. The term survives in one of the Chinese names for Chinatown: 唐人街 (Tángrénjiē); literally meaning "Street of the people of Tang".
Another term commonly used by Overseas Chinese is Huaren (simplified Chinese: 华人; traditional Chinese: 華人; pinyin: huárén), derived from Zhonghua (simplified Chinese: 中华; traditional Chinese: 中華; pinyin: zhōnghuá), a literary name for China. The usual translation is "ethnic Chinese". The term refers to "Chinese" as a cultural and ethnic affiliation and is inclusive of both Chinese in China and persons of Chinese descent residing abroad.
Distribution[link]
Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau[link]
The vast majority of Han Chinese – over 1.2 billion – live in areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC), where they constitute about 92% of its population. Within the People's Republic of China, Han Chinese are the majority in every province, municipality, and autonomous region except for the autonomous regions of Xinjiang (41% as of 2000) and Tibet (6% as of 2000). Han Chinese also constitute the majority in both of the special administrative regions of the PRC, about 95% of the population of Hong Kong[14] and about 96% of the population of Macau.[15]
Taiwan[link]
Over 22 million Han Chinese are in Taiwan. The Han Chinese began migrating from southeastern coastal provinces of mainland China to Taiwan in the 17th century.[16]
At first, these immigrants chose to settle in locations that bore a resemblance to the areas they had left behind in mainland China, regardless of whether they arrived in the north or south of Taiwan. Hoklo immigrants from Quanzhou settled in coastal regions, and those from Zhangzhou tended to gather on inland plains, while Hakka immigrants inhabited hilly areas. Clashes between these groups over land, water, and cultural differences led to the relocation of some communities, and, as time passed, varying degrees of intermarriage and assimilation took place.[16] Recent scientific research conducted by Chen Shun-sheng of the Kaohsiung Hospital’s psychiatric department claims DNA studies of Taiwan’s people revealed a large percentage of the population has mixed Han Chinese and aboriginal bloodlines.[17]
Other locations[link]
Main article: Overseas Chinese
Of about 40 million "overseas Chinese" worldwide, nearly 30 million live in Southeast Asia. Singapore has the largest majority overseas Chinese population at 74%. Christmas Island also has a Chinese majority at 70%. Large Chinese populations also live in Malaysia (25%), Thailand (14%), Indonesia, and the Philippines. Elsewhere in the world, 3 million people of Chinese descent live in the United States where they constitute about 1% of the population, over 1 million in Canada (3.7%), over 1.3 million in Peru (4.3%), over 600,000 in Australia (3.5%), nearly 150,000 in New Zealand (3.7%), and as many as 750,000 in Africa.[18]
History[link]
Main article: History of China
Prehistory and the Huaxia[link]
Main article: Huaxia
The history of the Han Chinese ethnic group is closely tied to that of China. Han Chinese trace their ancestry back to the Huaxia people, who lived along the Huang He or Yellow River in northern China.[19] The famous Chinese historian Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian places the reign of the Yellow Emperor, the legendary ancestor of the Han Chinese, at the beginning of Chinese history. Although study of this period of history is complicated by lack of historical records, discovery of archaeological sites have identified a succession of Neolithic cultures along the Yellow River. Along the central reaches of the Yellow River were the Jiahu culture (7000 BCE to 6600 BCE), Yangshao culture (5000 BCE to 3000 BCE) and Longshan culture (3000 BCE to 2000 BCE). Along the lower reaches of the river were the Qingliangang culture (5400 BCE to 4000 BCE), the Dawenkou culture (4300 BCE to 2500 BCE), the Longshan culture (2500 BCE to 2000 BCE), and the Yueshi culture.
Early history[link]
The first dynasty to be described in Chinese historical records is the Xia Dynasty, a legendary period for which scant archaeological evidence exists. They were overthrown by peoples from the east, who founded the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BCE). The earliest archaeological examples of Chinese writing date back to this period, from characters inscribed on oracle bone divination, but the well-developed oracle characters hint at a much earlier origin of writing in China. The Shang were eventually overthrown by the people of Zhou, which had emerged as a state along the Yellow River in the 2nd millennium BC.
The Zhou Dynasty was the successor to the Shang. Sharing the language and culture of the Shang people, they extended their reach to encompass much of the area north of the Yangtze River. Through conquest and colonization, much of this area came under the influence of sinicization and the proto-Han Chinese culture extended south. However, the power of the Zhou kings fragmented, and many independent states emerged. This period is traditionally divided into two parts, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. This period was an era of major cultural and philosophical development known as the Hundred Schools of Thought. Among the most important surviving philosophies from this era are the teachings of Confucianism and Taoism.
Imperial history[link]
Main article: Qin Dynasty
The era of the Warring States came to an end with the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty after it conquered all other rival states. Its leader, Qin Shi Huang, declared himself the first emperor, using a newly created title, thus setting the precedent for the next two millennia. He established a new centralized and bureaucratic state to replace the old feudal system, creating many of the institutions of imperial China, and unified the country economically and culturally by decreeing a unified standard of weights, measures, currency, and writing.
Main article: Han Dynasty
However, the reign of the first imperial dynasty was to be short-lived. Due to the first emperor's autocratic rule, and his massive construction projects such as the Great Wall which fomented rebellion into the populace, the dynasty fell soon after his death. The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) emerged from the succession struggle and succeeded in establishing a much longer lasting dynasty. It continued many of the institutions created by Qin Shi Huang but adopted a more moderate rule. Under the Han Dynasty, arts and culture flourished, while the dynasty expanded militarily in all directions. This period is considered one of the greatest periods of the history of China, and the Han Chinese take their name from this dynasty.
Main articles: Three Kingdoms, Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui Dynasty, and Tang Dynasty
The fall of the Han Dynasty was followed by an age of fragmentation and several centuries of disunity amid warfare by rival kingdoms. During this time, areas of northern China were overrun by various non-Chinese nomadic peoples which came to establish kingdoms of their own, the most successful of which was Northern Wei established by the Xianbei. Starting from this period, the native population of China proper began to be referred to as Hanren, or the "People of Han", to distinguish from the nomads from the steppe; "Han" refers to the old dynasty. Warfare and invasion led to one of the first great migrations in Han population history, as the population fled south to the Yangtze and beyond, shifting the Chinese demographic center south and speeding up Sinicization of the far south. At the same time, in the north, most of the nomads in northern China came to be Sinicized as they ruled over large Chinese populations and adopted elements of Chinese culture and Chinese administration. Of note, the Xianbei rulers of the Northern Wei ordered a policy of systematic Sinicization, adopting Han surnames, institutions, and culture.
The Sui (581–618) and Tang Dynasties (618–907) saw the continuation of the complete Sinicization of the south coast of what is now China proper, including what are now the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. The later part of the Tang Dynasty, as well as the Five Dynasties period that followed, saw continual warfare in north and central China; the relative stability of the south coast made it an attractive destination for refugees.
The next few centuries saw successive invasions of non-Han peoples from the north, such as the Khitans and Jurchens. In 1279 the Mongols (Yuan Dynasty) conquered all of China, becoming the first non-Chinese to do so. The Mongols divided society into four classes, with themselves occupying the top class and Han Chinese into the bottom two classes. The Song and Yuan dynasties banned emigration, seen as disloyalty to ancestors and ancestral land, and foresaw severe penalties for it.[20]
In 1368 Han Chinese rebels drove out the Mongols and, after some infighting, established the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). Settlement of Han Chinese into peripheral regions continued during this period, with Yunnan in the southwest receiving a large number of migrants.
In 1644, Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels and the last Ming Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide. The Manchus (Qing Dynasty) then allied with Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing. Remnant Ming forces led by Koxinga fled to Taiwan, where they eventually capitulated to Qing forces in 1683. Taiwan, previously inhabited mostly by non-Han aborigines, was Sinicized via large-scale migration accompanied with assimilation during this period, despite efforts by the Manchus to prevent this, as they found it difficult to maintain control over the island. At the same time the Manchus prohibited Han Chinese migration to Manchuria, because the Manchus perceived it as the home base of their dynasty. In 1681, the emperor ordered construction of the Willow Palisade, a barrier beyond which the Chinese were prohibited from settling.[21] The Qing Dynasty started colonising the area with Han Chinese later on in the dynasty's rule. This movement of the Han Chinese to Manchuria is called Chuang Guandong (during previous dynasties, Han Chinese settlement in Manchuria was mainly in the southern part, in what is now the province of Liaoning; during and after the late Qing Dynasty, however, Han Chinese settled and became the majority in nearly all of Manchuria.)
In the 19th century, Chinese migrants went in large numbers to other parts of the world, including Southeast Asia, Australia, and North America. See Overseas Chinese.
Recent history[link]
Main articles: Republic of China and People's Republic of China
The Qing Dynasty was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912. In 1949 the People's Republic of China was established towards the end of the Chinese Civil War while the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan. About one million refugees fled with it, further augmenting the population of Taiwan. In the 1980s, the one-child policy was introduced in People's Republic to regulate population growth, which only applies to the Han.[22]
Chinese migration overseas has also continued into the 20th and 21st centuries. The returning of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 prompted large waves of Hong Kong Chinese migration to North America, Australia, and elsewhere.[23] Chinese presences have also been established in Europe as well as Russia, especially the Russian Far East.
Culture[link]
Main article: Chinese culture
China is one of the world's oldest and most complex civilizations. Chinese culture dates back thousands of years. Some Han Chinese believe they share common ancestors, mythically ascribed to the patriarchs Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor, some thousands of years ago. Hence, some Chinese refer to themselves as "Descendants of Yan and Huang Emperor" (Traditional Chinese: 炎黃子孫; Simplified Chinese: 炎黄子孙), a phrase which has reverberative connotations in a divisive political climate, as in that between mainland China and Taiwan.
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Throughout the history of China, Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism. Credited with shaping much of Chinese thought, Confucianism was the official philosophy throughout most of Imperial China's history, and mastery of Confucian texts provided the primary criterion for entry into the imperial bureaucracy.
Language[link]
Main article: Chinese language
Han Chinese speak various forms of the Chinese language; one of the names of the language group is Hanyu (simplified Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢語), literally the "Han language". Similarly, Chinese characters, used to write the language, are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字), or "Han characters".
While there are many Chinese dialects, historically there has been greater unity in Chinese written languages. This unity is credited to the Qin dynasty which standardized the various forms of writing that existed in China at that time. For thousands of years, Literary Chinese was used as the standard written format among the literati, which used vocabulary and grammar that may be significantly different from the various forms of spoken Chinese.
