Siege of Turin
Part of the War of the Spanish Succession
The attack of Prince Leopold of Anhalt Dessau
Date May 14 - September 7, 1706 Location Turin (present-day Italy) Result Decisive allied victory[1]
Belligerents
Habsburg Austria  Duchy of Savoy  Prussia	France Spain
Commanders and leaders
Prince Eugene of Savoy Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau	Philippe II, Duke of Orléans Louis d'Aubusson de la Feuillade Ferdinand de Marsin  †
Strength
14,700 garrison, 30,000 relief army[2]	41,000[2]
Casualties and losses
	3,800 dead or wounded, 6,000 captured[2]

The Siege of Turin was undertaken by the Duke of Orléans and Marshal de la Feuillade between May and September 1706 against the Savoyard city of Turin during the War of the Spanish Succession. Unable to break down Turin's defences or obtain the city's surrender, the French army was attacked September 7 by an Imperial relief column under Prince Eugene of Savoy and the Duke of Savoy and routed at the Battle of the Stura. The siege of Turin was broken and the withdrawal of French forces from northern Italy began. Coupled with its twin disaster in Flanders—the destruction of a French army at the Battle of Ramillies—Turin marked 1706 as the annus horribilis for Louis XIV of France.^[1]

Background[link]

At the outbreak of the conflict, Victor Amadeus, backed by his cousin Eugene, generalissimo of the Imperial troops, had taken the risk to side with Austria's Habsburgs since they were the sole power in Europe that could grant his state a total independence after a final victory. However, in case of defeat, Piedmont and Savoy would be wiped off the European maps.^{[citation needed]}

King Louis XIV of France, allied with Spain, replied by invading first Savoy and then Piedmont itself. As the Spanish armies occupied Lombardy, Piedmont found itself surrounded from every side. Attacked by three armies, the Savoyards lost Susa, Vercelli, Chivasso, Ivrea and Nice (1704). The last stronghold was the Citadel of Turin, a fortification built in the mid-16th century.

In August 1705 the French-Spanish armies were ready to attack, but De la Feuillade deemed his troops insufficient and waited for reinforcements. This choice turned out to be wrong, as it allowed the Piedmontese to fortify the city up to the neighbouring hills and to prepare for a long siege.

The siege[link]

In May, the Franco-Spanish army approached Turin with more than 40,000 men. Sébastien de Vauban, Marshal of France and expert of siege techniques, volunteered for the campaign but was dismissed due to his age. Vauban persisted in counselling the French command, proposing a side assault to the city and pointing out that the wide net of countermine galleries set by the defenders would present a tenacious obstacle to any other operation. But La Feuillade had different ideas and, dismissing Vauban's counsel, ordered his 48 military engineers to draw up plans for the excavation of a long series of trenches. Old Vauban vocally condemned La Feuillade's methods from Paris, publicly offering to have his throat cut if the French succeeded in taking Turin on La Feuillade's chosen point of attack.^[3]

Pietro Micca, a piedmontese hero

Digging began May 14, although La Feuillade's lines never fully surrounded Turin. The siege began in June and was pursued for three months against dogged resistance. The besieged, supported by the active participation of the population to the battle, offered a strenuous defence, inflicting heavy losses on the attackers. Fighting continued during the whole summer of 1706.

Relief[link]

On June 17 Victor Amadeus left Turin to meet Eugene, who was marching from the Trentino with the Austrian troops under his command. The heroic deeds of the defenders, including the famous sacrifice of Pietro Micca who had himself explode in a gallery together with a French party in order to save the citadel, seemed however in vain at this point, with the city totally surrounded and heavily shelled, and the French lines nearing the first bastions of the citadel.

Epilogue[link]

On September 2 the two Savoyards analyzed the tactical situation from the hill of Superga, which commands Turin and the neighbouring area. While the defenders pushed back the last attack fuelled only by desperation, they decided to outflank the besiegers with the bulk of the Austrian army, including part of the cavalry, in the north-western part of the city, which was deemed the most vulnerable part of the Allied front. The manoeuvre succeeded and the Austrians managed to set up camp between the Dora Riparia and the Stura di Lanzo rivers. Eugene declared:

These men are already half defeated.

The final clash began at 10 AM on September 7 with an attack against the entire front of the besiegers. The Prussian infantry led by prince Leopold von Anhalt Dessau, after three failed attacks, was able to break the French right. The regiment La Marine ran out of ammunition and was no longer able to stop the Prussian infantry. Two attempts to relieve the pocket formed in this way were driven back and the Allied army began to collapse the French position. When Daun ordered the city's garrison to break out against the left wing of the French-Spanish army, it started to break up, with hundreds of soldiers drowning in the Dora Riparia in an extreme attempt to save their lives. The advance of the Allied army towards Pinerolo started in the early afternoon of the same day. The Duke of Marlborough wrote of the relief of Turin:

It is impossible to express the joy it has given me; for I not only esteem, but I really love that Prince [Eugene]. This glorious action must bring France so low, that if our friends could but be persuaded to carry on the war with vigour one year longer, we cannot fail, with the blessing of God, to have such a peace as will give us quiet for all our days.

Victor Amadeus and Eugene entered the liberated city and assisted a Te Deum issued to celebrate the victory. On the Superga Hill the Savoyard dynasty built a Basilica where, every September 7, a Te Deum is still held.

To the east, a French victory over a Hessian corps at Castiglione was not enough to regain initiative or to check the allied advance, and the French retreat from Turin effectively left the allies free to invade southern France. After the failed Siege of Toulon in the following year, no relevant military event took place on the Italian front until the peace of Utrecht.

