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Council of Constance
The Council of Constance is the 15th ecumenical council recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418. The council ended the Western Schism, by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining Papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V.
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Counter-Reformation
http://wn.com/Counter-Reformation -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Frombork
Frombork () is a town in northern Poland, on the Vistula Lagoon, in Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. It had a population of 2,528 as of 2005.
http://wn.com/Frombork -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Holy Office
http://wn.com/Holy_Office -
Hungary
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Italy
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Martyrs' Synod
The '''Martyrs' Synod' took place in Augsburg from 20 to 24 August, 1527. The purpose of this meeting, attended by about sixty representatives from different Anabaptist groups, was to come to an agreement over the differences related to the central Anabaptist teachings among the Swiss and south German Anabaptists. It is known as the Martyrs' Synod'' because most of the participants died for their activities within a short time.
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Milan
Milan (, ; Western Lombard: Milan, ) is a city in Italy and the capital of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1,310,000, while the urban area is the first in Italy and the fifth largest in the European Union with a population of 4,345,000 over an area of . The Milan metropolitan area, by far the largest in Italy, is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 7,400,000.
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Sistine Chapel
Sistine Chapel () is the best-known chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. It is famous for its architecture, evocative of Solomon's Temple of the Old Testament, and its decoration that has been frescoed throughout by the greatest Renaissance artists including Michelangelo, Raphael, Bernini, and Sandro Botticelli. Under the patronage of Pope Julius II, Michelangelo painted of the chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512. He resented the commission, and believed his work only served the Pope's need for grandeur. However, today the ceiling, and especially The Last Judgement, are widely believed to be Michelangelo's crowning achievements in painting.
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Vatican City
http://wn.com/Vatican_City -
Venice
Venice ( , Venetian: Venesia) is a city in northern Italy known both for tourism and for industry, and is the capital of the region Veneto, with a population of about 272,000 (census estimate 1 January 2004). Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area (population 1,600,000).
http://wn.com/Venice
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Albertus Magnus
http://wn.com/Albertus_Magnus -
Alexander VI
http://wn.com/Alexander_VI -
Ambrose
:St. Ambrose redirects here. For the university, see Saint Ambrose University. For other uses, see Ambrose (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/Ambrose -
Anthony Blunt
http://wn.com/Anthony_Blunt -
Anthony of Padua
http://wn.com/Anthony_of_Padua -
Anthony van Dyck
Sir Anthony van Dyck (many variant spellings; 22 March 1599 – 9 December 1641) was a Flemish Baroque artist who became the leading court painter in England. He is most famous for his portraits of King Charles I of England and Scotland and his family and court, painted with a relaxed elegance that was to be the dominant influence on English portrait-painting for the next 150 years. He also painted biblical and mythological subjects, displayed outstanding facility as a draftsman, and was an important innovator in watercolour and etching.
http://wn.com/Anthony_van_Dyck -
Augustine of Hippo
: For other uses, see Augustine, Augustinus and Saint Augustine.
http://wn.com/Augustine_of_Hippo -
Bede
http://wn.com/Bede -
Bernard of Clairvaux
http://wn.com/Bernard_of_Clairvaux -
Bonaventure
Bonaventure (; 1221 – 15 July 1274), born John of Fidanza (), was an Italian medieval scholastic theologian and philosopher, the seventh Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor. He was a Cardinal Bishop of Albano. He was canonized on 14 April 1482 by Pope Sixtus IV and declared a Doctor of the Church in the year 1588 by Pope Sixtus V. He is known as the "Seraphic Doctor" (). Many writings believed in the Middle Ages to be his are now collected under the name Pseudo-Bonaventura.
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Catherine of Siena
http://wn.com/Catherine_of_Siena -
Conrad Grebel
http://wn.com/Conrad_Grebel -
Cyril of Alexandria
Cyril of Alexandria (c. 376 - 444) was the Pope of Alexandria from 412 to 444. He came to power when the city was at its height of influence and power within the Roman Empire. Cyril wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the later 4th and 5th centuries. He was a central figure in the First Council of Ephesus in 431, which led to the deposition of Nestorius as Patriarch of Constantinople.
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Cyril of Jerusalem
http://wn.com/Cyril_of_Jerusalem -
Desiderius Erasmus
http://wn.com/Desiderius_Erasmus -
Ephrem the Syrian
http://wn.com/Ephrem_the_Syrian -
Filippo Neri
http://wn.com/Filippo_Neri -
Francis de Sales
http://wn.com/Francis_de_Sales -
Francis of Assisi
Saint Francis of Assisi (Giovanni Francesco di Bernardone; 1181/1182October 3, 1226) was a Catholic deacon and preacher. He also was the founder of the Order of Friars Minor, more commonly known as the Franciscans.
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Francis Xavier
http://wn.com/Francis_Xavier -
Francisco Suárez
http://wn.com/Francisco_Suárez -
Galileo Galilei
http://wn.com/Galileo_Galilei -
Gregory of Nazianzus
http://wn.com/Gregory_of_Nazianzus -
Hilary of Poitiers
hi mitchel
http://wn.com/Hilary_of_Poitiers -
Ignatius of Antioch
http://wn.com/Ignatius_of_Antioch -
Ignatius of Loyola
http://wn.com/Ignatius_of_Loyola -
Irenaeus
http://wn.com/Irenaeus -
Isidore of Seville
Saint Isidore of Seville (Spanish: or , Latin: ) (c. 560 – 4 April 636) was Archbishop of Seville for more than three decades and is considered, as the historian Montalembert put it in an oft-quoted phrase, "le dernier savant du monde ancien" ("the last scholar of the ancient world"). Indeed, all the later medieval history-writing of Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) was based on his histories.