During the early twentieth century, written vernacular Chinese based on Beijing Mandarin, which has been developing for a few centuries, was standardized and adopted to replace Literary Chinese. While written vernacular forms of other languages of China exist, such as written Cantonese, written Chinese based on Mandarin is widely understood by speakers of all Chinese languages and has taken up the dominant position among written Chinese languages, formerly occupied by Literary Chinese. Thus, although the residents of different regions would not necessarily understand each other's speech, they generally share a common written language.
Beginning in the 1950s, Simplified Chinese characters was adopted in mainland China and later in Singapore, while Chinese communities in Hong Kong, Macau, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and overseas countries continue to use Traditional Chinese characters. While significant differences exist between the two character sets, they are largely mutually intelligible.
Names[link]
Main articles: Chinese name and List of common Chinese surnames
Chinese names are typically two or three syllables in length, with the surname preceding the given name. Surnames are typically one character in length, though a few uncommon surnames are two or more syllables long, while given names are one or two syllables long. There are 4,000 to 6,000 surnames in China, of which about 1,000 surnames are most common.
In historical China, hundred surnames (百家姓) was a crucial identity of Han people. Besides the common culture and writings, common origin rooted in the surnames was another major factor that contributed towards Han Chinese identity.[24]
Dress[link]
Main article: Han Chinese clothing
Today, Han Chinese usually wear Western-style clothing. Few wear traditional Han Chinese clothing on a regular basis. It is, however, preserved in religious and ceremonial costumes. For example, Taoist priests dress in fashion typical of scholars of the Han Dynasty. The ceremonial dress in Japan, such as those of Shinto priests, is largely in line with ceremonial dress in China during the Tang Dynasty. Now, the most popular traditional Chinese clothing worn by many women on important occasions such as wedding banquets and New Year is called the qipao. However, this attire comes not from the Han Chinese but from a modified dress-code of the Manchus, the ethnic group that ruled China between the seventeenth (1644) and the early twentieth century.
Housing[link]
See also: Siheyuan
Han Chinese housing is different from place to place. Chinese Han people in Beijing traditionally commonly lived with the whole family in large houses that were rectangular in shape. This house is called a 四合院 (traditional and simplified characters) or sì hé yuàn (Hanyu Pinyin). These houses had four rooms in the front: the guest room, kitchen, lavatory, and servants' quarters. Across the large double doors was a wing for the elderly in the family. This wing consisted of three rooms, a central room where the four tablets, heaven, earth, ancestor, and teacher, were worshipped. There the two rooms attached to the left and right were bedrooms for the grandparents. The east wing of the house was inhabited by the eldest son and his family, while the west wing sheltered the second son and his family. Each wing had a veranda, some had a "sunroom" made from a surrounding fabric supported by a wooden or bamboo frame. Every wing is also built around a central courtyard used for study, exercise, or nature viewing.[25]
Literature[link]
Main article: Chinese literature
Chinese has a rich history of classical literature dating back several thousand years. Important early works include classics texts such as Analects of Confucius, the I Ching, Tao Te Ching, and the Art of War. Some of the most important Han Chinese poets in the pre-modern era include Li Bai, Du Fu, and Su Dongpo. The most important novels in Chinese literature, or the Four Great Classical Novels, are: Dream of the Red Chamber, Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and Journey to the West.
Contributions to humanity[link]
Main articles: Science and technology in China, List of Chinese inventions, and List of Chinese discoveries
Han Chinese have played a major role in the development of the arts, sciences, philosophy, and mathematics throughout history. In ancient times, the scientific accomplishments of China included seismological detectors, multistage rocket, rocket for recreational and military purposes, gunpowder, fire lance, cannon, landmine, naval mines, continuous flame thrower, fire arrow, trebuchet, crossbow, fireworks, pontoon bridge, matches, paper, printing, paper-printed money, insurance, menu, civil service examination system, the raised-relief map, cartography, biological pest control, the multi-tube seed drill, rotary winnowing fan, cast iron heavy plough, geobotanical prospecting, blast furnace, cast iron, steel, horse collar, petroleum and natural gas as fuel, deep drilling for natural gas, oil drilling, porcelain, lacquer, lacquerware, silk, dry docks, paddle wheels, Stern mounted rudder, the canal lock, Grand Canal, flash lock, water-tight compartments in ships, the double-action piston pump, the magnetic compass, South Pointing Chariot, odometer, fishing reel, Su Song water-driven astronomical clock tower, chain pump, chain drive, escapement, hot air balloon, mechanical clock, belt drive, sliding calipers, pound lock, pendulum, gimbal, collapsible umbrella, trip hammer, kites, sunglasses, toothbrush, inoculation etc. Paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder are celebrated in Chinese culture as the Four Great Inventions. Chinese astronomers were also among the first to record observations of a supernova.
Chinese art, Chinese cuisine, Chinese philosophy, and Chinese literature all have thousands of years of development, while numerous Chinese sites, such as the Great Wall of China and the Terracotta Army, are World Heritage Sites. Since the start of the program in 2001, aspects of Chinese culture have been listed by UNESCO as Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Throughout much of history, successive Chinese Dynasties have exerted influence on their neighbors in the areas of art, music, religion, food, dress, philosophy, language, government, and culture. In modern times, Han Chinese form the largest ethnic group in China, while an overseas Chinese diaspora numbering in the tens of millions has settled in and contributed to countries throughout the world.
In modern times, Han Chinese have continued to contribute to mathematics and sciences. Among them are Nobel Prize recipients Steven Chu, Samuel C. C. Ting, Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee, Yuan T. Lee, Daniel C. Tsui, Roger Y. Tsien, Charles K. Kao, Gao Xingjian; Fields Medal recipients Terence Tao and Shing-Tung Yau, and Turing Award recipient Andrew Yao. Tsien Hsue-shen was a prominent scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, while Chien-Shiung Wu contributed to the Manhattan Project and was nicknamed the "First Lady of Physics". Ching W. Tang was the inventor of the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and hetero-junction organic photovoltaic cell (OPV) and won the 2011 Wolf Prize in Chemistry for this contribution. Others include David Ho (scientist), one of the first scientists to propose that AIDS was caused by a virus, thus subsequently developing combination antiretroviral therapy to combat it. Dr. Ho was named TIME magazine's 1996 Person of the Year. Min Chueh Chang was the co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill and contributed significantly to the development of in vitro fertilization at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology. Choh Hao Li was associated with the identification, purification and synthesis of Growth hormone and discovered Beta-endorphin. Shiing-Shen Chern was one of the leaders in differential geometry of the twentieth century and was awarded the 1984 Wolf Prize in mathematics. The antimalarial drug Artemisinin and anti-IgE antibody Omalizumab for treatment of asthma was discovered and developed by ethnic Chinese scientists. China's system of Barefoot doctors was among the most important inspirations for the WHO conference in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978, and was hailed as a revolutionary breakthrough in international health ideology emphasising primary health care and preventive medicine.[26][27]
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in China
File:Vinegar tasters.jpg
A traditional representation of The Vinegar Tasters, an allegorical image representing Buddhists, Confucianists, and Taoists
Chinese culture has been long characterized by religious pluralism. The Chinese folk religion has always maintained a profound influence. Indigenous Confucianism and Taoism share aspects of being a philosophy or a religion, and neither demand exclusive adherence, resulting in a culture of tolerance and syncretism where multiple religions or belief systems are often practiced in concert, along with local customs and traditions. Han Chinese culture has also been long influenced by Buddhism, while in recent centuries, Christianity has also gained a foothold in the population.
Confucianism, a governing philosophy and moral code with some religious elements like ancestor worship, is deeply ingrained in Chinese culture and was the official state philosophy in China from the Han Dynasty until the fall of imperial China in the twentieth century.
The Chinese folk religion is the set of worship traditions of the ethnic deities of the Han people. It involves worship of various figures in Chinese mythology, folk heroes such as Guan Yu and Qu Yuan, mythological creatures such as the Chinese dragon, or family, clan and national ancestors. These practices vary from region to region, and do not characterize an organized religion, though many traditional Chinese holidays such as the Duanwu (or Dragon Boat) Festival, Qingming, and the Mid-Autumn Festival come from the most popular of these traditions.
Taoism, another indigenous religion, is also widely practiced in both its folk religion forms and as an organized religion, and has influenced Chinese art, poetry, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, alchemy and chemistry, cuisine, martial arts, and architecture. Taoism was the state religion of the early Han Dynasty, and also often enjoyed state patronage under subsequent emperors and dynasties.
In Han Dynasty, Confucian ideals were the dominant ideology. Near the end of the dynasty, Buddhism entered China and later gained popularity. Historically, Buddhism alternated between state tolerance and even patronage, and persecution. In its original form, Buddhism was at odds with the native Chinese religions, especially the elite, as certain Buddhist values often conflicted with Chinese sensibilities. However, through centuries of assimilation, adaptation, and syncretism, Chinese Buddhism gained an accepted place in the culture. Buddhism would come to be influenced by Confucianism and Taoism,[28] and exerted influence in turn, such as in the form of Neo-Confucianism.
Though Christian influence in China existed as early as the 7th century, Christianity did not begin to gain a significant influence in China until contact with Europeans during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Chinese practices at odds with Christian beliefs resulted in the Chinese Rites controversy, and subsequent reduction in Christian influence. Christianity grew considerably following the First Opium War, after which foreign missionaries in China enjoyed the protection of the Western powers, and widespread proselytism took place.
"Han" as a fluid concept[link]
The definition of the Han identity has varied throughout history. Prior to the 20th century, some Chinese-speaking groups like the Hakka and the Tanka were not universally accepted as Han Chinese, while some non-Chinese speaking peoples, like the Zhuang, were sometimes considered Han.[29] Today, Hui are considered a separate ethnic group, but aside from their practice of Islam, little distinguishes them from the Han; two Han from different regions might differ more in language, customs, and culture than a neighboring Han and Hui. During the Qing Dynasty, Han Chinese who had entered the Eight Banners military system were considered Manchu, while Chinese nationalists seeking to overthrow the monarchy stressed Han Chinese identity in contrast to the Manchu rulers. Upon its founding, the Republic of China recognized five major ethnic groups: the Han, Hui, Mongols, Manchus, and Tibetans, while the People's Republic of China now recognizes fifty-six ethnic groups.
