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- Absolute idealism
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Counter-Reformation
http://wn.com/Counter-Reformation -
Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
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Leiden University
Leiden University (), located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. The university was founded in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange, leader of the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years' War. The royal Dutch House of Orange-Nassau and Leiden University still have a close relationship. The Queens Juliana and Beatrix and crown-prince Willem-Alexander studied at Leiden University. In 2005 Queen Beatrix received a rare honorary degree from Leiden University.
http://wn.com/Leiden_University -
New Jerusalem
In religion, New Jerusalem, also known as The Tabernacle of God, Holy City, City of God, Celestial City and Heavenly Jerusalem in the Book of Revelation, as well as Jerusalem Above, Zion and shining city on a hill in other books of the bible, is a city that is or will be the dwelling place of the Saints, interpreted as a physical reconstruction, spiritual restoration, or divine recreation of the city of Jerusalem. It is also interpreted by many Christian groups as referring to the Church.
http://wn.com/New_Jerusalem -
Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Sorbonne
The Sorbonne (La Sorbonne) is a building of the Latin Quarter, in Paris, France, which has been the historical house of the former University of Paris. It is commonly used to refer to this historic University of Paris or one of its successor institutions (see below), but this is a recent usage, and "Sorbonne" has actually been used with different meanings over the centuries.
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Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
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École Biblique
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Abraham Geiger
Abraham Geiger (24 May 1810 in Frankfurt am Main – 23 October 1874 in Berlin) was a German rabbi and scholar who led the founding of Reform Judaism. He sought to remove all nationalistic elements (particularly the "Chosen People" doctrine) from Judaism, stressing it as an evolving and changing religion.
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Adam
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Alvin Plantinga
Alvin Carl Plantinga (born 1932) is an American analytic philosopher, formerly the John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He is known for his work in philosophy of religion, epistemology, metaphysics, and Christian apologetics. Plantinga is a Christian and known for applying the methods of analytic philosophy to defend orthodox Christian beliefs. Notably, he has argued that some people can know that God exists as a basic belief, requiring no argument, similar to how people usually claim to know that other minds exist. He has also argued that there is no logical inconsistency between the existence of evil and the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, wholly good God.
http://wn.com/Alvin_Plantinga -
Anthony Kenny
Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny FBA (born 16 March 1931 in Liverpool) is an English philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient and scholastic philosophy, the philosophy of Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion. With Peter Geach, he has made a significant contribution to Analytical Thomism, a movement whose aim is to present the thought of St Thomas Aquinas in the style of modern philosophy by clearing away the trappings and obscurities of traditional Thomism. He is one of the executors of Wittgenstein's literary estate. He is a former President of the British Academy and current President of the Royal Institute of Philosophy.
http://wn.com/Anthony_Kenny -
Antony Flew
http://wn.com/Antony_Flew -
Augustine of Hippo
: For other uses, see Augustine, Augustinus and Saint Augustine.
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Averroes
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Avicenna
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Baron d'Holbach
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Baruch Spinoza
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Bertrand Russell
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Blaise Pascal
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Boethius
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David Hume
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Desiderius Erasmus
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Eberhard Nestle
http://wn.com/Eberhard_Nestle -
Eliezer b. Hyrcanus
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Emil Brunner
Heinrich Emil Brunner (December 23, 1889 – April 6, 1966) was a Swiss Protestant (Reformed) theologian. Along with Karl Barth (see Relationship with Karl Barth), he is commonly associated with neo-orthodoxy or the dialectical theology movement.
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Ernst Haeckel
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Ernst Troeltsch
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; in English , ) (October 15, 1844 August 25, 1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
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Henry Barclay Swete
Henry Barclay Swete (Bristol, 14 March 1835 - Hitchin, 1917) was an English Biblical scholar. He became Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge in 1890. He is known for his 1906 commentary on the Book of Revelation, and other works of exegesis.
http://wn.com/Henry_Barclay_Swete -
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
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Humphrey Hody
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Immanuel Kant
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J. L. Mackie
John Leslie Mackie (25 August 1917–12 December 1981) was an Australian philosopher, originally from Sydney. He made significant contributions to the philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language, and is perhaps best known for his views on meta-ethics, especially his defence of moral skepticism.
http://wn.com/J_L_Mackie -
Jean-Luc Marion
Jean-Luc Marion (born 3 July 1946) is among the best-known living philosophers in France, former student of Jacques Derrida and one of the leading Catholic thinkers of modern times. Marion's take on the postmodern is richly enhanced by his expertise in patristic and mystical theology, phenomenology, and modern philosophy. Although much of his academic work has dealt with Descartes and phenomenologists like Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl, it is rather his explicitly religious works that have garnered much recent attention. God Without Being, for example, is concerned predominantly with an analysis of idolatry, a theme strongly linked in Marion's work with love and the gift, which is a concept also explored at length by Derrida. To a certain extent, Marion also takes up the mantle of Emmanuel Levinas in directing our thought beyond being. There is a widespread but possibly dubious designation of Jean-Luc Marion as a leading contributor to postmodern theology.
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Jew
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Julius Fürst
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Karl Barth
Karl Barth ( – ) (pronounced "Bart") was a Swiss Reformed theologian whom critics hold to be among the most important Christian thinkers of the 20th century; Pope Pius XII described him as the most important theologian since Thomas Aquinas. Beginning with his experience as a pastor, he rejected his training in the predominant liberal theology typical of 19th-century European Protestantism. Instead he embarked on a new theological path initially called dialectical theology, due to its stress on the paradoxical nature of divine truth (e.g., God's relationship to humanity embodies both grace and judgment). Other critics have referred to Barth as the father of neo-orthodoxy — a term emphatically rejected by Barth himself. The most accurate description of his work might be "a theology of the Word." Barth's theological thought emphasized the sovereignty of God, particularly through his innovative doctrine of election.
http://wn.com/Karl_Barth -
Karl Marx
http://wn.com/Karl_Marx -
Lev Shestov
Lev Isaakovich Shestov (), born Yehuda Leyb Schwarzmann (), was a Ukrainian/Russian existentialist philosopher. Born in Kiev (Russian Empire) on , he emigrated to France in 1921, fleeing from the aftermath of the October Revolution. He lived in Paris until his death on November 19, 1938.
http://wn.com/Lev_Shestov -
Loyal Rue
Dr. Loyal D. Rue is professor of religion and philosophy at Luther College of Decorah, Iowa , and focuses on naturalistic theories of religion.
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Maimonides
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Martin Buber
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Mazdak
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Mircea Eliade
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Olelbis
Olelbis (meaning "he who is above") is the creator deity in Wintun mythology. The antagonist of Olelbis is Sedit.
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Otto Zöckler
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Paul Tillich
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Pavel Florensky
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Peter Geach
Peter Thomas Geach (; born March 29, 1916) is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.
http://wn.com/Peter_Geach -
Prophet Muhammad
http://wn.com/Prophet_Muhammad -
Reinhold Niebuhr
Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (; June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was an American theologian and commentator on public affairs. Niebuhr was the archetypal American intellectual of the Cold War era. Starting as a leftist minister in the 1920s indebted to theological liberalism, he shifted to the new Neo-Orthodox theology in the 1930s, explaining how the sin of pride created evil in the world. He attacked utopianism as useless for dealing with reality, writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (1944):
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René Descartes
http://wn.com/René_Descartes -
René Guénon
http://wn.com/René_Guénon -
Richard Swinburne
Richard G. Swinburne (born 26 December 1934) is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford. Over the last 50 years Swinburne has been a very influential proponent of natural theology, that is, philosophical arguments for the existence of God. His philosophical contributions are primarily in philosophy of religion and philosophy of science. He aroused much discussion with his early work in the philosophy of religion, a trilogy of books consisting of The Coherence of Theism, The Existence of God, and Faith and Reason.
http://wn.com/Richard_Swinburne -
Romanian philosophy
Romanian philosophy is a name covering either a) the philosophy done in Romania or by Romanians, or b) an ethnic philosophy, which expresses at a high level the fundamental features of the Romanian spirituality, or which elevates to a philosophical level the Weltanschauung of the Romanian people, as deposited in language and folklore, traditions, architecture and other linguistic and cultural artifacts.
http://wn.com/Romanian_philosophy -
Russian philosophy
http://wn.com/Russian_philosophy -
Sergei Bulgakov
Fr. Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov () ( - July 12, 1944) was a Russian Orthodox theologian, philosopher and economist.
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Søren Kierkegaard
http://wn.com/Søren_Kierkegaard -
Taryenyawagon
http://wn.com/Taryenyawagon -
William Alston
http://wn.com/William_Alston -
William James
:This article is about the American psychologist and philosopher. For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/William_James -
William L. Rowe
William Leonard Rowe (born 26 July 1931) is a professor emeritus of philosophy at Purdue University who specialises in the philosophy of religion. His work has played a leading role in the "remarkable revival of analytic philosophy of religion since the 1970s". He is most notable for his formulation of the evidential argument from evil.
http://wn.com/William_L_Rowe -
William Lane Craig
William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American Evangelical Christian apologist, theologian, and analytic philosopher known for his contributions to the philosophy of religion, historical Jesus studies, and the philosophy of time. He is one of the most visible contemporary proponents of natural theology, often participating in debates on the existence of God. In 1979, Craig authored The Kalam Cosmological Argument, a modern defense of the kalam cosmological argument—which is today the most published-on contemporary argument for theism in the philosophy of religion.
http://wn.com/William_Lane_Craig -
William Whewell
William Whewell (24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. His surname is .
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William Wollaston
http://wn.com/William_Wollaston
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Biblical Exegesis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:23
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
This lecture explores the topic of basic biblical exegisis, including scriptures commonly taken out of context and how to avoid this issue in teaching the scriptures.
http://wn.com/Biblical_Exegesis
RC Sproul interviews DA Carson on biblical exegesis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:27
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
RC Sproul interviews DA Carson on biblical exegesis. RC Sproul and DA Carson sit down for a short discussion about hermeneutics, problem Bible passages, and exegetical fallacies.
http://wn.com/RC_Sproul_interviews_DA_Carson_on_biblical_exegesis
Theology 202 Biblical Exegesis: Matthew 17: 24-27 (Part 1 of 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
Christendom College Sophomore Christine Nussio delivers an exegesis on Matthew 17: 24-27. (Part 1 of 2)
http://wn.com/Theology_202_Biblical_Exegesis_Matthew_17_24-27_Part_1_of_2
WHY? - Exegesis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Last track from their ALOPECIA album.
http://wn.com/WHY?_Exegesis
P4CM Presents Exegesis Of Jesus! by RHETORIC Poet GFSoldier
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
For the latest info on the next RHETORIC or new poems coming out on YouTube or DVD check out rhetoric.p4cm.com. The latest RHETORIC was off the hook. If you missed it or even if you were there, you should see the closing poem which left everyone in awe. We can get caught up as Christians pursuing gifts we get from Christ and not Christ himself the giver. Listen as GFSoldier goes through the exegesis of Jesus and explains to us all of who Jesus is. And if this doesn't get you excited, check your pulse, you're not alive!
http://wn.com/P4CM_Presents_Exegesis_Of_Jesus!_by_RHETORIC_Poet_GFSoldier
Logos 4 Exegetical Guide | Logos 4 Bible Software Training
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- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
For more tips and Logos helps visit www.logos.com Morris Proctor is the certified and authorized trainer for Logos Bible Software. He has been a pastor and expository teacher for more than 20 years. Logos Bible Software revolutionized his personal study, so he is now devoting his time through his company, Morris Proctor Seminars, to train Logos users to realize the potential of system. Morris has written several Quick Reference Training Manuals and conducted training seminars and sales demonstrations around the country. He has trained hundreds of users from beginners to advanced including pastors, Christian educators, military chaplains, professors, students, and more. Logos Bible Software is the leading provider of multilingual tools and resources for Bible study on Mac, Windows, and mobile devices. Logos has served pastors, scholars, and everyone who wants to study the Bible since 1992, partnering with several hundred publishers to offer tens of thousands of Christian ebooks to users in hundreds of countries. For more tips and Logos helps visit www.logos.com
http://wn.com/Logos_4_Exegetical_Guide_|_Logos_4_Bible_Software_Training
Basics of Biblical Exegesis
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- Duration: 10:26
- Updated: 16 Oct 2010
http://wn.com/Basics_of_Biblical_Exegesis
The Exegesis of Philip K Dick
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- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 10 Aug 2012
The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick is the magnificent and imaginative final work of an author who dedicated his life to questioning the nature of reality and perception, and the relationship between the human and the divine. Edited and introduced by Pamela Jackson and Jonathan Lethem, this is the long-awaited presentation of Dick's brilliant, epic final work. Visit www.hmhbooks.com/pkdick.