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Jacobus de Kerle
Jacobus de Kerle (1531/1532 - 7 January 1591) was a Flemish composer and organist of the late Renaissance.
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Jan Hus
http://wn.com/Jan_Hus -
Jerome
http://wn.com/Jerome -
Jesus
http://wn.com/Jesus -
John Calvin
http://wn.com/John_Calvin -
John Chrysostom
John Chrysostom (c. 349–407, ), Archbishop of Constantinople, was an important Early Church Father. He is known for his eloquence in preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, and his ascetic sensibilities. After his death (or, according to some sources, during his life) he was given the Greek surname chrysostomos, meaning "golden mouthed", rendered in English as Chrysostom.
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John Knox
http://wn.com/John_Knox -
John of Damascus
:Chrysorrhoas redirects here. For the river, see Barada.
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John of the Cross
http://wn.com/John_of_the_Cross -
John Wycliffe
http://wn.com/John_Wycliffe -
Julius III
http://wn.com/Julius_III -
Justin Martyr
http://wn.com/Justin_Martyr -
Lawrence of Brindisi
Saint Lawrence of Brindisi (July 22, 1559, Brindisi, Apulia – July 22, 1619), born Giulio Cesare Russo, was a Roman Catholic priest and a member of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin.
http://wn.com/Lawrence_of_Brindisi -
Lewis Lockwood
Lewis H. Lockwood (b. New York City, 1930) is an American musicologist.
http://wn.com/Lewis_Lockwood -
Martin Luther
http://wn.com/Martin_Luther -
Mary I of England
Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death. She was the eldest daughter of Henry VIII and only surviving child of Catherine of Aragon. As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived half brother, Edward VI, to the English throne. In the process, she had almost 300 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions, earning her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary". Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I.
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Menno Simons
http://wn.com/Menno_Simons -
Michelangelo
http://wn.com/Michelangelo -
Molanus
Jan Vermeulen or Jan van der Meulen, (or Johannes, Jean, Ioanne) also known as Molanus (the Latin version, in French "Molano") (1533 - 1585) was an influential Counter Reformation Flemish Catholic theologian of Louvain University, where he was Professor of Theology, and Rector from 1578. From 1561 to 1563 he was headmaster at the Latin School in Duisburg, today's Landfermann-Gymnasium. Born at Lille (then under the Habsburgs), he was a priest and canon of St. Peter's church in Louvain, where he died.
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Moses Hadas
http://wn.com/Moses_Hadas -
Nicolaus Copernicus
http://wn.com/Nicolaus_Copernicus -
Origen
http://wn.com/Origen -
Orlande de Lassus
Orlande de Lassus (also Orlandus Lassus, Orlando di Lasso, Roland de Lassus, or Roland Delattre) (1532 (possibly 1530) – 14 June 1594) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance. He is today considered to be the chief representative of the mature polyphonic style of the Franco-Flemish school, and one of the two most famous and influential musicians in Europe at the end of the 16th century (the other being Palestrina).
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Paolo Veronese
http://wn.com/Paolo_Veronese -
Paul III
http://wn.com/Paul_III -
Paul IV
http://wn.com/Paul_IV -
Paul the Apostle
http://wn.com/Paul_the_Apostle -
Peter Abelard
http://wn.com/Peter_Abelard -
Peter Damian
Saint Peter Damian, O.S.B. (Petrus Damiani, also Pietro Damiani or Pier Damiani; c. 1007 – February 21/22, 1072) was a reforming monk in the circle of Pope Gregory VII and a cardinal. In 1823, he was declared a Doctor of the Church. Dante placed him in one of the highest circles of Paradiso as a great predecessor of Saint Francis of Assisi.
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Philip II of Spain
http://wn.com/Philip_II_of_Spain -
Philip Neri
http://wn.com/Philip_Neri -
Philipp Melanchthon
http://wn.com/Philipp_Melanchthon -
Pius II
http://wn.com/Pius_II -
Pius IV
http://wn.com/Pius_IV -
Pius V
http://wn.com/Pius_V -
Pope Alexander VI
http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_VI -
Pope Benedict XV
http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XV -
Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI (; ; ; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) is the 265th and current Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the head of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of the Vatican City State. He was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Basilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005. A native of Bavaria, Pope Benedict XVI has both German and Vatican citizenship. He succeeded John Paul II.
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Pope Gregory I
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_I -
Pope John Paul I
Pope John Paul I (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I), born Albino Luciani, (17 October 1912 – 28 September 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as Sovereign of Vatican City from 26 August 1978 until his death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent Year of Three Popes. John Paul I was the first Pope born in the 20th century.
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Pope John Paul II
http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II -
Pope John XXIII
Blessed Pope John XXIII (; ), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963), known as Blessed John XXIII since his beatification, was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City on 28 October 1958.
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Pope Leo I
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_I -
Pope Leo X
http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_X -
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII (2 March 1810 - 20 July 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903 in succession to Pope Pius IX. Reigning until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, and had the third longest pontificate, behind his immediate predecessor Pius IX and John Paul II.
