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The holiness movement is a set of beliefs and practices emerging from the Methodist Christian church in the mid 19th century. The movement is distinguished by its emphasis on John Wesley's doctrine of "Christian perfection" - the belief that it is possible to live free of voluntary sin - and particularly by the belief that this may be accomplished instantaneously through a second work of grace.

Beliefs[link]

The holiness movement seeks to promote a Christianity that is personal, practical, life-changing, and thoroughly revivalistic. The key beliefs of the holiness movement are (1) regeneration by grace through faith, with the assurance of salvation by the witness of the Holy Spirit; (2) entire sanctification as a second definite work of grace, received by faith, through grace, and accomplished by the baptism and power of the Holy Spirit, by which one is enabled to live a holy life.

In the context of the holiness movement, the first work of grace is salvation from sin, and without it no amount of human effort can achieve holiness. People are saved by grace through faith in Jesus Christ who made atonement for human sins.

The second work of grace refers to a personal experience subsequent to regeneration, in which the believer is cleansed from the carnal nature, and is empowered by the Holy Spirit to lead a holy life. Most teach that it is still possible for the sanctified to sin, and one grows in grace after this second spiritual experience and should strive for perfection.

The experience of sanctification enables the believer to live a holy life. Most holiness people interpret this as living a life free of willful sin or the practice of sin. The motive is to live a Christ-like life, to be conformed to the image of Christ and not the world. Since holiness is the supernatural work of a transformed heart by the Holy Spirit, many holiness churches are careful to follow moral principles and what they perceive as the conviction of the Holy Spirit. Most followers of the holiness movement believe as Christ said, that love fulfills the entire law of God.^[1]

Holiness groups tend to oppose antinomianism, which is a theological framework which states God's law is done away with^{[dubious – discuss]}. Holiness groups believe the moral aspects of the law of God are pertinent for today, inasmuch as the law was completed in Christ. This position does attract opposition from some evangelicals, who charge that such an attitude refutes or slights Reformation (particularly Calvinist) teachings that believers are justified by grace through faith and not through any efforts or states of mind on their part, that the effects of original sin remain even in the most faithful of souls.

Relation and reaction to Pentecostalism[link]

The traditional holiness movement is distinct from the Pentecostal movement, which believes that the baptism in the Holy Spirit involves speaking in tongues. Many of the early Pentecostals were from the holiness movement, and to this day many "classical Pentecostals" maintain much of holiness doctrine and many of its devotional practices. (Oneness Pentecostals, such as the United Pentecostal Church, still largely adhere to these "standards.") Additionally, the terms Pentecostal and apostolic, now used by adherents to Pentecostal and charismatic doctrine, were once widely used by holiness churches in connection with the consecrated lifestyle described in the New Testament. However, Pentecostals add and emphasize that the baptism of the Holy Spirit is evidenced specifically by speaking in tongues, a position which churches in the traditional holiness movement do not accept.

During the advent of Pentecostalism at Azusa Street, the practice of speaking in tongues was strongly rejected by leaders of the traditional holiness movement. Alma White, the leader of the Pillar of Fire Church, a holiness denomination, wrote a book against the Pentecostal movement that was published in 1936; the work, entitled Demons and Tongues, represented early rejection of the new Pentecostal movement. White called speaking in tongues "satanic gibberish" and Pentecostal services "the climax of demon worship".^[2] Nevertheless, many holiness churches and organizations joined the Pentecostal movement (e.g., the Church of God in Christ and the Pentecostal Holiness Church), accepting the Pentecostal teaching on speaking in tongues as the evidence of a "third work" of grace, in addition to conversion and sanctification. As a result, Pentecostal churches in the Southeast and in the African-American community, are often called "holiness" and "sanctified" churches.