Whether or not there was the concept of "ethnic groups" in ancient China is still questionable. However, throughout history, majority of Chinese regarded each other as subjects of a particular Kingdom. Nevertheless, thousands of years of unity under various Han-dominated dynasties have brought a common identity.[24] Many Chinese scholars such as Ho Ping-Ti believe that the concept of a Han ethnicity is an ancient one, dating from the Han Dynasty itself.[30]
DNA analysis[link]
Y-chromosome haplogroup O3 is a common DNA marker in Han Chinese, as it appeared in China in prehistoric times. It is found in more than 50% of Chinese males, and ranging up to over 80% in certain regional subgroups of the Han ethnicity.[31] However, the mitochondrial DNA of Han Chinese increases in diversity as one looks from northern to southern China, which suggests that some male migrants from northern China married with women from local peoples after arriving in Guangdong, Fujian, and other regions of southern China.[32][33] Despite this, tests comparing the genetic profiles of northern Han, southern Han and southern natives determined that haplogroups O1b-M110, O2a1-M88 and O3d-M7, which are prevalent in southern natives, were only observed in some southern Hans (4% on average), but not in northern Hans. Therefore, this proves that the male contribution of southern natives in southern Hans is limited.[12] In contrast, there are consistent strong genetic similarities in the Y chromosome haplogroup distribution between the southern and northern Chinese population, and the result of principal component analysis indicates almost all Han populations form a tight cluster in their Y chromosome. Additionally, the estimated contribution of northern Hans to southern Hans is substantial in both paternal and maternal lineages and a geographic cline exists for mtDNA. As a result, the northern Hans are the primary contributors to the gene pool of the southern Hans. However, it is noteworthy that the expansion process was dominated by males, as is shown by a greater contribution to the Y-chromosome than the mtDNA from northern Hans to southern Hans. These genetic observations are in line with historical records of continuous and large migratory waves of northern China inhabitants escaping warfare and famine, to southern China. Aside from these large migratory waves, other smaller southward migrations also occurred during almost all periods in the past two millennia. Moreover, a study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences into the gene frequency data of Han subpopulations and ethnic minorities in China, showed that Han subpopulations in different regions are also genetically close to the local ethnic minorities, and it means that in many cases blood of ethnic minorities has mixed into Han, while at the same time, blood of Han also has mixed into the local ethnicities.[34] A recent, and to date the most extensive, genome-wide association study of the Han population shows that little geographic-genetic dispersion from north to south has occurred.[35] Ultimately, with the exception in some ethnolinguistic branches of the Han Chinese, such as Pinghua, there is a coherent genetic structure in all Han Chinese populace.[36]
Han diversity[link]
Main article: Han Chinese subgroups
In addition to a diversity of spoken language, which were all descended from a common Old Chinese ancestor, there are also regional differences in culture among Han Chinese. For example, China's cuisine varies from Sichuan's famously spicy food to Guangdong's Dim Sum and fresh seafood. However, like other ethnic groups, some sense of cultural (or at least political) unity still exists between the various groups because of common cultural, behavioural, linguistic, and religious practices.
Historical documentation indicates that the Han were descended from the ancient Huaxia tribes of northern China. During the past two millennia, the Han culture (that is, the language and its associated culture) extended into southern China, a region inhabited by the southern natives, including those speaking Tai–Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, and Hmong–Mien languages. As Huaxia culture spread from its heartland in the Yellow River basin, it absorbed many distinct ethnic groups which then came to be identified as Han Chinese, as these groups adopted Han language (or variations of it) and customs.
For example, during the Shang Dynasty, people of the Wu area, in the Yangtze River Delta, were considered a different tribe. They spoke a language that was almost certainly distinct from that of the Shang,[citation needed] and were described as being scantily dressed and tattooed. Later Taibo, elder uncle of King Wen of Zhou, realising that his younger brother, Jili, was wiser than him and deserved to inherit the throne, fled to Wu and settled there. Three generations later, King Wu of Zhou defeated the last Yin emperor, and enfeoffed the descendants of Taibo in Wu, this mirrors the later history of Nanyue, where a Chinese king and his soldiers ruled a local non-Chinese population, and mixed with the local inhabitants who were sinicized over time. By the Tang Dynasty, however, this area had become part of the Han Chinese heartland, and is today the most densely populated and strongest performing economic region in China, the site of China's largest city Shanghai. Many Chinese languages are mutually unintelligible, but descend from a common Old Chinese, and Middle Chinese ancestors.
References[link]
- ^ a b c d https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html#People
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ [2], thejakartapost
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o :: Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. ::. Ocac.gov.tw (2004-08-24). Retrieved on 2010-12-12.
- ^ Malaysia. State.gov (2010-07-14). Retrieved on 2010-12-12.
- ^ [3]
- ^ "国籍（出身地）別在留資格（在留目的）別外国人登録者(Number of foreign residents by country as of 2008)" (in Japanese). Ministry of Justice. 2009-09-04. http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/Xlsdl.do?sinfid=000004032096.
- ^ Park, Yoon Jung (2009). Recent Chinese Migrations to South Africa - New Intersections of Race, Class and Ethnicity. Interdisciplinary Perspectives. ISBN 978-1-904710-81-3. http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/rei-v1.3b.pdf. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
- ^ "National Ethnic Population Projections: 2006(base)–2026 update". http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/NationalEthnicPopulationProjections_HOTP2006-26/Technical%20Notes.aspx. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ Travel China Guide – Han Chinese, Windows on Asia – Chinese Religions
- ^ a b "Genetic evidence support demic diffusion of Han culture (PDF)". Nature Publishing Group. http://159.226.149.45/compgenegroup/paper/wenbo%20Han%20culture%20paper%20(2004).pdf.
- ^ Definition of "Han" in the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
- ^ Census and Statistics Department. "Population and Vital Events: Table 139 Population by ethnicity 2001 and 2006". Hong Kong Government. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?htmlTableID=139&excelID=&chartID=&tableID=139&ID=&subjectID=1. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
- ^ Global Results of By-Census 2006. Statistics and Census Service (DSEC) of the Macau Government. 2007.
- ^ a b Chapter 2 People and Language. The Republic of China Yearbook 2009.
- ^ "Taiwanese have indigenous roots". The China Post. 2005. http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/detail.asp?ID=66709&GRP=B. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
- ^ China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration, By Malia Politzer, Migration Information Source, August 2008
- ^ Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio; Lai, David (1995). "War and Politics in Ancient China, 2700 B.C. to 722 B.C.". The Journal of Conflict Resolution 39 (3): 471–472.
- ^ Nyíri, Pál; Rostislavovich Savelʹev, Igorʹ (2002). Globalizing Chinese migration: trends in Europe and Asia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. p. 208. ISBN 0-7546-1793-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=77F23y4RrnUC&pg=PA208&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ Elliott, Mark C. "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies." Journal of Asian Studies 59, no. 3 (2000): 603–46.
- ^ Ball, Stephen; Horner, Susan; Nield, Kevin (2007). Contemporary Hospitality and Tourism Management Issues in China and India. Butterworth–Heinemann. p. 17.
- ^ "Some regret leaving Hong Kong, some return ". June 28, 2007.
- ^ a b Ebrey, Patricia Surnames and Han Chinese Identity, University of Washington
- ^ Montgomery County Public Schools Foreign Language Department (08/2006). "Si-he-yuan". Montgomery County Public Schools. pp. 1–8. http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/.
- ^ http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/10/08-031008/en/
- ^ http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/12/08-021208/en/index.html
- ^ Jacques Gernet
- ^ Kaup, Katherine Palmer, Creating the Zhuang: Ethnic Politics in China, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Jan 1, 2000, ISBN 1-55587-886-5
- ^ Clayton D. Brown Research on Chinese History: Ethnology, Archaeology, and Han Identity
- ^ Matthew E. Hurles, Bryan C. Sykes, Mark A. Jobling, and Peter Forster, "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics 76:894–901, 2005.
- ^ Table from "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature (journal, 16 September 2004 issue)
- ^ Table from " A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between maternal and paternal lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics (journal, 23 January 2008 issue)
- ^ Genetic distances between Chinese populations calculated on gene frequencies of 38 loci.
- ^ "Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation ", American Journal of Human Genetics, 11 December 2009, 85(6):775.
- ^ "Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure". Nature. 2008. http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v53/n4/abs/jhg200837a.html. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
External links[link]
- How the Han Chinese became the world's biggest tribe – People's Daily Online Sept 16, 2004
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Coordinates: 44°N 113°E / 44°N 113°E / 44; 113
| Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Nei Mongol Autonomous Region |
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| Abbreviations: 内蒙 or 内蒙古[2] (pinyin: Nèi Měng or Nèi Měnggǔ) | |||||||||
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| Origin of name | From the Mongolian öbür monggol, where öbür means the front, sunny side of natural barrier (a mountain, mountain range, lake or desert etc..). | ||||||||
| Administration type | Autonomous region | ||||||||
| Capital | Hohhot | ||||||||
| Largest city | Baotou | ||||||||
| CPC Ctte Secretary | Hu Chunhua | ||||||||
| Chairman | Bagatur | ||||||||
| Area | 1,183,000 km2 (457,000 sq mi) (3rd) | ||||||||
| - Latitude | 37° 24' to 53° 20' N | ||||||||
| - Longitude | 097° 05' to 126° 05' E | ||||||||
| Population (2010) - Density |
24,706,321[3] (23rd) 20.2 /km2 (52 /sq mi) (28th) |
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| GDP (2011) - per capita |
CNY 1.40 trillion US$ 218.75 billion (15th) CNY 57,515 US$ 8,854 (6th) |
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| HDI (2008) | 0.803 (high) (13th) | ||||||||
| Ethnic composition | Han - 79% Mongol - 17% Manchu - 2% Hui - 0.9% Daur - 0.3% |
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| Languages and dialects | {{{Dialects}}} | ||||||||
| Prefectural level | 12 divisions | ||||||||
| County level | 101 divisions | ||||||||
| Township level* | 1425 divisions | ||||||||
| ISO 3166-2 | CN-15 | ||||||||
| Official website http://www.nmg.gov.cn (Simplified Chinese) |
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| Source for population and GDP data:
《中国统计年鉴—2005》 China Statistical Yearbook 2005
Source for nationalities data:
ISBN 7503747382 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 Tabulation on nationalities of 2000 population census of China
*As at December 31, 2004ISBN 7105054255 |
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| Template ■ Discussion ■ WikiProject China | |||||||||
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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: s 
, Öbür Monggol and c Өвөр Монгол, Övör Mongol; Chinese: 内蒙古; pinyin: Nèi Měnggǔ, but officially romanized to Nei Mongol) is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in 1947 on the area of former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Liaobei and Xing'an along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia. It is the third-largest subdivision of China spanning about 1,200,000 km² (463,000 sq mi) or 12% of China's total land area. It has a population of about 24 million as of 2004. The majority of the population in the region are Han Chinese, with a substantial Mongol minority. The official languages are Chinese and Mongolian, the latter written in the Mongolian script, as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet used in the state of Mongolia.