New researches[link]

2006 was the third centenary of the siege and the battle of Turin. Three important study congresses and up to forty books were published on this occasion. One of them, Le Aquile e i Gigli. Una storia mai scritta,^[4] is particularly important, since it gives for the first time a realistic account of the military operation, eliminating the traditional, but unreliable, account of those events. In particular it points out how the firepower of the Prussian infantry and the shortcomings of the French logistics were the major causes of the defeat of the French-Spanish alliance.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Lynn, John A. The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714. Longman, (1999). ISBN 0-582-05629-2

External links[link]

• Pages about the siege (Italian) (English) (German)
• Pietro Micca and Siege of Turin Museum (Italian)

Turin Torino
—  Comune  —
Città di Torino
A collage of Turin: in the top left is the Mole Antonelliana, followed by a view of the city under the snow, the Piazza Vittorio Veneto, the Royal Palace of Turin and the Museo del Risorgimento (Palazzo Carignano)
Coat of arms
Turin Location of Turin in Italy
Coordinates: 45°04′N 07°42′E / 45.067°N 7.7°E / 45.067; 7.7Coordinates: 45°04′N 07°42′E / 45.067°N 7.7°E / 45.067; 7.7
Country	Italy
Region	Piedmont
Province	Turin (TO)
Government
• Mayor	Piero Fassino (PD)
Area
• Total	130.17 km2 (50.26 sq mi)
Elevation	239 m (784 ft)
Population (30 April 2009)[1]
• Total	910,188
• Density	7,000/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
Demonym	Torinesi
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	10100, 10121-10156
Dialing code	011
Patron saint	John the Baptist
Saint day	24 June
Website	Official website

Turin (Italian: Torino, pronounced [toˈriːno] ( listen); Piedmontese: Turin, pronounced [tyˈɾiŋ]; Latin: Augusta Taurinorum) is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 (November 2008) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.^[2]

The city has a rich culture and history, and is known for its numerous art galleries, restaurants, churches, palaces, opera houses, piazzas, parks, gardens, theatres, libraries, museums and other venues. Turin is well known for its baroque, rococo, neo-classical, and Art Nouveau architecture. Much of the city's public squares, castles, gardens and elegant palazzi such as Palazzo Madama, were built in the 16th and 18th century, after the capital of the Duchy of Savoy (later Kingdom of Sardinia) was moved to Turin from Chambery( nowadays France) as part of the urban expansion.

Turin is sometimes called the "cradle of Italian liberty", due to its having been the birthplace and home of notable politicians and people who contributed to the Risorgimento, such as Cavour.^[3] The city currently hosts some of Italy's best universities, colleges, academies, lycea and gymnasia, such as the six-century-old University of Turin and the Turin Polytechnic. Prestigious and important museums, such as the Museo Egizio^[4] and the Mole Antonelliana are also found in the city. Turin's several monuments and sights make it one of the world's top 250 tourist destinations, and the tenth most visited city in Italy in 2008.^[5]

The city used to be a major European political centre, being Italy's first capital city in 1861 and being home to the House of Savoy, Italy's royal family.^[6] Even though much of its political significance and importance had been lost by World War II, it became a major European crossroad for industry, commerce and trade, and currently is one of Italy's main industrial centres, being part of the famous "industrial triangle", along with Milan and Genoa. Turin is ranked third in Italy, after Rome and Milan, for economic strength.^[7] With a GDP of $58 billion, Turin is the world's 78th richest city by purchasing power,^[8][9] and as of 2010 has been ranked by GaWC as a Gamma- world city.^[10] Turin is also home to much of the Italian automotive industry.^[11][12]

Turin is well known as the home of the Shroud of Turin, the football teams Juventus F.C. and Torino F.C., the headquarters of automobile manufacturers FIAT, Lancia and Alfa Romeo, and as host of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Several International Space Station modules, such as Harmony and Columbus, were also manufactured in Turin. It was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy from 1563, then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the Royal House of Savoy and finally the first capital of the unified Italy.^[13]

It is often referred to as "the Capital of the Alps". Turin is also known as "the Automobile Capital of Italy" or the Detroit of Italy due as it is home of FIAT; in Italy it is also called "[La] capitale Sabauda".

History[link]

The Roman Palatine Towers.

Roman times[link]

In the first century BC, probably 28 BC, the Romans created a military camp (Castra Taurinorum), later dedicated to Augustus (Augusta Taurinorum). The typical Roman street grid can still be seen in the modern city, but especially in the neighborhood known as the Quadrilatero Romano. Via Garibaldi traces the exact path of the Decumanus of the Roman City which began at the Porta Decumani which was later incorporated into the Castello or Palazzo Madama. The Porta Palatina, on the north side of the district is still preserved in a park near the Cathedral. Turin reached about 5,000 inhabitants at the time, all living inside the high walls.

Middle Ages[link]

Turin in the 17th century.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the town was conquered by the Lombards, then the Franks of Charlemagne (773). The Contea di Torino (countship) was founded in the 940s, which was held by the Arduinic dynasty until 1050. After the marriage of Adelaide of Susa with Humbert Biancamano's son Otto, the family of the Counts of Savoy gained control. While the dignity of count was held by the Bishop as count of Turin (1092–1130 and 1136–1191) it was ruled as a prince-bishopric by the Bishops. In 1230–1235 it was a lordship under the Marquess of Montferrat, styled Lord of Turin. At the end of the 13th century, when it was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy, the city already had 20,000 inhabitants. Many of the gardens and palaces were built in the fifteenth century when the city was redesigned. The University of Turin was also founded during this period.

Early modern[link]

Emmanuel Philibert, known with the nickname "Iron Head", made Turin the capital of the Duchy of Savoy in 1563. Piazza Reale, today named Piazza San Carlo and Via Nuova, today called Via Roma were added with the first enlargement of the walls, in the first half of the 17th century; in the same period the Royal palace (Palazzo Reale) was also built. In the second half of that century, a second enlargement of the walls was planned and executed, with the building of the arcaded Via Po, connecting diagonally Piazza Castello with the bridge on the Po through the regular street grid.