Influences[link]

The roots of the holiness movement are as follows:

• The Reformation itself, with its emphasis on salvation by grace through faith alone.
• Puritanism in 17th century England and its transplantation to America with its emphasis on adherence to the Bible and the right to dissent from the established church.
• Pietism in 17th century Germany, led by Philipp Jakob Spener and the Moravians, which emphasized the spiritual life of the individual, coupled with a responsibility to live an upright life.
• Quietism, as taught by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), with its emphasis on the individual’s ability to experience God and understand God’s will for himself.
• The 1730s Evangelical Revival in England, led by Methodists John Wesley and his brother Charles Wesley, which brought Wesley's distinct take on the Eastern Orthodox concept of Theosis and the teachings of German Pietism to England and eventually to the United States.
• The First Great Awakening in the 18th and early 19th centuries in the United States, propagated by George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, and others, with its emphasis on the initial conversion experience of Christians.
• The Second Great Awakening in the 19th century in the United States, propagated by Francis Asbury, Charles Finney, Lyman Beecher, and others, which also emphasized the need for personal holiness and is characterized by the rise of evangelistic revival meetings.

History[link]

The Methodists of the 19th century continued the interest in Christian holiness that had been started by their founder, John Wesley. They continued to publish Wesley's works and tracts, including his famous A Plain Account of Christian Perfection. From 1788 to 1808, the entire text of A Plain Account was placed in the Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and numerous persons in early American Methodism professed the experience of entire sanctification, including Bishop Francis Asbury.^[3]

By the 1840s, a new emphasis on holiness and Christian perfection had begun within American Methodism.^[4] Two major leaders of the holiness revival were Phoebe Palmer and her husband, Dr. Walter Palmer. In 1835, Palmer's sister, Sarah A. Lankford, had started holding Tuesday Meetings for the Promotion of Holiness in her New York City home. In 1837, Palmer experienced what she called entire sanctification and had become the leader of the Tuesday Meetings by 1839. At first only women attended these meetings, but eventually Methodist bishops and hundreds of clergy and laymen began to attend as well. At the same time, Methodist minister Timothy Merritt of Boston founded a journal called the Guide to Christian Perfection, later renamed The Guide to Holiness. This was the first American periodical dedicated exclusively to promoting the Wesleyan message of Christian holiness.^[5] In 1865, the Palmers purchased The Guide which at its peak had a circulation of 30,000. In 1859, Palmer published The Promise of the Father, in which she argued in favor of women in ministry. This book later influenced Catherine Booth, co-founder of the Salvation Army. The practice of ministry by women is common but not universal within the denominations of the holiness movement.

At the Tuesday Meetings, Methodists soon enjoyed fellowship with Christians of different denominations, including the Congregationalist Thomas Upham. Upham was the first man to attend the meetings, and his participation in them led him to study mystical experiences, looking to find precursors of holiness teaching in the writings of persons like German Pietist Johann Arndt and the Roman Catholic mystic Madame Guyon. Other non-Methodists also contributed to the holiness movement. During the same era Asa Mahan, the president of Oberlin College, and Charles Grandison Finney, an evangelist associated with the college, promoted the idea of Christian holiness. In 1836, Mahan experienced what he called a baptism with the Holy Spirit. Mahan believed that this experience had cleansed him from the desire and inclination to sin. Finney believed that this experience might provide a solution to a problem he observed during his evangelistic revivals. Some people claimed to experience conversion but then slipped back into their old ways of living. Finney believed that the filling with the Holy Spirit could help these converts to continue steadfast in their Christian life.

Representative was the revivalism of Rev. James Caughey, an American missionary sent by the Wesleyan Methodist Church to work in Ontario, Canada from the 1840s through 1864. He brought in the converts by the score, most notably in the revivals in Canada West 1851-53. His technique combined restrained emotionalism with a clear call for personal commitment, coupled with followup action to organize support from converts. It was a time when the Holiness Movement caught fire, with the revitalized interest of men and women in Christian perfection. Caughey successfully bridged the gap between the style of earlier camp meetings and the needs of more sophisticated Methodist congregations in the emerging cities.^[6]