http://wn.com/The_Exegesis_of_Philip_K_Dick
Exegesis no me rendire
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- Duration: 6:55
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Exegesis con su album( 2009) Espiritu Artificial white death primer grupo que subo de este genero disfrutenlo.TheMetalofficial
http://wn.com/Exegesis_no_me_rendire
The Exegesis of Philip K Dick Book Trailer
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- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 02 Sep 2012
The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick is the magnificent and imaginative final work of an author who dedicated his life to questioning the nature of reality and perception, and the relationship between the human and the divine. Edited and introduced by Pamela Jackson and Jonathan Lethem, this is the long awaited presentation of Dick's brilliant, epic final work. Learn more about this book here, bit.ly and its author here, www.hmhbooks.com/pkdick Science fiction, nonfiction, memoir
http://wn.com/The_Exegesis_of_Philip_K_Dick_Book_Trailer
Biblical Hermaneutics: Greek Exegesis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:54
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
The word hermaneutics is from the greek word ἑρμηνεύω (hermaneuo) meaning to translate, explain, interpret. Thus, Biblical Hermaneutics is the study of the principles of interpretation concerning the books of the Bible. The specific area of Biblical Hermaneutics adressed in this video is Exegesis which can be defined as studying the Bible in the original languages so that one is not relying on an intermediate chain of language translations which may obscure or lose meanings. "
http://wn.com/Biblical_Hermaneutics_Greek_Exegesis
Biblical Interpretation, Anderson University, Exegesis Paper
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- Duration: 10:36
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
This video introduces Anderson University students enrolled in Bible 2000 and Bible 2050 to Biblical reference resources good for the exegetical process and other types of Biblical research assignments.
http://wn.com/Biblical_Interpretation,_Anderson_University,_Exegesis_Paper
EXEGESIS IN STUDIO - PERDIDA DE CONCIENCIA - NUEVO VIDEO 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
EXEGESIS NUEVO VIDEOS 2012 GRABADO EN ESTUDIO TERCERA PRODUCCION CANCION PERDIDA DE CONCIENCIA
http://wn.com/EXEGESIS_IN_STUDIO_PERDIDA_DE_CONCIENCIA_NUEVO_VIDEO_2012
Jonathan Lethem « The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick.m4v
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:14
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
{Tues Nov 22 11} Co-editors of "The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick" Pamela Jackson and Jonathan Lethem joined Dick's daughters Laura Leslie and Isa Dick Hackett and journalist/"Exegesis" contributor Erik Davis at Moe's Books in Berkeley to celebrate the much-anticipated release with a discussion of the many elements that influenced its composition, of the author's life and his creative process. Moe's Books: moesbooks.com for information on forthcoming events. Find more at http
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Lethem_«_The_Exegesis_of_Philip_K_Dickm4v
Logos 4 Mac: Exegetical Guide | Logos 4 Bible Software Training
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Logos Bible Software is the leading provider of multilingual tools and resources for Bible study on Mac, Windows, and mobile devices. Logos has served pastors, scholars, and everyone who wants to study the Bible since 1992, partnering with several hundred publishers to offer tens of thousands of Christian ebooks to users in hundreds of countries.
http://wn.com/Logos_4_Mac_Exegetical_Guide_|_Logos_4_Bible_Software_Training
EXEGESIS LAGRIMAS DE SANGRE - VIDEO OFICIAL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:04
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
EXEGESIS LAGRIMAS DE SANGRE PRIMERA PRODUCCION EXEGESIS - METAL COLOMBIANO
http://wn.com/EXEGESIS_LAGRIMAS_DE_SANGRE_VIDEO_OFICIAL
Advanced Bible Study - Part 8: Hermeneutics & Exegesis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:58
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
This is part 8 of our Advanced Bible Study tutorial series using WORDsearch 9. In this video we're taking everything we've already shown you and putting it together to do hermeneutical & exegetical work. This is the final video in the Advanced Bible Study series.
http://wn.com/Advanced_Bible_Study_Part_8_Hermeneutics_Exegesis
Tacoma Narrows Bridge Disaster - Exegesis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:05
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Artist : Tacoma Narrows Bridge Disaster Album : Exegesis (2012) Tacoma Narrows Bridge Disaster formed in 2008 with the aim of being a band that creates epic soundtracks for terrible events. Based in North London and currently recording a follow up album to 2009's Collapse TNBD are Drew vernon (Guitars), Adam Paul Guitars), Tom Granica (Bass), Alex Rainbow (Drums) and Dylan Foulcher (Vocals and synths) // Further infos : www.bridgedisaster.co.uk tacomanarrowsbridgedisaster.bandcamp.com //
http://wn.com/Tacoma_Narrows_Bridge_Disaster_Exegesis
Exegesis of John 1:1 by Edward L Dalcour, M.Apol.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:36
- Updated: 18 Aug 2012
Exegesis of John 1:1 by Edward L. Dalcour, M. Apol. (www.ChristianDefense.org) refuting Oneness Pentecostals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormon's et al., and defending the Tri-Unity of God. This lecture was delivered on June 19, 2010 host be CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS MINISTRIES @ First Baptist Church of Newark, CA
http://wn.com/Exegesis_of_John_11_by_Edward_L_Dalcour,_MApol
No Growing (Exegesis)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
from Olivia Tremor Controls album: Dusk at Cubist Castle
http://wn.com/No_Growing_Exegesis
The Olivia Tremor Control - No Growing (Exegesis)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
from the album Dusk at Cubist Castle. share good music with good friends and be good :]. lyrics: if i should discorporate trying to illuminate the lines of my time please tell the here and now present the case somehow and open up their lines there is no growing in knowing where you're going without the light inside what do you do when the magic's gone? what do you do when the magic's gone away? there is an ideal and i'm going to reach for it there is an ideal and i'm going to try open up your heart, open up your heart there is no growing in knowing where you're going without the light inside, without the light inside without the light
http://wn.com/The_Olivia_Tremor_Control_No_Growing_Exegesis
OT 603 Hebrew Exegesis I Lecture 01
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 90:54
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
Dr. Bill Barrick, professor of the Old Testament at The Master's Seminary, teaches an introductory course on Hebrew Exegesis.
http://wn.com/OT_603_Hebrew_Exegesis_I_Lecture_01
PWI Genesis Trailer Contest 2011 - Exegesis Heavens Tear
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- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
My contribution to the PWI Genesis Trailer contest to put in new music for the video. The music score that is used is made by myself so thought it could fit nicely into this fun contest. Music: C-Storm - The Last Castle
http://wn.com/PWI_Genesis_Trailer_Contest_2011_Exegesis_Heavens_Tear
Photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
09 Nov 2012
Our children and grandchildren will live in a vastly different global economy China and India have ramped up investment in public education, increasing high school attendance and graduation rates....
Photo: AP / Mohammad Hussain
11 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Acts of terror that strikes fear in the hearts and minds of people, such as unexpected and secretive deadly drone strikes, are always wars against hope....
Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win
09 Nov 2012
In recent months, communal violence in Burma's Rakhine state has left about 140 people dead and forced more than 100,000 from their homes. With Buddhist and Muslim communities effectively...
Photo: AP / Stewart Wilson/Invision/AP
09 Nov 2012
NEW YORK — Nothing is so much of a boys’ club as a James Bond movie. That is, except when Judi Dench is on screen. As MI6 head M, Dench has been the Bond matriarch: the strong-willed,...
Photo: US Army / by Pfc. Cameron Boyd
11 Nov 2012
KABUL (Reuters) - Pakistan hopes to persuade Afghan insurgent groups, including the lethal Haqqani network, to pursue peace but worries resistance from political factions opposed to the Taliban could...
Lack of imagination
03 Nov 2012
The Hindu
It is often asked, especially in places like UK: what’s wrong with the publishing scene these days? European editors grumble about how difficult it is to get readers to buy books. There is an almost tangible feeling of panic, reflected in the shrinkage of lists of new books on offer and the...(size: 5.9Kb)
Critic blasts Sistine Chapel's 'drunk cattle'
02 Nov 2012
The Los Angeles Times
On Wednesday the Vatican celebrated the 500th anniversary of Michelangelo's completion of the ceiling frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, an epic extravaganza of painting that the artist, who considered himself a sculptor first, undertook only grudgingly in 1508. Pope Benedict XVI marked the occasion...(size: 32.7Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
I want to talk to you today about your soul. Come back here! Don't worry. I'm not going to jab at it with a stick. Nor am I going to suggest that you don't have one. I'll be deploying the term loosely and, I expect, inaccurately. As a journalist, I've often thought accuracy an overrated trait. All...(size: 3.1Kb)
What Is Terroir and Why Is It Important in Wine?
30 Oct 2012
Houston Press
One of the greatest examples of terroir is Parmigiano Reggiano, the unmistakable and incomparably delicious cheese made in the region of Emilia-Romagna (in northern Italy). They make a similar cheese, using similar methods, just across the Po river on the north side of the great waterway (which...(size: 4.8Kb)
Resolving Euthyphro's Dilemma
30 Oct 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Euthyphro's Dilemmaapologetics Advertisement The dialogue known as Euthyphro is recorded by Plato and took place between Euthyphro and Socrates, as Socrates was nearing the time of his trial and execution in 399 B.C.. The famous Euthyphro Dilemma at 10a is only part of this...(size: 20.7Kb)
[Interview] Viscount Monckton: ‘Obama would not mind in the least if democracy were forever destroyed’
28 Oct 2012
The Inquisitr
Posted: October 28, 2012 British Lord, Viscount Christopher Monckton, is one of the last of a dying breed. Always outspoken, loved by many and hated by others, Monckton is a true polymath. A man of many interests and talents; brilliant, outspoken, inventive, and absolutely sure of himself on the...(size: 70.0Kb)
His Father, the Believer
26 Oct 2012
Wall Street Journal
By DAN HOFSTADTER In Edmund Gosse's "Father and Son: A Study of Two Temperaments," 6-year-old Edmund, repeatedly warned by his Puritan father against offending a "jealous God" by worshipping any rivals of "wood or stone," puts the stricture to the test. On a day when no one else is about, an idol,...(size: 7.1Kb)
It's Jejune in October
26 Oct 2012
Wall Street Journal
By JAMES TARANTO Lena Dunham lost her innocence when she voted for Barack Obama, or so the 26-year-old actress-directrix claims in a creepy new ad for the campaign. "Your first time shouldn't be with just anybody," Dunham--no relation to Stanley Ann, as far as we know--tells the camera. "You want to...(size: 16.1Kb)
The George McGovern I Remember
26 Oct 2012
Huffington Post
I will miss George McGovern. The former senator from South Dakota and Democratic presidential candidate in 1972 died in a hospice on Sunday, at 90, surrounded by family and friends who loved him. Indeed, many of us did. 1972 was the first year I was old enough to vote in an election, and McGovern...(size: 10.7Kb)
The Economic Consequences of Mr. Osborne
24 Oct 2012
The New York Times
Schularick and Taylor have an update to their article on post-crisis economic performance. They previously showed that the United States is doing a bit better than one might have expected from the historical record. Now they show that the UK is doing significantly worse: Their exegesis: The pink...(size: 6.2Kb)
For other uses, see Exegesis (disambiguation).
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Look up exegesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Exegesis (from the Greek ἐξήγησις from ἐξηγεῖσθαι 'to lead out') is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text, especially a religious text. Traditionally the term was used primarily for exegesis of the Bible; however, in contemporary usage it has broadened to mean a critical explanation of any text, and the term "Biblical exegesis" is used for greater specificity. The goal of Biblical exegesis is to explore the meaning of the text which then leads to discovering its significance or relevance.
Exegesis includes a wide range of critical disciplines: textual criticism is the investigation into the history and origins of the text, but exegesis may include the study of the historical and cultural backgrounds for the author, the text, and the original audience. Other analysis includes classification of the type of literary genres present in the text, and an analysis of grammatical and syntactical features in the text itself.
The terms exegesis and hermeneutics have been used interchangeably. However, hermeneutics is a more widely defined discipline of interpretation theory: hermeneutics includes the entire framework of the interpretive process, encompassing all forms of communication: written, verbal and nonverbal, while exegesis focuses primarily on the written text.
