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List of American Philosophers
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Abraham Kaplan
Abraham Kaplan (June 11, 1918 - June 19, 1993) was an American philosopher, known best for being the first philosopher to systematically examine the behavioral sciences in his book "The Conduct of Inquiry" (1964). His thinking was influenced by pragmatists Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey.
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Adrian Piper
Adrian Margaret Smith Piper (born September 20, 1948) is a first-generation conceptual artist and analytic philosopher who was born in New York City and lived for many years on Cape Cod, Massachusetts before emigrating from the United States. Since 2005 she has lived and worked in Berlin, where she runs the APRA Foundation Berlin.
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Adrienne Rich
Adrienne Cecile Rich is an American poet, essayist and feminist. She has been called "one of the most widely read and influential poets of the second half of the 20th century."
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Alain LeRoy Locke
Alain LeRoy Locke (September 13, 1885 – June 9, 1954) was an American writer, philosopher, educator, and patron of the arts. He is best known for his writings on and about the Harlem Renaissance. He is regarded as the "Father of the Harlem Renaissance". His philosophy served as a strong motivating force in keeping the energy and passion of the Movement at the forefront.
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Alan Gewirth
Alan Gewirth (November 28, 1912 - May 9, 2004) was an American philosopher, a professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago, and author of Reason and Morality, (1978), Human Rights: Essays on Justification and Applications (1982), The Community of Rights (1996), Self-Fulfillment (1998), and numerous other writings in moral philosophy and political philosophy.
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Alan Soble
Alan Gerald Soble (born 1947) is an American philosopher and author of several books on the philosophy of sex. Soble was born to William and Sylvia Soble in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Albert Borgmann
Albert Borgmann (born 1937) is an American philosopher, specializing in the philosophy of technology. He was born in Freiburg, Germany, and is a professor of philosophy at the University of Montana.
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential and best known scientists and intellectuals of all time. A German-Swiss Nobel laureate, he is often regarded as the father of modern physics. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".
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Alexander Rosenberg
Alexander Rosenberg is an American philosopher, and the R. Taylor Cole Professor of Philosophy at Duke University.
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Alfred de Grazia
Alfred de Grazia, (born December 29, 1919 in Chicago, Illinois) is a political scientist who has defended the catastrophism thesis of Immanuel Velikovsky.
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Alfred Henry Lloyd
Alfred Henry Lloyd (1864 – 1927) was interim president of the University of Michigan from February through September 1925, following the death of Marion LeRoy Burton. He was succeeded by Clarence Cook Little.
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Alfred I. Tauber
Alfred I. Tauber (born 1947), Zoltan Kohn Professor of Medicine and Professor of Philosophy at Boston University, is a philosopher and historian of science, who, since 1993, has served as Director of the Boston University Center for Philosophy and History of Science at Boston University, from which he retired in 2010. Since 2004, he has held a part-time visiting professorship at Tel Aviv University, where he teaches in the [http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/cohn/ Cohn Institute for the History of Science and Ideas] and supervises research in the medical school. While primarily teaching and writing in science studies and bioethics, he originally trained as a biochemist and hematologist. Aside from over 125 research publications in biochemistry and cell biology, Tauber has published extensively on 19th and 20th century biomedicine, the development of modern immunology, the doctor-patient relationship, and contemporary science studies. He is the 2008 recipient of the Science Medal from the University of Bologna.
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Alfred Mele
Alfred Remen Mele (born May 22, 1951) is an American philosopher. He has been the William H. and Lucyle T. Werkmeister Professor of Philosophy at Florida State University since 2000. He specializes in irrationality, akrasia, intentionality and philosophy of action.
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Alfred Schütz
Alfred Schütz (1899-1959) was an Austrian social scientist, whose work bridged sociological and phenomenological traditions to form a social phenomenology.
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Allan Bloom
Allan David Bloom (September 14, 1930 – October 7, 1992) was an American philosopher, classicist, and academic. He studied under David Grene, Leo Strauss, Richard McKeon and Alexandre Kojève. He subsequently taught at Cornell University, the University of Toronto, Yale University, École Normale Supérieure of Paris, and the University of Chicago. Bloom championed the idea of 'Great Books' education. Bloom became famous for his criticism of contemporary American higher education, with his views being expressed in his bestselling 1987 book, The Closing of the American Mind. Although Bloom was characterized as a conservative in the popular media, Bloom explicitly stated that this was a misunderstanding, and made it clear that he was not to be affiliated with any conservative movements. Saul Bellow, Bloom's friend and teaching partner at the University of Chicago, wrote a roman à clef based on his colleague titled Ravelstein.
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Allan Gibbard
Allan Gibbard (born 1942) is the Richard B. Brandt Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Allan Gibbard has made several contributions to contemporary ethical theory, in particular metaethics. He has also published articles in the philosophy of language, metaphysics, and social choice theory.
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Allan Gotthelf
Allan Gotthelf (born Brooklyn NY, 1942) is emeritus professor of philosophy at The College of New Jersey
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Alvin Plantinga
Alvin Carl Plantinga (born 1932) is an American analytic philosopher, formerly the John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He is known for his work in philosophy of religion, epistemology, metaphysics, and Christian apologetics. Plantinga is a Christian and known for applying the methods of analytic philosophy to defend orthodox Christian beliefs. Notably, he has argued that some people can know that God exists as a basic belief, requiring no argument, similar to how people usually claim to know that other minds exist. He has also argued that there is no logical inconsistency between the existence of evil and the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, wholly good God.
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Andrew Bernstein
Andrew Bernstein (born June 29, 1949) is an Objectivist philosopher and professor of philosophy.
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Ann M. Mongoven
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Arthur F. Holmes
Arthur F. Holmes (born 1924) was Professor of Philosophy at Wheaton College, Illinois (1951-1994). Before his retirement in 1994, he served as Chairman of Wheaton's Department of Philosophy. Since his retirement, he has held the title of Professor Emeritus. After his retirement, he returned and taught half of the year long history of philosophy sequence, particularly the medieval (Augustine to Ockham) and the modern (Descartes to Quine) quarters in 2000-2001.
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Arthur Fine
Arthur Fine (born 1937) is an American philosopher of science teaching at the University of Washington (UW). Before moving to UW he taught for many years at Northwestern University and, before that, at Cornell University and the University of Illinois at Chicago. He is a past president of the American Philosophical Association and the Philosophy of Science Association and has for many years been on the editorial board of the journal Philosophy of Science, one of the leading publications in the field. He proposed the Natural Ontological Attitude (NOA) as a resolution to the debates over scientific realism. Fine also developed one of the possible interpretations of quantum mechanics yet to be decided between and has contributed to the probabilistic understanding of Bell's Theorem. See the entry “Arthur Fine” in The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, General Editor, John R. Shook, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 2005 for a detailed biography.
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Arthur M. Young
Arthur Middleton Young (November 3, 1905 – May 30, 1995) was an American inventor, helicopter pioneer, cosmologist, philosopher, astrologer and author. Young was the designer of Bell Helicopter's first helicopter, the Model 30, and inventor of the stabilizer bar used on many of Bell's early helicopter designs. He founded the "Institute for the Study of Consciousness" in Berkeley in 1972. Young advocated a process theory, which is a form of integral theory. These theories attempt to integrate the realm of human thought and experience with the realm of science so that the concept of universe is not limited to that which can be physically measured. Young's theory embraces evolution and the concept of the great chain of being. He has influenced such thinkers as Stanislav Grof.
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Athanasios Moulakis
Athanasios Moulakis () is a Professor and Acting President and Chief Academic Officer, Professor of Government at the American University of Afghanistan.
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Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand (; born '''Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum'''; – March 6, 1982), was a Russian-American novelist, philosopher, playwright, and screenwriter. She is known for her two best-selling novels and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivism.
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Babette Babich
Babette E. Babich is an American philosopher known for her studies of Nietzsche, Heidegger and Hölderlin as well as for her work in aesthetics, including the history of ancient Greek sculpture, and continental philosophy, especially continental philosophy of science and technology.
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Barrows Dunham
Barrows Dunham, (October 20, 1905–November 19, 1995) was an American author and professor of philosophy. Best known for popular works of philosophy such as Man against Myth (1947) and Heroes and Heretics (1963), Dunham also gained notoriety as a martyr for academic freedom when he was fired from Temple University in 1953 after refusing to “name names” before the House Unamerican Activities Committee.
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Barry Stroud
Barry Stroud is a philosopher known for his work on philosophical skepticism, David Hume, and Wittgenstein, among other topics. He received a B.A. in philosophy from the University of Toronto, followed by a Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University, under the direction of Morton White. Since 1961, Stroud has worked at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1987, he gave the John Locke Lectures at Oxford. In 2007 he was named Willis S. and Marion Slusser Professor of Philosophy in the Berkeley Philosophy Department.
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Bas van Fraassen
Bastiaan Cornelis van Fraassen (born Goes, the Netherlands, 5 April 1941) is a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at San Francisco State University, teaching courses in philosophy of science, the role of models in scientific practice and philosophical logic. He previously taught at Yale University, the University of Southern California (USC), the University of Toronto, and Princeton University. He coined the term "constructive empiricism" in his 1980 book The Scientific Image. Van Fraassen earned his B.A. (1963) from the University of Alberta and his M.A. (1964) and Ph.D. (1966, under the direction of Adolf Grünbaum) from the University of Pittsburgh.
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Beatrice Bruteau
Beatrice Bruteau is an American philosopher and author best known for her work in spiritual evolution.
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Bernard Rollin
Bernard E. Rollin is an American philosopher who specializes in animal rights and animal consciousness. He is a professor of philosophy, animal sciences, and biomedical sciences at Colorado State University.
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Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921 - February 4, 2006) was an American writer, activist and feminist.
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Bob Doyle (inventor)
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Borden Parker Bowne
Borden Parker Bowne (1847-1910) was an American Christian philosopher and theologian in the Methodist tradition. In 1876 he became a professor of philosophy at Boston University for more than thirty years. He later served as dean of the graduate school. Bowne was an acute critic of positivism & naturalism. He categorized his views as Kantianized Berkeleyanism, transcendental empiricism and, finally, Personalism, a philosophical branch of liberal theology, of which Bowne is the dominant figure. His masterpiece, Metaphysics, appeared in 1882. Bowne was chiefly influenced by Lotze.
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Brian J. Mistler
Brian J. Mistler is an American Gestalt therapist trained by M. Pat Korb.
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Brian Leiter
Brian Leiter (born 1963) is an American philosopher and legal scholar who is currently John Wilson Professor of Law at the University of Chicago, and founder and Director of Chicago's new Center for Law, Philosophy, and Human Values and the editor of the Philosophical Gourmet Report. He taught from 1995 to 2008 at the University of Texas at Austin. Before that he taught for two years in the law school at the University of San Diego, and was also a visiting assistant professor of philosophy at the University of California, San Diego. He earned his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Princeton University and both his J.D. and Ph.D. (in philosophy) from the University of Michigan.
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Brian Skyrms
Brian Skyrms (born 1938) is a Distinguished Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science and Economics at the University of California, Irvine and a Professor of Philosophy at Stanford University. He has worked on problems in the philosophy of science, causation, decision theory, game theory, and the foundations of probability. Most recently, his work has focused on the evolution of social norms using evolutionary game theory. His two recent books Evolution of the Social Contract and The Stag Hunt are both on this topic. These books use arguments and examples from evolutionary game theory to cover topics of interest to political philosophy, philosophy of the social science, philosophy of language, and the philosophy of biology.
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Brian Weatherson
Brian Weatherson is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. Prior to this, he was an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Cornell's Sage School of Philosophy.
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Brie Gertler
Brie Gertler is a philosopher who works primarily on problems in the philosophy of mind. A mind-body dualist, she is presently a teaching associate professor at the University of Virginia. Her special interests include introspection, consciousness and mental content.
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Bruce Wilshire
Bruce W. Wilshire is a Professor Emeritus at Rutgers University philosophy department, where he started teaching in 1970. He received his B.A from the University of Southern California and his M.A and Ph.D from New York University. In 2001 he was awarded the Herbert Schneider Award from the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy.
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Burton Dreben
Burton Spencer Dreben (September 27, 1927, Boston - July 11, 1999, Boston) was an American philosopher specializing in mathematical logic. A Harvard graduate who taught at his alma mater for most of his career, he published little but was highly influential as a teacher and as a critic of the work of his colleagues (Floyd & Shieh 2001).
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Calvin Normore
Calvin Normore (born 1948, PhD University of Toronto, 1976) is a philosopher at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, where he holds the Macdonald Chair of Moral Philosophy since Fall 2008. He is also professor of Philosophy in the UCLA Department of Philosophy. Normore, an expert in Medieval Philosophy, is a past president of the Pacific division of the American Philosophical Association.
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Carl Cohen
Carl Cohen is Professor of Philosophy at the Residential College of the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. He is co-author of "The Animal Rights Debate" (Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), a point-counterpoint volume with Prof. Tom Regan; he is also the author of "Democracy" (Macmillan, 1972); the author of "Four Systems" (Random House, 1982); the editor of "Communism, Fascism, and Democracy" (McGraw Hill, 1997); the co-author (with J. Sterba) of "Affirmative Action and Racial Preference" (Oxford, 2003), and co-author (with I. M. Copi) of "Introduction to Logic, 13th edition" (Prentice-Hall, 2008).
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Carl Mitcham
Carl Mitcham is a philosopher of technology. Born in 1941, Mitcham is currently Professor of Liberal Arts and International Studies at the Colorado School of Mines and a professor at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee.