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Pope Marcellus II
http://wn.com/Pope_Marcellus_II -
Pope Paul III
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_III -
Pope Paul VI
http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_VI -
Pope Pius IV
Pope Pius IV (31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was Pope from 1559 to 1565. He is notable for presiding over the culmination of the Council of Trent.
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Pope Pius IX
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_IX -
Pope Pius X
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_X -
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI (Latin: Pius PP. XI; ; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, was Pope from 6 February 1922, and sovereign of Vatican City from its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929 until his death on 10 February 1939. He issued numerous encyclicals including Quadragesimo Anno highlighting capitalistic greed of international finance, social justice issues and Quas Primas establishing the feast of Christ the King. He took as his papal motto "Christ's peace in Christ's kingdom".
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Pope Pius XII
http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_XII -
Puritan
The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1559, as an activist movement within the Church of England. The designation "Puritan" is often incorrectly used, notably based on the assumption that hedonism and puritanism are antonyms: historically, the word was used to characterize the Protestant group as extremists similar to the Cathari of France, and according to Thomas Fuller in his Church History dated back to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that time used it and "precisian" with the sense of . T. D. Bozeman therefore uses instead the term precisianist in regard to the historical groups of England and New England.
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Péter Pázmány
http://wn.com/Péter_Pázmány -
Robert Bellarmine
http://wn.com/Robert_Bellarmine -
Saint Dominic
http://wn.com/Saint_Dominic -
Saint Peter
http://wn.com/Saint_Peter -
Sixtus V
http://wn.com/Sixtus_V -
Teresa of Ávila
http://wn.com/Teresa_of_Ávila -
Tertullian
http://wn.com/Tertullian -
Thomas Cranmer
http://wn.com/Thomas_Cranmer -
Thomas Merton
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Thomas More
Sir Thomas More (; February 7, 1478July 6, 1535), also Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important counsellor to Henry VIII of England and for three years toward the end of his life he was Lord Chancellor. He is also recognized as a saint within the Catholic Church and in the Anglican Communion. He was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation and of Martin Luther and William Tyndale.
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Thomas Müntzer
http://wn.com/Thomas_Müntzer -
Thérèse of Lisieux
http://wn.com/Thérèse_of_Lisieux -
Vincenzo Ruffo
Vincenzo Ruffo (c. 1508 – February 9, 1587) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the composers most responsive to the musical reforms suggested by the Council of Trent, especially in his composition of masses, and as such was an influential member of the Counter-Reformation.
http://wn.com/Vincenzo_Ruffo -
Émile Mâle
__NOTOC__
http://wn.com/Émile_Mâle
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The Counter Reformation (1/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Published: 16 Mar 2009
- Updated: 06 Aug 2012
This is program #116 of Hearing The Truth Ministries. There are 6 parts explaining the role of the Jesuits in protecting the Catholic Church during the dark ages. This program explains how protestantism became a problem for the Roman Church, and what was done to reverse that problem.
http://wn.com/The_Counter_Reformation_1_6
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Published: 18 Apr 2011
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
Chapter Five from Book Three, Part One of Bertrand Russell's "The History Of Western Philosophy" (1945).
http://wn.com/The_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation
Church History Series, Counter Reformation and 30 Years War, Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:03
- Published: 22 Nov 2010
- Updated: 24 Jan 2012
Church History Series, Lecture 16, Part 1 Counter Reformation and 30 Years War David Guzik www.enduringword.com Church History Series
http://wn.com/Church_History_Series,_Counter_Reformation_and_30_Years_War,_Part_1
The Counter Reformation: Corruption of Faith
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Published: 30 May 2010
- Updated: 31 May 2012
During the Counter Reformation, the Catholic faith tried to extinguish the ever increasing fire of the Reformed faith. Going to many extremes to "purify" the church, the Counter Reformation is a time showing the dark side of Catholicism.
http://wn.com/The_Counter_Reformation_Corruption_of_Faith
The Counter Reformation: "Free" Will (James White)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 36:14
- Published: 05 Jul 2008
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Here, Dr. White explains how the Arminian insurgence and Molinism with their emphasis on what BB Warfield called "Will Worship" and asserting that man's will is free ("free"-will) actually repudiates what the Protestant Reformation was founded upon. www.aomin.org
http://wn.com/The_Counter_Reformation_Free_Will_James_White
The Jesuit Order &The; Counter Reformation (Full Length)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:42
- Published: 15 Jan 2012
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
Learn the history of the Roman Catholic Church and their militia the Jesuit Order not taught in school textbooks.