Contents |
Name[link]
In Chinese, the region is known as "Inner Mongolia", where the terms of "Inner/Outer" are derived from Manchu dorgi/tulergi (cf. Mongolian dotugadu/gadagadu). Inner Mongolia is distinct from Outer Mongolia, which was a term used by the Republic of China and previous governments to refer to what is now the independent state of Mongolia plus the Republic of Tuva in Russia. In Mongolian, the region was called Dotugadu monggol during Qing rule and was renamed into Öbür Monggol in 1947, öbür meaning the southern side of a mountain, while the Chinese term nei menggu was retained. Some Mongolians use the name "Southern Mongolia" in English as well.[4]
History[link]
See also: History of Mongolia
Much of what is known about the history of Greater Mongolia, including Inner Mongolia, is known through Chinese chronicles and historians. Before the rise of the Mongols in the 13th century, what is now central and western Inner Mongolia, especially the Hetao region, alternated in control between Chinese agriculturalists in the south and Xiongnu, Xianbei, Khitan, Jurchen, Tujue, and other Mongol nomads of the north. The historical narrative of what is now Eastern Inner Mongolia mostly consists of alternations between different Tungustic and Mongol tribes, rather than the struggle between nomads and Chinese agriculturalists.
Early History[link]
During the Zhou Dynasty, central and western Inner Mongolia (the Hetao region and surrounding areas) were inhabited by nomadic peoples such as the Loufan, Linhu, and Dí, while eastern Inner Mongolia was inhabited by the Donghu. During the Warring States Period, King Wuling (340–295 BC) of the state of Zhao based in what is now Hebei and Shanxi provinces pursued an expansionist policy towards the region. After destroying the Dí state of Zhongshan in what is now Hebei province, he defeated the Linhu and Loufan and created the commandery of Yunzhong near modern Hohhot. King Wuling of Zhao also built a long wall stretching through the Hetao region. After Qin Shihuang created the first unified Chinese empire in 221 BC, he sent the general Meng Tian to drive the Xiongnu from the region, and incorporated the old Zhao wall into the Qin Dynasty Great Wall of China. He also maintained two commanderies in the region: Jiuyuan and Yunzhong, and moved 30,000 households there to solidify the region. After the Qin Dynasty collapsed in 206 BC, these efforts were abandoned.
During the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu sent the general Wei Qing to reconquer the Hetao region from the Xiongnu in 127 BC. After the conquest, Emperor Wu continued the policy of building settlements in Hetao to defend against the Xiong-Nu. In that same year he established the commanderies of Shuofang and Wuyuan in Hetao. At the same time, what is now eastern Inner Mongolia was controlled by the Xianbei, who would later on eclipse the Xiongnu in power and influence.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD), Xiongnu who surrendered to the Han Dynasty began to be settled in Hetao, and intermingled with the Han immigrants in the area. Later on during the Western Jin Dynasty, it was a Xiongnu noble from Hetao, Liu Yuan, who established the Han Zhao kingdom in the region, thereby beginning the Sixteen Kingdoms period that saw the disintegration of northern China under a variety of Han and non-Han (including Xiongnu and Xianbei) regimes.
The Sui Dynasty (581–618) and Tang Dynasty (618–907) re-established a unified Chinese empire, and like their predecessors they conquered and settled people into Hetao, though once again these efforts were aborted when the Tang empire began to collapse. Hetao (along with the rest of what now consists Inner Mongolia) was then taken over by the Khitan Empire (Liao Dynasty), founded by the Khitans, a nomadic people originally from what is now the southern part of Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia. They were followed by the Western Xia of the Tanguts, who took control of what is now the western part of Inner Mongolia (including western Hetao) . The Khitans were later replaced by the Jurchens, precursors to the modern Manchus, who established the Jin Dynasty over Manchuria and northern China.
Mongol Period[link]
After Genghis Khan unified the Mongol tribes in 1206 and founded the Mongol Empire, the Tangut Western Xia empire was ultimately conquered in 1227, and the Jurchen Jin Dynasty fell in 1234. In 1271, Genghis Khan's grandson Khubilai established the Yuan Dynasty. Khubilai's summer capital Shangdu (aka Xanadu) was located near present-day Dolonnor. During that time Ongud and Khunggirad peoples dominated the area of what is now Inner Mongolia. After the Yuan Dynasty was evicted by the Han-led Ming Dynasty in 1368, the Ming rebuilt the Great Wall of China at its present location, which roughly follows the southern border of the modern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (though it deviates significantly at the Hebei-Inner Mongolia border). The Ming established the Three Guards composed of the Mongols there. Soon after the Tumu incident in 1449, when the Oirat ruler Esen Taishi captured the Chinese emperor, Mongols flooded south from Northern Mongolia to Southern Mongolia. Thus from then on until 1635, Inner Mongolia was the political and cultural center of the Mongols during the Northern Yuan Dynasty.[5]
| Inner Mongolia | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Part of the Great Wall of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 內蒙古 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 内蒙古 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Nei Mongol Autonomous Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 內蒙古自治區 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 内蒙古自治区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolian | Өвөр Монгол Övör Mongol |
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Qing Period[link]
The eastern Mongol tribes near and in Manchuria, particularly the Khorchin and Southern Khalkha in today`s Inner Mongolia intermarried, formed alliances with, and fought against the Jurchen tribes until Nurhaci, the founder of the new Jin Dynasty, consolidated his control over all groups in the area in 1593.[6] The Manchus gained far-reaching control of the Inner Mongolian tribes in 1635, when Ligden Khan's son surrendered the Chakhar Mongol tribes to the Manchus. The Manchus subsequently invaded Ming China in 1644, bringing it under the control of their newly established Qing Dynasty. Under the Qing Dynasty (1636–1912), Greater Mongolia was administered in a different way for each region:
- "Outer Mongolia": This region corresponds to the modern state of Mongolia, plus the Russian-administered region of Tannu Uriankhai, and a part of northern Xinjiang. It included the four leagues (aimag) of the Khalkha Mongols north of the Gobi, as well as the Tannu Uriankhai and Khovd regions in northwestern Mongolia, which were overseen by the General of Uliastai from the city of Uliastai.
- "Inner Mongolia": This region corresponded to most of modern Inner Mongolia and some neighbouring areas in Liaoning and Jilin provinces. The banners and tribes in this region came under six leagues (chuulghan): Jirim, Juuuda, Josutu, Xilingol, Ulanqab, and Yekejuu.
- "Taoxi Mongolia": The Alashan Öölüd and Ejine Torghuud banners were separate from the aimags of Outer Mongolia and the chuulghans of Inner Mongolia. This territory is equivalent to modern-day Alxa League, the westernmost part of what is now Inner Mongolia.
- The Chahar Eight Banners were controlled by the military commander of Chahar (now Zhangjiakou). Their extent corresponded to southern Ulanqab and Bayannur in modern Inner Mongolia, plus the region around Zhangjiakou in Hebei province. At the same time, the jurisdiction of some border departments of Zhili and Shanxi provinces also belonged to this region.
- The Guihua Tümed banner was controlled by the military commander of Suiyuan (now Hohhot). This corresponds to the vicinities of the modern city of Hohhot. At the same time, the jurisdiction of some border departments of modern Shanxi province also belonged to this region.
- The Hulunbuir region in what is now northeastern Inner Mongolia was part of the jurisdiction of the General of Heilongjiang, one of the three generals of Manchuria.
Ordinary Mongols were not allowed to travel outside their own leagues. During the eighteenth century, growing numbers of Han Chinese settlers had illegally begun to move into the Inner Mongolian steppe. By 1791 there had been so many Han Chinese settlers in the Front Gorlos Banner that the jasak had petitioned the Qing government to legalize the status of the peasants who had already settled there.[7]
During the nineteenth century, the Manchus were becoming increasingly sinicized, and faced with the Russian threat, they began to encourage Han Chinese farmers to settle in both Mongolia and Manchuria. This policy was followed by subsequent governments. The railroads that were being built in these regions were especially useful to the Han Chinese settlers. Land was either sold by Mongol Princes, or leased to Han Chinese farmers, or simply taken away from the nomads and given to Han Chinese farmers.
Post-Qing[link]
Outer Mongolia regained independence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911, when the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu of the Khalkha was declared the Bogd Khan of Mongolia. Although almost all banners of Inner Mongolia recognized the Bogd Khan as the supreme ruler of Mongols, the internal strife within the region prevented a full reunification. The Mongol rebellions in Inner Mongolia were counterbalanced by princes who hoped to see a restored Qing dynasty in Manchuria and Mongolia, as they considered the theocratic rule of the Bogd Khan would be against their modernizing objectives for Mongolia.[8] Eventually, the newly formed Republic of China promised a new nation of five races (Chinese, Manchu, Mongol, Tibetan and Muslim),[9] and suppressed the Mongol rebellions in the area,[10][11] forcing the Inner Mongolian princes to recognize the Republic of China.
The Republic of China reorganized Inner Mongolia into provinces:
- Rehe province was created to include the Juuuda and Josutu leagues, plus the Chengde area in what is now northern Hebei.
- Chahar province was created to include Xilingol league as well as much of the former territory of the Eight Banners.
- Suiyuan province was created to include Ulanqab league, Yekejuu league, and the Hetao region (former Guihua Tümed territory).
- Hulunbuir stayed within Heilongjiang in Manchuria, which had become a province.
- Most of Jirim league came under the new province of Fengtian in southern Manchuria.
- Taoxi Mongolia, i.e. Alashan and Ejine leagues, was incorporated into neighbouring Gansu province. Later on Ningxia province was split out of northern Gansu, and Taoxi Mongolia became part of Ningxia.
Some Republic of China maps still show this structure.
The Japanese Manchuria Period[link]
Manchuria came under the control of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo in 1931, taking the Mongol areas in the Manchurian provinces (i.e. Hulunbuir and Jirim leagues) along. Rehe was also incorporated into Manchukuo in 1933, taking Juu Uda and Josutu leagues along with it. These areas were administered by Manchukuo until the end of World War II in 1945.
In 1937, open war broke out between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. On December 8, 1937, Mongolian Prince De Wang declared the independence of the remaining parts of Inner Mongolia (i.e. the Suiyuan and Chahar provinces) as Mengkiang or Mengkukuo, and signed close agreements with Manchukuo and Japan. The capital was established at Zhangbei (now in Hebei province), with the puppet government's control extending as far west as the Hohhot region. In August 1945, Mengkiang was taken by Soviet and Outer Mongolian troops during Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation. Despite a considerable movement among Inner Mongolia's Mongols(who comprised then around 15% of Inner Mongolia's population, while Han Chinese around 83%) for unification with Outer Mongolia, Inner Mongolia remained part of China.