In 1706, during the Battle of Turin, the French besieged the city for 117 days without conquering it. By the Treaty of Utrecht the Duchy of Savoy acquired part of the former Duchy of Milan, including Turin, and the architect Filippo Juvarra began a major redesign of the city. Now the capital of a European kingdom, Turin had about 90,000 inhabitants at the time.

Late modern and contemporary[link]

A view of Turin in the late 19th century. In the background, the Mole Antonelliana under construction.

Turin, like the rest of Piedmont, was annexed by the French Empire in 1802. The city thus became seat of the prefecture of Pô department until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, when the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was restored with Turin as its capital. In the following decades, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia led the struggle towards the unification of Italy. In 1861, Turin became the capital of the newly proclaimed united Kingdom of Italy^[14] until 1865, when the capital was moved to Florence and then to Rome after the conquest of the Papal States in 1870. In 1871, the Fréjus Tunnel was opened, making Turin an important communication node between Italy and France. The city in that period had 250,000 inhabitants. Some of the most iconic landmarks of the city, like the Mole Antonelliana, the Egyptian Museum, the Gran Madre di Dio Church and Piazza Vittorio Veneto were built in this period. The late 1800s were also a periop of rapid industrialization, especially in the automotive sector: in 1899 Fiat was established in the city, followed by Lancia in 1906. The Universal Exposition held in Turin in 1902 is often considered the pinnacle of Art Nouveau design, and the city hosted the same event in 1911. By this time, Turin had grown to 430,000 inhabitants.

The Olympic Arch erected for the 2006 Winter Olympics.

After the Great War, harsh conditions brought a wave of strikes and workers protests. In 1920 the Lingotto Fiat factory was occupied. The Fascist regime put and end to the social unrest banning trade unions and jailing socialist leaders, notably as Turinese Antonio Gramsci. On the other hand, Benito Mussolini largely subsidized the automotive industry, in order to provide vehicles to the army. Turin was then a target of Allied strategic bombing during World War II, being heavily damaged in its industrial areas by the air raids. The Allied campaign in Italy, that started from the South, slowly moved northwards in the following two years, so leaving northern regions occupied by Germans and collaborationist forces. Turin was not captured by the Allies until the end of Spring Offensive of 1945, and by when the vanguard of the armored reconnaissance units of Brazilian Expeditionary Force reached the city, it was already freed by the Italian Partisans, that had began revolting against the Germans on 25 April 1945. Days later, troops from the U.S. Army's 1st Armored and 92nd Infantry Divisions came to substitute the Brazilian ones.^[15][16]

In the postwar years, Turin was rapidly rebuilt. The city's automotive industry played a pivotal role in the Italian economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s, attracting to the city hundred of thousands of immigrants, particularly from rural southern regions of Italy. The population soon reached 1 million in 1960 and peaked at almost 1.2 million in 1971. The exceptional growth gained to the city the nickname of "Automobile Capital of Italy" or "Detroit of Italy" (Turin is twinned with Detroit since 1998). In the 1970s and 1980s, the oil and automotive industry crisis severely hit the city, and its population began to sharply decline, losing more than one-fourth of its total in 30 years. The long population decline of the city has begun to reverse itself only in recent years, as the population grew from 865,000 to slightly over 900,000 by the end of the century. In 2006, Turin hosted the Winter Olympic Games.

Geography[link]

Turin is located in northwest Italy. It is surrounded on the western and northern front by the Alps and on the eastern front by a high hill that is the natural prosecution of the hills of Monferrato. Four major rivers pass through the city: the Po and two of its tributaries, the Dora Riparia (later changed to "Duria Minor" by the Romans, from the Celtic duria meaning "water"), the Stura di Lanzo, and the Sangone.

Climate[link]

Turin with Alps - view from Superga hill

Turin is located in a humid temperate climate zone (Köppen climate classification Cfa),^[17] although close proximity to mountainous terrain results in conditions that can be variable with some continental characteristics. This is in contrast to the Mediterranean climate characteristic of the coast of Italy.

Winters are cold but dry, summers are mild in the hills and quite hot in the plains. Rain falls mostly during spring and autumn; during the hottest months, otherwise, rains are less usual but more strong (thunderstorms are usual). During the winter and autumn months banks of fog, which are sometimes very thick, form in the plains^[18] but rarely on the city because of its location at the end of the Susa Valley.

Its position on the east side of the Alps makes the weather drier than on the west side due to the föhn wind effect.

The highest temperature ever recorded was 37.1 C°, while the lowest was -21.8 C°.

Administration[link]

Turin City Hall

Turin is divided into 10 boroughs; these do not necessarily correspond to historical districts in the city. The following list numerates the present day boroughs named Circoscrizioni and today's location of the historical districts inside them:

• Circoscrizione 1: Centro – Crocetta
• Circoscrizione 2: Santa Rita – Mirafiori Nord
• Circoscrizione 3: San Paolo – Cenisia – Pozzo Strada – Cit Turin – Borgata Lesna
• Circoscrizione 4: San Donato – Campidoglio – Parella
• Circoscrizione 5: Borgo Vittoria – Madonna di Campagna – Lucento – Vallette
• Circoscrizione 6: Barriera di Milano – Regio Parco – Barca – Bertolla – Falchera – Rebaudengo – Villaretto
• Circoscrizione 7: Aurora – Vanchiglia – Sassi – Madonna del Pilone
• Circoscrizione 8: San Salvario – Cavoretto – Borgo Po
• Circoscrizione 9: Nizza Millefonti – Lingotto – Filadelfia
• Circoscrizione 10: Mirafiori Sud

The mayor of Turin is directly elected every five years. Piero Fassino, the current mayor, belongs to the centre-left coalition:

• Name of the Mayor: Piero Fassino
• Date of election: May 16, 2011
• Party: Democratic Party

Turin's City Council is composed by 50 members.