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Carl Watner
Carl Watner (born 1948) is an American author and historian of libertarian studies, and a voluntaryist. He has written articles for Reason magazine, The Libertarian Forum, and The Journal of Libertarian Studies.
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Charles A. Moore
Charles A. Moore (1901–1967) was a professor of comparative philosophy at the University of Hawaii.
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Charles Butterworth
Charles Butterworth, Ph.D. (born 1938) is a noted philosopher of the Straussian school and currently a professor of political philosophy at the University of Maryland, College Park.
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Charles Frankel
Charles Frankel (December 13, 1917 – May 10, 1979) was an American philosopher.
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Charles W. Morris
Charles W. Morris (May 23, 1901, Denver, Colorado – January 15, 1979, Gainesville, Florida) was an American semiotician and philosopher.
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Chauncey Wright
Chauncey Wright (September 10, 1830 - September 12, 1875), American philosopher and mathematician, was born at Northampton, Massachusetts.
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Christian de Quincey
Christian de Quincey, Ph.D., is a philosopher and author who teaches consciousness, spirituality and cosmology at universities and colleges in the United States and Europe. He is also an international speaker on consciousness.
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Christine Korsgaard
Christine M. Korsgaard (born 1952 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American philosopher whose main academic interests are in moral philosophy and its history; the relation of issues in moral philosophy to issues in metaphysics, the philosophy of mind, and the theory of personal identity; the theory of personal relationships; and in normativity in general. She has taught at Yale, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Chicago; since 1991 she has been a professor at Harvard University, where she is now Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy.
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Christopher Fynsk
Christopher Fynsk (born 1952) is Head of the School of Language and Literature at the University of Aberdeen, Director of the Centre for Modern Thought and Professor at European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland. He is well known for his work relating the political and literary aspects of continental philosophy. Fynsk's work is closely involved with that of Martin Heidegger, Maurice Blanchot, Emmanuel Lévinas, Walter Benjamin and several contemporary artists, including Francis Bacon and Salvatore Puglia.
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Claude Nowell
Claude Rex Nowell, also known as Corky King, Corky Ra, and Summum Bonum Amon Ra (November 2, 1944 – January 29, 2008), was the founder of Summum, a 501(c)(3), philosophical and religious organization that practices a modern form of mummification which has become known worldwide.
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Cora Diamond
Cora Diamond is an American philosopher. She has worked on problems in analytic philosophy, the interpretation of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and moral philosophy. A moral vegetarian, she has also examined the rhetorical and philosophical nature of contemporary attitudes towards animal rights. An article of hers, What Nonsense Might Be, criticizes the way that the logical positivists think about nonsense on Fregean grounds. (See category mistake.) Her writings on both "early" (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus era) and "late" (Philosophical Investigations era) Wittgenstein have influenced proponents of the interpretation known as New Wittgenstein.
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Cristina Bicchieri
Cristina Bicchieri is the Carol and Michael Lowenstein Professor of Philosophy and Legal Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, where she is also the Director of the Philosophy, Politics and Economics program. Bicchieri earned her PhD from the department of History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University. She was a pupil of Mary Hesse. Before moving to Penn she taught in the program of Philosophy and Economics at Barnard College, Columbia University, in the Philosophy department at Notre Dame University and in the departments of Philosophy and Social and Decision Sciences at Carnegie-Mellon University.
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Dallas Willard
Dallas Willard (September 4, 1935 – ) is an American philosophy professor and author born in Buffalo, Missouri. His work in philosophy has been primarily in phenomenology, particularly the work of Edmund Husserl. His more popular work has been in the area of Christian spiritual formation, within the various expressions of historic Christian orthodoxy.
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Dan Wikler
Daniel I. Wikler (born 1946) is currently [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/daniel-wikler/ Mary B. Saltonstall Professor of Population Ethics and Professor of Ethics and Population Health] in the [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/population-and-international-health/ Department of Global Health and Population] of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. He is a core faculty member in the [http://PEH.Harvard.edu Harvard Program in Ethics and Health] (PEH). His current research interests are ethical issues in population and international health, including [http://www.resource-allocation.com/ the allocation of health resources], health research involving human subjects, organ transplant ethics, and ethical dilemmas arising in public health practice, and he teaches several courses each year.
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Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942 in Boston) is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. He graduated from Harvard with a B.A in philosophy, then after completing his D.Phil at the University of Oxford. He is currently the co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a noted atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board, as well as a prominent advocate of the Brights movement.
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Daniel N. Robinson
Daniel N. Robinson (born March 9, 1937) is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Georgetown University and a member of the philosophy faculty of Oxford University.
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David Abram
David Abram (born June 24, 1957) is an American philosopher, cultural ecologist, and performance artist, best known for his work bridging the philosophical tradition of phenomenology with environmental and ecological issues. He is the founder and creative director of the Alliance for Wild Ethics (AWE).
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David Alan Johnson
David A. Johnson (born 1952) is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Yeshiva University and has previously taught at UCLA and Syracuse University. Raised in Nebraska, he earned his BA from the University of Nebraska, where he studied under Robert Audi, and his PhD from Princeton University. His areas of concentration are Philosophy of Religion, Metaphysics, and Epistemology. His brother, Edward, is Professor of Philosophy at University of New Orleans.
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David Bohm
David Joseph Bohm (20 December 1917 – 27 October 1992) was an American-born British quantum physicist who made contributions in the fields of theoretical physics, philosophy and neuropsychology, and to the Manhattan Project.
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David E. Cooper
David E. Cooper is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Durham University. He has published over one hundred and fifty articles across a broad range of philosophical subjects, especially the history of both Eastern and Western philosophy, environmental ethics, philosophy of language, aesthetics and modern European philosophy. He is the former Chair (or President) of the Aristotelian Society, the Mind Association, the Friedrich Nietzsche Society, and the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain. He is currently a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. He is the author of a number of books, including World Philosophies, Meaning, Existentialism: A Reconstruction, and A Philosophy of Gardens. He has also edited a number of collections, including Philosophy: The Classic Readings , Epistemology: The Classic Readings, Ethics: The Classic Readings and Aesthetics: The Classic Readings.
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David Gauthier
David Gauthier (born 1932) is a Canadian-American philosopher best known for his neo-Hobbesian social contract (contractarian) theory of morality, as laid out in his book Morals by Agreement.
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David H. Sanford
David H. Sanford (born 1937) is a professor of philosophy at Duke University. He specializes in perception and metaphysics.
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David Hull
David Lee Hull (15 June 1935 – 11 August 2010) was a philosopher with a particular interest in the philosophy of biology. In addition to his academic prominence, he was well-known as a gay man who fought for the rights of other gay and lesbian philosophers.
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David Kelley
David Kelley (born June 23, 1949 in Shaker Heights, Ohio) is an American philosopher, author, and advocate of Objectivism. He is founder and senior fellow of the Atlas Society (formerly The Objectivist Center, and the Institute for Objectivist Studies). He lives in Washington, D.C.
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David Kellogg Lewis
David Kellogg Lewis (September 28, 1941 – October 14, 2001) was a 20th-century American philosopher. Lewis taught briefly at UCLA and then at Princeton from 1970 until his death. He is also closely associated with Australia, whose philosophical community he visited almost annually for more than thirty years. He has made ground-breaking contributions in philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophical logic. He is probably best known for his controversial modal realist stance: that there exist infinitely many concretely existing and causally isolated possible worlds, of which ours is just one, which are used in the analysis of necessity and possibility.
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David Koepsell
David R. Koepsell earned his PhD in Philosophy as well as his Law degree from the University of Buffalo where he studied with Barry Smith (ontologist). He has authored numerous articles as well as authored and edited several books, including Searle on the Institutions of Social Reality, co-edited with Laurence Moss, (Oxford UK: Blackwell 2003), Reboot World, (New York: Writer's Club Press 2003) (fiction), and The Ontology of Cyberspace: Law, Philosophy, and the Future of Intellectual Property which has been translated into Japanese and Portuguese. He has lectured worldwide on issues ranging from civil rights, philosophy, science, ontology, intellectual property theory, society, and religion. Koepsell has practiced law, worked for Bowstreet, Inc. as an ontologist in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and taught at SUNY Buffalo. He was appointed Asst. Prof. of Philosophy at TU Delft beginning in September 2008. He is an associate editor of Free Inquiry magazine. He is the co-founder, with Edward Summer, of Carefully Considered Productions, an educational media not-for-profit corporation.
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David Kolb
David Kolb (born 1939) is a well-known philosopher and the Charles A. Dana Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Bates College in Maine.
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David L. Norton
David Lloyd Norton (March 27, 1930 – July 24, 1995) was an American philosopher. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, March 27, 1930, to Cecil V. Norton and (Adelene) Ruth Essick Norton. He was the brother of Douglas C. Norton (born 1945) of Norton's Fine Art in St. Louis.
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David Rynin
David Rynin (October 15, 1905 – February 24, 2000) was an American philosopher. He is known mostly as an exponent of logical positivism. He served as president of the Pacific division of the American Philosophical Association in the years 1956-7. Until his death, he was professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley.
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David Schmidtz
David Schmidtz (born 1955) is Kendrick Professor of Philosophy and joint Professor of Economics at the University of Arizona. He grew up in Saskatchewan, Canada, and earned his PhD at Arizona under the direction of Joel Feinberg and Allen Buchanan and taught at Yale and Bowling Green State University before returning to Arizona. He has recently served as a visiting professor at Florida State University College of Law.
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David Schweickart
David Schweickart is an American mathematician and philosopher. He holds a BS in Mathematics from University of Dayton, a PhD in Mathematics from University of Virginia, and a PhD in Philosophy from Ohio State University. He currently is Professor of Philosophy at Loyola University Chicago.
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David Skrbina
David Skrbina (born June 11, 1960) is a pioneer of ecophilosophy. He stood for the office of Lieutenant Governor for the U.S. state of Michigan as the Green Party candidate in 2006, as the running mate of Douglas Campbell.
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David Sosa
David Sosa is an American philosopher. He received his undergraduate degree from Brown University and a doctorate in philosophy from Princeton University. His PhD dissertation, completed in 1996 under the supervision of Mark Johnston, was titled "Representing Thoughts and Language". Before moving to Texas, Sosa was a post-doctoral fellow at U.C. Berkeley and an assistant professor of philosophy at Dartmouth College. He is the son of the philosopher Ernest Sosa.
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David Strong
David Strong is a former employee of Hennepin County. Currently David lives in seclusion away from people.
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David Weinberger
David Weinberger (born 1950 in New York) is an American technologist, professional speaker, and commentator, probably best known as co-author of the Cluetrain Manifesto (originally a website, and eventually a book, which has been described as
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Dean Zimmerman
Dean Zimmerman is a professor of philosophy at Rutgers University. He specializes in metaphysics and the philosophy of religion. He earned his PhD in philosophy from Brown University, and has taught at the University of Notre Dame and Syracuse University. He is a member of the Society of Christian Philosophers.
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Debra Nails
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Diana Schaub
Diana Schaub is professor of political science at Loyola College in Maryland. Schaub received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. She teaches and writes on a wide range of issues in political philosophy and American political thought.
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Diogenes Allen
The Reverend Dr. Diogenes Allen (born 1932) is Professor Emeritus and former Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton Theological Seminary. He is ordained by the Episcopal Church in the United States of America and currently serves as Priest Associate at All Saints' Episcopal Church, Princeton, New Jersey. He holds courtesy membership as a minister in the Presbyterian Church (USA) as well.
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Donald A. Martin
Donald A. (Tony) Martin (born 24 December 1940) is a set theorist and philosopher of mathematics at UCLA.
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Donald Burt
Donald X. Burt (born 1929), O.S.A., Ph.D., is a member of the Augustinian Order. Recently retired as professor emeritus in philosophy at Villanova University, Father Burt has published twelve books and numerous articles on the thought of St. Augustine.
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Donald T. Campbell
Donald Thomas Campbell (November 20, 1916 - May 5, 1996) was an American social scientist. He is noted for his work in methodology. He coined the term "evolutionary epistemology" and developed a selectionist theory of human creativity.
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Donald West Harward
Donald West Harward is a philosopher and served as the sixth president of Bates College in Lewiston, Maine from 1989 to 2002.
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Douglas Hofstadter
Douglas Richard Hofstadter (born February 15, 1945) is an American academic whose research focuses on consciousness, analogy-making, artistic creation, literary translation, and discovery in mathematics and physics. He is best known for his book Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, first published in 1979, for which he was awarded the 1980 Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction.
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Dwight Macdonald
Dwight Macdonald (24 March 1906 - 19 December 1982) was an American writer, editor, film critic, social critic, philosopher, and political radical.
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Edgar A. Singer, Jr.
Edgar Arthur Singer, Jr. (November 13, 1873 – April 4, 1954) was an American philosopher, who taught as a professor at the University of Pennsylvania from 1909 until 1943.
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Edmund Gettier
Edmund L. Gettier III (born 1927 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst; he may owe his reputation to a single three-page paper published in 1963 called "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?"
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Edwin Arthur Burtt
Edwin Arthur Burtt (1892 – 1989) was an American philosopher who wrote extensively on the philosophy of religion. His doctoral thesis published as a book under the title The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science has had a significant influence upon the history of science that is not generally recognized, according to H. Floris Cohen.
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Elbert Hubbard
Elbert Green Hubbard (June 19, 1856 – May 7, 1915) was an American writer, publisher, artist, and philosopher. He was an influential exponent of the Arts and Crafts movement and is, perhaps, most famous for his essay A Message to Garcia.