Contents |
Word usage[link]
One who practices exegesis is called an exegete (from Greek ἐξηγητής). The plural of exegesis is exegeses. Adjectives are exegetic or exegetical (e.g., exegetical commentaries). In Biblical exegesis, the opposite of exegesis (to draw out) is eisegesis (to draw in), in the sense of an eisegetic commentator "importing" or "drawing in" his or her own purely subjective interpretations in to the text, unsupported by the text itself. Eisegesis is often used as a derogatory term.
Christianity[link]
See also: Biblical hermeneutics
Views of Christian exegesis[link]
Different Christians have different views on how to perform Biblical Exegesis. The two most common views are revealed and rational.
- Revealed exegesis considers that the Holy Spirit (God) inspired the authors of the scriptural texts, and so the words of those texts convey a divine revelation. In this view of exegesis, the principle of sensus plenior applies - that because of its divine authorship, the Bible has a "fuller meaning" than its human authors intended or could have foreseen.
- Rational exegesis bases its operation on the idea that the authors have their own inspiration (in this sense, synonymous with "artistic inspiration"), so their works are completely and utterly a product of the social environment and human intelligence of their authors.
Bible commentaries[link]
A common published form of a biblical exegesis is known as a 'Bible commentary' and typically takes the form of an encyclopedia-like set of books each of which are devoted to the exposition of one or two books of the Bible, in the order they appear in the Bible (although often published over a decade or longer, out of order). Long books or those that contain much material either for theological or historical-critical speculation such as Genesis, Psalms may be split over 2 or 3 volumes as a matter of course, some, such as the or the Four Gospels may be multiple- or single-volume, while short books such as the deuterocanonical portions of Daniel, Esther, and the Jeremiah (i.e. Book of Susanna, Prayer of Azariah, Bel and the Dragon, Additions to Esther, Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremiah), or the Pastoral or Johannine epistles are often condensed into one volume.
The form of each book may be identical or allow for variations in methodology between the many authors which collaborate to write a full commentary. Each book's commentary generally consists of a background and introductory section, followed by detailed commentary of the book in a pericope-by-pericope or verse-by-verse basis (split up either into chapters or smaller units of text). Before the 20th century, a commentary would be written by a sole author, but today a publishing board will commission a team of scholars to write a commentary, with each volume being divided out among them. A single commentary will generally attempt to give a coherent and unified view on the Bible as a whole, for example, from a Catholic or Reformed (Calvinist) perspective, or a commentary that focuses on textual criticism or historical criticism from a secular point of view. However, each volume will inevitably lean toward the personal emphasis of its author, and within any commentaries there may be great variety in the depth, accuracy, and critical or theological strength of each volume.
Catholic traditions[link]
Catholic centres of biblical exegesis include:
- the École Biblique of Jerusalem founded in 1890 by the Dominican order's Marie-Joseph Lagrange. The school became embroiled in the modernist crisis, and had to curtail its New Testament activities until after Vatican II
- the Pontifical Biblical Institute of Rome practises exegesis in a more canonical way
Protestant traditions[link]
For more than a century, German universities such as Tübingen have had reputations as centers of exegesis; in the USA, the Divinity Schools in Chicago, Harvard and Yale became famous.
Robert A. Traina's book Methodical Bible Study[1] is an example of Protestant Christian exegesis. See also InterVarsity Press.
Judaism[link]
Main article: Jewish commentaries on the Bible
Traditional Jewish forms of exegesis appear throughout rabbinic literature, which includes the Mishnah, the two Talmuds, and the midrash literature.
Jewish exegetes have the title meforshim (commentators).
Midrash[link]
The Midrash is a homiletic method of exegesis and a compilation of homiletic teachings or commentaries on the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), a Biblical exegesis of the Pentateuch and its paragraphs related to the Law or Torah, which also forms an object of analysis. It comprises the legal and ritual Halakha, the collective body of Jewish laws, and exegesis of the written Law; and the non-legalistic Aaggadah, a compendium of Rabbinic homilies of the parts of the Pentateuch not connected with Law.
Biblical interpretation by the Tannaim and the Amoraim, which may be best designated as scholarly interpretations of the Midrash, was a product of natural growth and of great freedom in the treatment of the words of the Bible. However, it proved an obstacle to further development when, endowed with the authority of a sacred tradition in the Talmud and in the Midrash (collections edited subsequently to the Talmud), it became the sole source for the interpretation of the Bible among later generations. Traditional literature contains explanations that are in harmony with the wording and the context. It reflects evidence of linguistic sense, judgment, and an insight into the peculiarities and difficulties of the Biblical text. But side by side with these elements of a natural and simple Bible exegesis, of value even today, the traditional literature contains an even larger mass of expositions removed from the actual meaning of the text.
- Halakha and Aggadah
In the halakhic as well as in the haggadic exegesis the expounder endeavored not so much to seek the original meaning of the text as to find authority in some Bible passage for concepts and ideas, rules of conduct and teachings, for which he wished to have a Biblical foundation. To this were added, on the one hand, the belief that the words of the Bible had many meanings, and, on the other, the importance attached to the smallest portion, the slightest peculiarity of the text. Because of this move towards particularities the exegesis of the Midrash strayed further and further away from a natural and common-sense interpretation.
- Midrash
Midrash exegesis was largely in the nature of homiletics, expounding the Bible not in order to investigate its actual meaning and to understand the documents of the past. This was done to find religious edification, moral instruction, and sustenance for the thoughts and feelings of the present. The contrast between explanation of the literal sense and the Midrash, that did not follow the words, was recognized by the Tannaim and the Amoraim, although their idea of the literal meaning of a Biblical passage may not be allowed by more modern standards. The above-mentioned tanna, Ishmael b. Elisha said, rejecting an exposition of Eliezer b. Hyrcanus: "Truly, you say to Scripture, 'Be silent while I am expounding!'" (Sifra on Lev. xiii. 49).
- Tannaim
Tannaitic exegesis distinguishes principally between the actual deduction of a thesis from a Bible passage as a means of proving a point, and the use of such a passage as a mere mnemonic device – a distinction that was also made in a different form later in the Babylonian schools. The Babylonian Amoraim were the first to use the expression "Peshaṭ" ("simple" or face value method) to designate the primary sense, contrasting it with the "Drash," the Midrashic exegesis. These two terms were later on destined to become important features in the history of Jewish Bible exegesis. In Babylonia was formulated the important principle that the Midrashic exegesis could not annul the primary sense. This principle subsequently became the watchword of commonsense Bible exegesis. How little it was known or recognized may be seen from the admission of Kahana, a Babylonian amora of the fourth century, that while at 18 years of age he had already learned the whole Mishnah, he had only heard of that principle a great many years later (Shab 63a). Kahana's admission is characteristic of the centuries following the final redaction of the Talmud. The primary meaning is no longer considered, but it becomes more and more the fashion to interpret the text according to the meaning given to it in traditional literature. The ability and even the desire for original investigation of the text succumbed to the overwhelming authority of the Midrash. It was, therefore, providential that, just at the time when the Midrash was paramount, the close study of the text of the Bible, at least in one direction, was pursued with rare energy and perseverance by the Masorites, who set themselves to preserving and transmitting the pronunciation and correct reading of the text. By introducing punctuation (vowel-points and accents) into the Biblical text, in the seventh century, they supplied that protecting hedge which, according to Rabbi Akiba's saying, the Masorah was to be for the words of the Bible. Punctuation, on the one hand, protected the tradition from being forgotten, and, on the other, was the precursor of an independent Bible science to be developed in a later age.
Mikra[link]
The Mikra, the fundamental part of the national science, was the subject of the primary instruction. It was also divided into the three historic groups of the books of the Bible: the Pentateuch, the Prophets, and the Hagiographa, called in traditional Hebrew attribution the Torah (the Law or Teaching), the Nevi'im (the Prophets) and the Kethuvim (the Writings) respectively. The intelligent reading and comprehension of the text, arrived at by a correct division of the sentences and words, formed the course of instruction in the Bible. The scribes were also required to know the Targum, the Aramaic translation of the text. The Targum made possible an immediate comprehension of the text, but was continuously influenced by the exegesis taught in the schools. The synagogues were preeminently the centers for instruction in the Bible and its exegesis. The reading of the Biblical text, which was combined with that of the Targum, served to widen the knowledge of the scholars learned in the first division of the national science. The scribes found the material for their discourses, which formed a part of the synagogue service, in the second division of the several branches of the tradition. The Haggadah, the third of these branches, especially furnished the material for the sermon.
Jewish exegesis did not finish with the redaction of the Talmud, but continued during ancient times, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance; it remains a subject of study today. Jews have centres for exegetic studies around the world, in each community: they consider exegesis an important tool for the understanding of the Scriptures.
Indian philosophy[link]
The Mimamsa school of Indian philosophy, also known as Pūrva Mīmāṃsā ("prior" inquiry, also Karma-Mīmāṃsā), in contrast to Uttara Mīmāṃsā ("posterior" inquiry, also Brahma-Mīmāṃsā), is strongly concerned with textual exegesis, and consequently gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. Its notion of shabda "speech" as indivisible unity of sound and meaning (signifier and signified) is due to Bhartrhari (7th century).[2]
Islam[link]
Tafsir (Arabic: تفسير, tafsīr, "interpretation") is the Arabic word for exegesis or commentary, usually of the Qur'an. An author of tafsīr is a mufassir (Arabic: 'مُفسر, mufassir, plural: Arabic: مفسرون, mufassirūn).
Tafsir does not include esoteric or mystical interpretations, which are covered by the related word Ta'wīl. Esoteric interpretations do not usually contradict the conventional interpretations; instead, they discuss the inner levels of meaning of the Qur'an. A hadith from Prophet Muhammad which states that the Qur'an has an inner meaning, and that this inner meaning conceals a yet deeper inner meaning, and so on (up to seven levels of meaning), has sometimes been used in support of this view.[3] Some Islamic sects impose strict limitations on esoteric interpretations.
Exegesis in a secular context[link]
Several universities, including the Sorbonne in Paris,[4] Leiden University,[5] and the Université Libre de Bruxelles (Free University of Brussels),[6] put exegesis in a secular context, next to exegesis in a religious tradition. Secular exegesis is an element of the study of religion.
See also[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Traina, Robert A. (1985). Methodical Bible Study. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Francis Asbury Press. ISBN 978-0-310-31230-7.
- ^ see also chapter 3.2 in Peter M. Scharf, The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy (1996)
- ^ The Teachings of the Qur'an
- ^ Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Section des Sciences Religieuses
- ^ Leiden Institute for the Study of Religions (LISOR)
- ^ Centre Interdisciplinaire d'Etude des Religions et de la Laïcité (CIERL)
Further reading[link]
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This article's further reading may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive, less relevant or many publications with the same point of view; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (January 2010) |
- Alexander, T. Desmond; Brian S Rosner (2000). New Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Leicester: Inter-Varsity. ISBN 0-8308-1438-8.
- Peter Barenboim, "Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers", Moscow : Letny Sad, 2005, ISBN 5-94381-123-0, http://lccn.loc.gov/2006400578
- Bock, Darrell L; Buist M Fanning (2006). Interpreting the New Testament Text: Introduction to the Art and Science of Exegesis. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books. ISBN 1-58134-408-2.
- Corley, Bruce; Steve Lemke, Grant Lovejoy (2002). Biblical Hermeneutics: A Comprehensive Introduction to Interpreting Scripture. Nashville, Tenn.: Broadman & Holman. ISBN 0-8054-2492-X.
- De La Torre, Miguel A., (2002) Reading the Bible from the Margins, Maryknoll: NY: Orbis Books. ISBN 1-57075-410-1.
- Doriani, Daniel (1996). Getting the message : a plan for interpreting and applying the Bible. Phillipsburg N.J.: P&R Pub.. ISBN 978-0-87552-238-8.
- Evans, John (2010). A Guide to Biblical Commentaries & Reference Works: for students and pastors. Oakland, TN: Doulos Resources. ISBN 978-0-9828715-6-0.
- Fee, Gordon D.; Douglas Stuart (2003-11-01). How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth (3 Revised ed.). Zondervan. pp. 288. ISBN 0-310-24604-0.
- Fee, Gordon D (2001). To What End Exegesis?: Essays Textual, Exegetical, and Theological. Grand Rapids, Mich.; Cambridge, U.K: W.B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-4925-3.
- Hendricks, Howard G. (1991). Living by the Book. Chicago: Moody Press. pp. 349. ISBN 0-8024-0743-9.