Main sights[link]

Architecture[link]

The Mole Antonelliana, symbol of Turin

The symbol of Turin is the Mole Antonelliana, which is named after the architect who built it: Alessandro Antonelli. Construction began in 1863 as a Jewish synagogue. Nowadays it houses the National Museum of Cinema, and it is believed to be the tallest museum in the world (167 metres or 548 feet).

The Palatine Towers are an ancient Roman-medieval structure that served as one of four Roman city gates, which allowed access from north to the cardus maximus, the typical second main street of a Roman town. The Palatine Towers are among the best preserved Roman remains in northern Italy.

The Turin Cathedral, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist (Italian: San Giovanni Battista), is the major church of the city. It was built during 1491–1498 and it is adjacent to an earlier campanile (1470). Attached to the cathedral is the Chapel of the Holy Shroud, the current resting place of the Shroud of Turin, which was added to the structure in 1668–1694, built by Guarini, where is preserved in a casket a cloth believed to be the shroud in which the Body of Christ was wrapped when it was taken down from the Cross. The Church of Corpus Domini records a miracle which took place during the sack of the city in 1453, when a soldier was carrying off an monstrance containing the Blessed Sacrament; the monstrance fell to the ground, while the host remained suspended in air. The present splendid church, erected in 1610 to replace the original chapel which stood on the spot, is the work of Ascanio Vittozzi.

The Consolata, a sanctuary much frequented by pilgrims, stands on the site of the 10th-century Monastery of St. Andrew, and is the work of Guarini. It was sumptuously restored in 1903. Outside the city are: the Basilica of Our Lady, Help of Christians built by St. John Bosco, the Gran Madre di Dio built in 1818 on occasion of the return of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and S. Maria del Monte (1583) on the Monte dei Cappucini.

In the hills overlooking the city the basilica church of Superga provides a view of Turin against a backdrop of the snow-capped Alps. The basilica holds the tombs of many of the dukes of Savoy, as well as many of the kings of Sardinia. Superga can be reached by means of the Superga Rack Railway from the suburb of Sassi. The Basilica of Superga, with a dome 244 feet high, a work of Juvarra, built by Amedeo II ex voto for the deliverance of Turin (1706), served since 1772 as a royal mausoleum.^[20]

• 

  Turin Cathedral with the Chapel of the Holy Shroud

• 

  The baroque Basilica di Superga

• 

  Palazzo Madama

• 

  Palazzo Madama - interior

• 

  Casaforte degli Acaja

• 

  Palazzo Carignano

• 

  Another view of Palazzo Carignano

Villas, parks and gardens[link]

The most popular park in the city is The Parco del Valentino. In 1961, for the celebrations of Italia61 (Italian unification centenary), an important international exhibition (FLOR61: Flowers of the world in Turin) took place in the park with 800 exhibitors from 19 countries. For the occasion the plan for the new lighting of the park, with its fountains and paths, was assigned to Guido Chiarelli, the head engineer at the city hall.

Other large parks are the Parco delle Pellerina, the Parco della Colletta, the Rignon park, the recent Colonnetti park and the University botanical gardens. Around the city, there are several other parks, such as the Parco della Mandria and the Parco della Palazzina di Caccia di Stupinigi, ancient hunting grounds of the Savoy, and those situated on the hill of Turin. Many parks are smaller and are located in the various districts: there is also a total of 240 playgrounds in these parks. In the early 1960s, mayor Amedeo Peyron realised the first garden in Italy with games for children. According to a report of Legambiente 2007, Turin is the first Italian city to impose structures and policies on childcare.^[21] One of the most famous parks with a children's playground is the Parco della Tesoriera which is also home to the Andrea delle Corte Municipal Music Library housed in a villa built in 1715 and which was once the Royal Treasurer's residence. The park is located in the Parella suburb of Turin and in summer plays host to various concerts

Rosa Vercellana (1833–1885), commonly known as ‘Rosina’ and, in Piedmontese as 'La Bela Rosin' (the beautiful Rosin), was the mistress and later wife of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy. She was made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda, but never Queen of Italy. As the Savoy family refused to allow her to be buried next to her husband in the Pantheon, her children had a mausoleum built for her in a similar form and on a smaller scale in Turin, next to the road to the Castello di Mirafiori. The circular copper-domed neoclassical monument, surmounted by a Latin cross and surrounded by a large park, was designed by Angelo Dimezzi and completed in 1888.^[22][23]

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  Castello del Valentino

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  Borgo Medievale in the Valentino Park

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  Villa della Regina (Villa of the Queen)

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  Rosa Vercellana (La Bela Rosin) Mausoleum

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  View of the Po in Turin

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  The Caval ëd Brons (Bronze Horse), monument to Emanuel Philibert of Savoy, in Piazza San Carlo

• 

  Piazza Castello with Royal Palace

Demographics[link]

In 2009, the city proper had a population of about 910,000, which is a significant increase on the 2001 census figure. This result is due to a growing immigration from Southern Italy and abroad. Approximately a 13,5 percent (122.946) of the population is composed of foreigners, the largest numbers coming from Romania (51,017), Morocco (22,511), Albania (9,165), Peru (7,044), China (5,483), and Moldova (3,417).^[24] Like many Northern Italian cities, there is a large proportion of pensioners in comparison to youth. Around 18 percent of the population is under 20 years of age, while 22 percent is over 65.^[25] The population of the Turin urban area totals 1.7 million inhabitants, ranking fourth in Italy, while the Turin metropolitan area has a population of 2.2 million inhabitants. The median age is 43.7.^[2]

Economy[link]

Lingotto building, headquarters of Fiat.

Turin is a major manufacturer centre, home of Fiat automotive company, one of the ten world's largest.

In 2010, the city generated a GDP of $58 billion, ranking as the world's 78th richest city by purchasing power.^[8][9] The city has been ranked in 2010 by GaWC as a Gamma-world city.