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Elijah Millgram
Elijah "Lije" Millgram is an American philosopher. He is E.E. Ericksen Professor of Philosophy at the University of Utah. His research specialties include practical reason and moral philosophy.
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Elisabeth Lloyd
Elisabeth Anne Lloyd (born 3 September 1956, Morristown, New Jersey, USA) is a philosopher of biology. She currently holds the Arnold and Maxine Tanis Chair of History and Philosophy of Science and is also Professor of Biology, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at Indiana University, Affiliated Faculty Scholar at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction and Adjunct Faculty at the Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior.
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Elliot N. Dorff
Elliot N. Dorff (born 24 June 1943) is a Conservative rabbi. He is a professor of Jewish theology at the American Jewish University (formerly the University of Judaism) in California (where he is also Rector), author, and a bio-ethicist.
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Ellis Sandoz
Ellis Sandoz is the Hermann Moyse Jr. Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Director of the Eric Voegelin Institute for American Renaissance Studies. Ellis Sandoz is also the former chairman of that department.
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Elmer Sprague
Elmer Sprague is professor emeritus at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, where he taught philosophy for 44 years. He has a B.A. from the University of Nebraska, and a B.A. and D.Phil. from Oxford. He was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford (1948–51), and was the Paul Robert and Jean Shuman Hanna Professor of Philosophy at Hamline University (1987). His previous publications include articles on Ryle and Hume, and the book, Metaphysical Thinking. His specialties are the philosophy of mind and philosophy of language. His book Persons and their Minds, published in 1999, is a Wittgensteinian-Ryleian critique of modern philosophy of mind.
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Emma Goldman
Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was an anarchist known for her political activism, writing and speeches. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the twentieth century.
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Eric Hoffer
Eric Hoffer (July 25, 1902 – May 21, 1983) was an American social writer and philosopher. He produced ten books and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in February 1983 by President of the United States Ronald Reagan. His first book, The True Believer, published in 1951, was widely recognized as a classic, receiving critical acclaim from both scholars and laymen, although Hoffer believed that his book The Ordeal of Change was his finest work. In 2001, the Eric Hoffer Award was established in his honor with permission granted by the Eric Hoffer Estate in 2005.
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Eric Voegelin
Eric Voegelin, born Erich Hermann Wilhelm Vögelin, (3 January 1901 – 19 January 1985) was a political philosopher. He was born in Cologne, Germany, and educated in political science at the University of Vienna. His advisers on his dissertation were Hans Kelsen and Othmar Spann. He became a teacher and then an associate professor of political science at the Faculty of Law. In 1938 he, with his wife, fled from the Nazi forces which had recently entered Vienna, emigrating to the United States, where they became citizens in 1944. He spent most of his academic career at the University of Notre Dame, Louisiana State University, the University of Munich and the Hoover Institution of Stanford University.
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Erich Fromm
Erich SeligmannFunk, Rainer. Erich Fromm: His Life and Ideas. Translators Ian Portman, Manuela Kunkel. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. ISBN 0-8264-1519-9, ISBN 978-0-8264-1519-6. P. 13:"For a second name he was given that of his grandfather on his father's side–Seligmann Pinchas Fromm, although the registry office in Frankfurt does not record him as Erich Pinchas Fromm, but as Erich Seligmann Fromm. Also his parents addressed his mail to 'Erich S. Fromm.'" Fromm (March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980) was a German social psychologist, psychoanalyst, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist. He was associated with what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical theory.
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Ernest Addison Moody
Ernest Addison Moody (1903-1975) was a noted philosopher, medievalist, and logician as well as a musician and scientist. He served as professor of philosophy at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he also served as department chair, and Columbia University. He has an [http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/phil/Lectures/Moody.htm annual memorial conference] in his name on the subject of medieval philosophy. He was president of the American Philosophical Association from 1963-1964.
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Ernest Sosa
Ernest Sosa is currently Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. He has been at Rutgers full-time since January, 2007; previously, he had been at Brown University since 1964. While full-time at Brown, he was also a distinguished visiting professor at Rutgers every spring from 1998-2006.
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Ernst W. Mayr
:"Ernst Mayr" redirects here; it is not to be confused with Ernst Meyer or Ernest May.
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Errol Harris
Errol Eustace Harris (February 19, 1908 – June 21, 2009) was a contemporary South African philosopher. His work focused on developing a systematic and coherent account of the logic, metaphysics, and epistemology implicit in contemporary understanding of the world. Harris held that, in conjunction with empirical science, the Western philosophical tradition, in its commitment to the ideal of reason, contains the resources necessary to accomplish this end. He celebrated his 100th birthday in 2008.
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Erwin Marquit
Erwin Marquit (1926-) is a United States Marxist philosopher/physicist. He is the principal founder of the Marxist Education Press and was editor of the Marxist studies journal Nature, Society, and Thought (1987-2007), making available works of Marxist scholarship, including contributions from European, African, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Cuban scholars.
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Frances Kamm
Frances M. Kamm is a philosopher specialising in normative and applied ethics. Kamm is currently the Littauer Professor of Philosophy and Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and Professor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts & Sciences at Harvard. Before joining the Harvard faculty in 2003, she was on the faculty of New York University and also worked for the World Health Organisation as an ethics consultant.
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Francis Bowen
Francis Bowen (September 8, 1811 – January 22, 1890) was an American philosopher, writer, and educationalist.
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Francis Fukuyama
Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama (born 27 October 1952) is a U.S. philosopher, political economist, and author.
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Frank Ebersole
Frank B. Ebersole (1919–2009) was an American philosopher who developed a unique form of ordinary language philosophy.
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Fred Gifford
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Frederick Suppe
Frederick Suppe (b. February 22nd, 1940 in Los Angeles, CA) is a professor Emeritus of philosophy at the University of Maryland. He has prominent work in the philosophy of science including much work with the semantic view of theories. Since 2000, he teaches as Professor of Classical and Modern Languages and Literatures at Texas Tech University, since 2002 he is also Chair of the Department.
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Fredric Jameson
Fredric Jameson (born 14 April 1934) is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist. He is best known for his analysis of contemporary cultural trends—he once described postmodernism as the spatialization of culture under the pressure of organized capitalism. Jameson's best-known books include Postmodernism: The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, The Political Unconscious, and Marxism and Form.
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Gareth Matthews
Gareth Matthews (born Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1929) is an American philosopher who specializes in ancient philosophy and the philosophy of children.
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Garry L. Hagberg
Garry L. Hagberg is an author, professor, philosopher, and jazz musician. He currently holds a chair in philosophy at the University of East Anglia.
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George Boas
George Boas (28 August 1891 – 17 March 1980)
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George Boolos
George Stephen Boolos (September 4, 1940, New York City – May 27, 1996) was a philosopher and a mathematical logician who taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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George Herbert Mead
George Herbert Mead (February 27, 1863 – April 26, 1931) was an American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists. He is regarded as one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition in general.
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George I. Mavrodes
George I. Mavrodes is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Michigan and author of Belief in God: A Study in the Epistemology of Religion. Dr. George Mavrodes is emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He is a member of Ann Arbor Christian Reformed Church.
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George Pappas
George Sotiros Pappas (born 1942) is a professor of philosophy at Ohio State University. Pappas specializes in epistemology, the history of early modern philosophy, philosophy of religion, and metaphysics. He is of Greek and English origin.
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George Trumbull Ladd
George Trumbull Ladd (19 January 1842 – 8 August 1921) was an American philosopher, educator and psychologist.
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Gerald Holton
Gerald Holton (born 1922 in Berlin) is Mallinckrodt Research Professor of Physics and Research Professor of the History of Science, Emeritus, at Harvard University.
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Gian-Carlo Rota
Gian-Carlo Rota (April 27, 1932 – April 18, 1999, known as Juan Carlos Rota to Spanish-speakers) was an Italian-born American mathematician and philosopher.
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Gilbert Harman
Gilbert Harman (born 1938) is a contemporary American philosopher, teaching at Princeton University, who has published widely on ethics, epistemology, metaphysics and the philosophies of language and mind. He was educated at Swarthmore College and Harvard University, where he earned his Ph.D. in Philosophy. He currently holds the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professorship in Philosophy. His daughter, Elizabeth Harman, is also a philosopher and a member of the philosophy department and the center for human values at Princeton University.
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Gordon Park Baker
Gordon Park Baker (born at Englewood, New Jersey, 20 April 1938; died at Woodstock, Oxfordshire, 25 June 2002) was an American-English philosopher. His topics of interest included Ludwig Wittgenstein, Gottlob Frege, Friedrich Waismann, Bertrand Russell, the Vienna Circle, and René Descartes. He was noted for his collaboration with Peter Hacker and his disagreements with Michael Dummett.
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Gregory Pence
Gregory E. Pence is a professor in the department of Philosophy at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He is an expert in the field of medical ethics who has written several books and has testified before the United States Congress and the California Senate about cloning and reproductive ethics.
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Gustav Bergmann
Gustav Bergmann (May 4, 1906, Vienna – April 21, 1987, Iowa City) was a philosopher born in Vienna, Austria. He studied at the University of Vienna and was a member of the Vienna Circle. In the United States, he was a professor of philosophy and psychology at the University of Iowa.
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Guy Finley
Guy Finley (born February 22, 1949) is an American self-help writer, philosopher, and spiritual teacher, and former professional songwriter and musician.
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Hannah Arendt
Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906 – December 4, 1975) was an influential German Jewish political theorist. She has often been described as a philosopher, although she refused that label on the grounds that philosophy is concerned with "man in the singular." She described herself instead as a political theorist because her work centers on the fact that "men, not Man, live on the earth and inhabit the world". Arendt's work deals with the nature of power, and the subjects of politics, authority, and totalitarianism.
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Hans Reichenbach
Hans Reichenbach (September 26, 1891 in Hamburg – April 9, 1953 in Los Angeles) was a leading philosopher of science, educator and proponent of logical empiricism. Reichenbach is best known for founding the Berlin Circle, and as the author of The Rise of Scientific Philosophy.
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Harold M. Schulweis
Harold M. Schulweis (1925- ) is an American rabbi and author. He is the longtime spiritual Leader at Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, California.
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Harry Binswanger
Harry Binswanger (born 1944) is an American philosopher and writer. He is an Objectivist and was a long-time associate of Ayn Rand, working with her on The Ayn Rand Lexicon. His doctoral dissertation, in the philosophy of biology, presented a new theory of the goal-directedness of living action, in opposition to the views of one of his dissertation advisers, Ernest Nagel. The dissertation was later published as The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts. He taught philosophy at CUNY's Hunter College from 1972 to 1979 and at other New York City schools as well as at the University of Texas, Austin for a semester in 2002. Since 1997, he has operated a fee-based email discussion group on Objectivism. Binswanger has spoken on Objectivist philosophy at over 12 universities, across the U.S., Canada, and abroad. His television appearances have included the Glenn Beck show, Geraldo at Large, C-SPAN panels, and CNBC's On the Money. He also appears in , the Academy Award nominated documentary by Michael Paxton.
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Harry Frankfurt
Harry Gordon Frankfurt (born May 29, 1929) is a professor emeritus of philosophy at Princeton University. He previously taught at Yale University and Rockefeller University. He obtained his B.A. in 1949 and Ph.D. in 1954 from
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Harry Prosch
Harry Prosch (May 4, 1917 - March 11, 2005) was an American philosopher born in Logansport, Indiana.
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Hartry Field
Hartry H. Field (born 1946) is a philosopher, the Silver Professor of Philosophy at New York University. He previously taught at the University of Southern California and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He earned his Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University under the direction of Hilary Putnam.
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Heidi Ravven
Heidi Ravven (born 1952) is Professor of Religious Studies at Hamilton College. She specializes in ethics and philosophy and the intersection between neuroscience and emotions.
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Helen Longino
Helen E. Longino (born 13 July 1944) is an American philosopher of science who has argued influentially for the significance of values and social interactions to scientific inquiry.
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Helen Lynd
Helen Merrell Lynd (March 17, 1896–January 30, 1982) was an American sociologist and social philosopher, and was the author of Shame and the Search for Identity and co-author of Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture with husband Robert Staughton Lynd.
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Henry Babcock Veatch
Henry Babcock Veatch, Jr. (September 26, 1911 – July 9, 1999) was a twentieth-century American philosopher.
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Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau (born David Henry Thoreau; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American author, poet, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.
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Henry James, Sr.
Henry James Sr. (June 3, 1811, Albany, New York - December 18, 1882, Boston, Massachusetts) was an American theologian and Swedenborgian, best known as the father of the philosopher William James, novelist Henry James, and diarist Alice James.
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Hilary Kornblith
Hilary Kornblith is an American Professor of philosophy at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA, and one of contemporary epistemology's most prominent proponents of naturalized epistemology. Kornblith received his B.A. from SUNY Buffalo in 1975 and his PhD from Cornell University in 1980, where he studied under Sydney Shoemaker and Richard Boyd. Before coming to University of Massachusetts in 2003, Kornblith taught at the University of Vermont, where he also chaired the department from 1991 to 1997. His research interests include epistemology, metaphysics and the philosophy of mind. Apart from naturalized epistemology, his most recent work includes the role of intuitions in philosophical theorizing, the conflicts between internalism and externalism in epistemology, and the mental states of non-human animals.
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Hilary Putnam
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (born July 31, 1926) is an American philosopher who has been a central figure in analytic philosophy since the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science. He is known for his willingness to apply an equal degree of scrutiny to his own philosophical positions as to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposes its flaws. As a result, he has acquired a reputation for frequently changing his own position. Putnam is currently Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.