- Kaiser, Walter C; Moisés Silva (2007). Introduction to Biblical Hermeneutics: The Search for Meaning (Rev. and expanded ed ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-27951-8.
- Kaiser, Walter C (1998). Toward an Exegetical Theology: Biblical Exegesis for Preaching and Teaching (1st paperback ed ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Books. pp. 268. ISBN 0-8010-2197-9.
- Klein, William W. William Wade; Craig Blomberg, Robert L Hubbard, Kermit Allen Ecklebarger (1993). Introduction to Biblical Interpretation. Dallas, Tex.: Word Pub. ISBN 0-8499-0774-8.
- Glynn, John (2003). Commentary & Reference Survey: A Comprehensive Guide to Biblical and Theological Resources. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Kregel Academic & Professional. ISBN 0-8254-2736-3.
- Hayes, John Haralson; Carl R Holladay (2007). Biblical Exegesis: A Beginner's Handbook. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22775-3.
- Osborne, Grant R (2006). The Hermeneutical Spiral: A Comprehensive Introduction to Biblical Interpretation. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0-8308-2826-5.
- Ryken, Leland (1984). How to read the Bible as literature. Grand Rapids Mich.: Academie Books. ISBN 978-0-310-39021-3.
- Traina, Robert (1952). Methodical Bible study : a new approach to hermeneutics.. Ridgefield Park? N.J.; New York: [distributed by] Biblical Seminary in New York.
- VanGemeren, Willem (1997). New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Pub. House. ISBN 0-310-48170-8.
- Wald, Oletta (2002). The new joy of discovery in Bible study (Newly rev. ed.). Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. ISBN 978-0-8066-4429-5.
- Zuck, Roy B (1991). Basic Bible Interpretation. Wheaton, Ill: Victor Books. pp. 324. ISBN 0-89693-819-0.
- Rightly Divided: Readings in Biblical Hermeneutics. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1996. pp. 320. ISBN 0-8254-4099-8.
Other works[link]
- Bertholet and A. Meyer, article "Bibelwissenschaft" in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Tübingen, 1909).
- Diestel, Geschichte des Alten Testaments in der chrislichen Kirche (Jena, 1869)
- Farrar, The History of Interpretation (London, 1886)
- Fürst, Bibliotheca Judaica (Leipzig, 1863)
- Geiger, Urschrift und Uebersetzungen (Breslau, 1857)
- Ginsburg, Introduction to the Massoretic Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible (London, 1897)
- Hody, De Bibliorum Textibus (Oxford, 1705)
- Nestle, Einführung in das griechische Neue Testament (Leipzig, 1897, 1909)
- Pfleiderer, Das Urchristenum (Berlin, 1886, 1902)
- Rosenmüller, Historia Interpretationis Librorum Sacrorum in Ecclesia Christiana (Hildsburgshausen, 1795–1814)
- Swete, An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek (London, 1900)
- Wolf, Bibliotheca Hebraica (Jena, 1715–33), continued by Köcher as Nova Bibliotheca hebraica (Jena, 1783–84)
- Zöckler, Handbuch der theologischen Wissenschaften Nördlingen, 1890)
External links[link]
- Exegesis of the Hebrew Scriptures By Overall Context and Convergence of Verses From Different Places
- Biblical Interpretation and Application Reading Room: Extensive online resources for biblical exegesis (Tyndale Seminary)
- JewishEncyclopedia.com
- Basic Rules for New Testament Exegesis by Brian Knowles
- Inerrancy and New Testament Exegesis by R. T. France
- A type of Biblical Exegesis called arcing
- VBVBC.org: Website where visitors can give their personal Bible commentary on all Bible verses
- Biblical Exegesis at Catholic Encyclopedia
- Zoroastrian exegesis from Encyclopædia Iranica
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This article is about Christian theologian and radio teacher. For his son, see R. C. Sproul, Jr..
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This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (May 2012) |
| R. C. Sproul | |
|---|---|
| File:R.C. Sproul Sr..jpg R. C. Sproul |
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| Region | United States |
| Born | February 13, 1939 |
| Tradition or movement |
Calvinism |
| Main interests | Calvinism, the character of God, classical apologetics |
| Influences | Jonathan Edwards, John Gerstner, Martin Luther, John Calvin, St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Augustine |
| Influenced | R. C. Sproul, Jr. |
Robert Charles Sproul, (born February 13, 1939, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)[1][2] is a prominent[peacock term] American Calvinist theologian, author, and pastor of the Reformed tradition. He is the founder and chairman of Ligonier Ministries (named after the Ligonier Valley just outside of Pittsburgh, where the ministry started as a study center for college and seminary students) and can be heard daily on the Renewing Your Mind radio broadcast in the United States and internationally. "Renewing Your Mind with Dr. R.C. Sproul" is also broadcast on Sirius and XM satellite radio.[3]
Ligonier Ministries hosts several theological conferences each year, including the main conference held each year in Orlando, Florida, at which Sproul is one of the primary speakers.[4]
Contents |
Education and career[link]
Sproul holds degrees from Westminster College, Pennsylvania (B.A., 1961), Pittsburgh-Xenia Theological Seminary (M.Div, 1964), the Free University of Amsterdam (Drs., 1969), and Whitefield Theological Seminary (Ph.D., 2001). He had to learn the Dutch language while studying in the Netherlands which he has described as a trying experience. He has taught at numerous colleges and seminaries, including Reformed Theological Seminary in Orlando and Jackson, Mississippi, and Knox Theological Seminary in Ft. Lauderdale.[1]
Currently, Sproul is Senior Minister of Preaching and Teaching at Saint Andrew's, a congregation in Sanford, Florida.[1][5] He was ordained as an elder in the United Presbyterian Church in the USA in 1965, but left that denomination around 1975 because of liberalism and joined the Presbyterian Church in America. He is also a Council member of the Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals.
Sproul has been an ardent advocate of Calvinism in his many print, audio, and video publications, and he is also known for his advocacy of the Thomistic and classical approaches to Christian apologetics, less common among Reformed apologists, and his rejection of presuppositionalism. A dominant theme in many of Sproul's Renewing Your Mind lessons is the holiness and sovereignty of God.
Sproul, a critic of the Roman Catholic Church and Catholic theology, denounced the 1994 ecumenical document Evangelicals and Catholics Together.[6]
Publications[link]
Sproul's work The Holiness of God[7] is considered a modern classic on the subject of God's character, and his book Not a Chance: The Myth of Chance in Modern Science and Cosmology [8] was highly praised by those who reject the materialism advocated by some in the scientific community.[9]
Through Ligonier Ministries and the Renewing Your Mind radio program and conferences, Sproul has generated an extensive collection of audio and video lectures on subjects such as the history of philosophy, theology, Bible study, apologetics, intelligent design, and Christian living. In addition, Sproul is a prolific author who has written more than 60 books and many articles for evangelical publications. He signed the 1978 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy, which affirmed the traditional view of Biblical inerrancy, and he wrote a commentary on that document titled Explaining Inerrancy. He also served as the editor of the Reformation Study Bible (ISBN 0-87552-643-8), a six year long project, which has appeared in several editions and was also known as the New Geneva Study Bible.
In 2006 Ligonier Ministries launched Reformation Trust Publishing to produce books true to the historic Protestant Christian faith by today's best Reformed pastors, educators, and church leaders.
Some of Sproul's other written works include:
- The Donkey Who Carried a King, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2012 - 978-1-56769-269-3
- The Barber Who Wanted to Pray, Crossway Books, 2011 - 978-1-4335-2703-6
- The Priest with Dirty Clothes, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2011 - 978-1-56769-210-5
- The Truth of the Cross Audio Book, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2011 - 978-1-56769-213-6
- Mark (St. Andrew's Expositional Commentary), Reformation Trust Publishing, 2011 - 978-1-56769-265-5
- 1&2 Peter (St. Andrew's Expositional Commentary), Crossway Books, 2011 - 978-1-4335-2289-5
- Abortion: A Rational Look at An Emotional Issue, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2010 - 978-1-56769-209-9
- Unseen Realities: Heaven, Hell, Angels and Demons, Christian Focus Publications, 2011 - 978-1-8-4550-682-7
- What Does it Mean to Be Born Again?, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2010 - Crucial Questions series - 978-1-56769-206-8
- What is Faith?, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2010 - Crucial Questions series - 978-1-56769-207-5
- Can I Be Sure I'm Saved?, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2010 - Crucial Questions series - 978-1-56769-208-2
- Holy, Holy, Holy: Proclaiming the Perfections of God, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2010 - 978-1-56769-205-1
- Acts (St. Andrew's Expositional Commentary), Crossway Books, 2010 - 978-1-435-2273-4
- John (St. Andrew's Expositional Commentary), Reformation Trust Publishing, 2009 - 978-1-56769-185-6
- Romans (St. Andrew's Expositional Commentary), Crossway Books, 2009 - 978-1433506857
- Who is Jesus?, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2009 - Crucial Questions series - 978-1-56769-181-8
- Can I Trust the Bible?, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2009 - Crucial Questions series - 978-1-56769-182-5
- How Should I Live in This World?, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2009 - Crucial Questions series - 978-1-56769-180-1
- Can I Know God's Will?, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2009 - Crucial Questions series - 978-1-56769-179-5
- Does Prayer Change Things?, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2009 - Crucial Questions series - 978-1-56769-178-8
- The Prayer of The Lord, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2009 - 978-1-56769-118-4
- The Prince's Poison Cup, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2008 - 978-1-56769-104-7
- Five Things Every Christian Needs to Grow, revised, expanded Reformation Trust Publishing, 2008 - 978-1-56769-103-0
- The Truth of the Cross, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2007 - 978-1-56769-087-3
- A Taste of Heaven, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2006 ISBN - 978-1-56769-076-7
- The Lightlings, a children's title, Reformation Trust Publishing, 2007 ISBN 978-1-56769-078-1
- Knowing Scripture, InterVarsity, 1977 (ISBN 0-87784-733-9)
- If there is a God, why are there atheists?: A surprising look at the psychology of atheism, Bethany Fellowship, 1978 (ISBN 0-87123-238-3)
- Reason to Believe: A Response to Common Objections to Christianity, Zondervan, 1982 (ISBN 0-310-44911-1)
- Classical Apologetics with John Gerstner and Arthur Lindsley, Zondervan, 1984 (ISBN 0-310-44951-0)
- Abortion: A Rational Look at an Emotional Issue, Navpress, 1990 (ISBN 0-89109-345-1)
- Lifeviews: Make a Christian Impact on Culture and Society, Revell, 1990 (ISBN 0-8007-5357-7)
- Chosen by God, Tyndale, 1994 (ISBN 0-8423-1335-4)
- The Mystery of the Holy Spirit, Tyndale, 1994 (ISBN 0-8423-4378-4)
- Pleasing God, Tyndale, 1994 (ISBN 0-8423-5024-1)
- Now, That's a Good Question!, Tyndale, 1996 (ISBN 0-8423-4711-9)
- Grace Unknown: The Heart of Reformed Theology, Baker, 1997 (ISBN 0-8010-1121-3)
- The Invisible Hand: Do All Things Really Work for Good?, Word Books, 1997 (ISBN 0-8499-1207-5)
- The Priest With Dirty Clothes A Timeless Story Of God's Love And Forgiveness with Liz Bonham (illustrator), Tommy Nelson, 1997 (ISBN 0-8499-1455-8)
- Willing to Believe: The Controversy over Free Will, Baker, 1997 (ISBN 0-8010-6412-0)
- Essential Truths of the Christian Faith, Tyndale, 1998 (ISBN 0-8423-2001-6)
- Renewing Your Mind: Basic Christian Beliefs You Need to Know 3rd ed., Baker, 1998 (ISBN 0-8010-5815-5)
- Faith Alone: The Evangelical Doctrine of Justification, Baker, 1999 (ISBN 0-8010-5849-X)
- Gospel of God: An Exposition of Romans, Christian Focus, 1999 (ISBN 1-85792-490-8)
- The Consequences of Ideas: Understanding the Concepts That Shaped Our World, Crossway, 2000 (ISBN 1-58134-172-5)
- The King Without a Shadow with Liz Bonham (illustrator), P & R, 2000 (ISBN 0-87552-700-0)
- The Last Days According to Jesus, Baker, 2000 (ISBN 0-8010-6340-X)
- Loved By God, W Publishing Group, 2001 (ISBN 0-8499-1648-8)
- The Purpose of God: An Exposition of Ephesians, Christian Focus, 2002 (ISBN 1-85792-609-9)
- Saved from What?, Crossway, 2002 (ISBN 1-58134-417-1)
- The Dark Side of Islam with Abdul Saleeb, Crossway, 2003 (ISBN 1-58134-441-4)
- Defending Your Faith: An Introduction to Apologetics, Crossway, 2003 (ISBN 1-58134-519-4)
- Getting the Gospel Right, Baker, 2003 (ISBN 0-8010-6447-3)
- The Glory of Christ, P & R, 2003 (ISBN 0-87552-703-5)
- The Intimate Marriage: A Practical Guide to Building a Great Marriage, P & R, 2003 (ISBN 0-87552-708-6)
- What's in the Bible: A One-Volume Guidebook to God's Word with Robert Wolgemuth, W Publishing Group, 2003 (ISBN 0-8499-4460-0)
- The Soul's Quest for God: Satisfying the Hunger for Spiritual Communioun with God, P&R Publishing, 2003 (ISBN 0-87552-706-2)
- The Character of God: Discovering the God Who Is, Servant Publications, 2004 (ISBN 0-8307-3398-1)
- Scripture Alone: The Evangelical Doctrine, P & R, 2005 (ISBN 1-59638-010-1)
- What Is Reformed Theology?: Understanding The Basics, Baker, 2005 (ISBN 0-8010-6559-3) - the author describes it as "a shorthand introduction to the crystallized essence of Reformation theology."