http://wn.com/The_Jesuit_Order_&The;_Counter_Reformation_Full_Length
10 - Antichrist and the Counter Reformation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:37
- Published: 19 Jan 2011
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
From Part 10 of "The Antichrist Chronicles", Steve Wohlberg's eye-opening TV series about what the Bible really teaches about "Antichrist" in contrast to modern myths. For more resources, visit www.whitehorsemedia.com
http://wn.com/10_Antichrist_and_the_Counter_Reformation
938 - The Jesuits and the Counter Reformation Part I / Rekindling the Reformation - Walter Veith
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 118:50
- Published: 17 Sep 2011
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
amazingdiscoveries.tv amazingdiscoveries.org
http://wn.com/938_The_Jesuits_and_the_Counter_Reformation_Part_I_Rekindling_the_Reformation_Walter_Veith
Unit 2.1: 8 Counter Reformation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:17
- Published: 15 Sep 2011
- Updated: 02 Jan 2012
The Counter-Reformation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:29
- Published: 29 Sep 2009
- Updated: 13 Apr 2012
The Counter-Reformation
http://wn.com/The_Counter-Reformation
939 - The Jesuits and the Counter Reformation Part II / Rekindling the Reformation - Walter Veith
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 115:15
- Published: 17 Sep 2011
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
amazingdiscoveries.tv amazingdiscoveries.org
http://wn.com/939_The_Jesuits_and_the_Counter_Reformation_Part_II_Rekindling_the_Reformation_Walter_Veith
Rekindling the Reformation: The Jesuits and the Counter Reformation PT 1 (8)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 119:51
- Published: 26 Nov 2011
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
amazingdiscoveries.org www.youtube.com Tradition holds that those who are born of the sons of Abraham can receive salvation by this merit alone. There are many people who claim to be from the tribes of Israel. This DVD examines this belief in light of Scripture. What was the purpose of Israel? Does salvation come through the Jewish nation? Is salvation even possible through birthright? The meaning of the Jewish feasts is also examined, along with the question of the name of Jesus.
http://wn.com/Rekindling_the_Reformation_The_Jesuits_and_the_Counter_Reformation_PT_1_8
Rekindling the Reformation: The Jesuits and the Counter Reformation PT 2 (9).
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 115:58
- Published: 26 Nov 2011
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
amazingdiscoveries.org www.youtube.com Tradition holds that those who are born of the sons of Abraham can receive salvation by this merit alone. There are many people who claim to be from the tribes of Israel. This DVD examines this belief in light of Scripture. What was the purpose of Israel? Does salvation come through the Jewish nation? Is salvation even possible through birthright? The meaning of the Jewish feasts is also examined, along with the question of the name of Jesus.
http://wn.com/Rekindling_the_Reformation_The_Jesuits_and_the_Counter_Reformation_PT_2_9
The Counter-Reformation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:29
- Published: 29 May 2008
- Updated: 25 Feb 2012
International Catholic University video clip from a lecture by Rev. Maurice W. Sheehan, OFM Cap., on the causes of the Reformation and early Catholic responses to it.
http://wn.com/The_Counter-Reformation
Vatican Bible Heresy(Part 7)Counter Reformation,The Real Bible Version Issue EXPOSED
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:34
- Published: 05 Apr 2011
- Updated: 22 Apr 2012
(PART 8 of 9 AT THIS LINK) www.youtube.com This Video contains a lot of VERY shocking information, and proves that the New "Bible" Versions produced since 1881 (RV, ASV, NRSV, NIV, etc.) are nothing more than Roman Catholic perversions. The Catholic religion is composed of traditions which are NOT based upon the Word of God. Matthew 23:9 warns us not to reverence any man as "Father." Yet, this is exactly what the Catholic religion practices. 1st Timothy 4:1-3 warns us about the Catholic religion... "Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils; Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron; Forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from meats, which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth." -1st Timothy 4:1-3 www.jesus-is-savior.com ___________________________________________________ Video Courtesy of husky394xp www.youtube.com www.kingjamesvideoministries.com ____________________________________________________ *Disclaimer-husky394xp provides no endorsement of the amy2x Channel or the use of its work on the amy2x Channel. _____________________________________________________ It is very simple to be saved. Dear Jesus, I admit that I am a sinner, deserving of Hell. Please forgive me of my sins and take me to Heaven when I die. I now believe upon You alone, apart from all self-righteous <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Vatican_Bible_HeresyPart_7Counter_Reformation,The_Real_Bible_Version_Issue_EXPOSED
The Jesuits and The Counter Reformation Part 1.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 119:17
- Published: 12 Feb 2012
- Updated: 20 Aug 2012
Professor Walter Veith is a Seventh Day Adventist so I do not agree with all his beliefs but I do respect him for speaking the truth. At great cost to himself as his own church have opposed him. He shows clearly how the Church is being infiltrated by New Age Occult teachings and how it is being transformed into being part of the end time one world religion. He shows the origins of spiritual formation spiritual directors and the Alpha course and how instead of renewing your mind with the Word, movements such as the healing rooms teach the new age concept of emptying your mind.
http://wn.com/The_Jesuits_and_The_Counter_Reformation_Part_1mp4
The Jesuits and The Counter Reformation Part 2.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 115:24
- Published: 21 Feb 2012
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Professor Walter Veith is a Seventh Day Adventist so I do not agree with all his beliefs but I do respect him for speaking the truth. At great cost to himself as his own church have opposed him. He shows clearly how the Church is being infiltrated by New Age Occult teachings and how it is being transformed into being part of the end time one world religion. He shows the origins of spiritual formation spiritual directors and the Alpha course and how instead of renewing your mind with the Word, movements such as the healing rooms teach the new age concept of emptying your mind.