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Hilde Lindemann
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Horace Kallen
Horace Meyer Kallen (August 11, 1882-February 16, 1974) was a Jewish-American philosopher.
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Hubert Dreyfus
Hubert Lederer Dreyfus (born October 15, 1929 in Terre Haute, Indiana to Stanley S. and Irene Lederer Dreyfus), is a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley.
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Hugh J. Silverman
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Hugo Adam Bedau
Hugo Adam Bedau (born September 23, 1926) is the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at Tufts University, and is best known for his work on capital punishment. He has been called a "leading anti-death-penalty scholar" by Stuart Taylor Jr., who has quoted Bedau as saying "I'll let the criminal justice system execute all the McVeighs they can capture, provided they'd sentence to prison all the people who are not like McVeigh."
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Igor Yefimov
Igor Markovich Yefimov or Igor Efimov, Russian Игорь Маркович Ефимов (born August 8, 1937) is an American (since 1978) philosopher, writer and publisher of Russian origin. Some of his works were published under the pen name Andrei Moscovit. He is a founder of Hermitage Publishers that has published works of such writers as Sergei Dovlatov.
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Iris Marion Young
Iris Marion Young (2 January 1949 - 1 August 2006) was Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies [http://genderstudies.uchicago.edu/] and the Human Rights program there. Her research covered contemporary political theory, feminist social theory, and normative analysis of public policy.
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Irving Singer
Irving Singer is Professor of Philosophy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Irving Thalberg, Jr.
Irving Thalberg Jr. (August 25, 1930 – 1988) was a 20th century philosopher and the son of 1930s Hollywood producer Irving Thalberg and Academy award-winning actress Norma Shearer.
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Isaac Levi
Isaac Levi is the John Dewey Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Columbia University. Levi came onto the philosophic scene with his groundbreaking first book, Gambling with Truth. In the text Levi offers a decision theoretic reconstruction of epistemology with a close-eye towards the classical pragmatist philosophers like William James and Charles Sanders Peirce.
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J. B. Schneewind
Jerome B. Schneewind (born 1930) is a Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Johns Hopkins University.
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J. Baird Callicott
J. Baird Callicott is an American philosopher whose work has been at the forefront of the new field of environmental philosophy and ethics. He is University Distinguished Research Professor and a member of the Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies and the Institute of Applied Sciences at the University of North Texas. Callicott held the position of Professor of Philosophy and Natural Resources at the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point from 1969 to 1995, where he taught the world’s first course in environmental ethics in 1971. From 1994 to 2000, he served as Vice President then President of the International Society for Environmental Ethics. Other distinguished positions include visiting professor of philosophy at Yale University; the University of California, Santa Barbara; the University of Hawai’i; and the University of Florida.
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J. David Velleman
J. David Velleman is a Professor of Philosophy at New York University. He taught previously for more than twenty years at the University of Michigan. He primarily works in the areas of ethics, moral psychology, and related areas such as the philosophy of action and practical reasoning.
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Jack Meiland
Jack W. Meiland (1934-1998) was an American philosopher and educator. As a philosopher, Meiland is best known for his analyses of relativism, particularly on cognitive relativism. Meiland is also known for a "salvage operation" from the "paradox of relativism", the claim that relativists be absolutists about relativism.
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Jacob Needleman
Jacob Needleman (b. October 6, 1934 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American philosopher. He is professor of philosophy at San Francisco State University.
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Jacques Barzun
Jacques Martin Barzun (born November 30, 1907) is a French-born American historian of ideas and culture.
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Jaegwon Kim
Jaegwon Kim (born September 12, 1934 in Korea (now in South Korea)) is an American philosopher currently working at Brown University. He is best known for his work on mental causation and the mind-body problem. Key themes in his work include: a rejection of Cartesian metaphysics, the limitations of strict psychophysical identity, supervenience, and the individuation of events. Kim's work on these and other contemporary metaphysical and epistemological issues is well-represented by the papers collected in Supervenience and Mind: Selected Philosophical Essays (1993).
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James A. Corbett
James A. "Jim" Corbett (born in Casper, Wyoming, October 8, 1933 - died near Benson, Arizona, August 2, 2001) was an American rancher, writer, Quaker, philosopher, and human rights activist and a co-founder of the Sanctuary movement.
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James Childress
James Franklin Childress (born 4 October 1940) is a philosopher and theologian mainly concerned with ethics, particularly biomedical ethics. Currently he is the John Allen Hollingsworth Professor of Ethics at the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia. He is also Professor of Medical Education at this university and directs its Institute for Practical Ethics. He has obtained a B.A. from Guilford College, a B.D. from Yale Divinity School, and an M.A. and Ph.D. from Yale University.
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James D. Wallace
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James F. Conant
James Ferguson Conant (born June 10, 1958) is an American philosopher who has written extensively on topics in philosophy of language, ethics, and metaphilosophy. He is perhaps best known for his writings on Wittgenstein, and his association with the New Wittgenstein school of Wittgenstein interpretation. He has also written on Stanley Cavell, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Søren Kierkegaard, edited two volumes of Hilary Putnam's papers, and edited (with John Haugeland) one volume of Thomas Kuhn's papers.
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James G. Lennox
James G. Lennox (born January 11, 1948) is a professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. An Objectivist philosopher, he is a member of the Ayn Rand Society, affiliated with the American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division. His areas of research include Ancient Greek philosophy, science and medicine, and Charles Darwin.
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James Leonard Park
James Leonard Park (born in 1941) is an American author and existentialist philosopher from Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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James M. Edie
James M. Edie (November 3, 1927 – February 21, 1998) was a twentieth century American philosopher.
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James Madison
James Madison, Jr. (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817) and is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
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James Otteson
James R. Otteson is an American philosopher. Formerly the chairman of the department of philosophy at the University of Alabama, he has also taught at Georgetown University. He is now joint professor of philosophy and economics in Yeshiva College at Yeshiva University, and he is the Charles G. Koch Senior Fellow at The Fund for American Studies in Washington, D.C.
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James Rachels
James Rachels (May 30, 1941 – September 5, 2003) was an American philosopher who specialized in ethics.
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Jan Deutsch
Jan G. Deutsch (1935-) is an American philosopher and legal scholar best known for his work on the philosophy of corporate law, jurisprudence, and the cultural underpinnings of capitalist democracy. Deutsch's most recent book, Power and Precedent (Vandeplas, 2007), is a summation of his work on United States jurisprudence over the past few decades.
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Jane Addams
Jane Addams (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In a long, complex career, she was a pioneer settlement worker and founder of Hull House in Chicago, public philosopher (the first American woman in that role), author, and leader in woman suffrage and world peace. She was the most prominent woman of the Progressive Era and helped turn the nation to issues of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, public health and world peace. She emphasized that women have a special responsibility to clean up their communities and make them better places to live, arguing they needed the vote to be effective. Addams became a role model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift their communities. She is increasingly being recognized as a member of the American pragmatist school of philosophy.
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Janet McCracken
Janet McCracken is Provost and Dean of the Faculty at Lake Forest College. She is also a professor of philosophy, and has published a variety of works in that field, including ' and '.
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Jay Budziszewski
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Jay Newman
Jay Newman (February 28, 1948 – June 17, 2007) was a philosopher and Professor at the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario.
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Jay Rosenberg
Jay Frank Rosenberg (April 18, 1942 in Chicago IL – February 21, 2008 in Chapel Hill NC) was a Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was a student of Wilfrid Sellars and established his reputation with ten books and over 80 articles in metaphysics, epistemology, the philosophy of language, and the history of philosophy (especially Kant). His most commercially successful work, The Practice of Philosophy: A Handbook for Beginners, is a standard text in introductory philosophy courses, and has been translated into German. His first publication, which he wrote as an undergraduate, was ''The Impoverished Students' Book of Cookery, Drinkery, and Housekeepery!''.
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Jeffrey Nielsen
Jeffrey Nielsen is founder of the Democracy House Project, and a published author. He is also a philosophy instructor at Westminster College, Salt Lake City; and Utah Valley University, Orem, UT. But he is perhaps best known for being both a supporter of gay marriage and a practicing Mormon, two philosophies that typically are seen to not mix.
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Jeremy J. Shapiro
::For the defence analyst of the same name see Jeremy Shapiro.
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Jerome Ravetz
Jerome Ravetz (born 1929) is an environmental consultant and
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Jerrold Katz
Jerrold J. Katz (1932–2002) was an American philosopher and linguist.
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Jerry Fodor
Jerry Alan Fodor (born 1935) is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist. He holds the position of State of New Jersey Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University and is the author of many works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science, in which he has laid the groundwork for the modularity of mind and the language of thought hypotheses, among other ideas. He is known for his provocative and sometimes polemical style of argumentation.
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Jesse Mann
Jesse Aloysius Mann is professor emeritus of philosophy at Georgetown University. He earned a Ph.D. at the Catholic University of America (1958), and served as professor of philosophy and dean of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. A faculty committee at the university annually awards the Jesse A. Mann Medal in his honour to a graduating senior majoring in culture and politics.
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John Corvino
John Corvino (born 1969) is an American author and professor of philosophy at Wayne State University.
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John Daniel Wild
John Daniel Wild (April 10, 1902 – October 23, 1972) was a twentieth century American philosopher. Wild began his philosophical career as an empiricist and realist but became an important figure within the movements of existentialism and phenomenology.
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John David Garcia
John David Garcia (b. c. 1936-d. November 23, 2001, Springfield, Oregon) - founder of the Society for Evolutionary Ethics (SEE), taught an enlightened vision of ethics and human purpose via four books, dozens of articles, lectures, seminars and attempts to found schools based on his ideas. He did these things mainly in the US, then in Chile and Mexico.
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John Dewey
John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey, along with Charles Sanders Peirce and William James, is recognized as one of the founders of the philosophy of pragmatism and of functional psychology. He was a major representative of the progressive and progressive populist philosophies of schooling during the first half of the 20th century in the USA.
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John E. Hare
John Edmund Hare (born 26 July 1949) is a British classicist, philosopher, ethicist, and currently Noah Porter Professor of Philosophical Theology at Yale Divinity School.
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John Earman
John Earman (born 1942) is a philosopher of physics. He is currently an emeritus professor in the History and Philosophy of Science department at the University of Pittsburgh. He has also taught at UCLA, the Rockefeller University, and the University of Minnesota, and was president of the Philosophy of Science Association. He received his PhD from Princeton in 1968. Earman is on the Editorial Boards of Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics and Physics in Perspective.
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John H. McClendon
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John Haugeland
John Haugeland (March 13, 1945 - June 23, 2010) was a professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago. He was chair of the philosophy department from 2005-2007. He previously taught at the University of Pittsburgh and UC Berkeley, and was a member of the Palo Alto Research Center. He had also been a visiting professor at Helsinki University, Finland.
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John Henry Morgan
John Henry Morgan is the Karl Mannheim Professor of the History and Philosophy of Social Sciences at the Graduate Theological Foundation where he has also been President since 1982. Since 1998, he has been teaching in the international summer program of Oxford University where he was appointed to the program’s Board of Studies in 1995. He has held postdoctoral appointments at Harvard University, Yale University and Princeton University and has been a [http://www.nsf.gov/ National Science Foundation] science faculty fellow at the University of Notre Dame. He has also held three postdoctoral appointments at the University of Chicago and currently holds a joint faculty appointment at Cloverdale College as the Sir Julian Huxley Distinguished Research Professor. He is a Senior Fellow of [http://www.gtfeducation.org/Academics/Foundation_House.html Foundation House/Oxford] and is a member of the Advisory Board of the [http://www.kellogg.ox.ac.uk/Shared/religion.html Oxford Centre for Religion in Public Life] at Oxford University. The author of over thirty books and many scholarly articles, his latest books include [http://www.thevictoriapress.com/Catalog/Books/Being_Human.html Being Human: Perspectives in Meaning and Interpretation (Essays in Religion, Culture and Personality)], [http://www.thevictoriapress.com/Catalog/Books/Naturally_Good.html Naturally Good: The Behavioral History of Moral Development (from Charles Darwin to E.O. Wilson)], [http://www.thevictoriapress.com/Catalog/Books/New_Paradigm.html The New Paradigm in Ministry Education: A Radical Philosophy of Collaboration], [http://www.thevictoriapress.com/Catalog/Books/In_the_Beginning.html “In the Beginning…”: The Paleolithic Origins of Religious Consciousness], and [http://www.thevictoriapress.com/Catalog/Books/MuslimClergy.html Muslim Clergy in America: Ministry as Profession in the Islamic Community].
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John Hospers
John Hospers (born 9 June 1918) is an American philosopher. He was the first presidential candidate of the United States Libertarian Party, running in the 1972 presidential election.
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John Martin Fischer
John Martin Fischer is currently a distinguished professor of philosophy at the University of California Riverside.
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John Neihardt
Johnathan (John) Gneisenau Neihardt (January 8, 1881 – November 24, 1973) was an American author of poetry and prose, an amateur historian and ethnographer, and a philosopher of the Great Plains. Born at the end of the American settlement of the Plains, his attention was nevertheless drawn to the experiences and memories of those who had been a part of the European migration as well as the American Indian cultures they displaced. He travelled down the Missouri River by open boat, visited with old trappers, became familiar with a number of Indian communities, and did extensive research throughout the Plains and Rocky Mountains. He then wrote to preserve these memories from the pioneer past in books that range across a broad variety of styles, from pleasant travelogue to epic poetry to extended narration of the dreams of a shaman. In 1921 the Nebraska Legislature elected him as the state's poet laureate, a title he held for fifty-two years until his death.