Communist era[link]
The Communist movement gradually gained momentum as part of the Third Communist International in Inner Mongolia during the Japanese period. By the end of WWII, the Inner Mongolian faction of the ComIntern had a functional militia, and actively opposed the attempts at independence by De Wang's Chinggisid princes on the grounds of fighting feudalism. Following the end of World War II, the Chinese Communists gained control of Manchuria as well as the Inner Mongolian Communists with decisive Soviet support, and established the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1947. The Comintern army was absorbed into the People's Liberation Army. Initially the autonomous region included just the Hulunbuir region. Over the next decade, as the communists established the People's Republic of China and consolidated control over mainland China, Inner Mongolia was expanded westwards to include five of the six original leagues (except Josutu League, which remains in Liaoning province), the northern part of the Chahar region, by then a league as well (southern Chahar remains in Hebei province), the Hetao region, and the Alashan and Ejine banners. Eventually, near all areas with sizeable Mongol populations were incorporated into the region, giving present-day Inner Mongolia its elongated shape. The leader of Inner Mongolia during that time, as both regional CPC secretary and head of regional government, was Ulanhu.
During the Cultural Revolution, the administration of Ulanhu was purged, and a wave of repressions was initiated against the Mongol population of the autonomous region.[12] In 1969 much of Inner Mongolia was distributed among surrounding provinces, with Hulunbuir divided between Heilongjiang and Jilin, Jirim going to Jilin, Juu Uda to Liaoning, and the Alashan and Ejine region divided among Gansu and Ningxia. This was reversed in 1979.
Inner Mongolia has seen considerable development since Deng Xiaoping instituted Chinese economic reform in 1978. For about ten years since 2000, Inner Mongolia's GDP growth has been among the highest in the country, largely owing to the success of natural resource industries in the region.
Geography[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121108061024/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
Officially Inner Mongolia is classified as one of the provincial-level divisions of North China, but its great stretch means that parts of it belong to Northeast China and Northwest China as well. It borders eight provincial-level divisions in all three of the aforementioned regions (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu), tying with Shaanxi for the greatest number of bordering provincial-level divisions. Most of its international border is with Mongolia, which, in Chinese, is sometimes called "Outer Mongolia" (外蒙古), while a small portion is with Russia.
Climate[link]
Due to its elongated shape, Inner Mongolia has a wide variety of regional climates. Throughout the province, the climate is based off a four-season, monsoon climate. The winters in Inner Mongolia are very long, cold, and dry with frequent blizzards. The spring, summer, and autumn are polar opposites to the winter. They are short, extremely hot and arid, and have large, dangerous sandstorms. Officially, most of the region is classified as either a cold arid or steppe regime (Köppen BWk, BSk, respectively). The small portion besides these are classified as humid continental (Köppen Dwb) in the northeast, or subarctic (Köppen Dwc) in the far north near Hulunbuir.[13]
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Inner Mongolia and List of township-level divisions of Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia is divided into 12 prefecture-level divisions. Until the late 1990s, most of Inner Mongolia's prefectural regions were known as Leagues (Chinese: 盟), a usage retained from Mongol divisions of the Qing Dynasty. Similarly, county-level divisions are often known as Banners (Chinese: 旗). Since the 1990s, numerous Leagues have converted into prefecture-level cities, although Banners remain. The restructuring led to the conversion of primate cities in most leagues to convert to districts administratively (Hailar, Jining, and Dongsheng). Some newly founded prefecture-level cities have chosen to retain the original name of League (Hulunbuir, Bayannur, and Ulanqab), some have adopted the Chinese name of their primate city (Chifeng, Tongliao), and one League, Yekejuu, simply renamed itself Ordos. Despite these recent administrative changes, there is no indication that the Alxa, Hinggan, and Xilingol Leagues will convert to prefecture-level cities in the near future.
| Map | # | Conventional[14] | Administrative Seat | Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin |
Mongolian (Transcription from Mongolian) |
Population (2010) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| — Prefecture-level city — | |||||||
| 2 | Bayannur | Linhe District | 巴彦淖尔市 Bāyànnào'ěr Shì |
  (bayannaɣur qota) |
1,669,915 | ||
| 3 | Wuhai | Haibowan District | 乌海市 Wūhǎi Shì |
 (üqai qota) |
532,902 | ||
| 4 | Ordos | Dongsheng District | 鄂尔多斯市 È'ěrduōsī Shì |
 (ordus qota) |
1,940,653 | ||
| 5 | Baotou | Kundulun District | 包头市 Bāotóu Shì |
 (buɣutu qota) |
2,650,364 | ||
| 6 | Hohhot | Huimin District | 呼和浩特市 Hūhéhàotè Shì |
 (kökeqota) |
2,866,615 | ||
| 7 | Ulanqab | Jining District | 乌兰察布市 Wūlánchábù Shì |
 (ulaɣančab qota) |
2,143,590 | ||
| 9 | Chifeng | Hongshan District | 赤峰市 Chìfēng Shì |
 (ulaɣanqada qota) |
4,341,245 | ||
| 10 | Tongliao | Horqin District | 通辽市 Tōngliáo Shì |
 (töngliyao qota) |
3,139,153 | ||
| 12 | Hulunbuir | Hailar District | 呼伦贝尔市 Hūlúnbèi'ěr Shì |
 (kölün-buyir qota) |
2,549,278 | ||
| — League — | |||||||
| 1 | Alxa | Alxa Left Banner | 阿拉善盟 Ālāshàn Méng |
 (alašan ayimaɣ) |
231,334 | ||
| 8 | Xilingol | Xilinhot | 锡林郭勒盟 Xīlínguōlè Méng |
 (sili-yin ɣoul ayimaɣ) |
1,028,022 | ||
| 11 | Hinggan | Ulanhot | 兴安盟 Xīng'ān Méng |
 (hingɣan ayimaɣ) |
1,613,250 | ||
Many of the prefecture-level cities were converted very recently from leagues.
The twelve prefecture-level divisions of Inner Mongolia are subdivided into 101 county-level divisions, including twenty-one districts, eleven county-level cities, seventeen counties, forty-nine banners, and three autonomous banners. Those are in turn divided into 1425 township-level divisions, including 532 towns, 407 townships, 277 sumu, eighteen ethnic townships, one ethnic sumu, and 190 subdistricts.
Economy[link]
Farming of crops such as wheat takes precedence along the river valleys. In the more arid grasslands, herding of goats, sheep and so on is a traditional method of subsistence. Forestry and hunting are somewhat important in the Greater Khingan ranges in the east. Reindeer herding is carried out by Evenks in the Evenk Autonomous Banner. More recently, growing grapes and winemaking have become an economic factor in the Wuhai area.
Inner Mongolia has abundance of resources especially coal, cashmere, natural gas, rare earth elements, and has more deposits of naturally occurring niobium, zirconium and beryllium than any other province-level region in China. However in the past, the exploitation and utilisation of resources were rather inefficient, which resulted in poor returns from rich resources. Inner Mongolia is also an important coal production base, with more than a quarter of the world's coal reserves located in the province.[15] It plans to double annual coal output by 2010 (from the 2005 volume of 260 million tons) to 500 million tons of coal a year.[16]
Industry in Inner Mongolia has grown up mainly around coal, power generation, forestry-related industries, and related industries. Inner Mongolia now encourages six competitive industries: energy, chemicals, metallurgy, equipment manufacturing, processing of farm (including dairy) produce, and high technology. Well-known Inner Mongolian enterprises include companies such as ERDOS, Yili, and Mengniu.
The nominal GDP of Inner Mongolia in 2010 was 1.16 trillion yuan (US$172.1 billion), a growth of 16.9% from 2008, with an average annual increase of 20% from the period 2003-2007. Its per capita GDP reached 37,287 yuan (US$5,460) in 2009. In 2008, Inner Mongolia's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 90.7 billion yuan, 427.1 billion yuan, and 258.4 billion yuan respectively. The urban per capita disposable income and rural per capita net income were 14,431 yuan and 4,656 yuan, up 16.6% and 17.8% respectively.[17]
As with much of China, economic growth has led to a boom in construction, including new commercial development and large apartment complexes.
In addition to its large reserves of natural resources, Inner Mongolia also has the largest usable wind power capacity in China[15] thanks to strong winds which develop in the province's grasslands. Some private companies have set up wind parks in parts of Inner Mongolia such as Bailingmiao, Hutengliang and Zhouzi.
Economic and Technological Development Zones[link]
- Baotou National Rare Earth Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone[18]
- Erenhot Border Economic Cooperation Area
- Hohhot Export Processing Zone
Hohhot Export Processing Zone was established on June, 21st 2002 by State Council, which is located in the west of the Hohhot, with a planning area of 2.2 sqkm. Industries encouraged in the export processing zone include Electronics Assembly & Manufacturing, Telecommunications Equipment, Garment and Textiles Production, Trading and Distribution, Biotechnology/Pharmaceuticals, Food/Beverage Processing, Instruments & Industrial Equipment Production, Medical Equipment and Supplies, Shipping/Warehousing/Logistics, Heavy Industry.[19]
- Hohhot Economic and Technological Development Zone
- Hohhot Export Processing Zone
- Manzhouli Border Economic Cooperation Area
Government and politics[link]
Main articles: Politics of Inner Mongolia and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
Under the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, articles 112-122, autonomous regions have limited autonomy in both the political and economic arena. Autonomous regions have more discretion in administering economic policy in the region in accordance with national guidelines. Structurally, the Chairman — who legally must be an ethnic minority and is usually ethnic Mongolian — is always kept in check by the Communist Party Regional Committee Secretary, who is usually from a different part of China (to reduce corruption) and Han Chinese. The current party secretary is Hu Chunhua.[20] The Inner Mongolian government and its subsidiaries follow roughly the same structure as that of a Chinese province. With regards to economic policy, as a part of increased federalism characteristics in China, Inner Mongolia has become more independent in implementing its own economic roadmap.
Demographics[link]
See also: List of Chinese ethnic groups
When the autonomous region was established in 1947, Han Chinese comprised 83.6% of the population, while the Mongols comprised 14.8% of the population.[21] By the year 2000, the percentage of Han Chinese fell to 79.17%. While the Hetao region along the Yellow River has always alternated between farmers from the south and nomads from the north, the most recent episode of Han Chinese migration began in the early 18th century with encouragement from the Qing Dynasty, and continued into the 20th century. Han Chinese live mostly in the Hetao region as well as various population centres in central and eastern Inner Mongolia. Over 70% of Mongols are concentrated in less than 18% of Inner Mongolia's territory (Hinggan League, and prefectures Tongliao and Chifeng).
Mongols are the second largest ethnic group, comprising 17.13% of the population, an increase of 2.33% since 1947. They include many diverse Mongolian-speaking groups; groups such as the Buryats and the Oirats are also officially considered to be Mongols in China. Many of the traditionally nomadic Mongols have settled in permanent homes as their pastoral economy was collectivized during the Maoist Era.