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Dr. R.C. Sproul - The Founder and President of Ligonier Ministries.". Ligonier Ministries website. Ligonier Ministries. http://www.ligonier.org/about_founder.php. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
- ^ http://www.ligonier.org/tt.php?tt_id=2008-5 Tabletalk Magazine, May 2008 issue
- ^ John M. Duncan (June 30, 2008). "Renewing Your Mind now on XM & Sirius Satellite Radio". New and Noteworthy blog. Ligonier Ministries. http://www.ligonier.org/blog/2008/06/renewing-your-mind-now-on-xm-s.html. Retrieved 2008-07-30. [dead link]
- ^ "Ligonier Ministries Conferences". Ligonier Ministries website. Ligonier Ministries. http://www.ligonier.org/conferences.php. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
- ^ "Dr. R.C. Sproul". Saint Andrew's Chapel website. Saint Andrew's Chapel. http://www.saintandrewschapel.org/staff/rcsproul.php. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
- ^ Books:Betraying the Reformation?
- ^ R.C. Sproul. The Holiness of God. ISBN 0-8423-3965-5.
- ^ R.C. Sproul. Not a Chance: The Myth of Chance in Modern Science and Cosmology. ISBN 0-8010-5852-X.
- ^ "Not A Chance!". Lamber Dolphin's Library. Lambert Dolphin. http://www.ldolphin.org/chance.html. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
External links[link]
- Ligonier Ministries
- Reformation Trust Publishing
- Ligonier Academy of Biblical and Theological Studies
- Reformation Bible College
- Saint Andrew's
- Monergism - R. C. Sproul biography
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sproul, Robert Charles |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1939-02-13 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/R._C._Sproul
Related pages:
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| Philip K. Dick | |
|---|---|
| 200px Philip K. Dick |
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| Born | Philip Kindred Dick (1928-12-16)December 16, 1928 Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | March 2, 1982(1982-03-02) (aged 53) Santa Ana, California, U.S. |
| Pen name | Richard Phillips Jack Dowland |
| Occupation | Novelist, short story writer and essayst |
| Nationality | American |
| Genres | Science fiction Speculative fiction Postmodernism |
| Notable work(s) | Ubik, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, The Man in the High Castle, A Scanner Darkly, VALIS trilogy |
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Philip Kindred Dick (December 16, 1928 – March 2, 1982) was an American novelist, short story writer and essayist whose published work is almost entirely in the science fiction genre. Dick explored sociological, political and metaphysical themes in novels dominated by monopolistic corporations, authoritarian governments, and altered states. In his later works Dick's thematic focus strongly reflected his personal interest in metaphysics and theology. He often drew upon his own life experiences in addressing the nature of drug abuse, paranoia, schizophrenia, and transcendental experiences in novels such as A Scanner Darkly and VALIS.[6]
The novel The Man in the High Castle bridged the genres of alternate history and science fiction, earning Dick a Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1963.[7] Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said, a novel about a celebrity who awakens in a parallel universe where he is unknown, won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for best novel in 1975.[8] "I want to write about people I love, and put them into a fictional world spun out of my own mind, not the world we actually have, because the world we actually have does not meet my standards," Dick wrote of these stories. "In my writing I even question the universe; I wonder out loud if it is real, and I wonder out loud if all of us are real."[9]
In addition to 44 published novels,[10] Dick wrote approximately 121 short stories, most of which appeared in science fiction magazines during his lifetime.[11] Although Dick spent most of his career as a writer in near-poverty,[12] ten of his stories have been adapted into popular films since his death, including Blade Runner, Total Recall, A Scanner Darkly, Minority Report, Paycheck, Next, Screamers, and The Adjustment Bureau. In 2005, Time magazine named Ubik one of the one hundred greatest English-language novels published since 1923.[13] In 2007, Dick became the first science fiction writer to be included in The Library of America series.[14][15][16][17]
Contents |
Personal Life[link]
Philip Kindred Dick and his twin sister, Jane Charlotte Dick, were born six weeks prematurely on December 16, 1928 in Chicago to Dorothy Kindred Dick, and Joseph Edgar Dick who worked for the United States Department of Agriculture.[18][19] Jane died six weeks later on January 26, 1929. The death of Philip's twin sister profoundly affected his writing, relationships, and every aspect of his life, leading to the recurrent motif of the "phantom twin" in many of his books.[18]
The family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. When Philip turned five, his father was transferred to Reno, Nevada. When Dorothy refused to move, she and Joseph divorced. Both parents fought for custody of Philip, which was awarded to the mother. Dorothy, determined to raise Philip alone, took a job in Washington, D.C., and moved there with her son. Philip was enrolled at John Eaton Elementary School from 1936 to 1938, completing the second through fourth grades. His lowest grade was a "C" in written composition, although a teacher remarked that he "shows interest and ability in story telling." He was educated in Quaker schools.[20] In June 1938, Dorothy and Philip returned to California. It was around this time that he became interested in science fiction.[21] Dick states that in 1940 at the age of twelve he read his first science fiction magazine, "Stirring Science Stories".[21]
Dick attended Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California. He and fellow science fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin were members of the same high school graduating class (1947), but were unknown to each other at the time. After graduating from high school he briefly attended the University of California, Berkeley from September 1949 and withdrew November 11, 1949, with an honorary dismissal granted January 1, 1950. Dick was an undeclared major and took classes in history, psychology, philosophy, and zoology. Through his studies in philosophy, he believed that existence is based on the internal-based perception of a human, which doesn't necessarily correspond to external reality; he described himself as an "acosmic pan-enthiest," believing in the universe only as an extension of God.[22] After reading the works of Plato and pondering the possibilities of metaphysical realms, Dick came to the final conclusion that, in a certain sense, the world is not entirely real and there is no way to confirm whether or not it is truly there. This question from his early studies persisted as a theme in many of his novels. Dick dropped out, according to his third wife Anne in her memoir, because of his ongoing anxiety problems. Anne states that he did not like the mandatory ROTC training. At Berkeley, Dick befriended poet Robert Duncan and poet and linguist Jack Spicer, who gave Dick ideas for a Martian language. Dick claimed to have been host of a classical music program on KSMO Radio in 1947.[23]
From 1948 to 1952 Dick worked in a record store. In 1955, he and his second wife, Kleo Apostolides, received a visit from the FBI, which they believed to be the result of Kleo's socialist views and left-wing activities. The couple briefly befriended one of the FBI agents.[24]
Dick was married five times: to Jeanette Marlin (May 1948 to November 1948), Kleo Apostolides (June 14, 1950, to 1959), Anne Williams Rubinstein (April 1, 1959, to October 1965), Nancy Hackett (July 6, 1966, to 1972), and Leslie (Tessa) Busby (April 18, 1973, to 1977). Dick had three children, Laura Archer (February 25, 1960), Isolde Freya Dick (now Isa Dick Hackett) (March 15, 1967), and Christopher Kenneth (July 25, 1973).
Dick tried to stay off the political scene due to the high societal turmoil from the Vietnam War; however, he did show some anti-Vietnam War and anti-governmental sentiments. In 1968, he participated in an anti-war pledge called the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest",[22][25] resolving not to pay income taxes, which resulted in the IRS seizing his car.
On February 17, 1982, after completing an interview, Dick contacted his therapist complaining of failing eyesight, and was advised to go to a hospital immediately, but did not. The next day he was found unconscious on the floor of his Santa Ana, California home after suffering a stroke. In the hospital he suffered another stroke after which his brain activity ceased. Five days later, on March 2, 1982 he was disconnected from life support and died. After his death, Dick's father Joseph took his son's ashes to Fort Morgan, Colorado where they were buried next to his twin sister Jane, whose tombstone had been inscribed with both their names when she died 53 years earlier.[24][26][27]
Career[link]
Dick sold his first story in 1951. From that point on he wrote full-time, selling his first novel in 1955. The 1950s were a difficult and impoverished time for Dick. He once said "We couldn't even pay the late fees on a library book." He published almost exclusively within the science fiction genre, but dreamed of a career in the mainstream of American literature. During the 1950s he produced a series of non-genre, relatively conventional novels. In 1960 he wrote that he was willing to "take twenty to thirty years to succeed as a literary writer." The dream of mainstream success formally died in January 1963 when the Scott Meredith Literary Agency returned all of his unsold mainstream novels. Only one of these works, Confessions of a Crap Artist, was published during Dick's lifetime.
In 1963, Dick won the Hugo Award for The Man in the High Castle.[7] Although he was hailed as a genius in the science fiction world, the mainstream literary world was unappreciative, and he could publish books only through low-paying science fiction publishers such as Ace. Even in his later years, he continued to have financial troubles. In the introduction to the 1980 short story collection The Golden Man, Dick wrote:
- "Several years ago, when I was ill, Heinlein offered his help, anything he could do, and we had never met; he would phone me to cheer me up and see how I was doing. He wanted to buy me an electric typewriter, God bless him—one of the few true gentlemen in this world. I don't agree with any ideas he puts forth in his writing, but that is neither here nor there. One time when I owed the IRS a lot of money and couldn't raise it, Heinlein loaned the money to me. I think a great deal of him and his wife; I dedicated a book to them in appreciation. Robert Heinlein is a fine-looking man, very impressive and very military in stance; you can tell he has a military background, even to the haircut. He knows I'm a flipped-out freak and still he helped me and my wife when we were in trouble. That is the best in humanity, there; that is who and what I love."
In 1972, Dick donated manuscripts, papers and other materials to the Special Collections Library at California State University, Fullerton where they are archived in the Philip K. Dick Science Fiction Collection in the Pollak Library. It was in Fullerton that Philip K. Dick befriended budding science-fiction writers K. W. Jeter, James Blaylock, and Tim Powers. The last novel Dick wrote was The Transmigration of Timothy Archer. It was published shortly after his death in 1982.
Hallulcinations[link]
On February 20, 1974, while recovering from the effects of sodium pentothal administered for the extraction of an impacted wisdom tooth, Dick went to the door to receive an extra delivery analgesic and encountered a Christian woman with his Darvon delivery[clarification needed]. When he opened the door, he was struck by the beauty of the dark-haired girl and was especially drawn to her golden necklace. He asked her about its curious fish-shaped design. "This is a sign used by the early Christians," she said, and then left. The Christian fish-pendant Dick called the symbol the "vesicle pisces". This name seems to have been based on his conflation of two related symbols, the Christian ichthys symbol (two intersecting arcs delineating a fish in profile) which the woman was wearing, and the vesica piscis.[citation needed]
Dick recounted that as the sun glinted off the gold pendant, the reflection caused the generation of a "pink beam" that mesmerized him. Dick came to believe the beam imparted wisdom and clairvoyance; he also believed it to be intelligent. On one occasion, Dick was startled by the pink beam. It imparted the information to him that his infant son was ill. The Dicks rushed the child to the hospital where Dick's suspicion and his diagnosis were confirmed.[28]
After the woman's departure, Dick began experiencing strange hallucinations. Although initially attributing them to his medication, after weeks of hallucinations he considered this explanation implausible. "I experienced an invasion of my mind by a transcendentally rational mind, as if I had been insane all my life and suddenly I had become sane," Dick told Charles Platt.[29]
Throughout February and March 1974, Dick experienced a series of hallucinations, which he referred to as "2-3-74", shorthand for February–March 1974. Aside from the "pink beam", Dick described the initial hallucinations as geometric patterns, and, occasionally, brief pictures of Jesus and ancient Rome. As the hallucinations increased in length and frequency, Dick claimed he began to live a double life, one as himself, "Philip K. Dick", and one as "Thomas", a Christian persecuted by Romans in the 1st century AD. He referred to the "transcendentally rational mind" as "Zebra", "God" and "VALIS". Dick wrote about the experiences, first in the semi-autobiographical novel Radio Free Albemuth and then in VALIS, The Divine Invasion and The Transmigration of Timothy Archer, i.e., the VALIS trilogy.