Other notable companies operating in Turin are Lancia, Pininfarina, Bertone, Sparco, Italdesign, Ghia, Fioravanti, Stola, Intesa Sanpaolo, Reply S.p.A., Borbonese, Superga, Kristina Ti, Fisico, Kappa, Invicta, Laura Tonatto, Nicolao Profumiere, Xerjoff, Repossi, Mattioli, TataBorello, Lavazza, Martini & Rossi and the chocolate factories Caffarel, Streglio, Domori, Guido Gobino, Venchi, Peyrano Pfatisch.

The city is also well known for its aerospace industry (Alenia). The International Space Station modules Harmony, Columbus, Tranquility, as well as the Cupola and all MPLMs were produced in Turin. The future European launcher projects beyond Ariane 5 will also be managed from Turin by the new NGL company, a subsidiary of EADS (70%) and Finmeccanica (30%).

Culture[link]

Residences of the Royal House of Savoy *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Royal Palace of Turin
Country	Italy
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iv, v
Reference	823
Region **	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1997 (21st Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO

Tourism[link]

Turin, as the former capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, is home of the Savoy Residences. In addition to the 17th-century Royal Palace, built for Madama Reale Christine Marie of France (the official residence of the Savoys until 1865) there are many palaces, residences and castles in the city centre and in the surrounding towns. Turin is home to Palazzo Chiablese, the Royal Armoury, the Royal Library, Palazzo Madama, Palazzo Carignano, Villa della Regina, and the Valentino Castle. The complex of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy in Turin and in the nearby cities of Rivoli, Moncalieri, Venaria Reale, Agliè, Racconigi, Stupinigi, Pollenzo and Govone was declared a World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1997. In recent years, Turin has become an increasingly popular tourist destination, ranking 203rd in the world and 10th in Italy in 2008, with about 240,000 international arrivals.^[5]

The inside of the Egyptian Museum, one of Europe's largest.

Turin Shroud (full length negative)

The Egyptian Museum of Turin specialises in archaeology and anthropology, in particular the Art of Ancient Egypt. It is home to what is regarded as one of the largest collections of Egyptian antiquities outside of Egypt. In 2006 it received more than 500,000 visitors.^[26] The Museum of Oriental Art houses one of the most important Asian art collections in Italy.^[27][28]

Other notable museums include the Puppet Museum, the Torino Automotive Museum and the Museo Nazionale della Montagna (National Museum of the Mountains).

The city is home to the Shroud of Turin: a linen cloth bearing the image of a man who appears to have suffered physical trauma in a manner consistent with crucifixion. It is kept in the royal chapel of the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in the city centre. The origins of the shroud and its image are still the subject of intense debate among scientists, theologians, historians and researchers. It is popularly believed to be a depiction of Jesus Christ, however this matter is still controversial, as there seems to be a sufficient amount of historical and scientific evidence supporting the idea that it is, or is not, the Holy Face of Jesus. Nonetheless, it is a symbol of religious devotion and is one of the city's main symbols and tourist attractions.

Remaining a village for a long time, in 1559 the Duke Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy made Turin the capital of his domains. In the Baroque period, Turin became important to a court and the Duke had the ambition to transform the city into a major artistic and cultural capital. He created a city of artists of great repute, especially architects and planners like Carlo di Castellamonte and his son Amedeo, which include the route of a Roman castrum the new capital and build beautiful buildings, Guarino Guarini and, in the eighteenth century, Filippo Juvarra and Vittorio Alfieri.

As for the painting and the visual arts, Turin became a point of reference, especially in the 20th century. In the 1920s, the painter Felice Casorati inspired a number of students called The group of six of Turin and these included Carlo Levi, Henry Paolucci, Gigi Chessa, Francis Menzio, Nicola Galante and Jessie Boswell. Two important artists were born in Turin: the sculptor Umberto Mastroianni and the architect Carlo Mollino. Between the 1960s and the 1970s, the international centre of Turin (Arte Povera), the presence in the city of artists like Alighiero Boetti, Mario Merz, Giuseppe Penone, Piero Gilardi and Michelangelo Pistoletto. In those years there was a strong artistic influence of the famous designer, Armando Testa, the founder of advertising agency. Currently operating in the city are established artists like Ugo Nespolo and Carol Rama.

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  Self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci (1512–15), Royal Library of Turin

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  Ritratto Trivulzio (Trivulzio portrait, 1476), Antonello da Messina, Turin City Museum of Ancient Art

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  Liberazione di San Pietro dal carcere (Liberation of Saint Peter from jail, 1405–10), Giacomo Jaquerio, Turin City Museum of Ancient Art

• 

  Madonna col bambino in trono e quattro angeli (Madonna and Child in throne with four angels, 1475–80), Giovanni Martino Spanzotti, Turin City Museum of Ancient Art

• 

  Descent from the Cross with the Shroud of Turin, Giovanni Battista della Rovere, Sabauda Gallery

• 

  Self-portrait of Macrino d'Alba (1520), Turin City Museum of Ancient Art

• 

  La paziente (The patient, portrait of Carolina Zucchi, 1825), Francesco Hayez, Turin City Museum of Ancient Art

Literature[link]

A literary centre for many centuries, Turin began to attract writers only after the establishment of the court of the Duchy of Savoy. One of the most famous writers of the 17th century was Giambattista Marino, which in 1608 moved to the court of Charles Emmanuel I. Marino suffered an assassination attempt by a rival, Gaspar Murtola, and was later imprisoned for a year because of gossip that he had said and written against the duke. Perhaps, because of this, in 1615 Marino left Turin and moved to France.