Other ethnic groups include the Daur, the Evenks, the Oroqen, the Hui, the Manchus, and the Koreans.
| Ethnic groups in Inner Mongolia, 2000 census[22] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
| Han Chinese | 18,465,586 | 79.17% |
| Mongol | 3,995,349 | 17.13% |
| Manchu | 499,911 | 2.14% |
| Hui | 209,850 | 0.900% |
| Daur | 77,188 | 0.331% |
| Evenks | 26,201 | 0.112% |
| Koreans | 21,859 | 0.094% |
| Russians | 5,020 | 0.022% |
Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
Culture[link]
See also: Culture of Mongolia and Music of Mongolia
The Han Chinese of Inner Mongolia speak a variety of dialects, depending on the region. The eastern parts tend to speak Northeastern Mandarin, which belongs to the Mandarin group of dialects; those in the central parts, such as the Huang He valley, speak varieties of Jin, another subdivision of Chinese, due to its proximity to other Jin-speaking areas in China such as the Shanxi province. Cities such as Hohhot and Baotou both have their unique brand of Jin Chinese which are sometimes incomprehensible with dialects spoken in northeastern regions such as Hailar.
Mongols in Inner Mongolia speak a variety of dialects of the Mongolian language, including Chahar, Bairin, Ordos, Ejin-Alxa, Barghu-Buryat, etc.; the standard pronunciation of Mongolian in China is based on the Chahar dialect of the Plain Blue Banner, located in central Inner Mongolia. This is different from independent Mongolia, where the standard pronunciation is based on the Khalkha dialect. The Daur, Evenks, and Oroqin speak their own respective languages.
By law, all street signs, commercial outlets, and government documents must be bilingual, written in Mongolian and Chinese. There are three Mongolian TV channels in the Inner Mongolia Satellite TV network. In public transportation, all announcements are to be bilingual. Many ethnic Mongols, especially the young, speak fluent Chinese. Mongolian is receding urban areas. But rural ethnic Mongols have kept their traditions. In terms of written language, Inner Mongolia has retained the classic Mongol written script as opposed to Outer Mongolia's adoption of Cyrillic.
The vast grasslands have long symbolised Inner Mongolia. Mongolian art often depicts the grassland in an uplifting fashion and emphasizes Mongolian nomadic traditions. The Mongols of Inner Mongolia still practice their traditional arts. Inner Mongolian cuisine has Mongol roots and consists of dairy-related products and hand-held lamb (手扒肉). In recent years, franchises based on Hot pot have appeared Inner Mongolia, the most famous of which is Xiaofeiyang (小肥羊). Famous Inner Mongolian commercial brand names include Mengniu and Yili, both of which began as dairy product and ice cream producers.
Among the Han Chinese of Inner Mongolia, Jinju (晉劇) or Shanxi Opera is a popular traditional form of entertainment. See also: Shanxi.
The famous actress Siqin Gaowa is an ethnic Mongol from Inner Mongolia.
A popular career in Inner Mongolia is circus acrobatics. The famous Inner Mongolia Acrobatic Troupe travels and performs with the renowned Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus.
Tourism[link]
In the capital city Hohhot:
- Dazhao Temple is a Lamaist temple built in 1580. Dazhao Temple is known for three sites: a statue of Buddha made from silver, elaborate carvings of dragons, and murals.
- Xiaozhao Temple, also known as Chongfu temple, is a Lamaist temple built in 1697 and favoured by the Qing Dynasty emperor Kangxi.
- Xilituzhao Temple is the largest Lamaist temple in the Höhhot area, and once the center of power of Lamaism in the region.
- Zhaojun Tomb is the tomb of Wang Zhaojun, a Han Dynasty palace lady-in-waiting who became the consort of a Xiongnu ruler.
- Five-pagoda Temple is located in the capital of Inner Mongolia Hohhot. It is also called Jingangzuo Dagoba, used to be one building of the Cideng Temple.[23]
Elsewhere in Inner Mongolia:
- The Mausoleum of Genghis Khan, the cenotaph of Genghis Khan, is located in Ordos City.
- Bashang Grasslands, on the border close to Beijing, is a popular retreat for urban residents wanting to get a taste of grasslands life.
- The Arshihaty Stone Forest in Hexigten Global Geopark has magnificent granite rock formations formed from natural erosion.
- Xiangshawan, or "singing sands gorge," is located in the Gobi Desert and contains numerous tourist attractions including sand sledding and camel rides.
Chinese space programme[link]
One of China's space vehicle launch facilities, Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) (Chinese: 酒泉卫星发射中心), is located in the extreme west of Inner Mongolia, in the Alxa League's Ejin Banner, about 1,600 km from Beijing. It was founded in 1958, making it the PRC's first launch facility. More Chinese launches have occurred at Jiuquan than anywhere else. As with all Chinese launch facilities, it is remote and generally closed to the public. It is named as such since Jiuquan is the nearest urban centre, although Jiuquan is in the nearby province of Gansu. Many space vehicles have also made their touchdowns in Inner Mongolia. For example, the crew of Shenzhou 6 landed in Siziwang Banner, near Hohhot.
Education[link]
Colleges and universities[link]
- Chifeng University (ulaγanqada degedü surγaγuli / 赤峰学院)
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (öbür mongγol-un tariyalang-un yeke surγaγuli / 内蒙古农业大学)
- Inner Mongolia Finance and Economics College (öbür mongγol-un ed-ün jasaγ aju aqui-yin degedü surγaγuli / 内蒙古财经学院)
- Inner Mongolia Medical College (öbür mongγol-un emnelge-yin degedü surγaγuli / 内蒙古医学院)
- Inner Mongolia Normal University (öbür mongγol-un baγsi-yin yeke surγaγuli / 内蒙古师范大学)
- Inner Mongolia University (öbür mongγol-un yeke surγaγuli / 内蒙古大学)
- Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities (öbür mongγol-un ündüsüten-ü yeke surγaγuli / 内蒙古民族大学)
- Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology (内蒙古科技大学)
- Inner Mongolia University of Technology (öbür mongγol-un aju üiledbüri-yin yeke surγaγuli / 内蒙古工业大学)
All of the above are under the authority of the autonomous region government. Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
See also[link]
- Leagues of Inner Mongolia
- List of administrative divisions of Inner Mongolia
- East Asian snowstorms of 2009-2010
- East Asian snowstorms of 2010-2011
Notes and references[link]
- ^ The Cyrillic spelling, as used in Mongolia, would be Өвөр Монголын Өөртөө Засах Орон (Övör Mongolyn Öörtöö Zasakh Oron).
In Unicode: ᠦᠪᠦᠷ
ᠮᠣᠨᠭᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠨ
ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ
ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ
ᠣᠷᠣᠨ - ^ 内蒙古自治区区情
- ^ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm.
- ^ Huhbator Borjigin. 2004. The history and political character of the name of 'Nei Menggu' (Inner Mongolia). Inner Asia 6: 61-80.
- ^ CPAtwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.246
- ^ Atwood, Christopher. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.449
- ^ The Cambridge History of China. 10. Cambridge University Press. 1978. p. 356.
- ^ Atwood, Christopher. The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.454
- ^ Atwood, Christopher. The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.91
- ^ Belov, E.A. Anti-Chinese rebellion led by Babujav in Inner Mongolia, 1915-1916. - Annaly (Moscow), no. 2, 1996.
- ^ Belov, E.A. Rossiya i Mongoliya (1911–1919). Moscow: Vost. Lit.Publ.
- ^ David Sneath, "The Impact of the Cultural Revolution in China on the Mongolians of Inner Mongolia", in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2 (May, 1994), pp. 409-430
- ^ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633-1644.
- ^ Zhōngguó dìmínglù 中国地名录 (Beijing, Zhōngguó dìtú chūbǎnshè 中国地图出版社 1997); ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
- ^ a b http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/inner-mongolia-autonomous-region/
- ^ Inner Mongolia to double annual coal output by 2010
- ^ Inner Mongolia's economy maintains a rapid growth momentum
- ^ Baotou National Rare-Earth Hi-Tech Industiral Development Zone
- ^ RightSite.asia | Hohhot Export Processing Zone
- ^ china.org.cn: Chu Bo
- ^ Myron Weiner, Sharon Stanton Russell(2001). Demography and national security. page 276, table 9.4.
- ^ Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司), eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)
- ^ Hohhot Attraction
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Super Junior-M | |
|---|---|
| Also known as | SJ-M, SJM |
| Origin | Seoul, South Korea |
| Genres | Mandopop, dance, R&B |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels | SM, Avex |
| Associated acts | Super Junior Super Junior-K.R.Y. Super Junior-T Super Junior-Happy SM Town S.M. The Ballad M&D Super Junior Donghae and Eunhyuk |
| Website | superjunior-m.smtown.com |
| Members | |
| Siwon Donghae Kyuhyun Henry Ryeowook Zhou Mi Eunhyuk Sungmin |
|
| Past members | |
| Han Geng | |
Super Junior-M, often referred to as SJ-M, is a Mandopop boy band. Formed in 2008 in Seoul, South Korea, the band is the first international music group in the Chinese music industry to have members of both Chinese and Korean descent,[1] and is the first group produced by Korea's CT (Culture Technology) organization, created through a comprehensive localization strategy.[2]
Super Junior-M is the third and most successful subgroup branched off from the Korean boy band Super Junior. The group originally consisted of leader Han Geng, Donghae, Siwon, Ryeowook, Kyuhyun, and two additional members appearing exclusive to the subgroup, Zhou Mi and Henry.[1] In December 2009, Han Geng filed a lawsuit against their agency SM Entertainment and parted with the group, resulting in the group's temporary disbandment.[3] Han Geng was later replaced by Super Junior members Eunhyuk and Sungmin, coinciding with the release of the group's second EP Perfection in February 2011.
Contents |
Background[link]
Name origin[link]
Before the official name of the subgroup was released, they were known by "Super Junior China". On April 3, 2008, SM Entertainment announced their official name to be Super Junior-M, with "M" representing the word "Mandarin".[4] The "M" can also represent a list of other aspects, such as the first letter of their debut album Me, and also "mi" (Chinese: 迷), the pinyin for "charismatic" and "fan", the latter meaning referring to their desire to connect closer with fans.[4]
History[link]
2007: Formation and "Only 13" controversies[link]
In October 2007, SM Entertainment announced that a new Super Junior subgroup would debut in China in 2008. Super Junior's original member Han Geng, and a new member Henry Lau, who performed the violin solo of Super Junior's "Don't Don," were announced to be the first two of seven members representing the subgroup.[5] Some of Super Junior's official fanclub, E.L.F, signed online petitions and held protests to express their dissatisfaction and opposition of adding a fourteenth member to the group, fearing that a new member would mean one of the original lineup would get 'replaced'.[6] Many fans boycotted Super Junior's products and held silent protests in front of SM Entertainment's main building in Seoul, holding signs of the "Only 13" slogan. [7][8]
Over one thousand fans appeared in front of the SM Entertainment building on E.L.F's third protest on November 3, 2007.[9] Instead of a silent protest, the fans sang various Super Junior songs and shouted "thirteen."[10] Fans purchased 58,206 stocks of SM Entertainment, holding 0.3% of the company's entire stock.[11] They released a statement through the media, stating that they would obtain all chances to prevent SM Entertainment from adding new members and to keep Super Junior as only thirteen.[11] SM Entertainment later announced that they would not add the new subgroup members to the main group.