At one point Dick felt that he had been taken over by the spirit of the prophet Elijah. He believed that an episode in his novel Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said was a detailed retelling of a story from the Biblical Book of Acts, which he had never read.[30]
Dick documented and discussed his experiences and faith in a private journal, later published as Exegesis.
Pen names[link]
Dick had two professional stories published under the pen names Richard Phillips and Jack Dowland. "Some Kinds Of Life" in Fantastic Universe, October, 1953 was published as by Richard Phillipps apparently because "Planet For Transients" was published in the same issue under his own name.[31]
The short story "Orpheus with Clay Feet" was published under the pen name "Jack Dowland". The protagonist desires to be the muse for fictional author Jack Dowland, considered the greatest science fiction author of the 20th century. In the story, Dowland publishes a short story titled "Orpheus with Clay Feet", under the pen name "Philip K. Dick".
The surname Dowland refers to Renaissance composer John Dowland, who is featured in several works. The title Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said directly refers to Dowland's best-known composition, "Flow My Tears". In the novel The Divine Invasion, the 'Linda Fox' character, created specifically with Linda Ronstadt in mind, is an intergalactically famous singer whose entire body of work consists of recordings of John Dowland compositions. Also, some protagonists in Dick's short fiction are named 'Dowland'.
Style and works[link]
Themes[link]
Dick's stories typically focus on the fragile nature of what is "real" and the construction of personal identity. His stories often become surreal fantasies as the main characters slowly discover that their everyday world is actually an illusion constructed by powerful external entities (such as in Ubik[32]), vast political conspiracies, or simply from the vicissitudes of an unreliable narrator. "All of his work starts with the basic assumption that there cannot be one, single, objective reality", writes science fiction author Charles Platt. "Everything is a matter of perception. The ground is liable to shift under your feet. A protagonist may find himself living out another person's dream, or he may enter a drug-induced state that actually makes better sense than the real world, or he may cross into a different universe completely."[29]
Alternate universes and simulacra were common plot devices, with fictional worlds inhabited by common, working people, rather than galactic elites. "There are no heroes in Dick's books", Ursula K. Le Guin wrote, "but there are heroics. One is reminded of Dickens: what counts is the honesty, constancy, kindness and patience of ordinary people."[32] Dick made no secret that much of his ideas and work were heavily influenced by the writings of Carl Jung.[26][33] The Jungian constructs and models that most concerned Dick seem to be the archetypes of the collective unconscious, group projection/hallucination, synchronicities, and personality theory.[26] Many of Dick's protagonists overtly analyze reality and their perceptions in Jungian terms (see Lies Inc.), while other times, the themes are so obviously in reference to Jung their usage needs no explanation.[citation needed] Dick's self-named Exegesis also contained many notes on Jung in relation to theology and mysticism.[citation needed]
"Phil Dick's third major theme is his fascination with war and his fear and hatred of it. One hardly sees critical mention of it, yet it is as integral to his body of work as oxygen is to water." – Steven Owen Godersky[34]
Dick frequently focused on the question, "What is human?" In works such as Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? beings can appear totally human in every respect while lacking soul or compassion, while completely alien beings such as Glimmung in Galactic Pot-Healer may be more humane and complex than Dick's human characters.
Mental illness was a constant interest of Dick's, and themes of mental illness permeate his work. The character Jack Bohlen in the 1964 novel Martian Time-Slip is an "ex-schizophrenic". The novel Clans of the Alphane Moon centers on an entire society made up of descendants of lunatic asylum inmates. In 1965 he wrote the essay titled Schizophrenia and the Book of Changes.[35]
Drug use (including religious, recreational, and abuse) was also a theme in many of Dick's works, such as A Scanner Darkly and The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch. Dick was a drug user for much of his life. According to a 1975 interview in Rolling Stone,[36] Dick wrote all of his books published before 1970 while on amphetamines. "A Scanner Darkly (1977) was the first complete novel I had written without speed", said Dick in the interview. He also experimented briefly with psychedelics, but wrote The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch, which Rolling Stone dubs "the classic LSD novel of all time", before he had ever tried them. Despite his heavy amphetamine use, however, Dick later said that doctors had told him that the amphetamines never actually affected him, that his liver had processed them before they reached his brain.[36]
Summing up all these themes in Understanding Philip K. Dick, Eric Carl Link discussed eight themes or 'ideas and motifs'[37]: Epistemology and the Nature of Reality, Know Thyself, The Android and the Human, Entropy and Pot Healing, The Theodicy Problem, Warfare and Power Politics, The Evolved Human, and 'Technology, Media, Drugs and Madness'.[38]
Selected works[link]
For complete bibliography, see Philip K. Dick bibliography.
The Man in the High Castle (1962) is set in an alternate universe United States ruled by the victorious Axis powers. It is considered a defining novel of the alternate history sub-genre,[39] and is the only Dick novel to win a Hugo Award.
The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (1965) utilizes an array of science fiction concepts and features several layers of reality and unreality. It is also one of Dick's first works to explore religious themes. The novel takes place in the 21st century, when, under UN authority, mankind has colonized the Solar System's every habitable planet and moon. Life is physically daunting and psychologically monotonous for most colonists, so the UN must draft people to go to the colonies. Most entertain themselves using "Perky Pat" dolls and accessories manufactured by Earth-based "P.P. Layouts". The company also secretly creates "Can-D", an illegal but widely available hallucinogenic drug allowing the user to "translate" into Perky Pat (if the drug user is a woman) or Pat's boyfriend, Walt (if the drug user is a man). This recreational use of Can-D allows colonists to experience a few minutes of an idealized life on Earth by participating in a collective hallucination.
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968) is the story of a bounty hunter policing the local android population. It occurs on a dying, poisoned Earth de-populated of all "successful" humans; the only remaining inhabitants of the planet are people with no prospects off-world. Androids, also known as andys, all have a preset "death" date. However, a few andys seek to escape this fate and supplant the humans on Earth. The 1968 story is the literary source of the film Blade Runner (1982).[40] It is both a conflation and an intensification of the pivotally Dickian question, What is real, what is fake? What crucial factor defines humanity as distinctly 'alive', versus those merely alive only in their outward appearance?
Ubik (1969) uses extensive networks of psychics and a suspended state after death in creating a state of eroding reality. A group of psychics is sent to investigate a group of rival psychics, but several of them are apparently killed by a saboteur's bomb. Much of the novel flicks between a number of equally plausible realities; the "real" reality, a state of half-life and psychically manipulated realities. In 2005, Time magazine listed it among the "All-TIME 100 Greatest Novels" published since 1923.[13]
Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said (1974) concerns Jason Taverner, a television star living in a dystopian near-future police state. After being attacked by an angry ex-girlfriend, Taverner awakens in a dingy Los Angeles hotel room. He still has his money in his wallet, but his identification cards are missing. This is no minor inconvenience, as security checkpoints (manned by "pols" and "nats", the police and National Guard) are set up throughout the city to stop and arrest anyone without valid ID. Jason at first thinks that he was robbed, but soon discovers that his entire identity has been erased. There is no record of him in any official database, and even his closest associates do not recognize or remember him. For the first time in many years, Jason has no fame or reputation to rely on. He has only his innate charisma to help him as he tries to find out what happened to his past and avoid the attention of the pols. The novel was Dick's first published novel after years of silence, during which time his critical reputation had grown, and this novel was awarded the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.[8] It is the only Philip K. Dick novel nominated for both a Hugo and for a Nebula Award.
In an essay written two years before dying, Dick described how he learned from his Episcopalian priest that an important scene in Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said – involving its other main character, Police General Felix Buckman, the policeman of the title – was very similar to a scene in the Acts of the Apostles.[30] Film director Richard Linklater discusses this novel in his film Waking Life, which begins with a scene reminiscent of another Dick novel, Time Out of Joint.
A Scanner Darkly (1977) is a bleak mixture of science fiction and police procedural novels; in its story, an undercover narcotics police detective begins to lose touch with reality after falling victim to the same permanently mind altering drug, Substance D, he was enlisted to help fight. Substance D is instantly addictive, beginning with a pleasant euphoria which is quickly replaced with increasing confusion, hallucinations and eventually total psychosis. In this novel, as with all Dick novels, there is an underlying thread of paranoia and dissociation with multiple realities perceived simultaneously. It was adapted to film by Richard Linklater.
VALIS (1980) is perhaps Dick's most postmodern and autobiographical novel, examining his own unexplained experiences. It may also be his most academically studied work, and was adapted as an opera by Tod Machover.[41] Later works like the VALIS trilogy were heavily autobiographical, many with "two-three-seventy-four" (2-3-74) references and influences. The word VALIS is the acronym for Vast Active Living Intelligence System. Later, PKD theorized that VALIS was both a "reality generator" and a means of extraterrestrial communication. A fourth VALIS manuscript, Radio Free Albemuth, although composed in 1976, was posthumously published in 1985. This work is described by the publisher (Arbor House) as "an introduction and key to his magnificent VALIS trilogy."
Regardless of the feeling that he was somehow experiencing a divine communication, Dick was never fully able to rationalize the events. For the rest of his life, he struggled to comprehend what was occurring, questioning his own sanity and perception of reality. He transcribed what thoughts he could into an eight-thousand-page, one-million-word journal dubbed the Exegesis. From 1974 until his death in 1982, Dick spent many nights writing in this journal. A recurring theme in Exegesis is PKD's hypothesis that history had been stopped in the 1st century AD., and that "the Empire never ended". He saw Rome as the pinnacle of materialism and despotism, which, after forcing the Gnostics underground, had kept the population of Earth enslaved to worldly possessions. Dick believed that VALIS had communicated with him, and anonymous others, to induce the impeachment of U.S. President Richard Nixon, whom Dick believed to be the current Emperor of Rome incarnate.
In a 1968 essay titled "Self Portrait", collected in the 1995 book The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick, Dick reflects on his work and lists which books he feels "might escape World War Three": Eye in the Sky, The Man in the High Castle, Martian Time-Slip, Dr. Bloodmoney, or How We Got Along After the Bomb, The Zap Gun, The Penultimate Truth, The Simulacra, The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (which he refers to as "the most vital of them all"), Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, and Ubik.[42] In a 1976 interview, Dick cited A Scanner Darkly as his best work, feeling that he "had finally written a true masterpiece, after 25 years of writing".[43]
Adaptations[link]
Films[link]
A number of Dick's stories have been made into films. Dick himself wrote a screenplay for an intended film adaptation of Ubik in 1974, but the film was never made. Many film adaptations have not used Dick's original titles. When asked why this was, Dick's ex-wife Tessa said, "Actually, the books rarely carry Phil's original titles, as the editors usually wrote new titles after reading his manuscripts. Phil often commented that he couldn't write good titles. If he could, he would have been an advertising writer instead of a novelist."[44] Films based on Dick's writing have accumulated a total revenue of over US $1 billion as of 2009.[45]
- Blade Runner (1982), based on Dick's 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, directed by Ridley Scott and starring Harrison Ford. A screenplay had been in the works for years before Scott took the helm, with Dick being extremely critical of all versions. Dick was still apprehensive about how his story would be adapted for the film when the project was finally put into motion. Among other things, he refused to do a novelization of the film. But contrary to his initial reactions, when he was given an opportunity to see some of the special effects sequences of Los Angeles 2019, Dick was amazed that the environment was "exactly as how I'd imagined it!", though Ridley Scott has mentioned he had never even read the source material.[46] Following the screening, Dick and Scott had a frank but cordial discussion of Blade Runner's themes and characters, and although they had wildly differing views, Dick fully backed the film from then on, stating that his "life and creative work are justified and completed by Blade Runner."[47] Dick died from a stroke less than four months before the release of the film.