http://wn.com/The_Jesuits_and_The_Counter_Reformation_Part_2mp4
The Society of Jesus Exposed - Papal Counter Reformation and The Council of Trent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:14
- Published: 11 May 2012
- Updated: 12 May 2012
Learn The Truth about Who The Real Spiritual Controllers are of the NWO (Illuminati) 10/19/06 Eric Jon Phelps: Masonic Muslims, Jesuits Against Jews, WWII - Greg Szymanski www.youtube.com Video by :www.youtube.com The best websites to study The New World Order and The Illuminati. Eric John Phelps www.vaticanassassins.org The Fuel Project christianitybeliefs.org Craig Oxley theunhivedmind.com Thomas www.spirituallysmart.com Alan Lemont vaticannewworldorder.blogspot.com Here are a couple of other interesting and revealing websites. www.bibliotecapleyades.net www.biblebelievers.org.au www.biblebelievers.org.au threshingfloor-radio.com www.bibliotecapleyades.net
http://wn.com/The_Society_of_Jesus_Exposed_Papal_Counter_Reformation_and_The_Council_of_Trent
The Counter Reformation Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:26
- Published: 26 May 2011
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
The Counter Reformation by FHS Renaissance Class Created by: Jeff Anderson Aaron Rumfield Blake Dolan Tim Carter Jacob Garza Sabrina Hernandez Taylor Cypert Logan Renouf
http://wn.com/The_Counter_Reformation_Movie
Outside influence, counter reformation.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:16
- Published: 21 Nov 2011
- Updated: 21 Nov 2011
The Men Behind The Counter Reformation Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 61:20
- Published: 03 Oct 2011
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
This is a show that Mae Brussel did on May 30, 1982. Websites: maebrussell.com www.antifascistencyclopedia.com
http://wn.com/The_Men_Behind_The_Counter_Reformation_Part_1
The Jesuits and the Counter Reformation (pt.1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 102:17
- Published: 09 Jul 2012
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
Counter Reformation History Project
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Published: 24 Sep 2009
- Updated: 03 Jan 2012
A funny video created for a history project. Created by: Matthew Bokma, Grant Bakker and Matthew Wensink
http://wn.com/Counter_Reformation_History_Project
Creative Commons / Sailko
Creative Commons / G.dallorto
Main articles: History of Christianity and History of the Catholic Church
The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic Revival[1] or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648 which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort, composed of four major elements:
- Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration
- Religious orders
- Spiritual movements
- Political dimensions
Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition.
Contents |
Council of Trent[link]
Main article: Council of Trent
A session of the Council of Trent, from an engraving.
Pope Paul III (1534–1549) initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), a commission of cardinals tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, indulgences, and other financial abuses. Paul had been appointed Pope as a genuine convert to and lover of Catholicism, in the hope that he would represent a movement away from what had become a Papal Monarchy and caused struggles of power in the years preceding - epitomised with the Sack Of Rome 1527. Paul had proposed a General Church Council as early as 1536 but was unable to hold it until 1545 due to vulnerability of the Papacy - support of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V was needed, but he was occupied with the Hapsburg-Valois Conflict in Milan until the Peace of Crépy 1544. This fundamental political weakness is historically considered the reason which the outcomes of Trent were so conservative - the papacy could not afford to surrender power, and that power was held up by church abuses.
The Council upheld the basic structure of the Medieval Church, its sacramental system, religious orders, and doctrine. It rejected all compromise with the Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Roman Catholic faith. The Council upheld salvation appropriated by grace through faith and works of that faith (not just by faith, as the Protestants insisted) because "faith without works is dead", as the Epistle of St. James states (1 22:26). Transubstantiation, during which the consecrated bread and wine were held to be transformed wholly and substantially into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ, was also reaffirmed, along with the other six Sacraments of the Catholic Church. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices. The Council officially accepted the Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible which included the deuterocanonical works (also called the Apocrypha, especially by Protestants) on a par with the 39 books customarily found in the Masoretic Text and the Protestant Old Testament. This reaffirmed the previous council of Rome and Synod of Carthage (both held in the 4th century, A.D.) which had affirmed the Deuterocanon as Scripture.[2] The Council also commissioned the Roman Catechism, which still serves as authoritative Church teaching (the Catechism of the Catholic Church).
While the basic structure of the Church was reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes, after all, had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know Latin and lacked opportunities for proper theological training (addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the humanist reformers in the past). Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and apologetics, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches (Protestants had criticised them as "distracting"). Notebooks and handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.
Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI (1492–1503), exploded in the Reformation under Pope Leo X (1513–1522), whose campaign to raise funds in the German states to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica by supporting use of indulgences was a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses. But the Catholic Church would respond to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements that predated the Council of Constance (1414–1417): humanism, devotionalism, legalism and the observantine tradition.
The Council... by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the Secular Renaissance which had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of Bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "absenteeism," which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent also gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates such as Milan's Archbishop Carlo Borromeo (1538–1584), later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.
Orders[link]
New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the Capuchins, Ursulines, Theatines, Discalced Carmelites, the Barnabites, and especially the Jesuits worked in rural parishes, and set examples of Catholic renewal.
The Theatines undertook to check the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.
The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of salvation through faith and works, and repudiation of the maxim sola scriptura emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the Medieval Church.
The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork Spiritual Exercises showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the Reformation, reminiscent of devotionalism. The Jesuits became preachers, confessors to monarchs and princes, and humanist educators, and their efforts are largely credited with stemming Protestantism in Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, southern Germany, France, and the Spanish Netherlands.
Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while Council of Trent defeated Conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the church collectively were God's representative on earth, rather than the Pope. Taking Pope as an absolute ruler, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized to the Vatican.