2008–2009: Debut and commercial success[link]
From April 4 to April 7, 2008 the seven members of Super Junior-M were individually announced to the Chinese media in a chain of short trailer clips. The first member, Han Geng, was announced to be the subgroup leader on April 4.[12] On April 5, Siwon and Donghae were revealed to be the second and third members.[13] On April 6, Kyuhyun was announced to be the fourth Super Junior-M member, following the new member, Henry, as the fifth.[14] Ryeowook and another new member, Zhou Mi, were announced to be the final two members on April 7.[15] A trailer of all seven members was released on the group's debut day, April 8. Super Junior-M's trailer clips exceeded 1.4 million views in less than four days.[16]
Super Junior-M debuted in Beijing on April 8, 2008 at the 8th Annual Music Chart Awards, simultaneously with the release of their first music video, "U" on Sohu.com.[16] They released their debut album Me in selected provinces of China starting April 23, 2008. A Korean version of the album with three bonus Korean-language tracks was released in South Korea on April 30, 2008. A modified version of the album was released in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan on May 2, 2008.[17] Though a majority of the tracks in the album were Mandarin remakes of Super Junior's previous Korean hits, reviews were generally positive. Hong Kong Cantopop singer, Hins Cheung, critiqued the album favorably, saying that the album contains "international-level music" and that the group is "vocally-talented".[18]
A month after their debut, Super Junior-M won their first award, Asia's Most Popular New Group, at the 5th annual Music King Awards in Macau on May 25.[19] They took home another three awards that year. On December 27 and 28, Super Junior-M held their first concert, the Super Junior-M Show, in Hong Kong.[20]
Following their debut performance in April 2008, the group made a few successful guest appearances in many chains of entertainment variety shows to promote their album. They appeared in an episode of the second season of TVB and HunanTV's collaboration show, Strictly Come Dancing, which made the show's ratings increase to 5.01%, ranking it the third most watched show ever in all of China.[21] Super Junior-M's appearance in the talk show Behind Story (Chinese: 背後的故事) also increased ratings. The show had the highest ratings during their time slot, with a strong 4.05%.[22] Separated into several weekly episodes, the group's appearance in their first episode on the challenging game show Bravely Going Forward (Chinese: 勇往直前) in early August gave the show the highest ratings during that time slot as well.[23] In August 2008, Han was casted in the idol television drama Stage of Youth, a mini-drama dedicated to the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Han portrayed Xia Lei, a youth who aspires to be a famous dancer. Other members of Super Junior-M gave cameo appearances in the final episode.[24]
In September 2009, Super Junior-M released their album album, the EP Super Girl. The album garnered them a nomination for Best Vocal Group at the 21st Golden Melody Awards.[25] The EP's title single "Super Girl" is Super Junior-M's most critically successful song to date, winning numerous accolades for its composition and performances.
2010–present: Lawsuit and lineup changes[link]
In December 2009, Han filed for contract termination from SM Entertainment, claiming that the provisions of his contract were unlawful, harsh, and against his rights.[26] Super Junior-M immediately canceled all of their future activities and performances in China and Taiwan. They returned to Korea to begin preparing for Super Junior's fourth studio album. Han, however, stayed in China and signed under a new management, releasing his debut solo album Geng Xin in July 2010.[27] Although Super Junior-M remained largely inactive for most of 2010, they won several accolades for their song "Super Girl" at China's 2010 MusicRadio TOP Awards, including Most Popular Group, Golden Melody Award (Top 15), and Best Composition.
In December 2010, the Seoul Central District Court ruled in favor of Han. However, SM Entertainment announced that they will file an immediate appeal to reverse the decision. In September 2011, Han and SM Entertainment officially came to a mutual agreement regarding Han's contract, closing the case. Although Han will not continue his exclusive contract with SM Entertainment,[28] the agency has yet to release an official statement regarding his status in Super Junior and Super Junior-M.
In February 2011, Super Junior-M resumed their activities with two new members from the main group, Eunhyuk and Sungmin, with the release of EP Perfection. A track in the album, "Love Is Sweet" is written by Jay Chou with lyrics penned by Chou's lyricist, Vincent Fang. Perfection was first released in Taiwan on February 25, followed by a Korean release two days later in South Korea. Hong Kong, Singapore, and selected provinces of China released the album on March 4. It debuted at number 2 on Taiwan's G-music chart,[29] and stayed on the chart for four weeks.[30] The repackaged version of the album was released on April 29, debuted at number 2, and stayed on the chart for 10 weeks.[30] In March 2011, Siwon and Donghae were cast as the main leads in the Taiwanese idol television drama Skip Beat!, a live-action adaptation of the manga of the same name. The drama premiered on December 18, 2011 on Formosa TV. In this drama, Super Junior-M performed the drama's opening theme "S.O.L.O.", and Donghae wrote and performed the ending theme, "That's Love", featuring Henry.
Super Junior-M stayed in Taiwan for over two months to promote Perfection. The album won them several awards at the 2010 HK Asian-Pop Music Festival, including Best Song Performance and Best Stage Performance. They won Most Popular Group at the 1st Annual Global Chinese Golden Chart, and Best Group at the 2011 Singapore HIT Awards.
In 2012, Zhou Mi was casted in the drama When Love Walked In. Henry is currently filming an unnamed movie that is to be released in 2013.
Members[link]
| Member | Real Name | Hangul | Hanja | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hankyung | Han Geng | 한경 | 韓庚 | Retired |
| Sungmin | Lee Sung-min | 이성민 | 李晟敏 | Active |
| Eunhyuk | Lee Hyuk-jae | 이혁재 | 李赫宰 | Active |
| Siwon | Choi Si-won | 최시원 | 崔始源 | Active |
| Zhou Mi | Zhou Mi | 주멱 | 周覓 | Active |
| Donghae | Lee Dong-hae | 이동해 | 李東海 | Active |
| Ryeowook | Kim Ryeo-wook | 김려욱 | 金厲旭 | Active |
| Kyuhyun | Cho Kyu-hyun | 조규현 | 曺圭賢 | Active |
| Henry Lau | Henry Lau | 헨리 라우 | 亨利 | Active |
Endorsements[link]
Super Junior-M and Taiwanese singer Show Luo replaced Hong Kong entertainers, Nicholas Tse and Twins, for the 2008 summer season endorsement spots of Semir, a Chinese clothing brand.[31] They were acclaimed to be sunny, young, and passionate; thus their image was suitable to endorse the brand.[32] They were also the 2009 endorsers of Pepsi and OPPO Mobile.
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
|
Extended plays[link]
|
Award and nominations[link]
| Year | Award | Nominated work | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Southeast Explosive Music Chart Awards | |||
| 2008 | Most Popular Group | Me | Won |
| China Tencent Stars Magnificent Ceremony | |||
| 2008 | Mainland's Best Group | ME | Won |
| Music King Awards | |||
| 2008 | Asia's Most Popular New Group | Me | Won |
| CCTV-MTV Music Awards | |||
| 2008 | Mainland's Best Group | Me | Won |
| CCTV 2008 Chinese Entertainment Awards | |||
| 2008 | Mainland's Best Album | Me | Won |
| Mainland's Most Popular Group | Me | Won | |
| China Digital Music Awards | |||
| 2009 | Most Downloaded Overseas Singer | Super Girl | Won |
| 21st Golden Melody Awards | |||
| 2010[34] | Best Vocal Group | Super Girl | Nominated |
| China Music Festival | |||
| 2010 | Most Popular Group | Super Girl | Won |
| Golden Melody Award (Album Award) | Super Girl | Won | |
| Composer Award | Super Girl (Yoo Young Jin) | Won | |
| China MusicRadio Top Awards | |||
| 2010 | Most Popular Group | Super Girl | Won |
| Global Chinese Golden Chart Awards | |||
| 2011 | Most Popular Group of The Year | Super Girl | Won |
| Best Male Group | Perfection | Won | |
| Singapore Hit Awards | |||
| 2011 | Best Male Group | Super Junior M | Won |
| Singapore's 'e-Awards' | |||
| 2012 | Most Popular Group | "Super Junior-M" | Won |
| Taiwan HITO Music Awards | |||
| 2012 | Most Popular Group | Super Junior M | Won |
References[link]
- ^ a b "Super Junior-M debuts today, Han Geng as group leader" (in Chinese). Jinhua.cn: pp. 1. 2008-04-08. http://ent.jinghua.cn/c/200804/08/n921675.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- ^ Official Website [1] Retrieved 2008-05-01 (English)
- ^ "Super Junior-M temporarily disbanded". 88 News: pp. 1. 2009-12-28. http://www.88news.net/2009/12/28/super-junior-m-temporarily-disbanded/. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
- ^ a b "SJ's new China subgroup's name confirmed to be SJ-M, debut on April 8" (in Chinese). Sohu: pp. 1. 2008-04-03. http://yule.sohu.com/20080403/n256064562.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ "Super Junior China to start activities in China next year" (in Korean). My Daily: pp. 1. http://www.mydaily.co.kr/news/read.html?newsid=200710030817371137. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
- ^ "Ivyro" (in Korean). Ivyro: pp. 1. Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. http://web.archive.org/web/20071231190235/http://kt1171.ivyro.net/zboard/zboard.php?id=foreign&page=1&page_num=20&category=&sn=off&ss=on&sc=on&keyword=&prev_no=53&sn1=&divpage=1&select_arrange=headnum&desc=asc#. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "My name is Fan" (in Korean). Bestiz: pp. 1. 2007-10-21. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20071024064704/http://kerio.cafe24.com/zboard/view.php?id=superj&page=1&sn1=&divpage=6&sn=off&ss=on&sc=off&select_arrange=headnum&desc=asc&no=37813&PHPSESSID=e3211b15b7398f9304a7b49b1b664915. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "Super Junior fans, "Do not increase members"" (in Korean). Daum: pp. 1. 2007-10-24. http://news.media.daum.net/entertain/broadcast/200710/24/yonhap/v18594884.html. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "Super Junior protest" (in Korean). Bestiz: pp. 1. 2007-11-03. Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20080307054434/http://kerio.cafe24.com/sj/view.php?id=superj&page=1&sn1=&divpage=6&sn=off&ss=on&sc=off&select_arrange=headnum&desc=asc&no=38444. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "Super Junior protest part 2" (in Korean). Bestiz: pp. 1. 2007-11-03. Archived from the original on 2008-03-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20080307060909/http://kerio.cafe24.com/sj/view.php?id=superj&page=1&sn1=&divpage=6&sn=off&ss=on&sc=off&select_arrange=headnum&desc=asc&no=38431. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ a b "Super Junior fan club purchases 58,000 of SM'S share" (in Korean). Isplus: pp. 1. 2008-03-21. Archived from the original on 2008-03-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080324194800/http://isplus.joins.com/enter/star/200803/21/200803210942515006020100000201040002010401.html. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "SJ-M's first member announced: Han Geng" (in Chinese). Sohu: pp. 1. 2008-04-04. http://yule.sohu.com/20080404/n256097756.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "SJ-M members continue to unravel: Donghae and Siwon appears with new image" (in Chinese). Sohu: pp. 1. 2008-04-05. http://yule.sohu.com/20080405/n256105924.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
- ^ "SJ-M adds new member, Henry; appears along with Kyuhyun" (in Chinese). Sohu: pp. 1. 2008-04-06. http://yule.sohu.com/20080406/n256116480.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ "SJ-M's last members revealed: Rookie Zhou Mi appears along with Ryeowook" (in Chinese). Sohu: pp. 1. 2008-04-07. http://yule.sohu.com/20080407/n256127225.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
- ^ a b "Super Junior-M debuts, over 1.4 million views" (in Korean). Nonewsnet: pp. 1. 2008-08-08. http://www.nownewsnet.com/news/newsView.php?id=20080407601004&relation=hit. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- ^ "G-Music New Product" (in Chinese). G-Music: pp. 1. http://www.g-music.com.tw/event/newproduct/newproduct.asp. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
- ^ "Hins Cheung radio interview" (in Chinese). Baidu: pp. 1. http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=408639283. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
- ^ "Han Geng reveals Kyuhyun's weird habits, SJ-M wants to perform in the Hong Kong Coliseum" (in Chinese). Liao1: pp. 1. 2008-05-31. http://news.liao1.com/newspages/200805/2494063.html. Retrieved 2005-05-31.