Presbyterian William Boardman promoted the idea of holiness through his evangelistic campaigns and through his book The Higher Christian Life, which was published in 1858. Also, Hannah Whitall Smith, a Quaker, experienced a profound personal conversion. Sometime in the 1860s, she found what she called the "secret" of the Christian life—devoting one’s life wholly to God and God’s simultaneous transformation of one’s soul. Her husband, Robert Pearsall Smith, had a similar experience at the camp meeting in 1867. Methodist minister B. F. Haynes wrote a book, Tempest-Tossed on Methodist Seas, about his decision to leave the Methodist church and join the Church of the Nazarene. In it he described the bitter divisions within the Methodist church over the holiness movement.^[7]

The first distinct "holiness camp meeting" convened at Vineland, New Jersey in 1867 under the leadership of John S. Inskip, John A. Wood, Alfred Cookman, and other Methodist ministers. The gathering attracted as many as 10,000 people. At the close of the encampment, while the ministers were on their knees in prayer, they formed the National Camp Meeting Association for the Promotion of Holiness, and agreed to conduct a similar gathering the next year. This organization was commonly known as the National Holiness Association. Later, it became known as the Christian Holiness Association and subsequently the Christian Holiness Partnership.

The second National Camp Meeting was held at Manheim, Pennsylvania, and drew upwards of 25,000 persons from all over the nation. People called it a "Pentecost," and it did not disappoint them. The service on Monday evening has almost become legendary for its spiritual power and influence. The third National Camp Meeting met at Round Lake, New York. This time the national press attended and write-ups appeared in numerous papers, including a large two-page pictorial in Harper's Weekly. These meetings made instant religious celebrities out of many of the workers. Robert and Hannah Smith were among those who took the holiness message to England, and their ministries helped lay the foundation for the now-famous Keswick Convention.

In 1871, the American evangelist Dwight L. Moody had what he called an "endowment with power" as a result of some soul-searching and the prayers of two Free Methodist women who attended one of his meetings. He did not join the holiness movement but certainly advanced some of its ideas and even voiced his approval of it on at least one occasion.

In the 1870s, the holiness movement spread to Great Britain, where it was sometimes called the higher life movement after the title of William Boardman’s book The Higher Life. Higher life conferences were held at Broadlands and Oxford in 1874 and in Brighton and Keswick in 1875. The Keswick Convention soon became the British headquarters for the movement. The Faith Mission in Scotland was one consequence of the British holiness movement. Another was a flow of influence from Britain back to the United States. In 1874, Albert Benjamin Simpson read Boardman’s Higher Christian Life and felt the need for such a life himself. He went on to found the Christian and Missionary Alliance.

In the 1950s and 1960s, several small groups left the mainstream holiness movement to form what is known as the conservative holiness movement. During the 1968 merger of the Wesleyan Methodist Church and the Pilgrim Holiness Church which formed the Wesleyan Church, the Allegheny Conference and the Tennessee Conference of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, and some churches of the Pilgrim Holiness Church did not approve of the merger and several new holiness denominations were formed.

There is an annual gathering in Huntington, West Virginia, called the Interchurch Holiness Convention. It has met for several years in Dayton, Ohio. ^[8]

Denominations[link]

The holiness movement led to the formation of several Christian organizations, including:

• Brunstad Christian Church, also known by some as "Smith's Friends"^[9]
• Christian and Missionary Alliance
• Christ's Sanctified Holy Church
• Church of Christ (Holiness) U.S.A.
• Church of Daniel's Band
• Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
• Church of God (Holiness)
• Church of the Nazarene
• Churches of Christ in Christian Union
• Evangelical Methodist Church
• Free Methodist Church
• The Salvation Army
• Wesleyan Church
• Wesleyan Methodist Church (Allegheny Conference)
• World Gospel Mission
• Worldwide Faith Missions
• Wesleyan Holiness Alliance (Bartlesville, Oklahoma)

See also[link]

	Arminianism portal
	Methodism portal

• Arminianism
• Christian Perfection
• Methodism
• Wesleyanism

Endnotes[link]

Further reading[link]