The main literary figures during the Baroque age in Turin were Emanuele Tesauro and Alessandro Tassoni. In the next century Turino hosted the poet Vittorio Alfieri from Asti for a while. The situation was very different in the 19th century, especially since the city became a point of reference for Italian unification and, subsequently, the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Indeed, in those years Tommaseo, Settembrini and John Meadows resided in the city. A major literary and cultural woman of that time was Olympia Savio. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Turin was home to writers such as Guido Gozzano, Edmondo De Amicis, Emilio Salgari and Dino Segre, the latter known by the pseudonym of Pitigrilli.

Turin had a very important role in Italian literature after World War II: to act as a catalyst was the publishing house founded by Giulio Einaudi, for which worked figures such as Cesare Pavese, Italo Calvino, Vitaliano Brancati, Primo Levi, Natalia Ginzburg, Fernanda Pivano, Beppe Fenoglio, Carlo Fruttero and Franco Lucentini. In more recent years, writers active in the city are Giovanni Arpino, Nico Orengo, Giuseppe Culicchia, Margaret Oggero, Laura Mancinelli, Alessandra Montrucchio, Alessandro Perissinotto, Guido Quartz, Piero Soria and Alessandro Baricco. Baricco was also among the founders of the School Holden, dedicated to teaching the techniques of writing.

Media[link]

After Alexandria, Madrid, New Delhi, Antwerp and Montreal, Turin was chosen by UNESCO as World Book Capital for the year 2006. The International Book Fair is one of the most important fairs of its kind in Europe. Turin is home to one of Italy's principal national newspapers, La Stampa, and the sports daily newspaper Tuttosport. The city is also served by other publications such as the Turin editions of La Repubblica, il Giornale, Leggo, City, Metro and E Polis. RAI has had a production centre in Turin since 1954.

Sports[link]

Juventus Stadium

The city is home to two football teams: Juventus F.C. (founded in 1897) and Torino F.C. (founded in 1906). Juventus has the larger fan base, especially in southern Italy, while Torino enjoys a more localised support. The two clubs contest the oldest derby in Italy: the Derby della Mole or the Turin derby.^[29]

Juventus is Italy's most successful football club and one of the most laureated and important in the world.^[30] It ranks joint seventh in the list of the world's clubs with the most official international titles (fourth between European clubs).^[31] The club was Italy's most successful of the 20th century^[32] and the first in association football history—and remains the only one in the world to date (2011)—to have won all possible confederation competitions and the club world title.^{[33][34][35][36]} The Stadio delle Alpi was one of the host stadiums for the 1990 FIFA World Cup and it was demolished in 2006 to make way for Juventus' owned ground, the Juventus Stadium, inaugurated in 2011. The other city's club, Torino, currently uses the Stadio Olimpico, property of the Comune of Turin, one of the host stadiums for the 1934 FIFA World Cup and the venue of the XX Winter Olympics.

In 1949, in the Superga air disaster, a plane carrying almost the whole Torino F.C. team (at that time the most important team in Italy and known as the Grande Torino) crashed into the Basilica of Superga in the Turin hills. Valentino Mazzola, father of Ferruccio and Sandro (who were later to become football champions), was among those who perished in the accident.

The C.U.S. Torino volleyball team won the domestic league four times and, in the 1979–80 season, the Volleyball European Champion's Cup. It was the first team from western Europe to win this competition. In the 1990s the team was dismantled as a result of financial issues. There is also the largest rugby team of the city by the same name, CUS Torino.

Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics from 10 February 2006, through 26 February 2006. Turin, with a population of over 865,000 and a metropolitan area of 1.7 million,^[37] is the largest city to have ever hosted a Winter Olympics and was the largest metropolitan area to host them at the time.^[38][39] The title of largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics fell to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, (2.3 million) when that city hosted the XXI Olympic Winter Games.^[40]

The FISA (International Rowing Federation) was founded in Turin in 1892.

Turin was also the home of the Valentino Park motor racing circuit.

Cinema[link]

1914 Cabiria original poster

Turin is the Italian city where film chromatography was first established. As such, it forms the birthplace of Italian cinema. Because of its historic, geographical and cultural proximity to France, Italian filmmakers were naturally influenced by French cinema and the Lumière brothers. The first Italian cinema screening occurred in Turin in March 1896. In November 1896, Italian filmmakers performed the first cinema screening of a film before a fee-paying audience.^[41]

By the start of the 20th century (especially after 1907), a number of the first Italian films were aired in Turin. Examples include Giovanni Pastrone Cabiria, in 1914, one of the first blockbusters in history.

During the 1920s and 30s, Turin hosted a number of film productions and major film studios (film houses), such as the Itala film, Aquila and Fert Studios. Today their heritage is located in the modern Lumiq Studios and Virtual Reality MultiMedia Park ^[42] Turin's prominence in Italian film continued until 1937, the year Cinecittà was inaugurated in Rome.

After World War II, the cinematic scene in Turin continued to thrive. 1956 saw the opening of the National Museum of Cinema, first housed in the Palazzo Chiablese and then, from 2000, in the imposing headquarters of the Mole Antonelliana. In 1982 the film critic Gianni Rondolino created Festival Internazionale Cinema Giovani,^[43] which later became the Torino Film Festival.

Today Turin is one of the main cinematographic and television centres in Italy, thanks to the role of the Turin Film Commission that reports the production of many feature films, soap operas and commercials.

The iconic Gianduiotto

Cuisine[link]

Turin chocolate firms, aside from many kinds of chocolate, produce a typical chocolate called Gianduiotto, named after Gianduja, a local Commedia dell'arte mask. Every year the town organises CioccolaTÒ, a two-week chocolate festival run with the main Piedmontese chocolate producers, such as Caffarel, Streglio, Venchi and others, as well as some big international companies, such as Lindt & Sprüngli. Since the mid 1980s, Piedmont has also benefited from the start of the Slow Food movement and Terra Madre, events that have highlighted the rich agricultural and vinicultural value of the Po valley and northern Italy.