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John Rawls
John Bordley Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard. His magnum opus, A Theory of Justice (1971), is now regarded as "one of the primary texts in political philosophy." His work in political philosophy, dubbed Rawlsianism, takes as its starting point the argument that "most reasonable principles of justice are those everyone would accept and agree to from a fair position." Rawls employs a number of thought experiments—including the famous veil of ignorance—to determine what constitutes a fair agreement in which "everyone is impartially situated as equals," in order to determine principles of social justice. He is one of the major thinkers in the tradition of liberal political philosophy.
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John Sallis
John Sallis (born 1938) is an American philosopher. Since 2005, he has been the [http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v4/A11/adelmann/adelmann.html Frederick J. Adelmann] Professor of Philosophy at Boston College. He has previously taught at Pennsylvania State University (1996-2005), Vanderbilt University (1990-1995), Loyola University of Chicago (1983-1990), Duquesne University (1966-1983) and the University of the South (1964-1966).
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John Searle
John Rogers Searle (born July 31, 1932 in Denver, Colorado) is an American philosopher and currently the Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. Searle began his college education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and subsequently became a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University where he earned an undergraduate degree and a doctorate in philosophy and ethics. Widely noted for his contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and social philosophy, he began teaching at Berkeley in 1959, where, among his many distinctions, he was the first tenured professor to join the Free Speech Movement. He received the Jean Nicod Prize in 2000, and the National Humanities Medal in 2004.
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John William Miller
John William Miller (1895–1978) was an American philosopher in the idealist tradition. His work appears in six published volumes, including The Paradox of Cause (1978) and most recently The Task of Criticism (2006). His principal philosophical ambitions were 1) to reconcile the idealism of Josiah Royce and the pragmatism of William James and 2) to integrate philosophical thought and historical thought. As testimony to the integrative nature of his thinking, Miller referred to his philosophy as a "historical idealism” and a “naturalistic idealism.”
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Jonathan Lear
Jonathan Lear is the John U. Nef Distinguished Service Professor in the Committee on Social Thought and professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago.
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Joseph Cropsey
Joseph Cropsey (New York City, August 27, 1919) is an American political philosopher and professor of political science at the University of Chicago, where he has also been associate director of the John M. Olin Center for Inquiry into the Theory and Practice of Democracy.
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Joseph D. Sneed
Joseph D. Sneed (born 1938) is a physicist, and philosopher at the Colorado School of Mines. With his book The Logical Structure of Mathematical Physics, published in 1971, and other important contributions to the philosophy of science he founded the structural theory of the empirical sciences.
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Joshua Hoffman
:For the Australian rugby lague footballer, see Josh Hoffman.
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Joshua Knobe
Joshua Knobe is an experimental philosopher currently employed as an assistant professor in the Program in Cognitive Science and Department of Philosophy at Yale University. He was previously Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Knobe received his B.A. at Stanford University in 1996 and his Ph.D. from Princeton in 2006, where he studied under Gilbert Harman, among others. His work has been discussed in various media, including The New York Times and Slate, and he is a fairly frequent guest on the online news, science, and current events channel bloggingheads.tv.
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Josiah Royce
Josiah Royce (November 20, 1855 – September 14, 1916) was an American objective idealist philosopher.
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Judith Andre
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Judith Butler
Judith Butler (born 24 February 1956) is an American post-structuralist philosopher, who has contributed to the fields of feminism, queer theory, political philosophy, and ethics. She is currently the Maxine Elliott professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature departments at the University of California, Berkeley.
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Julia Annas
Julia E. Annas (born Britain) is Regents Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arizona.
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Karl Ameriks
Karl Ameriks (born 1947) is an American philosopher currently serving as McMahon-Hank Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. Ameriks studied at Yale University, A.B., summa cum laude (1968), Ph.D. (1973), where he wrote his thesis under the direction of Karsten Harries. He is regarded as one of the foremost scholars of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and has written widely in the history of continental and modern philosophy. Ameriks co-edits the series Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
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Keith DeRose
Keith DeRose (born April 24, 1962) is an American philosopher currently teaching at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. His primary interests include epistemology, philosophy of language and history of modern philosophy. He is best known for his work on contextualism in epistemology.
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Keith Donnellan
Keith Donnellan (born 1931) is a contemporary philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles. He has made important contributions to the philosophy of language, most notably to the analysis of proper names and definite descriptions. For instance, Donnellan criticized Bertrand Russell's theory of definite descriptions for overlooking the distinction between referential and attributive use of definite descriptions.
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Keith Lehrer
Keith Lehrer (born January 10, 1936) is the Regent's Professor emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Arizona with an affiliation with the University of Miami in Florida. He previously taught at the University of Rochester.
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Kendall Walton
Kendall Lewis Walton (born 1939) is an American philosopher, the Charles Stevenson Collegiate Professor of Philosophy and Professor of Art and Design at the University of Michigan. His work mainly deals with theoretical questions about the arts and issues of philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and philosophy of language. His book Mimesis as Make Believe: On the Foundations of the Representational Arts develops a theory of make-believe and uses it to understand the nature and varieties of representation in the arts. He has written extensively on pictorial representation, fiction and the emotions, the ontological status of fictional entities, the aesthetics of music, metaphor, and aesthetic value.
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Kenneth Clatterbaugh
Kenneth Clatterbaugh is an American philosopher. He is Chair of the department of Philosophy at the University of Washington. His interests are modern philosophy, social philosophy, and gender studies.
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Kent Bach
Kent Bach (born 1943) is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at San Francisco State University. His primary areas of research include the philosophy of language, linguistics and epistemology. He is the author of three books: Exit-existentialism: A philosophy of self-awareness, Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts, and Thought and Reference published by Wadsworth, the MIT Press, and Oxford University Press, respectively. He is also the author of many publications in professional, peer-reviewed journals of analytic philosophy.
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Kit Fine
Kit Fine (born March 26, 1946) is Silver Professor of Philosophy and Mathematics at New York University. He previously taught for several years at UCLA. The author of several books and dozens of articles in international academic journals, he has made notable contributions to the fields of philosophical logic, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language and also has written on ancient philosophy, in particular on Aristotle's account of logic and modality.
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Larry Sanger
Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger (born July 16, 1968) is an American philosopher, co-founder of Wikipedia, and the founder of Citizendium.
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Laurence BonJour
Laurence BonJour (born 1943) is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Washington.
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Laurence Rickels
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Lawrence C. Becker
Lawrence C. Becker (1939-) is an American philosopher working mainly in the areas of ethics and social, political, and legal philosophy. He is the author of books and journal articles on stoicism, reciprocity, property rights, justice, and metaethics. He is the editor, with the librarian Charlotte B. Becker, of the Encyclopedia of Ethics.
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Lawrence Stepelevich
Lawrence S. Stepelevich (born 1930) is an American philosopher associated with a renewed interest in the works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, particularly since the fall of the Soviet Union, with less emphasis placed on Marx's interpretations than had previously been the case. "The First Hegelians: An Introduction" is an entry-point to exploring Hegelian philosophy. In addition, Stepelevich made one of the first attempts (1985) to link Max Stirner to Hegel, in "Philosophical Egoism: Whither Hegelianism".
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Leemon McHenry
Leemon McHenry (born 1956), is a bioethicist and a lecturer in philosophy at California State University, Northridge, in the United States. He has taught philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, Old Dominion University, Davidson College, Central Michigan University, Wittenberg University and Loyola Marymount University, and has held visiting research positions at Johns Hopkins University, UCLA and at the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities in the University of Edinburgh. His research interests center on medical ethics, metaphysics, and philosophy of science.
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Leo Strauss
Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973) was a political philosopher who specialized in classical political philosophy. He was born in Germany to Jewish parents and later emigrated to the United States. He spent most of his career as a professor of political science at the University of Chicago, where he taught several generations of students and published fifteen books.
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Leonard B. Meyer
Leonard B. Meyer (January 12, 1918 – December 30, 2007) was a composer, author, and philosopher. He contributed major works in the fields of aesthetic theory in Music, and compositional analysis.
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Leonard Linsky
Leonard Linsky (born 1922) is an American philosopher. He is an Emeritus Professor of the University of Chicago. He is known for work on the theory of reference, and also as a historian of early analytical philosophy.
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Leonard M. Fleck
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Leonard Peikoff
Leonard S. Peikoff (born October 15, 1933) is an American Objectivist philosopher. He is a former professor of philosophy and a former radio talk show host. He is the founder of the Ayn Rand Institute and the legal heir to Ayn Rand's estate.
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Lewis White Beck
Lewis White Beck (September 26, 1913 – June 7, 1997) was an American philosopher and scholar of German philosophy. Beck was Burbank Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy at the University of Rochester and served as the Philosophy Department chair there from 1949 to 1966. He translated several of Immanuel Kant's works, including the Critique of Practical Reason, and was the author of Studies in The Philosophy of Kant (1965).
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Linda Martín Alcoff
Linda Martín Alcoff is a philosopher at the City University of New York who specializes in epistemology, feminism, race theory and existentialism. She earned her PhD in Philosophy from Brown University. She was recognized as the distinguished Woman Philosopher of 2005 by the Society for Women in Philosophy and APA and is listed on Hispanic Business's 2006 "100 Most Influentials." She began teaching at Hunter College and the City University of New York Graduate Center in early 2009.
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Louis H. Mackey
Louis H. Mackey (September 24, 1926 – March 25, 2004) was a professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin in the USA.
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Louis Narens
Louis Narens is Professor in the Department of Cognitive Sciences and the Department of Logic and the Philosophy of Science at the University of California, Irvine.
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Lysander Spooner
Lysander Spooner (January 19, 1808 May 14, 1887) was an American entrepreneur, libertarian, political philosopher, abolitionist, supporter of the labor movement, and legal theorist of the nineteenth century. He is also known for competing with the U.S. Post Office with his American Letter Mail Company, which was forced out of business by the United States government.
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Marcus Berquist
Marcus Berquist one of the founders of Thomas Aquinas College, a professor, and an expert on the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas.
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Marilyn Frye
Marilyn Frye (born 1941 in Tulsa, Oklahoma) is a philosophy professor and feminist theorist. She earned her Ph.D. at Cornell University in 1969 and has taught feminist philosophy, metaphysics, and philosophy of language at Michigan State University since 1974. Frye also serves Michigan State University as Associate Dean of the College of Arts and Letters.
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Marjorie Grene
Marjorie Glicksman Grene (December 13, 1910 – March 16, 2009) was an American philosopher.
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Mark C. Taylor
Mark C. Taylor (born 13 December 1945) is a philosopher of religion and cultural critic who has published more than twenty books on theology, philosophy, art and architecture, media, technology, economics, and the natural sciences. After graduating from Wesleyan University (1968), he received his doctorate in the study of religion from Harvard University and began teaching at Williams College in 1973. In 2007, Taylor moved from Williams College to Columbia University, where he chairs the Department of Religion.
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Mark Kuczewski
Mark Kuczewski, is an American philosopher and bioethicist who has been a key contributor to the New Professionalism movement in medicine and medical education. In general, interest in professionalism has been widespread in medicine probably owing to the increasing regulatory and economic pressures on the practice of medicine. Many physicians have sought to identify the focal meaning of what it is to be a doctor in an effort to revitalize the profession. Kuczewski has been among a group that includes Richard and Sylvia Creuss, John Coulehan, and Matt Wynia who see medical professionalism as including a commitment to social justice. That is, while professionalism entails such things as etiquette, communication skills, and basic medical ethics, professions are also expected to be leaders in educating the public and in advocating for the health of the public. This entails an understanding of the factors that lead some patient populations to be underserved and a commitment to bringing about social change to ameliorate these problems.
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Mark Lance
Mark Lance is a professor in the Philosophy Department and Justice and Peace Studies Program at Georgetown University. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Pittsburgh under the direction of Robert Brandom and his main area of expertise is the philosophy of language, epistemology, philosophical logic and metaphysics. He also writes and speaks extensively on anarchist theory. His published works include The Grammar of Meaning (ISBN 0-521-58300-4) as well as many articles on topics ranging from consensus democracy to neo-Sellarsianism.
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Mark Lilla
Mark Lilla is an essayist and historian of ideas at Columbia University in New York City.
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Marshall Berman
Marshall Berman (born 1940, The Bronx, New York City) is an American philosopher and Marxist Humanist writer. He is currently Distinguished Professor of Political Science at The City College of New York and at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, teaching Political Philosophy and Urbanism.
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Martha Nussbaum
Martha Nussbaum (born Martha Craven on May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher with a particular interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy and ethics.
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Martin Bunzl
Martin Bunzl (born 1948, United Kingdom) is the director of the [http://www.csp.rutgers.edu/Rutgers Initiative on Climate and Social Policy ] at the Eagleton Institute of Politics. He edited, with Anthony Appiah, Buying Freedom: The Ethics and Economics of Slave Redemption. His other books include Real History (1997), and The Context of Explanation (1993).
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Martin Jay
Martin Jay (born 1944) is the Sidney Hellman Ehrman Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley. He is a renowned Intellectual Historian and his research interests have been groundbreaking in connecting history with other academic and intellectual activities, such as the Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School, other figures and methods in continental Social Theory, Cultural Criticism, and Historiography among many others.
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Marvin Farber
Marvin Farber (December 14, 1901, Buffalo, New York - 1980, Minneapolis) was an American philosopher. He was Professor Emeritus at the University at Buffalo, and was Chairman of the Department of Philosophy there from 1937 to 1961. He founded the journal Philosophy and Phenomenological Research in 1940, and served as its editor until 1980. He was the older brother of cancer researcher Sidney Farber.