- Total Recall (1990), based on the short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale", directed by Paul Verhoeven and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. The film includes such Dickian elements as the confusion of fantasy and reality, the progression towards more fantastic elements as the story progresses, machines talking back to humans, and the protagonist's doubts about his own identity.
- Confessions d'un Barjo (1992), titled Barjo in its English-language release, a French film based on Dick's non-science-fiction novel Confessions of a Crap Artist. Reflecting Dick's popularity and critical respect in France, Barjo faithfully conveys a strong sense of Dick's aesthetic sensibility, unseen in the better-known film adaptations. A brief science fiction homage is slipped into the film in the form of a TV show.
- Screamers (1995), based on Dick's short story "Second Variety", directed by Christian Duguay and starring Peter Weller. The location was altered from a war-devastated Earth to a distant planet. A sequel without Weller, titled Screamers: The Hunting, was released straight to DVD in 2009.
- Minority Report (2002), based on Dick's short story of "The Minority Report", directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Cruise. The film translates many of Dick's themes, but changes major plot points and adds an action-adventure framework.
- Dick's 1953 story "Impostor" has been adapted twice: first in 1962 for the British anthology television series Out of This World and then in 2002 for the movie Impostor, directed by Gary Fleder and starring Gary Sinise, Vincent D'Onofrio and Madeleine Stowe.
- Paycheck (2003), directed by John Woo and starring Ben Affleck, based on Dick's short story of the same name.
- A Scanner Darkly (2006), directed by Richard Linklater and starring Keanu Reeves, Winona Ryder, and Robert Downey Jr., based on Dick's novel of the same name. The film was produced using the process of rotoscoping: it was first shot in live-action and then the live footage was animated over.
- Next (2007), directed by Lee Tamahori and starring Nicolas Cage, loosely based on the short story "The Golden Man".
- Radio Free Albemuth (2010), directed by John Alan Simon loosely based on the novel "Radio Free Albemuth".
- The Adjustment Bureau (2011), directed by George Nolfi and starring Matt Damon, loosely based on the short story "Adjustment Team".
- Total Recall (2012), directed by Len Wiseman and starring Colin Farrell, remake of the 1990 film and second adaptation of the short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale".
Future films based on Dick's writing include the animated adaptation King of the Elves from the Walt Disney Animation Studios, set to be released in the winter of 2012; Radio Free Albemuth, based on Dick's novel of the same name, which has been completed and is currently awaiting distribution; and a film adaptation of Ubik which, according to Dick's daughter, Isa Dick Hackett, is in advanced negotiation.[48] Ubik is set to be made into a film by Michael Gondry.[49]
The Halcyon Company, known for developing the Terminator franchise, acquired right of first refusal to film adaptations of the works of Philip K. Dick in 2007. In May 2009, they announced plans for an adaptation of Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said.[50] It has been reported in 2010 that Ridley Scott will produce an adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC, in the form of a mini-series.[51]
Stage and radio[link]
Four of Dick's works have been adapted for the stage.
One was the opera VALIS, composed and with libretto by Tod Machover, which premiered at the Pompidou Center in Paris on December 1, 1987, with a French libretto. It was subsequently revised and readapted into English, and was recorded and released on CD (Bridge Records BCD9007) in 1988.
Another was Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said, adapted by Linda Hartinian and produced by the New York-based avant-garde company Mabou Mines. It premiered in Boston at the Boston Shakespeare Theatre (June 18–30, 1985) and was subsequently staged in New York and Chicago. A production of Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said also was staged by the Evidence Room in Los Angeles in 1999.[52]
A play based on Radio Free Albemuth also had a brief run in the 1980s.
In November 2010, a production of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, adapted by Edward Einhorn, premiered at the 3LD Art and Technology Center in Manhattan.[53]
A radio drama adaptation of Dick's short story "Mr. Spaceship" was aired by the Finnish Broadcasting Company (Yleisradio) in 1996 under the name Menolippu Paratiisiin. Radio dramatizations of Dick's short stories Colony and The Defenders[54] were aired by NBC in 1956 as part of the series X Minus One.
Comics[link]
Marvel Comics adapted Dick's short story "The Electric Ant" as a limited series which was released in 2009. The comic was produced by writer David Mack (Daredevil) and artist Pascal Alixe (Ultimate X-Men), with covers provided by artist Paul Pope.[55]
Also in 2009, BOOM! Studios published a 24-issue miniseries comic book adaptation of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?[56] Blade Runner, the 1982 film adapted from Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, had previously been adapted to comics as A Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner.
Alternate formats[link]
In response to a 1975 request from the National Library for the Blind for permission to make use of The Man in the High Castle, Dick responded, "I also grant you a general permission to transcribe any of my former, present or future work, so indeed you can add my name to your 'general permission' list."[57] A number of his books and stories are available in braille and other specialized formats through the NLS.[58]
As of July 17, 2010, eleven of Philip K. Dick's early works in the public domain in the United States are available in ebook form from Project Gutenberg. See Dick, Philip K., 1928–1982 at Project Gutenberg. As of April 4, 2012, Wikisource has one of Philip K. Dick's early works in the public domain in the United States available in ebook form which is not from Project Gutenberg. See Author:Philip Kindred Dick at Wikisource.
Influence and legacy[link]
Lawrence Sutin's 1989 biography of Dick, Divine Invasions: A Life of Philip K. Dick, is considered the standard biographical treatment of Dick's life.[35]
In 1993, French writer Emmanuel Carrère published Je suis vivant et vous êtes morts which was first translated and published in English in 2004 as I Am Alive and You Are Dead: A Journey Into the Mind of Philip K. Dick, which the author describes in his preface in this way:
The book you hold in your hands is a very peculiar book. I have tried to depict the life of Philip K. Dick from the inside, in other words, with the same freedom and empathy – indeed with the same truth – with which he depicted his own characters.[26]
Critics of the book have complained about the lack of fact checking, sourcing, notes and index, "the usual evidence of deep research that gives a biography the solid stamp of authority."[59][60][61] It can be considered a non-fiction novel about his life.
Dick has influenced many writers, including Jonathan Lethem,[62] and Ursula K. Le Guin.[63] The prominent literary critic Fredric Jameson proclaimed Dick the "Shakespeare of Science Fiction", and praised his work as "one of the most powerful expressions of the society of spectacle and pseudo-event".[64] Dick has also influenced filmmakers, his work being compared to films such as the Wachowski brothers's The Matrix,[65] David Cronenberg's Videodrome,[66] eXistenZ,[65] and Spider,[66] Spike Jonze's Being John Malkovich,[66] Adaptation,[66] Michel Gondry's Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind,[67][68] Alex Proyas's Dark City,[65] Peter Weir's The Truman Show,[65] Andrew Niccol's Gattaca,[66] In Time,[69] Terry Gilliam's 12 Monkeys,[66] Wes Craven's A Nightmare on Elm Street,[70] David Lynch's Mulholland Drive,[70] Alejandro Amenábar's Open Your Eyes,[71] David Fincher's Fight Club,[66] Cameron Crowe's Vanilla Sky,[65] Darren Aronofsky's Pi,[72] Richard Kelly's Donnie Darko[73] and Southland Tales,[74] and Christopher Nolan's Memento[75] and Inception.[76]
The Philip K. Dick Society was an organization dedicated to promoting the literary works of Dick and was previously led by Dick's longtime friend the music journalist Paul Williams. Williams also served as Dick's literary executor for several years after Dick's death and wrote one of the first biographies of Dick, entitled Only Apparently Real: The World of Philip K. Dick.
Dick was recreated by his fans in the form of a remote-controlled android designed in his likeness.[77] The android of Philip K. Dick was included on a discussion panel in a San Diego Comic Con presentation about the film adaptation of the novel, A Scanner Darkly. In February 2006, an America West Airlines employee misplaced the android's head, and it has not yet been found.[78] In January 2011, it was announced that Hanson Robotics had built a replacement.[79]
Film[link]
- BBC2 released in 1994 a biographical documentary as part of its Arena arts series called Philip K Dick: A day in the afterlife.[80]
- The Gospel According to Philip K. Dick was a documentary film produced in 2001.[81]
- The Penultimate Truth About Philip K. Dick was another biographical documentary film produced in 2007.[82]
- the 1987 film The Trouble with Dick, in which Tom Villard plays a character named "Dick Kendred" (cf. Philip Kindred Dick) who is a science fiction author[83]
- the Spanish feature film PROXIMA (2007) by Carlos Atanes, where the character Felix Cadecq is based on Dick
- a 2008 film titled Your Name Here, by Matthew Wilder, features Bill Pullman as science fiction author William J. Frick, a character based on Dick
- The 2010 science fiction film 15 Till Midnight cites Dick's influence with an "acknowledgment to the works of" credit.[84]
- Prophets of Science Fiction Philip K Dick. 2011 Documentary [85]
In fiction[link]
- Michael Bishop's The Secret Ascension (1987; currently published as Philip K. Dick Is Dead, Alas), which is set in an alternative universe where his non-genre work is published but his science fiction is banned by a totalitarian USA in thrall to a demonically possessed Richard Nixon.
- the Faction Paradox novel Of the City of the Saved... (2004) by Philip Purser-Hallard
- the short story "The Transmigration of Philip K" (1984) by Michael Swanwick (to be found in the 1991 collection Gravity's Angels)
- in Ursula K. Le Guin's The Lathe of Heaven (1971) novel whose characters alter reality through their dreams. Two made-for-TV films based on the novel have been made: The Lathe of Heaven (1980) and Lathe of Heaven (2002)
- in Thomas M. Disch's The Word of God (2008)[86]
- The comics magazine Weirdo published The Religious Experience of Philip K. Dick by artist R. Crumb in 1986. Though this is not an adaptation of a specific book or story by Dick, it incorporates elements of Dick's experience which he related in short stories, novels, essays, and the Exegesis. The story parodies the form of a Chick tract, a type of evangelical comic, many of which relate the story of an epiphany leading to a conversion to fundamentalist Christianity.
- In the Batman Beyond episode "Sentries of the Last Cosmos", the character Eldon Michaels claims a typewriter on his desk to have belonged to Philip K. Dick.
Music[link]
- The Empire Never Ended a collection of indie folk songs inspired by the life and stories of Philip K. Dick, by ieatpants[87]
Theater[link]
- the short play Kindred Blood in Kensington Gore (1992) by Brian W. Aldiss
- a 2005 play, 800 Words: the Transmigration of Philip K. Dick by Victoria Stewart, which re-imagines Dick's final days.[88]
Contemporary philosophy[link]
Dick's foreshadowing of postmodernity has been noted by philosophers as diverse as Jean Baudrillard, Fredric Jameson, Laurence Rickels and Slavoj Žižek.[3] Jean Baudrillard offers this interpretation:
It is hyperreal. It is a universe of simulation, which is something altogether different. And this is so not because Dick speaks specifically of simulacra. SF has always done so, but it has always played upon the double, on artificial replication or imaginary duplication, whereas here the double has disappeared. There is no more double; one is always already in the other world, an other world which is not another, without mirrors or projection or utopias as means for reflection. The simulation is impassable, unsurpassable, checkmated, without exteriority. We can no longer move "through the mirror" to the other side, as we could during the golden age of transcendence.[89]
For his anti-government skepticism, Philip K. Dick was afforded minor mention in Mythmakers and Lawbreakers, a collection of interviews about fiction by anarchist authors. Noting his early authorship of "The Last of the Masters", an anarchist themed novelette, author Margaret Killjoy expressed that while Dick never fully sided with anarchism, his opposition to government centralization and organized religion has influenced anarchist interpretations of gnosticism.[90]
Awards and honors[link]
During his lifetime, Dick received the following awards and nominations:
- Hugo Awards
- Best Novel
- 1963 – winner: The Man in the High Castle[7]
- 1975 – nominee: Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said[8]
- Best Novelette
- 1968 – nominee: Faith of Our Fathers
- Best Novel
- Nebula Awards
- Best Novel
- 1965 – nominee: Dr. Bloodmoney[91]
- 1965 – nominee: The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch[91]
- 1968 – nominee: Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?[92]
- 1974 – nominee: Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said[93]
- 1982 – nominee: The Transmigration of Timothy Archer[94]
- Best Novel
- John W. Campbell Memorial Award
- Best Novel
- 1975 – winner: Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said[8]
- Best Novel
- British Science Fiction Association Award
- Best Novel
- 1978 – winner: A Scanner Darkly[95]
- Best Novel
- Graouilly d'Or (Festival de Metz, France)
- 1979 – winner: A Scanner Darkly
The convention Norwescon which each year presents the Philip K. Dick Award.