Spiritual movements[link]
 |
|
| Artist | Paolo Veronese |
|---|---|
| Year | 1571 |
| Type | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 169 cm × 137 cm (67 in × 54 in) |
| Location | Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice, Italy |
The Counter-Reformation]] was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, it included major figures such as Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross, Francis de Sales and Philip Neri, who added to the spirituality of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Ávila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the Carmelite Order whose ministry focused on interior conversion to Christ, the deepening of prayer and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task to develop and write about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ. Her publications, especially her autobiography The Life of Theresa of Jesus had multiple effects. It's to be placed besides the Confessions of Augustine.[3] Thomas Merton called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.[4] An important clarification about the word "mystical" is necessary here. When one considers its definition or the nature of "mysticism," a common misunderstanding exists that if one is to become a mystic they are required to seclude themselves physically from the outside world to have this kind of experience. Although such seclusion can, indeed, be the only apostalate (vocation) to which some are called to a life of prayer, there are others who have dual apostalates. In fact, John of the Cross himself served as both confessor/spiritual director within the confines of the clositered communities that he and Teresa of Ávila worked vigorously to establish, but he also literally helped build a number of those convents and monasteries. It is true that Ignatius of Loyola and Francis de Sales were called to a more active spirituality or apostalate, but their vocations were not "the opposite" of Teresa of Jesus and John of the Cross as this article previously indicated. Returning to Ignatius of Loyola, "to see God in all things" was a typical expression of Ignatius and a main theme of his Spiritual Exercises.[5] The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented too, but totally opposed to the Jesuit approach. Said Filippo: "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation, Ignatius of Loyola, Filippo Neri and Teresa of Ávila were canonized on the same day, March 12, 1622.
The victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions".[6] During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone.[7] The Jesuit Francisco Suárez was the first theologian to use the Thomist method on Marian theology. Other well known contributors to Marian spirituality are Lawrence of Brindisi, Robert Bellarmine, and Francis of Sales.
Decrees on art[link]
 |
|
| Artist | Michelangelo |
|---|---|
| Year | 1537–1541 |
| Type | Fresco |
| Dimensions | 1370 cm × 1200 cm (539.3 in × 472.4 in) |
| Location | Sistine Chapel, Vatican City |
The Last Judgment, a fresco in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo (1534–41), came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity (later painted over for several centuries), not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of Charon.
Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of Venice, developed into Mannerism, a highly sophisticated style, striving for effect, that concerned many churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike Orthodox ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.
The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:
...every superstition shall be removed ... all lasciviousness be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God. And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop ...[8]
Ten years after the decree Paolo Veronese was summoned by the Holy Office to explain why his Last Supper, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast.[9] Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three month period – in fact he just changed the title to The Feast in the House of Levi, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.[10] But the number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian Molanus, Saint Charles Borromeo and Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional iconography considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.[11] According to the great medievalist Émile Mâle, this was "the death of medieval art",[12] but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles & did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include Pieter Paul Rubens, Guido Reni, Anthony van Dyck and Bartolome Esteban Murillo.
Church music[link]
Reforms before the Council of Trent[link]
The Council of Trent is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation’s influence on church music in the 16th century. However, the council’s pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the mass before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the Credo and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492.[13] The delegates at the Council were just a link in the long chain of church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far as 1322.[14] Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates, Egidio Foscarari bishop of Modena and Gabriele Paleotti began work on reforming cloisters of nuns and their practices involving the liturgy.[15] In fact, the reforms proscribed to the cloisters, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing polyphonic singing, were much more strict than any of the Council’s edicts or even those to be found in the Palestrina legend.[16]
Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as motets, madrigals, and chansons. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The parody mass would then contain melodies (usually the tenor line) and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects.[17] The musical liturgy of the church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the church setting and what was appropriate for the mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.[18]
Reforms during the 22nd session[link]
The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545 to December 4, 1563 to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with church music in Canon 8 in the section of “Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass” during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562.[19]
Canon 8 states that "Since the sacred mysteries should be celebrated with utmost reverence, with both deepest feeling toward God alone, and with external worship that is truly suitable and becoming, so that others may be filled with devotion and called to religion: . . . Everything should be regulated so that the Masses, whether they be celebrated with the plain voice or in song, with everything clearly and quickly executed, may reach the ears of the hearers and quietly penetrate their hearts. In those Masses where measured music and organ are customary, nothing profane should be intermingled, but only hymns and divine praises. If something from the divine service is sung with the organ while the service proceeds, let if first be recited in a simple, clear voice, lest the reading of the sacred words be imperceptible. But the entire manner of singing in musical modes should be calculated not to afford vain delight to the ear, but so that the words may be comprehensible to all; and thus may the hearts of the listeners be caught up into the desire for celestial harmonies and contemplation of the joys of the blessed." [20]
Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent’s decree on church music but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the Council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the Council joined enthusiastically.[21] The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music making polyphony implicitly allowed.[22] The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates.[23] The 22nd session only prohibited “lascivious” and “profane” things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.[24]