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Mary Anne Warren
Mary Anne Warren (born August 17, 1946 — died August 9, 2010) was an American writer and philosophy professor, noted for her writings on the issue of abortion.
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Mary Whiton Calkins
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) was an American philosopher and psychologist.
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Matthew Lipman
Matthew Lipman (born on August 24, 1922) is recognized as the founder of Philosophy for Children. His decision to bring philosophy to young people came from his experience as a professor at Columbia University, where he witnessed underdeveloped reasoning skills in his students. His interest is particularly on developing reasoning skills by teaching logic. The belief that children possess the ability to think abstractly from an early age, led him to the conviction that bringing logic to children’s education earlier would help them to improve their reasoning skills. In 1972 he left Columbia for Montclair State College to establish the Institute for the Advancement of Philosophy for Children (IAPC) [http://cehs.montclair.edu/academic/iapc/] where he began to take philosophy into K-12 classrooms in Montclair. That year he also published his first of many books specifically designed to help children practice philosophy, ''Harry Stottlemeier's Discovery''. A primary goal of Philosophy for children is to foster critical thinking, defined by Lipman as “thinking that (1) facilitates judgment because it (2) relies on criteria, (3) is self-correcting, and (4) is sensitive to context.” [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/children/#2] He challenges educators to create a community of inquiry to this end. The IAPC continues to develop and publish curriculum, working internationally to advance and improve philosophy for children.
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Matthew W. McKeon
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Max Baginski
Max Baginski (1864 – November 24, 1943) was a German-American anarchist.
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Max Black
Max Black (24 February 1909, Baku, Russian Empire [now Azerbaijan] – 27 August 1988, Ithaca, New York, United States) was a distinguished British-American - Azeri philosopher of Jewish descent, who was a leading influence in analytic philosophy in the first half of the twentieth century. He made contributions to the philosophy of language, the philosophy of mathematics and science, and the philosophy of art, also publishing studies of the work of philosophers such as Frege. His translation (with Peter Geach) of Frege's published philosophical writing is a classic text.
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Max Freedom Long
Max Freedom Long (October 26, 1890 - September 23, 1971) was an American teacher and New Thought philosopher.
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Max Weismann
Max Weismann is an American philosopher and a long time friend and colleague of Mortimer Adler, with whom he co-founded the Center for the Study of the Great Ideas in Chicago. He is director and president of the Center and has dedicated his time and talents to promoting the philosophical and pedagogical ideas of Dr. Adler. He also compiled, edited and published, How To Think About the Great Ideas: From the Great Books of Western Civilization, a 600 page tome of never published work from Adler’s television series, The Great Ideas. Weismann serves as chairman of the Great Books Academy [over 3.000 students].
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Maxine Greene
Maxine Greene (born December 23, 1917) is an American educational philosopher, author, social activist, and teacher.
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Michael C. Rea
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Michael J. Shapiro
Michael Joseph Shapiro (born February 16, 1940) is Professor of Political Science at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. His work is often described as 'postdisciplinary', drawing on such diverse traditions as political philosophy, critical theory, cultural studies, film theory, international relations theory, literary theory, African American studies, comparative politics, geography, sociology, urban planning, economics, psychoanalysis, crime fiction, genre studies, new musicology, aesthetics and Indigenous Politics.
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Michael Levin
Michael Levin is a philosophy professor at City University of New York. He has published on metaphysics, epistemology, race, homosexuality, animal rights, the philosophy of archaeology, the philosophy of logic, philosophy of language, and the philosophy of science.
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Michael Novak
Michael Novak (born 9 September, 1933) is an American Catholic philosopher, journalist, novelist, and diplomat. The author of more than twenty-five books on the philosophy and theology of culture, Novak is most widely known for his book The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism (1982). In 1994 he was awarded the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, which included a million-dollar purse awarded at Buckingham Palace. He writes books and articles focused on capitalism, religion, and the politics of democratization.
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Michael Ruse
Michael Ruse (born June 21, 1940 in Birmingham, England) is a philosopher of biology at Florida State University, and is well known for his work on the creationism/evolution controversy and the demarcation problem in science. He was born in England, took his undergraduate degree at the University of Bristol (1962), his master's degree at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario (1964), and Ph.D. at the University of Bristol (1970). Ruse taught at the University of Guelph Canada for 35 years. Since his retirement from Guelph, he has taught at Florida State University and is the Lucyle T. Werkmeister Professor of Philosophy (2000-present). In 1986, he was elected as a Fellow of both the Royal Society of Canada and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has received honorary doctorates from the University of Bergen, Norway (1990), the McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (2003) and most recently the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada (2007). He considers himself both an atheist and agnostic, but believes that "new atheism" is a disservice to science and loaths the term "Humanist."
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Mitchell Miller
Mitchell H. Miller, Jr. is a professor of Philosophy at Vassar College. The majority of his work concerns the late dialogues of Plato, but he has also written on Hesiod, Parmenides, and Hegel.
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Moncure D. Conway
Moncure Daniel Conway (March 17, 1832 – November 5, 1907) was an American abolitionist, Unitarian clergyman, and author.
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Monroe Beardsley
Monroe Curtis Beardsley (10 December 1915 – 18 September 1985) was an American philosopher of art. He was born and raised in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and educated at Yale University (B.A. 1936, Ph.D. 1939). He taught at a number of colleges and universities, including Mt. Holyoke College and Yale University, but most of his career was spent at Swarthmore College (22 years) and Temple University (16 years). His wife and occasional coauthor, Elizabeth Lane Beardsley, was also a philosopher at Temple.
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Mordecai Kaplan
Mordecai Menahem Kaplan (June 11, 1881 – November 8, 1983), was a rabbi, essayist and Jewish educator, the ideologue of Reconstructionist Judaism which he founded with his son-in-law Ira Eisenstein.
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Morris Weitz
Morris Weitz (; July 24, 1916 - February 1, 1981) was an American aesthetician. He received his doctorate from the University of Michigan. During the course of his career he taught at Vassar College, at Ohio State University and at Brandeis University. Weitz' groundbreaking publication is titled "The Role of Theory in Aesthetics." This work arguably spurred much debate within the philosophy of art and is part of a larger movement known as anti-essentialism. This movement was popular in the 1950s and is similarly defended by W.B. Gallie, W.E. Kennick and Paul Ziff. Weitz's piece, however, is arguably the most popular anti-essentialist pieces, as well as one of the most debated pieces in twentieth century aesthetics. Weitz argued against the traditional essentialist methodology and proposed using Wittgenstein's family resemblance argument as an alternate method for identifying art objects. Weitz proposed that in asking "what is art?" aestheticians were really asking the wrong question altogether. The question he believed needed to be fundamentally addressed instead was "what kind of concept is 'art'?" Weitz used this question to propel both his defense of Wittgensteinian family resemblances, as well as his defense of art as an 'open concept.' Weitz is widely considered to have renewed interest within the analytical philosophy for aesthetics, where his claims have been challenged for over fifty years, most famously by Maurice Mandelbaum in the 1965 piece "Family Resemblances and Generalizations Concerning the Arts." Weitz later developed a philosophy of criticism, in which the critic must describe, interpret, evaluate, and finally theorize about the work in question.
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Mortimer Adler
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Morton White
Morton White (born 1917) is an American philosopher and historian of ideas. He is both a central figure in the philosophical movement of Holistic Pragmatism and a noted historian of American philosophical thought. He was a professor in the Department of Philosophy at Harvard from 1953 to 1970, and since then has been at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ where he is currently professor emeritus.
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Murray Rothbard
Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American intellectual, individualist anarchist, author, and economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern libertarianism and popularized a form of free-market anarchism he termed "anarcho-capitalism". Rothbard wrote over twenty books and is considered a centrally important figure in the American libertarian movement.
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Mylan Engel
Mylan Engel Jr. (1960- ) is an associate professor of philosophy at Northern Illinois University in DeKalb.
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Ned Block
Ned Block (born 1942) is an American philosopher working in the field of the philosophy of mind who has made important contributions to matters of consciousness and cognitive science. He obtained his Ph.D. from Harvard University under Hilary Putnam and was a professor of philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for many years, and now teaches at New York University (NYU).
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Ned Kock
Ned Kock is best known for employing biological evolution ideas to the understanding of human behavior toward technologies, particularly information technologies. He developed media naturalness theory, an evolutionary communication media theory.
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Neil Gillman
Neil Gillman (born September 11, 1933) is an American rabbi and philosopher, affiliated with Conservative Judaism.
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Nelson Goodman
Henry Nelson Goodman (7 August 1906, Somerville, Massachusetts – 25 November 1998, Needham, Massachusetts) was an American philosopher, known for his work on counterfactuals, mereology, the problem of induction, irrealism and aesthetics.
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Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky ( or ; born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist. He is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chomsky is well known in the academic and scientific community as one of the fathers of modern linguistics, and a major figure of analytic philosophy. Since the 1960s, he has become known more widely as a political dissident and an anarchist, referring to himself as a libertarian socialist. Chomsky is the author of more than 100 books and has received worldwide attention for his views, despite being typically absent from the mainstream media.
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Norman Malcolm
Norman Malcolm (11 June 1911 – 4 August 1990) was an American philosopher, born in Selden, Kansas. He studied philosophy with O.K. Bouwsma at the University of Nebraska, then enrolled as a graduate student at Harvard University in 1933.
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Noël Carroll
Noël Carroll (born 1947) is an American philosopher considered to be one of the leading figures in contemporary philosophy of art. Although Professor Carroll is best known for his work in the philosophy of film, he works in general on philosophy of art, theory of media, and also philosophy of history. His most popular and influential book is The Philosophy of Horror, or Paradoxes of the Heart (1990).
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Nuel Belnap
Nuel D. Belnap, Jr. (born 1930) is an American logician and philosopher who has made many important contributions to the philosophy of logic, temporal logic, and structural proof theory. He has taught at the University of Pittsburgh since 1961; before that he was at Yale University. His best known work is his collaboration with Alan Ross Anderson on relevance logic. He has also published books on the logic of questions and answers, with Thomas Steel, and the logic of agency, with Michael Perloff and Ming Xu. He has contributed to the foundations of two very distinct theories of truth: he was a co-author of "The Prosentential Theory of Truth" with Dorothy Grover and Joseph Camp, and of The Revision Theory of Truth with Anil Gupta. He is also co-author with Ming Xu and Michel Perloff of "Facing the Future".
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Oets Kolk Bouwsma
Oets Kolk Bouwsma (1898-1978) was an American philosopher born of Dutch-American parents in Muskegon, Michigan.
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Panayot Butchvarov
Panayot Butchvarov (born April 2, 1933, in Sofia, Bulgaria) is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Iowa.
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Patricia Churchland
Patricia Smith Churchland (born July 16, 1943 in Oliver, British Columbia, Canada) is a Canadian-American philosopher working at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) since 1984. She is currently a professor at the UCSD Philosophy Department, an adjunct professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and an associate of the Computational Neuroscience Laboratory (Sejnowski Lab) at the Salk Institute. She won a MacArthur prize in 1991. Educated at the University of British Columbia, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Oxford (B.Phil.). She taught philosophy at the University of Manitoba from 1969 to 1984 and is the wife of philosopher Paul Churchland.
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Patrick Suppes
Patrick Colonel Suppes (b. 1922, Tulsa, OK) is an American philosopher who has made significant contributions to philosophy of science, theory of measurement, foundations of quantum mechanics, decision theory, psychology, and educational technology.
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Paul Benacerraf
Paul Benacerraf is an American philosopher working in the field of the philosophy of mathematics who has been teaching at Princeton University since he joined the faculty in 1960. He was appointed Stuart Professor of Philosophy in 1974, and recently retired as the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy. Born in Paris, his parents were Sephardic Jews from Morocco (father) and Algeria (mother). His brother is the Nobel Prize-winning immunologist Baruj Benacerraf.
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Paul Carus
Paul Carus, Ph.D. (18 July 1852 – 11 February 1919) was a German-American author, editor, a student of comparative religion, and professor of philosophy.
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Paul Churchland
Paul Churchland is a philosopher noted for his studies in neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind. He is currently a Professor at the University of California, San Diego, where he holds the Valtz Chair of Philosophy. Churchland holds a joint appointment with the Cognitive Science Faculty and the Institute for Neural Computation. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1969 under the direction of Wilfrid Sellars. Churchland is the husband of philosopher Patricia Churchland. He is also the father of two children, Mark and Anne Churchland, both of whom are neuroscientists.
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Paul Elmer More
Paul Elmer More (December 12, 1864 – March 9, 1937) was an American journalist, critic, essayist and Christian apologist.
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Paul Guyer
Paul Guyer, a Professor of Philosophy and F.R.C. Murray Professor in the Humanities at the University of Pennsylvania, is one of the world's foremost scholars of Kant. Guyer also serves on the Graduate Groups for both Germanic Languages and Literatures and Comparative Literature. Prior to moving to the University of Pennsylvania, he taught at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Illinois, Chicago.
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Paul Kurtz
Paul Kurtz (born December 21, 1925 in Newark, New Jersey) is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, but is best known for his prominent role in the United States skeptical community. He has been called "the father of secular humanism."
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Paul Moser
Paul K. Moser (born 1957 in Bismarck, North Dakota) is an American philosophy professor who writes on the theory of knowledge and the philosophy of religion. He is Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Loyola University Chicago and Editor of American Philosophical Quarterly. He is the author of many works in epistemology and the philosophy of religion, in which he has supported versions of epistemic foundationalism and volitional theism. His latest work brings these two positions together to support volitional evidentialism about theistic belief, in contrast to fideism and traditional natural theology. His work draws from some epistemological and theological insights of Blaise Pascal, John Oman, and H. H. Farmer, but adds (i) a notion of purposively available evidence of God’s existence, (ii) a notion of authoritative evidence in contrast with spectator evidence, and (iii) a notion of personifying evidence of God whereby some willing humans become salient evidence of God's existence.