• Boardman, William E. The Higher Christian Life, (Boston: Henry Hoyt, 1858).
• Brown, Kenneth O. Holy Ground, Too, The Camp Meeting Famil Tree. Hazleton: Holiness Archives, 1997.
• Brown, Kenneth O. Inskip, McDonald, Fowler: "Wholly And Forever Thine." (Hazleton: Holiness Archives, 2000.)
• Dieter, Melvin E. The Holiness Revival of the Nineteenth Century (Rowman & Littlefield, 1996).
• Grider, J. Kenneth. A Wesleyan-Holiness Theology, 1994 (ISBN 0-8341-1512-3).
• Kostlevy, William C., ed. Historical Dictionary of the Holiness Movement (Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
• Mannoia, Kevin W. and Don Thorsen. "The Holiness Manifesto", (William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008)
• McDonald, William and John E. Searles. The Life of Rev. John S. Inskip, President of the National Association for the Promotion of Holiness (Chicago: The Christian Witness Co., 1885).
• Smith, Hannah Whitall. The Unselfishness of God, and How I Discovered It: A Spiritual Autobiography (New York: Fleming H. Resell Co., 1903).
• Smith, Logan Pearsall, ed. Philadelphia Quaker: The Letters of Hannah Whitall Smith (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1950).
• Smith, Timothy L. Called Unto Holiness: The Story of the Nazarenes—The Formative Years, (Nazarene Publishing House, 1962).
• Spencer, Carol. "Holiness: The Soul Of Quakerism" (Paternoster. Milton Keynes, 2007)
• White, Charles Edward. The Beauty of Holiness: Phoebe Palmer as Theologian, Revivalist, Feminist, and Humanitarian (Zondervan/Francis Asbury Press, 1986).

External links[link]

• Holiness history from the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
• "The Cleansing Wave", article from Christianity Today
• "Holiness Movement: Dead or Alive," article by Keith Drury (CRI Voice)
• A Look At Holiness And Perfectionism Theology by Armin J. Panning
• Christian Cyclopedia article on Holiness Churches
• How They Entered Canaan:A collection of holiness experience accounts by B. G. Paddock
• "Holiness Preaching," Examples of Various Holiness preachers

Herman Murray (born May 12, 1909, date of death unknown) was a Canadian ice hockey player who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics.

Murray was the Captain of the 1936 Port Arthur Bearcats, which won the silver medal for Canada in ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics. He scored five goals in eight matches at that tournament. Following the Olympics, Murray finished his playing career with the Royal Montreal Hockey Club, and was a member of that team when it won the 1939 Allan Cup.^[1]

In 1987 he was inducted into the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame as a member of the 1936 Olympic team.

References[link]

External links[link]

• profile

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This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey player is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Dorinda Clark-Cole (born Dorinda Grace Clark) is a two-time Grammy Award winning American evangelist and gospel singer. She is best known as a member of The Clark Sisters and as a daughter of pioneering choral director Mattie Moss Clark.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, to the late, Elbert and Dr. Mattie Moss-Clark, Clark-Cole began singing at an early age with her sisters Karen, Twinkie, Jacky, and Denise. The sisters sang in their father's church and usually performed songs written and composed by their mother. Clark-Cole, who is referred to as the "jazzy sister" of the group, helped develop what is known as "The Clark Sound", which often features high and fast melismas, riffs, runs, scats, and soulful growls. Dorinda attributes her fiery, convicting singing style to her mother, who saw the gift of singing and preaching in her at an early age. Back in the 1960s and 70’s, when other children their age were playing outside, Dorinda and her sisters had to work on their now famous familial harmonies. She says, “We made a lot of sacrifices. My mom was a stickler for making sure we rehearsed before we went out to perform. She saw the gifts and talents within us and started shaping and molding us. She taught us discipline along with how to use our gifts.” Dorinda sang lead on "Overdose Of The Holy Ghost", "My Reedemer Liveth" the B-side to The Clark Sisters' biggest single "You Brought the Sunshine"^[2]

Recording career[link]