The idea that the Council called to remove all polyphony from the church is widespread but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure.[25] The emperor Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor has been attributed to be the “saviour of church music” because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the Council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony.[26] The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on attitudes of worship and reverence during the mass.[27]
The Saviour-Legend[link]
The crises regarding polyphony and intelligibility of the text and the threat that polyphony was to be removed completely, which was assumed to be coming from the Council, has a very dramatic legend of resolution. The legend goes that Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (ca. 1525/26–1594), a church musician and choirmaster in Rome, wrote a mass for the Council delegates in order to demonstrate that a polyphonic composition could set the text in such a way that the words could be clearly understood and that was still pleasing to the ear. Palestrina’s Missa Papae Marcelli (Mass for Pope Marcellus) was performed before the Council and received such a welcoming reception among the delegates that they completely changed their minds and allowed polyphony to stay in use in the musical liturgy. Therefore Palestrina came to be named the "saviour of church polyphony". This legend, though unfounded, has long been a mainstay of histories of music.[28] The saviour-myth was first spread by an account by Aggazzari and Banchieri in 1609 who said that Pope Marcellus was trying to replace all polyphony with plainsong.[29] Palestrina’s “Missa Papae Marcelli” was, though, in 1564, after the 22nd session, performed for the Pope while reforms were being considered for the Sistine Choir.[30] On another occasion in 1565, as recorded by the secretary of the Sistine Chapel, Cardinal Vitelli invited two Eminences to his house where two masses were performed and compared for textual intelligibility. However, what masses were performed, who composed them, and how the Eminences reacted has been swallowed up by history.[31] The Pope Marcellus Mass, in short, was not important in its own day and did not help save church polyphony.[32] What is undeniable is that despite any solid evidence of his influence during or after the Council of Trent, no figure is more qualified to represent the cause of polyphony in the Mass than Palestrina.[31] Pope Pius IV upon hearing Palestrina’s music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generation of Catholic composers of sacred music.[33]
Reforms following the Council of Trent[link]
Like his contemporary Palestrina, the Flemish composer Jacobus de Kerle (1531/32–1591) was also credited with giving a model of composition for the Council of Trent. His composition in four-parts, Preces, marks the "official turning point of the Counter Reformation's a cappella ideal.”[34] Kerle was the only ranking composer of the Netherlands to have acted in conformity with the Council.[35] Another musical giant on equal standing with Palestrina, Orlando di Lasso (1530/32–1594) was an important figure in music history though less of a purist than Palestrina.[36] He expressed sympathy for the Council’s concerns but still showed favor for the “Parady chanson Masses.”[37]
Despite the dearth of edicts from the Council regarding polyphony and textual clarity, the reforms that followed from the 22nd session filled in the gaps left by the Council in stylistic areas. In the 24th session the Council gave authority to “Provincial Synods” to discern provisions for church music.[38] The decision to leave practical application and stylistic matters to local ecclesiastical leaders was important in shaping the future of Catholic church music.[39] It was left then, up to the local church leaders and church musicians to find proper application for the Council’s decrees.[40] Though originally theological and directed towards the attitudes of the musicians, the Council’s decrees came to be thought of by church musicians as a pronouncement on proper musical styles.[41] This understanding was most likely spread through musicians who sought to implement the Council's declarations but did not read the official Tridentine pronouncements. Church musicians were probably influenced by order from their ecclesiastical patrons.[42] Composers who reference the Council’s reforms in prefaces to their compositions do not adequately claim a musical basis from the Council but a spiritual and religious basis of their art.[43]
The Cardinal Archbishop of Milan, Charles Borromeo, was a very important figure in reforming church music after the Council of Trent. Through Borromeo was an aide to the pope in Rome and was unable to be in Milan, he eagerly pushed for the decrees of the Council to be quickly put into practice in Milan.[44] Borromeo kept in contact with his church in Milian through letters and eagerly encouraged the leaders there to implement the reforms coming from the Council of Trent. In one of his letters to his vicar in the Milan diocese, Nicolo Ormaneto of Verona, Borromeo commissioned the master of the chapel, Vincenzo Ruffo (1508–1587), to write a mass that would make the words as easy to understand as possible. Borromeo also suggested that if Don Nicola, a composer of a more chromatic style, was in Milan he too could compose a mass and the two be compared for textural clarity.[45] Borromeo was likely involved or heard of the questions regarding textual clarity because of his request to Ruffo.
Ruffo took Borromeo’s commission seriously and set out to compose in a style that presented the text so that all words would be intelligible and the textual meaning be the most important part of the composition. His approach was to move all the voices in a homorhythmic manner with no complicated rhythms, and to use dissonance very conservatively. Ruffo’s approach was certainly a success for textual clarity and simplicity, but if his music was very theoretically pure it was not an artistic success despite Ruffo’s attempts to bring interest to the monotonous four-part texture.[46] Ruffo’s compositional style which favored the text was well in line with the Council’s perceived concern with intelligibility. Thus the belief in the Council’s strong edicts regarding textual intelligibility became to characterize the development of sacred church music.
The Council of Trent brought about other changes in music: most notably developing the Missa brevis, Lauda and "Spiritual Madrigal" (Madrigali Spirituali).
Unintentional start of the Scientific Revolution[link]
James Burke argued that some of the directives initiated in the Counter-Reformation had consequences that created challenges to the Catholic Church's authority. Specifically, efforts to reform the Julian calendar may have led to the Scientific Revolution, and the Church's confrontation with Galileo Galilei.
More celebrations of holidays and similar events raised a need to have these events followed closely throughout the dioceses. But there was a problem with the accuracy of the calendar: by the sixteenth century the Julian calendar was almost ten days out of step with the seasons and the heavenly bodies. Among the astronomers who were asked to work on the problem of how the calendar could be reformed was Nicolaus Copernicus, a canon at Frombork (Frauenburg). In the dedication to De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543), Copernicus mentioned the reform of the calendar proposed by the Fifth Council of the Lateran (1512–1517). As he explains, a proper measurement of the length of the year was a necessary foundation to calendar reform. By implication, his work replacing the Ptolemaic system with a heliocentric model was prompted in part by the need for calendar reform.