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Paul Tillich
Paul Johannes Tillich (August 20, 1886 – October 22, 1965) was a German-American theologian and Christian existentialist philosopher. Tillich was – along with his contemporaries Rudolf Bultmann (Germany), Karl Barth (Switzerland), and Reinhold Niebuhr (United States) – one of the four most influential Protestant theologians of the 20th century. Among the general populace, he is best known for his works The Courage to Be (1952) and Dynamics of Faith (1957), which introduced issues of theology and modern culture to a general readership. Theologically, he is best known for his major three-volume work Systematic Theology (1951–63), in which he developed his "method of correlation": an approach of exploring the symbols of Christian revelation as answers to the problems of human existence raised by contemporary existential philosophical analysis.
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Paul van Buren
Paul Matthews van Buren (1924-1998) was a Christian theologian and author. An ordained Episcopalian priest he was a Professor of religion at Temple University, Philadelphia for 22 years.
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Paul Woodruff
Paul Woodruff (born 1943) is a classicist, professor of philosophy, and dean at the University of Texas at Austin, where he once chaired the department of philosophy and has more recently held the Hayden Head Regents Chair as director of Plan II Honors program, which he resigned in 2006 after 15 years of service. On September 21, 2006, University President William C. Powers , Jr. named Dr. Woodruff the inaugural dean of undergraduate studies. He is best-known for his work on Socrates, Plato, and philosophy of theater. A beloved professor, he often teaches courses outside his Ancient Greek Philosophy specialty, including literature courses and specialty seminars, often for the Plan II program.
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Paul Ziff
(Robert) Paul Ziff (22 October 1920 in New York City—9 January 2003 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina) was an American artist and philosopher specializing in semantics and aesthetics.
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Peter Achinstein
Peter Achinstein is a distinguished American Philosopher of Science. He is the author of numerous influential books and articles. He is currently the director of the Yeshiva University Center for History and Philosophy of Science, and is also the Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein University Professor of Philosophy at the University
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Peter D. Klein
Peter David Klein (born 17 September 1940) is a professor of philosophy and chair of the department at Rutgers University, New Jersey. Peter Klein received a BA at Earlham College, and a PhD from Yale University. He is the author of Certainty: A Refutation of Skepticism (1982) and a variety of articles and reviews addressing issues in epistemology.
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Peter Kreeft
Peter John Kreeft (b. 1938/1939) is a professor of philosophy at Boston College and The King's College, and author of numerous books as well as a popular writer on Christian theology, and specifically Roman Catholic apologetics. He also formulated together with Ronald K. Tacelli, SJ, "Twenty Arguments for the Existence of God".
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Peter Suber
Peter Suber (born November 8, 1951) is the creator of the game Nomic and a leading voice in the open access movement. He is a senior research professor of philosophy at Earlham College, the open access project director at Public Knowledge, a senior researcher at SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition), and a Fellow at Harvard's [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/home/ Berkman Center] and [http://osc.hul.harvard.edu/ Office for Scholarly Communication]. He is also a member of the Advisory Boards at the Wikimedia Foundation, the Open Knowledge Foundation, and other organizations devoted to open access and an information commons.
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Peter Unger
Peter K. Unger (born 1942) is a contemporary American philosopher and professor at New York University. His main interests lie in the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and the philosophy of mind. He attended Swarthmore College at the same time as David Lewis, earning a B.A. in philosophy in 1962, and Oxford University, where he studied under A. J. Ayer and earned a doctorate in 1966.
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Peter van Inwagen
Peter van Inwagen (born September 21, 1942, United States) is an American analytic philosopher and the John Cardinal O'Hara Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He previously taught at Syracuse University and earned his PhD from the University of Rochester under the direction of Richard Taylor and Keith Lehrer. Van Inwagen is one of the leading figures in contemporary metaphysics, philosophy of religion, and philosophy of action.
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Philip Hallie
Philip Paul Hallie (1922–1994) was an author, philosopher and professor at Wesleyan University for 32 years. During World War II he served in the US Army. His degrees were from Harvard, Oxford (where he was a Rhodes Scholar at Jesus College from 1949 to 1951) and Grinnell College.
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Pitirim Sorokin
Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin (; January 21, 1889 – February 11, 1968) was a Russian-American sociologist born in Komi (Finno-Ugric region of Russia). Academic and political activist in Russia, he emigrated from Russia to the United States in 1923. He founded the Department of Sociology at Harvard University. He was a vocal opponent of Talcott Parsons' theories. Sorokin was an ardent opponent of communism, which he regarded as a "pest of man." He is best known for his contributions to the social cycle theory.
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Quentin Smith
Quentin Persifor Smith (born August 27, 1952 in Rhinebeck, New York) is an American contemporary philosopher, scholar and professor of philosophy at Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He has worked in the philosophy of time, philosophy of language, philosophy of physics and philosophy of religion. Smith has published over 140 articles and of his published books, he has authored three, co-authored two, and co-authored and edited seven. He is an editor for Prometheus Books and was the chief editor for Philo from 2001 to 2007.
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R.P. Kaushik
R.P. Kaushik (1926-1981) was a philosopher best known for his book Towards a New Consciousness, a classic of the American spiritual renaissance of the 1960s and 70s.
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Ralph Barton Perry
Ralph Barton Perry (3 July 1876 in Poultney, Vermont - 22 January 1957 in Boston, Massachusetts) was an American philosopher.
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American lecturer, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thought through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.
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Raymond Duncan
Raymond Duncan (1874–1966) was an American dancer, artist, poet, craftsman, and philosopher, and brother of dancer Isadora Duncan.
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Raymond Geuss
Raymond Geuss (born 1946 in Evansville, Indiana), a Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cambridge, is a political philosopher and scholar of 19th and 20th century European philosophy.
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Raymond Smullyan
Raymond Merrill Smullyan (born May 25, 1919) is an American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician.
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Rebecca Goldstein
Rebecca Goldstein (born February 23, 1950) is an American novelist and professor of philosophy. She has written five novels, a number of short stories and essays, and biographical studies of mathematician Kurt Gödel and philosopher Baruch Spinoza.
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René Girard
René Girard (born December 25, 1923, Avignon, France) is a French historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science. His work belongs to the tradition of anthropological philosophy. He is the author of several books (see below), in which he developed the following ideas:
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Richard Arneson
Richard Arneson is an American philosopher specializing in political philosophy who has taught at the University of California, San Diego since 1973. He chaired the department during 1992 - 1996, and served as graduate adviser. In 1996, he also served as visiting professor in the Politics, Philosophy and Economics program at Yale University. Dr. Arneson earned his Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of California, Berkeley in 1975. His work has largely focused on Utilitarianism and on Luck Egalitarianism. He is also a proponent of Prioritarianism.
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Richard Boyd
Richard Newell Boyd (b. 1942, Ph.D. MIT 1970) is an American philosopher who has spent most of his career at Cornell University, though he also taught briefly at Harvard University, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and the University of California, Berkeley. He has also been a visiting professor at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, and the University of Melbourne in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Richard Brandt
Richard Brandt (1910–1997) was an American philosopher of the utilitarian tradition in moral philosophy. He taught at Swarthmore College before spending the bulk of his career at the University of Michigan, where he taught with Charles Stevenson and William K. Frankena (1908–1994) and served as Chairman of the philosophy department. The expressivist moral philosopher Allan Gibbard has mentioned his great intellectual debt to Brandt.
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Richard McKeon
Richard McKeon (April 26, 1900, Union Hill, New Jersey - March 31, 1985, Chicago) was an American philosopher.
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Richard Popkin
Richard H. Popkin (December 27, 1923—April 14, 2005) was an academic philosopher who specialized in the history of enlightenment philosophy and early modern anti-dogmatism. His 1960 work The History of Scepticism from Erasmus to Descartes introduced previously unrecognised influence on Western thought in the seventeenth century, the Pyrrhonian Scepticism of Sextus Empiricus. Popkin also was an internationally acclaimed scholar on Jewish and Christian millenarianism and messianism.
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Richard Rorty
Richard McKay Rorty (October 4, 1931 – June 8, 2007) was an American philosopher. He had a long and diverse academic career, including positions as Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton, Kenan Professor of Humanities at the University of Virginia, and Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford University. His complex intellectual background gave him a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the analytic tradition in philosophy he would later famously reject. The philosophical program he developed included a rejection of a representationalist account of knowledge, a concept he referred to as a "mirror of nature," which he saw as a holdover from Platonism and pervasive throughout the history of philosophy. In response to this tradition, which he saw embodied by analytic philosophy, Rorty developed a novel form of pragmatism in which scientific and philosophical methods are merely contingent "vocabularies" which are abandoned or adopted over time according to social conventions and usefulness. Abandoning the representationalist account of knowledge, Rorty believed, would lead to a state of mind he referred to as "ironism", in which people are completely aware of the contingency of their placement in history and of their vocabulary. For Rorty, this brand of philosophy is always tied to the notion of "social hope," that without the ideas of representation and other concepts standing in the way between the mind and the world, human society would be more free. Much of his work explicates what a "postmetaphysical" culture that has abandoned representationalist epistemology would look like, incorporating a pragmatist naturalism that treats science as a tool towards liberalism. His best known book is Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (1979).
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Richard Shusterman
Richard Shusterman is an American pragmatist philosopher, currently the Dorothy F. Schmidt Eminent Scholar in the Humanities and Professor of Philosophy at Florida Atlantic University. He is internationally known for his contributions to philosophical aesthetics.
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Richard Tarnas
Richard Theodore Tarnas, Jr. (born February 21, 1950) is a philosopher and cultural historian known for his 1991 book The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View and Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View, published in 2006. Tarnas is professor of philosophy and psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies, and is the founding director of its graduate program in Philosophy, Cosmology, and Consciousness.
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Richard Thomas Nolan
The Rev. Dr. Richard Thomas Nolan (born May 30, 1937, Waltham, MA) is a canon of Christ Church Episcopal Cathedral in Hartford, Connecticut and a former college professor of philosophy and religious studies. He is the editor/coauthor of The Diaconate Now (Corpus-World, 1968), and coauthor of Living Issues In Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), Living Issues in Ethics (Wadsworth 1982 and iUniverse 2000), and Soul Mates: More than Partners (online, 2004). Nolan is also the editor of a non-commercial, educational website [http://www.philosophy-religion.org philosophy-religion.org]. His books have been translated into several languages, including Indonesian and Chinese.
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Rick Roderick
Rick Roderick (1949–2002) was born in Abilene, Texas, son of (by his own description) a "con-man" and a "beautician". He was a teacher of philosophy at several universities, where he was much revered by many students for a socratic style of teaching combined with a brash and often humorous approach. His breakthrough into wider circles came with his engagement with The Teaching Company where he recorded several memorable lecture series. Rick Roderick died in 2002 from a congestive heart condition.
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Robert Anton Wilson
Robert Anton Wilson (born Robert Edward Wilson, January 18, 1932 – January 11, 2007), the American author of 33 influential books, became, at various times, a novelist, philosopher, psychologist, essayist, editor, playwright, futurist, polymath, civil libertarian and self-described agnostic mystic. Recognized as an Episkopos, Pope, and a Saint of Discordianism, Wilson helped publicize the group through his writings, interviews, and strolls.
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Robert Arrington
Robert L. Arrington (born 19 October 1938) is an American philosopher, specialising in moral philosophy, the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and the philosophy of psychology.
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Robert Audi
Robert Audi (born November 1941) is an American philosopher whose major work has focused on epistemology, ethics—especially on ethical intuitionism, and the theory of action. He is Professor of Philosophy and David E. Gallo Professor of Business Ethics at the University of Notre Dame. His 2005 book, The Good in the Right, updates and strengthens Rossian intuitionism and develops the epistemology of ethics. He has also written important works of political philosophy, particularly on the relationship between church and state.
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Robert B. Pippin
Robert B. Pippin (born 1948) is an American philosopher. He is the Evelyn Stefansson Nef Distinguished Service Professor in the John U. Nef Committee on Social Thought, the Department of Philosophy, and the College at the University of Chicago.
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Robert Brandom
Robert Brandom (born 1950) is an American philosopher who teaches at the University of Pittsburgh. He works primarily in philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and philosophical logic, and his work manifests both systematic and historical interests in these topics. He earned his B.A. from Yale University and his Ph.D. from Princeton University, under Richard Rorty and David Kellogg Lewis.
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Robert C. Solomon
Robert C. Solomon (September 14, 1942 – January 2, 2007) was a professor of continental philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin in the USA.
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Robert Grudin
Robert Grudin (born 1938) is an American writer and philosopher.
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Robert M. Pirsig
Robert Maynard Pirsig (born September 6, 1928) is an American writer and philosopher, and author of the philosophical novels ' (1974) and ' (1991).
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Robert Magliola
Robert Magliola is an academic specializing in European hermeneutics and deconstruction, in comparative philosophy, and in inter-religious dialogue. He is retired from National Taiwan University and from Assumption University of Thailand.
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Robert Nozick
Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American political philosopher, most prominent in the 1970s and 1980s. He was a professor at Harvard University. He is best known for his book Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a libertarian answer to John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971). His other work involved decision theory and epistemology.