Clark-Cole's self-titled solo debut Dorinda Clark-Cole, released in June 2002 on Gospo Centric Records/Zomba Label Group, won two Stellar Awards and a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award (Best Female Gospel Artist). The album featured the hit single "I'm Coming Out". Her second album, released under the same label, The Rose of Gospel, was released in August 2005. The album debuted in Billboard’s Top 5 and garnered a Grammy Nomination for the Best Traditional Soul Gospel album & won 2007 and 2009 Stellar Award for the “Best Female Artist of The Year”. The live portions of both albums were produced by Asaph Ward, famous for his work with Kim Burrell, who counts Dorinda as well as the Clark Sisters as a direct vocal influence.

After being pushed back from a prematurely stated date in fall 2007,^[3] Dorinda Clark-Cole's third solo CD also released on Gospo Centric Records/ Zomba Label Group, Take It Back was released on April 15, 2008.^[4] Producers Alex "Asaph" Ward, PAJAM, and Rodney Jerkins contributed to the project. Dorinda^[when?] released a six song (EP) album entitled In The Face Of Change in September 21. It included hit songs such as "Change" written by her son Jay Cole and "BAMM" which was a “Verizon Select”. Released on her own ministry label, "Harvestime Ministries", the album was never heard of until she announced it the day of its release. A video on YouTube has a preview of all of the new songs on the record.^[5] Her latest release, another solo project entittled "I Survived" with the hit's "Back to You", and "He Brought Me", was released in August 2011 under a new label, Light Records. The project also consists of a duet titled, "Thank You" with her sister Twinkie Clark.

Dorinda was featured on the title track of Kirk Franklin's Hero album.^[6]

In early spring of 2009, Dorinda received the honor of performing Nothing but the Truth for the Sojourner Truth unveiling on Capitol Hill for 1st Lady Michelle Obama and other officials. Dorinda's solo career continues to progress with the newly established deal with Light Records.

As a member of the world renowned Clark Sisters, Dr. Cole won three Grammys in 2008. Live - One Last Time won the Best Traditional Gospel Album. Its album track "Blessed & Highly Favored" won the Best Gospel Performance as well as the individual Best Gospel Song. With the group she appeared nationally on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, ABC's "The View", Bobby Jones Gospel, Lift Every Voice, Gospel Superfest, TBN’s Praise the Lord, The Stellar Award and The Lady of Soul Awards.

Personal and Religious life[link]

Clark-Cole has been evangelizing and juggling hundreds of speaking engagements annually for over twenty years, along with her singing career and being a wife and mother. She is married to Elder Gregory Cole and together they have 2 children, Nikkia Cole-Beach and Gregory Jr. (Jay Cole). In March 2011, Nikkia and husband Deon Beach Sr., gave birth to a son Deon Beach Jr. making this Dorinda's first grandchild, whom she often publicly rejoices about. She ministers nationally as well as internationally in countries such as England, Japan, Germany, France, Korea and South Africa. She made history in South Africa, having been the first woman to minister in the pulpit to over 4,000 people.

In addition to being a recording artist and evangelist, Clark-Cole is a prominent figure in the Church of God in Christ of which she is a licensed National Evangelist, assistant supervisor of women, for the Michigan North Central Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction of the Church of God in Christ and Assistant Elect Lady of the COGIC's International Evangelism Department. She was an administrator and instructor at the Clark Conservatory of Music in Detroit (founded by Mattie Moss Clark in 1979) and is an administrator of ministry at the Greater Emmanuel Institutional COGIC, pastored by her brother-in-law, Bishop J. Drew Sheard.