An actual new calendar had to wait until the Gregorian calendar in 1582. At the time of its publication, De revolutionibus passed with relatively little comment: little more than a mathematical convenience that simplified astronomical references for a more accurate calendar.[47] Physical evidence suggesting Copernicus's theory regarding the Earth's motion was literally true promoted the apparent heresy against the religious thought of the time. As a result, Galileo Galilei was placed under house arrest for publishing heretical writings and the Pope[citation needed] condemned heliocentric theory and temporarily banned its teaching in 1633.[48]
Major figures[link]
- Pius II (1503)
- Paul III (1534–1549)
- Julius III (1550–55)
- Paul IV (1555–59)
- Pius IV (1559–65)
- St. Pius V (1566–72)
- Gregory XIII (1572–85)
- Sixtus V (1585–90)
- St. Ignatius of Loyola
- St. Teresa of Ávila
- St. John of the Cross
- St. Francis de Sales
- St. Charles Borromeo
- Philip II of Spain (1527–1598)
- Mary I of England (1553–1558)
- Sigismund the Old of Poland (1467–1548)
- Sigismund II Augustus of Poland (1520–1572)
- Péter Pázmány (1570–1637)
See also[link]
- Cologne War
- Corpus Catholicorum (series)
- Eighty Years' War
- Philip II of Spain (for more on the political side of the Counter-Reformation)
- Spanish Inquisition
- The Reformation and art
References[link]
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Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (March 2010) |
- ^ Counter Reformation, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online, latest edition, full-article.
- ^ Eastern Orthodox churches, following the Septuagint, generally include the deuterocanonical works with even a few additional items not found in Catholic Bibles. The Church of England may use Bibles which place the deuterocanonical works between the Old Testament and the New, but not interspersed among the Old Testament books as in Catholic Bibles.
- ^ Allison Peers Introduction to the Life of Theresa of Jesus.
- ^ in John of the Cross, Ascent of Mount Carmel, Image Books, 1958
- ^ .Ignatius of Loyola Spiritual Exercises
- ^ Otto Stegmüller: "Barock", In: Lexikon der Marienkunde, Regensburg 1967, 566
- ^ A Roskovany, conceptu immacolata ex monumentis omnium seculrorum demonstrate III, Budapest 1873
- ^ Text of the 25th decree of the Council of Trent
- ^ Transcript of Veronese's testimony
- ^ David Rostand, Painting in Sixteenth-Century Venice: Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto, 2nd ed 1997, Cambridge UP ISBN 0-521-56568-5
- ^ Blunt Anthony, Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1660, chapter VIII, especially pp. 107–128, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), OUP, ISBN 0-19-881050-4
- ^ The death of Medieval Art Extract from book by Émile Mâle
- ^ K. G. Fellerer and Moses Hadas. "Church Music and the Council of Trent". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 4 (1953):. http://www.jstor.org/stable/739857. (accessed 7 November 2009): 576.
- ^ Leo P. Manzetti. "Palestrina". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3 (1928), http://www.jstor.org/stable/738432. (accessed 13 November 2009): 330.
- ^ Craig A. Monson. “The Council of Trent Revisited.” Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 55, No. 1 (2002), http://www.jstor.org/stable/831778. (accessed 6 November 2009): 20.
- ^ Ibid. 21.
- ^ Manzetti. 330.
- ^ Fellerer and Hadas. 580–581.
- ^ Ibid. 576.
- ^ Monson. 9.
- ^ Monson. 10–11.
- ^ Monson. 12.
- ^ Monson. 22.
- ^ Monson. 24.
- ^ Manzetti. 331.
- ^ Monson. 16.
- ^ Fellerer and Hadas. 576.
- ^ Henry Davey. “Giovanni Pierluigi, da Palestrina.” Proceedings of the Musical Association, 25th Sess. (1898–1899): http://www.jstor.org/stable/765152. (accessed 13 November 2009): 53.
- ^ Ibid. 52.
- ^ Ibid.
- ^ a b Manzetti. 332.
- ^ Carleton Sprague Smith and William Dinneen. “Recent Work on Music in the Renaissance.” Modern Philology, Vol. 42, No. 1 (1944), http://www.jstor.org/stable/434466. (accessed 6 November 2009): 45.
- ^ Davey. 52.
- ^ Smith and Dinneen. 45.
- ^ Hugo Leichtentritt. "The Reform of Trent and Its Effect on Music". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3 (1944). http://www.jstor.org/stable/739479. (accessed 7 November 2009): 326.
- ^ Davey. 56.
- ^ Leichtentritt. 326.
- ^ Fellerer and Hadas. 576–577.
- ^ Monson. 27.
- ^ Lewis H. Lockwood. "Vincenzo Ruffo and Musical Reform after the Council of Trent". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3 (1957), http://www.jstor.org/stable/740297. (accessed 6 November 2009): 346.
- ^ Fellerer and Hadas. 592–593.
- ^ Monson. 26.
- ^ Fellerer and Hadas. 576–594.
- ^ Lockwood. 346.
- ^ Ibid. 348.
- ^ Ibid. 362.
- ^ Burke, James, The Day the Universe Changed, London Writers Ltd., 1985, p. 136
- ^ Burke p. 149
- Philip M. Soergel: Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria. Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993
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