Education[link]

University of Turin: the Rectorate.

Main page: Education in Turin

Turin is home to one of Italy's oldest universities, the University of Turin, which still ranks among the best universities in Italy. Another established university in the city is the Polytechnic University of Turin, that ranks among Top 50 universities in the world and #1 in Italy ("Academic Ranking of World Universities" published by the Institute of Higher Education of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, in engineering, technology and computer science fields). The business school ESCP Europe, ranked among the 10 best business schools in Europe, also has a campus in Turin. In recent years some small English language education institutions have been opened (St. John International University, International University College of Turin, Buddies Elementary School, Turin School of Development).

Transport[link]

The city currently has a large number of rail and road work sites. Although this activity has increased as a result of the 2006 Winter Olympics, parts of it had long been planned. Some of the work sites deal with general roadworks to improve traffic flow, such as underpasses and flyovers, but two projects are of major importance and will change the shape of the town radically.

Map of Turin Metro

One is the Spina ("spine") which includes the doubling of a major railroad crossing the city. The railroad previously ran in a trench, which will now be covered by a major boulevard. Porta Susa, on this section, will become Turin's main station to substitute the terminus of Porta Nuova with a through station.

Turin tramcar

The other major project is the construction of a subway line based on the VAL system, known as Metrotorino. This project is expected to continue for years and to cover a larger part of the city, but its first phase was finished in time for the 2006 Olympic Games, inaugurated on 4 February 2006 and opened to the public the day after. The first leg of the subway system linked the nearby town of Collegno with Porta Susa in Turin's town centre. On 4 October 2007 the line was extended to Porta Nuova and then, in March 2011, to Lingotto. The main street in the town centre (Via Roma) runs atop a tunnel built during the fascist era (when Via Roma was built). The tunnel was supposed to host the underground line but it's now used as an underground car park. A project to build an underground system was ready in the 1970s, with government funding for it and for similar projects in Milan and Rome. Whilst the other two cities went ahead with the projects, Turin's local government led by mayor Diego Novelli shelved the proposal as it believed it to be too costly and unnecessary.

The city has an international airport known as Caselle International Airport Sandro Pertini (TRN), located in Caselle Torinese, about 13 km (8 mi) from the centre of Turin and connected to the city by a railway service (from Dora Station) and a bus service (from Porta Nuova and Porta Susa railway stations).

Notable natives[link]

Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (1810–1861), the first Prime Minister of Italy

Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1820–1878), the first King of Italy

Gianni Agnelli (1921-2003), chairman of Fiat 1966-2003.

• Luisa Accati (born 1942), historian and social anthropologist.
• Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945), founder of FIAT.
• Edoardo Agnelli (1892–1935) industrialist, director of FIAT and former Juventus president.
• Gianni Agnelli (1921–2003), influential chairman, director of FIAT and former Juventus F.C. president.
• Umberto Agnelli (1934–2004) industrialist, director of FIAT and former Juventus F.C. president.
• Giuliano Amato (born 1938), politician, former Prime Minister of Italy.
• Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856), physicist.
• Alessandro Baricco (born 1958), writer.
• Fred Buscaglione (1921–1960), singer and songwriter.
• Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti (1719–1789), critic.
• Camillo Benso, count of Cavour, politician (Italian unification).
• Roberto Bettega, former footballer.
• Norberto Bobbio (1909–2004), historian and philosopher.
• Giampiero Boniperti, former footballer and Juventus honourary president.
• Gian Vittorio Bourlot, co-founder of the A.L.A.I. (Associazione Librai Antiquari d'Italia)
• Gianpiero Combi (1902–1956), former footballer and 1934 World Cup winner.
• Arturo Brachetti (born 1957), quick-change artist.
• Carla Bruni (born 1967), singer, model and wife of French president Nicolas Sarkozy.
• Pierre Paul Caffarel (1795–1850), founder of the first chocolate factory in the world.
• Giorgio Cagnotto, silver medalist Olympic diver
• Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764–1815), inventor of vermouth and apéritif.
• Giorgio Ceragioli (1930–2008), engineer and gandhian activist.
• Leo Chiosso (1920–2006), lyricist, songwriter with Fred Buscaglione.
• Robert Fano (1917–2004), engineer.
• Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), physicist and electrical engineer.
• Lorenzo Ferrero (born 1951), composer
• Massimiliano Frezzato (1967), comic writer
• Piero Gobetti (1901–1926), intellectual.
• Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813), mathematician.
• Vincenzo Lancia (1881–1937), sportsman and businessman, founder of Lancia.
• Luigi Lavazza (1859–1949), inventor and coffee businessman.
• Carlo Levi (1902–1975), painter and writer.
• Primo Levi (1919–1987), chemist, philosopher, Holocaust survivor and writer.
• Salvador Edward Luria (1912–1991), winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• Alessandro Martini (1812–1905), vermouth businessman.
• Mau Mau (formed 1991), rock band.
• Davide Rossi (1970) violinist, composer, string arranger (Goldfrapp, Coldplay, The Verve).
• Carlo Mollino (1905–1973), architect and designer.
• Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909), winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• Adriano Olivetti (1901–1960), businessman.
• Raffaele Palma (1953), writer, disegner, humorist, satirist.
• Carlo Parola (1921–2000), former footballer. He's considered to be one of the inventors of the bicycle kick in Italy.
• Rita Pavone (1945), singer
• Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932), mathematician.
• Aurelio Peccei (1908–1984), founder of the Club of Rome.
• Gigi D'Agostino, composer, singer, DJ & public icon for "Lento Violento".
• Gabry Ponte, DJ member of Eiffel 65.
• Vittorio Pozzo (1886–1968), former Italian national football team coach, 1934 and 1938 FIFA World Cup winner.
• Tullio Regge (born 1931), physicist
• Nina Ricci (1883–1970), fashion designer
• Sofia Scalchi (1850–1922), opera mezzo-soprano
• Piero Sraffa (1898–1983), economist.
• Subsonica (formed 1996), rock band.
• Francesco Tamagno (1850–1905), opera tenor.
• Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio (1798–1866), statesman, novelist and painter.
• Umberto Tozzi (1952), singer.
• Gianni Vattimo (1936), philosopher.
• Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1820–1878), King of Piedmont and the first King of united Italy.
• Marco Travaglio (1964), journalist, writer.
• Marco Maccarini (1976), TV presenter, actor.