See also[link]
- Consensus reality
- Drugs
- Entropy
- Insanity
- Media
- Paranoid fiction
- Philip K. Dick Award
- Social control
- Technology
- Twinless twin
- Warfare
References[link]
- Sources
-
For secondary bibliography, see Philip K. Dick bibliography#Book-length critical studies.
- Notes
- ^ "Replies to 'A Questionnaire for Professional SF Writers and Editors", 1969, The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick, 1995
- ^ Terry Gilliam's Unresolved Projects
- ^ a b Myriam Díaz-Diocaretz, Stefan Herbrechter (2006). The Matrix in theory. Rodopi. pp. 136. ISBN 904201639.
- ^ http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/5/watson5art.htm
- ^ "Salon.com Interview by Michael Sragow.". http://www.salon.com/ent/col/srag/1999/11/11/kaufman/index.html. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
- ^ Behrens, Richard; Allen B. Ruch (March 21, 2003). "Philip K. Dick". The Scriptorium. The Modern Word. http://www.themodernword.com/scriptorium/dick.html. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ a b c "1963 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1963. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ a b c d "1975 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1975. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ Bernstein, Richard (November 3, 1991). "The Electric Dreams of Philip K. Dick". The New York Times Book Review. http://www.popsubculture.com/pop/bio_project/philip_k_dick.5.html.
- ^ Williams, Paul. "Introduction to the Novels Page". Novels and Collections Bibliography. The Philip K. Dick Estate. http://www.philipkdick.com/works_novels.html. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- ^ Williams, Paul. "Short Stories". Introduction. Philip K. Dick Trust. http://www.philipkdick.com/works_stories.html. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ "Philip K. Dick". kirjasto.sci.fi. 2004. http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/pkdick.htm. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ a b Grossman, Lev (October 16, 2005). "Ubik – ALL-TIME 100 Novels". Time. http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/0,24459,ubik,00.html. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ Stoffman, Judy "A milestone in literary heritage" Toronto Star (February 10, 2007)
- ^ Library of America Philip K. Dick: Four Novels of the 1960s
- ^ Library of America H.P. Lovecraft: Tales
- ^ Associated Press "Library of America to issue volume of Philip K. Dick" USA Today (November 28, 2006)
- ^ a b Kucukalic, Lejla (2008). Philip K. Dick: canonical writer of the digital age. Taylor and Francis. pp. 27. ISBN 0-415-96242-0.
- ^ Sutin, Lawrence (2003). "Philip K. Dick". Author – Official Biography. Philip K. Dick Trust. http://www.philipkdick.com/aa_biography.html. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ Vitale, Joe. "Interview with Philip K. Dick". Philip K. Dick - Official Site. http://www.philipkdick.com/media_aquarian.html. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ a b Sutin p.3
- ^ a b Dick, Philip K. "An Interview With America's Most Brilliant Science-Fiction Writer" Interview by Joe Vitale. Interview With Philip K Dick. Print Interviews. Web. 22 Oct. 2011.
- ^ Sutin, p. 53
- ^ a b Sutin, pp. 83–84
- ^ “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” January 30, 1968 New York Post
- ^ a b c d Chap. 24
- ^ "Find A Grave: Philip K. Dick". http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1490.
- ^ "Prophets of Science Fiction: Philip K. Dick". The Science Channel. Aired Wednesday, November 16th, 2011.
- ^ a b Platt, Charles (1980). Dream Makers: The Uncommon People Who Write Science Fiction. Berkley Publishing. ISBN 0-425-04668-0.
- ^ a b "The Religious Affiliation of Science Fiction Writer Philip K. Dick". Famous Science Fiction Writers / Famous Episcopalians. Adherents.com. July 25, 2005. http://www.adherents.com/people/pd/Philip_K_Dick.html. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ Levack, Daniel (1981). PKD: A Philip K. Dick Bibliography, Underwood/Miller, pp. 116, 126 ISBN 0-934438-33-1
- ^ a b "Criticism and analysis". Gale Research. 1996. Archived from the original on March 7, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070307193543/http://www.stud.hum.ku.dk/rydahl/pkd/PKDcritic1.htm. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
- ^ A Conversation With Philip K. Dick
- ^ The Collected Stories Of Philip K. Dick, Volume 1, The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford, (1990), Citadel Twilight, p. xvi, ISBN 0-8065-1153-2
- ^ a b Sutin, npg
- ^ a b Williams, Paul (November 6, 1975). "The Most Brilliant Sci-Fi Mind on Any Planet: Philip K. Dick". Rolling Stone. http://www.philipkdick.com/media_files/PKD%20Rolling%20Stone%20article.pdf. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ Link, Eric (2010). Understanding Philip K. Dick. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 48. ISBN 978-1-57003-855-6.
- ^ Link, Eric (2010). Understanding Philip K. Dick. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 48–101. ISBN 978-1-57003-855-6.
- ^ The Man in the High Castle by Philip K Dick – an infinity plus review Adam Roberts, Infinity Plus
- ^ ^ Sammon, Paul M. (1996). Future Noir: the Making of Blade Runner. London: Orion Media. p. 49. ISBN 0-06-105314-7.
- ^ Machover, Tod. "Valis CD". MIT Media Lab. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080312210723/http://web.media.mit.edu/~tod/Tod/valiscd.html. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ Philip K. Dick, "Self Portrait", 1968, (The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick, 1995)
- ^ AN INTERVIEW WITH PHILIP K. DICK Daniel DePerez, September 10, 1976, Science Fiction Review, No. 19, Vol. 5, no. 3, August 1976
- ^ Knight, Annie; John T. Cullen and the staff of Deep Outside SFFH (November 2002). "About Philip K. Dick: An interview with Tessa, Chris, and Ranea Dick". Deep Outside SFFH. Far Sector SFFH. http://www.farsector.com/hot_content1.htm. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ "Philip K. Dick Films". Philip K. Dick Trust. August 11, 2009. http://www.philipkdick.com/films_intro.html. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Kermode, Mark (July 15, 2000). On the Edge of Bladerunner (TV documentary). UK: Channel 4.
- ^ Dick, Philip K.. "Letter to Jeff Walker regarding "Blade Runner"". http://www.philipkdick.com/new_letters-laddcompany.html. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ calendarlive.com
- ^ http://www.scifimoviepage.com/upcoming/previews/ubik.html
- ^ Philip K. Dick's 'Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said' Being Adapted Alex Billington, FirstShowing.net, May 12, 2009
- ^ Sweney, Mark (October 7, 2010). "Ridley Scott to return to work of sci-fi icon for BBC mini-series: Blade Runner director to executive produce four-part BBC1 adaptation of Philip K Dick's The Man in the High Castle". The Observer. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/oct/07/ridley-scott-sci-fi-philip-k-dick-bbc-drama.
- ^ Foley, Kathleen (22 April 1999). "'Flow My Tears' Has Hallucinatory Style". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1999/apr/22/entertainment/ca-29736. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
- ^ Jason Zinoman, "A Test for Humanity in a Post-Apocalyptic World", The New York Times, December 3, 2010 http://theater.nytimes.com/2010/12/04/theater/04android.html
- ^ The Defenders at Gutenberg.org
- ^ "MARVEL BRINGS PHILIP K DICK’S ELECTRIC ANT TO LIFE IN NEW SERIES". philipkdick.com. July 24, 2008. http://www.philipkdick.com/media_pr-072408.html.
- ^ Philip K. Dick Press Release – BOOM! ANNOUNCES DO ANDROIDS DREAM OF ELECTRIC SHEEP? philipkdick.com
- ^ The Selected Letters of Philip K. Dick, 1975–1976. Novato, California : Underwood-Miller, 1993 (Trade edition) ISBN 0-88733-111-4 p. 240
- ^ http://www.loc.gov/nls/index.html Home Page of the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS)
- ^ O'Hagen, Sean (June 12, 2005). "What a clever Dick". The Observer (UK). http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/sciencefiction/0,6121,1504386,00.html#article_continue. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
- ^ Taylor, Charles (June 20, 2004). "Just Imagine Philip K. Dick". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DC1430F933A15755C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
- ^ Berry, Michael (July 4, 2004). "The dead no longer lie in grave silence". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/07/04/RVGBG7BT361.DTL. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
- ^ Gun With Occasional Music Review, sff.net
- ^ The SF Site Featured Review: The Lathe of Heaven, SF Site
- ^ Fredric Jameson, Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions, London and New York: Verso, 2005, p. 345; p. 347.
- ^ a b c d e Scriptorium – Philip K. Dick, The Modern Word
- ^ a b c d e f g How Hollywood woke up to a dark genius, The Daily Telegraph
- ^ Slant Magazine DVD Review: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Slant Magazine
- ^ Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, The Guardian
- ^ "SDCC TRAILER: Timberlake and Seyfried on the run in IN TIME". http://veryaware.com/2011/07/sdcc-trailer-timberlake-and-seyfried-on-the-run-in-in-time/. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ^ a b On Writers and Writing; It's Philip Dick's World, We Only Live in It, The New York Times
- ^ "Alejandro Amenábar Fernando Cantos". http://screenwritersforhire.com/tag/alejandro-amenabar-fernando-cantos/. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
- ^ Philip K. Dick's Future Is Now, Washington Post
- ^ Donnie Darko, Salon.com,
- ^ Richard Kelly’s Revelations: Defending Southland Tales., Cinema Scope
- ^ The Second Coming of Philip K. Dick, Wired
- ^ Could Inception trigger a new wave of sci-fi cinema?, Den of Geek
- ^ "About The Philip K. Dick Android Project: A Note from Laura and Isa" (Press release). Philip K. Dick Trust. June 24, 2005. http://www.philipkdick.com/media_android-062405.html. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ Waxman, Sharon (June 24, 2006). "A Strange Loss of Face, More Than Embarrassing". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/24/movies/24andr.html. Retrieved 008-04-14.
- ^ Lamar, Cyriaque (January 12, 2011). "The Lost Robotic Head of Philip K Dick Has Been Rebuilt". io9. http://io9.com/5731075/the-lost-robotic-head-of-philip-k-dick-has-been-rebuilt. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
- ^ Arena – Philip K Dick: A day in the afterlife
- ^ The Gospel According to Philip K. Dick at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ The Penultimate Truth About Philip K. Dick at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ The Trouble With Dick at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ IMDB "Full credits"
- ^ Prophets of Science Fiction Philip K Dick
- ^ Disch, Thomas M. The Word of God. San Francisco:Tachyon, 2008
- ^ "'The Empire Never Ended'". Bandcamp.com. http://ieatpants.bandcamp.com/album/the-empire-never-ended. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ "Core Member Profile Victoria Stewart". The Playwrights' Center. May 20, 2008. Archived from the original on May 20, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080520090036/http://www.pwcenter.org/profile.asp?userid=93. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
- ^ Baudrillard, Jean. "'Simulacra and Science Fiction'". Science Fiction Studies. http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/55/baudrillard55art.htm. Retrieved May 26, 2007.
- ^ Killjoy, Margaret (2009). Mythmakers and Lawbreakers. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-84935-002-0. OCLC 318877243.
- ^ a b "1965 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1965. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ "1968 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1968. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ "1974 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1974. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ "1982 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1982. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ "1978 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1978. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
For secondary bibliography, see Philip K. Dick bibliography#Book-length critical studies.
External links[link]
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- Philip K. Dick by Richard Behrens and Allen B. Ruch
- Blows Against the Empire The New Yorker's Adam Gopnik on Philip K. Dick
- Philip K Dick, A Critical Appreciation, Reviews from The Open Critic
- The Second Coming of Philip K. Dick by Frank Rose, an article from Wired about movies based on the Dick's novels
- Philip K. Dick: A Visionary Among the Charlatans, Stanisław Lem's essay about the state of American science fiction c. 1975 with an extended appreciation of Dick
- Philip K. Dick at Find A Grave
- Dark Roasted Blend: Science Fiction and Fantasy Reading Experience: Philip K. Dick
- The Last Days of Philip K. Dick
- Philip K. Dick, a final look back —directory, multi-part article series in Los Angeles Times
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dick, Philip Kindred |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American science fiction author |
| Date of birth | December 16, 1928 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, US |
| Date of death | March 2, 1982 |
| Place of death | Santa Ana, California, US |
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