- ^ "SJ-M sends a tornado in HK for the first time" (in Chinese). TOM: pp. 1. 2008-12-27. http://post.yule.tom.com/54000A6D1888.html. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
- ^ ""Stricly Come Dancing" achieves high ratings" (in Chinese). Kzzj023: pp. 1. http://www.kzzj023.com/news/Article.asp?ArticleID=184487. Retrieved 2008-08-06. [dead link]
- ^ ""Behing Story" achieves highest ratings last week" (in Chinese). QQ: pp. 1. 2008-07-22. http://ent.qq.com/a/20080722/000240.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
- ^ ""Bravely Going Forward" earns #1 ratings, SJ-M spends summer with viewers" (in Chinese). HunanTV: pp. 1. 2008-08-04. http://zixun.hunantv.com/hntv/20080804/29615.html. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
- ^ "SJ-M will film Olympic idol drama" (in Chinese). QQ: pp. 1. 2008-08-22. http://ent.qq.com/a/20080822/000087.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
- ^ "List of Golden Melody Awards nominees" (in Chinese). Liberty Times: pp. 1. 2010-05-14. http://iservice.libertytimes.com.tw/liveNews/news.php?no=364921&type=%E5%BD%B1%E5%8A%87. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
- ^ (Chinese) Star News [2] (In Korean.)
- ^ "Han Geng announces solo concert" (in Chinese). People: pp. 3. 2010-06-23. http://ent.people.com.cn/BIG5/11944789.html. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
- ^ Ifeng.com
- ^ "Super Junior-M debuts at number 2 in album sales". Korean Splash. 2011-03-08. http://koreansplash.blogspot.com/2011/03/super-junior-m-debuts-at-number-2-in.html. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- ^ a b "G-Music Chinese-language Chart" (in Chinese). G-Music. http://www.g-music.com.tw/GMusicBillboard1.aspx. Retrieved 11-20-2011.
- ^ "SJ-M, Show Luo replaces Nicholas Tse for clothings brand" (in Chinese). Sina: pp. 1. 2008-08-18. http://ent.sina.com.cn/s/h/2008-08-19/10402139510.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
- ^ "Gillian Chung embarasses brand, SJ-M and Show Luo replaces" (in Chinese). CCTV: pp. 1. 2008-08-18. http://news.cctv.com/performance/20080818/103288.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
- ^ "Show Luo, etc endorses new brand" (in Chinese). WZWB: pp. 1. 2008-08-19. http://wb.66wz.com/system/2008/08/19/100680768.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
- ^ Kim, Jessica (28 May 2010). "Super Junior-M nominated for Taiwan Golden Melody Award". 10 Asia. http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010052711124445601. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
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For the Spring and Autumn Period head of the House of Han, see Ziyu of Han.
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| Han Yu | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Full name | |
| Family name: Hán 韓 Given name: Yù 愈 Courtesy name: Tuìzhī 退之 |
|
| Posthumous name | |
| Duke Wen of Han 韓文公 | |
| Born | 768 |
| Died | 824 (aged 55–56) |
Han Yu (traditional Chinese: 韓愈; simplified Chinese: 韩愈; pinyin: Hán Yù) (768–824), born in Nanyang, Henan, China, was a precursor of Neo-Confucianism as well as an essayist and poet, during the Tang dynasty. The Indiana Companion calls him "comparable in stature to Dante, Shakespeare or Goethe" for his influence on the Chinese literary tradition (p. 397). He stood for strong central authority in politics and orthodoxy in cultural matters. He is also among China's finest prose writers, second only to Sima Qian, and first among the "Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song". Song Dynasty poet Su Shi praised Han Yu that he had written prose which "raised the standards after 8 dynasties of literary weaknesses" (文起八代之衰).
Contents |
Biography[link]
He was born in Nanyang, which was somewhat of a city in Henan, to a literary family, meaning he schooled at some point in history. His father died when he was two, and he was raised in the family of his older brother, Han Hui. He taught himself to read and write and was a student of philosophical writings and confucian thought. His family moved to Changan in 774 but was banished to Southern China in 777 because of its association with disgraced minister Yuan Zai. Han Hui died in 781. In 792, after four attempts, Han Yu passed the imperial exam (jin shi). A few years later he went into the service of the military governor of Bianzhou, and then of the military governor of Xuzhou." He gained his first central government position in 802, but was soon exiled; seemingly for failing to support the heir apparent's faction (other possible reasons are because of his criticism of the misbehaviour of the emperor's servants or his request for reduction of taxes during a famine). From 807 to 819 he held a series of posts first in Luoyang and then in Chang'an. During these years, he was strong advocate of reimposing central control over the separatist provinces of the north-east. This period of service came to an end when he wrote his celebrated Memorial on Bone-relics of the Buddha. The memorial is a strongly worded protest against Buddhist influence on the country. Its only immediate effect was to prompt Han Yu's dismissal and exile to Chaozhou. "After a number of their distinguished government posts, he died at the age of fifty-six in Changan."[citation needed]
Thoughts and Beliefs[link]
"Han Yu is generally considered the greatest master of classical prose in the Tang. He was an important Confucian Intellectual and served as the sponsor of many literary figures of the turn of the ninth century. Although he was Meng Jiao's strongest supporter, Han Yu was himself a very different poet. Han Yu wrote in many modes, often with discursiveness and experimental daring. He was "a Confucian thinker and was deeply opposed to Buddhism, a religion that was then popular in the court. Han Yu came close to being executed in 819 for sending a letter to the emperor in which he denounced "the elaborate preparations being made by the state to receive the Buddha's fingerbone, which he called 'a filthy object' and which he said should be 'handed over to the proper officials for destruction by water and fire to eradicate forever its origin'. He believed that literature and ethics were intertwined, and he led a revolution in prose style against the formal ornamentation then popular."[citation needed]
Han Yu advocated the personal assimilation of Confucian values through the Classics, making them part of one's life. He also championed what came to be called "old style prose," breaking free of the stylized formality of much Tang prose to a kind of writing more suited to argumentation and the expression of ideas.
Poetry[link]
His "writings, especially his essays, are often of the very highest order, leaving nothing to be desired either in originality or in style. Han Yu wrote a large quantity of verse, frequently playful, on an immense variety of subjects, and under his touch the commonplace was often transmuted into wit. Among other pieces there is one on his teeth, which seemed to drop out at regular intervals, so that he could calculate roughly what span of life remained to him."
Overall Significance[link]
Han Yu died on December 25, 824 and was buried April 21, 825 in the ancestral cemetery at Ho-Yang. He ranks among the most important personalities in the history of traditional Chinese culture. All the major accounts of Han Yu's life agree that he had an open and forthright character, which manifested itself in his unswerving loyalty to his friends. He was a great conversationalist and an inspired teacher: "His teaching and his efforts to mold his students were unrelating, fearing they would not be perfect. Yet he amused them with jokes and with the chanting of poems, so that they were enraptured with his teaching and forgot about returning home". The sense of humor that is so obvious in his writing was also important in his life. Contemporarily, it is 'due to his calm and dignified patriotism that the Chinese still keep his memory green." Most modern scholarship, although content to assign to Han Yu a secure place in the history of Chinese literature, has been embarrassed by the violence of his Confucian passions. Han Yu's own life and personality as well as understanding of T'ang history have made this process more feasible than it would have been half a century ago. Han Yu is among the most personal and at the same time the most open of Chinese authors, he writes often and frankly about his own life, his feelings, his career, his friends. Accordingly, almost 95 percent of his writings can be securely dated and then read against the political history of the time. The result is a remarkably clear picture of Han Yu as an active participant in the political life of his age. "
Sources[link]
- Barnstone, Tony and Chou Ping (ed.) (2005). The Anchor Book of Chinese Poetry, Random House, New York.
- Birch, Cyril (ed.) (1965). Anthology of Chinese Literature. Grove Press, Inc., New York.
- Giles, Herbert G. (1973). A History of Chinese Literature. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc. Rutland, Vermont.
- Hartman, Charles. (1986). Han Yu and the T'ang Search for Unity. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
- Owen, Stephen (ed.) (1996). An Anthology of Chinese Literature. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York.
References[link]
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hán Yù |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Chinese writer |
| Date of birth | 768 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 824 |
| Place of death | Chaozhou |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