Notable residents[link]

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), philosopher

Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937), writer, politician and political theorist, founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy

Umberto Eco (born 1932), medievalist, semiotician, philosopher, literary critic and novelist

• Edmondo de Amicis (1846–1908), novelist, journalist, and short-story writer.
• Alighiero Boetti (1940–1994), artist.
• St. Giovanni Bosco (1815–1888), Catholic priest, educator and recognised pedagogue.
• Francesco Faà di Bruno (1825–1888), mathematician and priest.
• Italo Calvino (1923–1985), journalist and writer.
• Gaspare Campari (1828–1882), drink maker.
• Igor Mishkovski (born 1981), scientist and social drinker.
• Felice Casorati (1883–1963), painter.
• Francesco Cirio (1836–1900), businessman.
• Alessandro Del Piero (born 1974), footballer.
• Renato Dulbecco (1914–2012), won a 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• Umberto Eco (born 1932), medievalist, semiotician, philosopher, literary critic and novelist.
• Ludovico Einaudi (born 1955), contemporary classical music composer and pianist.
• Giulio Einaudi (1912–1999), publisher.
• Luigi Einaudi (1874–1961), politician and economist.
• Desiderius Erasmus^[44][45] (1466/1469-1536), Dutch humanist and theologian.
• Michele Ferrero (born 1925), founder of Ferrero and richest man in Italy (November 2009)
• Paolo Fossati (1938–1998), art historian, editor, writer, journalist, teacher,.
• Guido Fubini (1879–1942), mathematician.
• Leone Ginzburg (1909–1944), editor, writer, journalist, teacher, anti-fascist.
• Natalia Ginzburg (1916–1991), writer.
• Guido Gozzano (1883–1916), writer and poet.
• Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937), writer, politician and political theorist, founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy.
• Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894), Hungarian lawyer, journalist, freedom fighter and Regent-President of Hungary in 1849
• Primo Levi (1919–1987), chemist, philosopher, Holocaust survivor and writer.
• Cesare Lombroso (1836–1909), criminologist and founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology.
• Franco Lucentini (1920–2002), writer.
• Claudio Magris (born 1939) scholar, translator, writer and Italian senator.
• Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821), French-speaking Savoyard lawyer, diplomat, writer, and philosopher.
• Francesco Menzio (1899–1979), painter.
• Mario Merz (1925–2003), artist.
• Giulio Natta (1903–1979), chemist, won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963.
• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), German philosopher.
• Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), French-Italian sociologist, economist and philosopher.
• Cesare Pavese (1908–1950), poet, novelist, literary critic and translator.
• Michelangelo Pistoletto (1933–present), artist, associated with Arte Povera.
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), French philosopher.
• Emilio Salgari (1862–1911), writer.
• Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli (14 March 1835 – 4 July 1910) notable Italian astronomer
• Ascanio Sobrero (1812–1888), chemist.
• Germain Sommeiller (1815–1871), civil engineer.
• Gianni Vattimo (born 1936), author, philosopher, and politician.
• Elio Vittorini^[46] (1908–1966), writer and novelist.

International relations[link]

Twin towns and sister cities[link]

Turin is twinned with:^[47]

• America
  • Campo Grande, Brazil^[47]
  • Córdoba, Argentina^[47]
  • Detroit, Michigan, United States^[47]
  • Quetzaltenango, Guatemala^[47]
  • Salt Lake City, Utah, United States^[47]

• Asia
  • Gaza, Palestinian National Authority^[47]
  • Haifa, Israel^[47]
  • Nagoya, Japan^[47]
  • Shenyang, China^[47]

Collaboration accords with

• Bacău, Romania^[47]
• Barcelona, Spain^[47]
• Lyon, France^[47]
• Cannes, France^[47]
• Gwangju, South Korea^[47]

• Harbin, China^[47]
• Shenzhen, China^[47]
• Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada^[47]
• Zlín, Czech Republic^[47]
• Bogotá, Colombia^[47]

References[link]

• Turin Museums
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Turin

• Turin City Hall Official website, tourist informations
• Turin travel guide from Wikitravel

Links to related articles v t e Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924: Chamonix 1928: St. Moritz 1932: Lake Placid 1936: Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1940 & 1944: No games due to World War II 1948: St. Moritz 1952: Oslo 1956: Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960: Squaw Valley 1964: Innsbruck 1968: Grenoble 1972: Sapporo 1976: Innsbruck 1980: Lake Placid 1984: Sarajevo 1988: Calgary 1992: Albertville 1994: Lillehammer 1998: Nagano 2002: Salt Lake City 2006: Turin 2010: Vancouver 2014: Sochi 2018: Pyeongchang v t e Winter Paralympic Games host cities 1976: Örnsköldsvik 1980: Geilo 1984: Innsbruck 1988: Innsbruck 1992: Albertville 1994: Lillehammer 1998: Nagano 2002: Salt Lake City 2006: Turin 2010: Vancouver 2014: Sochi 2018: Pyeongchang v t e World Book Capitals 2001: Madrid · 2002: Alexandria · 2003: New Delhi · 2004: Antwerp · 2005: Montreal · 2006: Turin · 2007: Bogotá · 2008: Amsterdam · 2009: Beirut · 2010: Ljubljana  · 2011: Buenos Aires  · 2012: Yerevan  · 2013: Bangkok v t e Piedmont · Comuni of 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