Clark-Cole makes it known that she hasn’t always been at such a joyous place in her life by testifying about a very trying time in her life when she once contemplated suicide. She recounts, “At that time my mother was not with me to help me get through that rough time. We were always dependent on our mom because she was always there… I didn’t understand why it was happening to me…It was very devastating. And it caused me to go into a state of depression…I just couldn’t take it anymore and I got into my car and I began to drive to the river. I was about to drive my car off the bridge. And while I was right there…the enemy was speaking to me, so I had a war going on. I began to drive and accelerate up to 80 miles per hour. God spoke to me just as plain as day and said, ‘Dorinda, are you going to let everything that has been invested in you go down the drain?’ And when I heard God’s voice, I began to take my foot off the accelerator and the car started coasting right to the bridge. And the Lord whispered to me and said, ‘Peace be unto you.’ And that’s when I grabbed the steering wheel and I said, Lord I thank you. I began to weep and cry. So if it had not been for God keeping me, right then I would have been doomed and consumed. I want it to reach those who are strung out on drugs. I want them to be able to hand it over to other drug abusers and say listen to it and have it bless their lives.”

Other Career Ventures & Accomplishments[link]

She is the new host of TCT Network’s Dorinda Show, co-host of TCT’s Celebrate on the Road, former Stellar Awards host, guest judge on Verizon's "How Sweet The Sound" national televised competition, the former spokes model for Donna Vinci Clothing and her “Rose Collection” is now distributed by Terra Mina Fashions. She has since partnered with MR. SONG, an immaculate fashion designer of Detroit, in creating The Bloom Collection, a couture collection of hat adorning accessories. She is also the Founder and CEO of Lifeline Productions Inc., which holds an annual Singers & Musicians Conference. Through this conference it is her goal to educate a new generation of ministers of the importance of “keeping ministry in the music” by offering various activities including daily workshops and evening worship services featuring from artists whose ministries have gone beyond ministering in song. In September 2004 she received an honorary Doctorate of Divinity from Mt. Carmel Theological Seminary of Fresno, CA. It was rumored that in 2011, Clark-Cole would be playing Kia Radisson in The Marriage Lover, but it never happened.

Dorinda says that if she did not have a career in music that she would be "dancing on Broadway," and her dream would be "to sing with Bette Midler, Cher and Celine Dion".^[7]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Dorinda Clark-Cole (2002)
• Live From Houston: The Rose of Gospel (2005)
• Take It Back (2008)
• In The Face Of Change (EP)(2009)
• I Survived (2011)

Singles[link]

• "No Not One (featuring J Moss)" (2002)
• "I'm Coming Out" (2002)
• "Still Here" (2002)
• "Great Is The Lord" (2005)
• "So Many Times" (2005)
• "Take It Back" (2008)
• "Change" (2009)
• "This Is It" (2009)
• "Back to You"(2011)
• "He Brought Me" (2011)
• "God Will Take Care of You" (2011)
• "For My Good" (2011)
• "Thank You (Feat. Twinkie Clark)

Other[link]

• "Hero (featuring Dorinda Clark Cole)" - Kirk Franklin (from Hero)
• "Tis So Sweet" - Dorinda Clark Cole (from Build A Bridge)
• "Higher Ground" - Missy Elliott, Karen Clark Sheard, Kim Burrell, Mary Mary, Dorinda Clark Cole, and Yolanda Adams (from Miss E... So Addictive) (Elektra, 2001)
• "It Will All Be Worth It" - Mary Mary feat. Gospel Legends (from The Sound)
• "Im Wrapped in You (featuring Dorinda Clark Cole)" - Bishop Eddie L. Long (from The Kingdom, Vol. 1 (feat. GW's))
• "Still Mighty, Still Strong (feat. Dorinda Clark Cole)" - Youthful Praise, Resting On His Promise (2009)

Videography[link]

• Dorinda Clark Cole Live (2003)
• Live From Houston: The Rose of Gospel (2007)

Filmography[link]

• The Marriage Lover (2011)
• The Dorinda Show

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Clark Space
• Dorinda Clark Cole on MySpace
• Dorinda Clark Cole Fan Club on Myspace
• The Clark Sisters' Official Website (Source of Dorinda Clark Cole's biography)
• GospoCentric Records Official Website
• Dorinda Clark Cole Official Site
• Dr. Dorinda Clark Cole's Annual Singers and Musicians Conference Official Site