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Robert Paul Wolff
Robert Paul Wolff (born 1933) is a contemporary American political philosopher and professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Wolff has written widely on many topics in political philosophy such as Marxism, tolerance (he wrote against liberalism and in favor of anarchism), political justification and democracy. Wolff is also well known for his work on Kant. Wolff is of Jewish heritage. His great-grandfather, Wolf ('Velvyl') Zarembovitch, immigrated to New York from Eastern Europe, when the family name was changed to Wolff.
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Robert S. Hartman
Robert Schirokauer Hartman (January 27, 1910 - September 20, 1973) was a logician and philosopher. His primary field of study was scientific axiology and he is known as the original theorist of the science of value. His axiology is the basis of the Hartman Value Inventory which is used in psychology to measure the character of an individual.
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Robert Stalnaker
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Robert Ulanowicz
Robert Edward Ulanowicz is an American theoretical ecologist and philosopher who is best known for his search for a unified theory of ecology. He was born September 17, 1943 in Baltimore, Maryland.
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Rod L. Evans
Dr. Rod L. Evans is an author, lecturer, and philosopher who writes and speaks on ethics, English usage, and practical political philosophy. He graduated from Old Dominion University, and earned his Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Virginia. He is Lecturer of Philosophy at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia.
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Roderick Chisholm
Roderick M. Chisholm (born North Attleboro, Massachusetts in 1916; died Providence, Rhode Island in 1999) was an American philosopher known for his work on epistemology, metaphysics, free will, and the philosophy of perception. He received his Ph.D. at Harvard University under Clarence Irving Lewis and Donald C. Williams, and taught at Brown University.
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Roderick Long
Roderick Tracy Long (born February 4, 1964) is a professor of philosophy at Auburn University and libertarian anarchist blogger. He received a B.A. in philosophy from Harvard University and his Ph.D. from Cornell University. He has edited the book Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country?. His work has been debated by Robert Bidinotto and cited by Gene Callahan. Long served as the editor of the Journal of Libertarian Studies and was a member of the Liberty and Power group blog. He is presently one of the editors of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies.
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Ronald Dworkin
Ronald Dworkin, QC, FBA (born December 11, 1931) is an American philosopher of law and scholar of constitutional law. He is a Professor of Law and Philosophy at University College London, Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law at New York University, and has taught previously at Yale Law School and the University of Oxford. An influential contributor to both philosophy of law and political philosophy, Dworkin received the 2007 Holberg International Memorial Prize in the Humanities for "his pioneering scholarly work" of "worldwide impact." His theory of law as integrity is amongst the most influential contemporary theories about the nature of law. He advocates a "moral reading" of the United States Constitution.
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Roy Wood Sellars
Roy Wood Sellars (1880 – September 5, 1973) was an American philosopher of critical realism and religious humanism, and a proponent of emergent evolution. His son was the philosopher Wilfrid Sellars. For much of his career he taught at the University of Michigan.
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Rufus Jones (writer)
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Ruth Barcan Marcus
Ruth Barcan Marcus (born 1921 in Bronx, New York) is the American philosopher and logician after whom the Barcan formula is named. She is a pioneering figure in the quantification of modal logic and the theory of direct reference. She has written seminal papers on identity, essentialism, possibilia, belief, moral conflict as well as some critical historical studies.
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Ruth Nanda Anshen
Ruth Nanda Anshen (June 14, 1900 – December 2, 2003) was an American philosopher, author and editor.
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Sally Haslanger
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Sam Keen
Sam Keen is a noted American author, professor and philosopher who is best known for his exploration of questions regarding love, life, religion, and being a man in contemporary society. He also co-produced Faces of the Enemy, an award-winning PBS documentary; was the subject of a Bill Moyers television special in the early 1990s; and for 20 years served as a contributing editor at Psychology Today magazine.
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Sandra Harding
:This article is about the American philosopher not the Australian sociologist and university administrator of the same name.
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Sandra Mitchell
Sandra D. Mitchell (born 1951) is an American philosopher and historian of ideas and professor of the History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. Her research focuses on the philosophies of biology and the social sciences, and the connection between them.
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Saul Kripke
Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician. He is a professor emeritus at Princeton and teaches as a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at CUNY Graduate Center. Since the 1960s Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and set theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape-recordings and privately circulated manuscripts (see "Unpublished Manuscripts and Online Lectures" below). Kripke was the recipient of the 2001 Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy. A recent poll conducted among philosophers ranked Kripke among the top ten most important philosophers of the past 200 years.
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Scott Buchanan
Scott Milross Buchanan (March 17, 1895 - March 25, 1968) was an American philosopher, educator, and foundation consultant. He is best known as the founder of the Great Books program at St. John's College, at Annapolis, Maryland.
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Scott Soames
Scott Soames (born 1946) is a professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California. He specializes in the philosophy of language and the history of analytic philosophy. He is well known for defending and expanding on the program in the philosophy of language started by Saul Kripke as well as being a major critic of two-dimensionalist theories of meaning.
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Shaun Nichols
Shaun Nichols is employed as a professor in the Philosophy department at the University of Arizona. He received his PhD. in Philosophy from Rutgers in 1992 and his BA in Philosophy from Stanford. His early work was concerned primarily with questions in theory of mind. Subsequently, he became one of the major figures in the experimental philosophy movement and was awarded the [http://philebus.tamu.edu/pipermail/spp-announce/2007-November/000079.html Stanton Prize] by the [http://www.socphilpsych.org Society for Philosophy and Psychology] in 2005. He is also currently a member of the [http://www.epl.web.arizona.edu/index.html Experimental Philosophy Lab] at the University of Arizona.
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Shelly Kagan
Shelly Kagan is the Clark Professor of Philosophy at Yale University and the former Henry R. Luce Professor of Social Thought and Ethics. Originally a native of Skokie, Illinois, he received his B.A. from Wesleyan University and his Ph.D. from Princeton University under the supervision of Thomas Nagel in 1982. He taught at the University of Pittsburgh and at the University of Illinois at Chicago before arriving at Yale. Kagan is of Jewish descent.
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Sidney Edward Mezes
Sidney Edward Mezes (September 23, 1863 – September 10, 1931) was an American philosopher. He was born in what is now the town of Belmont, California, to a Spanish-born father and Italian-born mother.
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Sidney Hook
Sidney Hook (December 20, 1902 – July 12, 1989) was a prominent New York intellectual and philosopher who championed pragmatism.
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Sidney Morgenbesser
Sidney Morgenbesser (September 22, 1921 – August 1, 2004) was a Columbia University philosopher. Born in New York City, he undertook philosophical study at the City College of New York and rabbinical study at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, then pursued graduate study in philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, where he wrote his Ph.D. thesis under the direction of Nelson Goodman. Morgenbesser returned to Columbia to teach in 1953 and, in 1975, was named the John Dewey Professor of Philosophy there. Morgenbesser was known particularly for his sharp witticisms and humor, which often penetrated to the heart of the philosophical issue at hand. He published little, and established no school, but was revered for his extraordinary intelligence and moral seriousness. He was a famously influential teacher; his former students include Jerry Fodor, Raymond Geuss, and Robert Nozick.
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Spencer Heath
Spencer Heath (Vienna, Virginia 1876 – Leesburg, Virginia 1963) was an American engineer, attorney, inventor, manufacturer, horticulturist, poet, philosopher of science and social thinker. An anarchist and a dissenter from Georgist economic views, he pioneered the theory of proprietary governance and community in his book Citadel, Market and Altar. Heath's grandson, Spencer Heath MacCallum, popularized and expounded on his ideas, including in his book The Art of Community
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Stanley Cavell
Stanley Louis Cavell (born September 1, 1926) is an American philosopher. He is the Walter M. Cabot Professor Emeritus of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University.
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Stanley Rosen
Stanley Rosen (born July 29, 1929) is an American philosopher. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, he is currently Professor Emeritus at Boston University. His wide range of research includes metaphysics, political philosophy, and history of western philosophy.
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Stanley Sfekas
Dr. Stanley Sfekas is professor of philosophy and religion at the University of Indianapolis/Athens Campus and was born in the United States. After receiving his B.A. in Philosophy and English from the University of Maryland, he went on to earn both his M.A. and Ph.D. in Philosophy from New York University. His doctoral dissertation is titled “The Problem of Individuation in Aristotelian Metaphysics”. Dr. Sfekas has taught in various institutions of higher education including Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, The New York Institute of Technology, George Washington University in Washington D.C., and the American College of Southeastern Europe.
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Stephen Bronner
Stephen Eric Bronner (born 19 August 1949) is a noted political philosopher and Professor (II) of Political Science, Comparative Literature, and German Studies at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States, and a member of the Democratic Socialists of America. A prolific writer, Bronner has published over 25 books and 200 journal articles.
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Stephen C. Meyer
Stephen C. Meyer (born 1958) is an American analytic philosopher and advocate for the concept of intelligent design who helped found the Discovery Institute (DI) and its Center for Science and Culture (CSC), which is the driving force behind the intelligent design movement. Previous to joining the DI, Meyer was a professor at Winthrop University.
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Stephen Hicks
Stephen Ronald Craig Hicks (born 1960 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is professor of philosophy at Rockford College, where he is also Executive Director of the Center for Ethics and Entrepreneurship.
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Stephen L. Esquith
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Stephen Menn
Dr. Stephen Menn, PhD. (born 1964) teaches ancient philosophy (Plato, Aristotle, Stoicism and neo-Platonism), medieval philosophy (Western and Islamic) and the history and philosophy of mathematics at McGill University.
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Stephen Palmquist
Stephen Richard Palmquist (born August 21, 1957) is a contemporary philosopher known for his work in interpretation of the work of Immanuel Kant, and on philosophy of religion, political theology, and the logic of symbolism. He is founder of several initiatives for community conversation in Hong Kong, where he has taught since 1987, currently as Professor of Religion and Philosophy at Hong Kong Baptist University.
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Stephen Pepper
Stephen C. Pepper (April 29, 1891–May 1, 1972) was an American philosopher.
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Stephen Stich
Stephen Stich (born May 9, 1943) is a professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. He is also currently an Honorary Professor of the department of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. Stich's main philosophical interests are in the philosophy of mind, cognitive science, epistemology, and moral psychology. He is arguably best known for his contributions to philosophy of mind. His 1983 book, "From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science: The Case Against Belief", received much attention as he argued for a form of eliminative materialism about the mind. However, he has since modified his position, especially in his 1996 book Deconstructing the Mind.
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Stephen Yablo
Stephen Yablo is a philosopher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He specializes in the philosophy of logic, philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and philosophy of language.
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Sterling Harwood
Sterling Voss Harwood (born August 25, 1958 in Washington, D.C.) is an American professor, lecturer, author and attorney based in San Jose, California.
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Steven Best
Steven Best (born December 1955) is an American animal rights activist, author, talk-show host, and associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso. He has been described as "one of the leading scholarly voices on animal rights."
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Steven Crowell
Steven Crowell is an American philosopher who has taught at Rice University since 1983 and is currently the department chair. Dr. Crowell earned his Ph.D. in Philosophy from Yale University in 1981. His work has largely focused on twentieth century European philosophy, including phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, and post-structuralism.
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Stewart Shapiro
Stewart Shapiro (born 1951) is O'Donnell Professor of Philosophy at the Ohio State University and a regular visiting professor at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. He is an important contemporary figure in the philosophy of mathematics where he defends a version of structuralism. He studied Mathematics and Philosophy at Case Western Reserve University in 1973. Then, he got his M.A. in Mathematics at the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1975. He transferred to the UB Philosophy Department, where three years later he got his Ph.D. (with Distinction). His doctoral supervisor was John Corcoran.
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Sue Golding
Sue Golding is a philosopher and artist. She is Professor of Philosophy in the Visual Arts & Communication Technologies at the University of Greenwich where she is also the Director of ICAS, the Institute for the Converging Arts & Sciences. Previously she was Head of Theory at the Jan Van Eyck Academie, Maastricht. Born in New York, Golding lived in Toronto where she was the President of the Buddies in Bad Times Theatre and was involved with The Body Politic (magazine). She now lives and works in London. She has also published under the pen names Johnny Golding and Johnny de Philo.
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Susan Bordo
Susan Bordo (born January 24, 1947) is a modern feminist philosopher known for her contributions to the field of contemporary cultural studies, particularly in the area of “body studies.”
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Susan Wolf
Susan R. Wolf (born 1952) is a moral philosopher and philosopher of action who is currently the Edna J. Koury Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her husband, [http://philosophy.unc.edu/maclean.html Douglas MacLean], is also a philosopher teaching at UNC-Chapel Hill. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and she received a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award in the Humanities in 2002.
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Susanne Langer
Susanne Katherina Langer (née Knauth) (1895-1985) was an American philosopher of mind and of art who was influenced by Ernst Cassirer and Alfred North Whitehead. She was one of the first women to achieve an academic career in philosophy and the first to be popularly and professionally recognized as an American philosopher. Langer is best known for her 1942 book Philosophy in a New Key.
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T.M. Scanlon
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Tad Schmaltz
Tad M. Schmaltz (born 1960) is a professor of philosophy at Duke University. He graduated magna cum laude with a BA in philosophy from Kalamazoo College in 1983, received his doctorate in 1988 from the University of Notre Dame, and has taught at Duke since 1989. He is the author of ''Malebranche's Theory of the Soul (Oxford University Press, 1996) and Radical Cartesianism'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002). He is editor of the Journal of the History of Philosophy.
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Terence McKenna
Terence Kemp McKenna (November 16, 1946 – April 3, 2000) was a modern philosopher, whose main interest was psychedelics and their role in society and existence beyond the physical body. Some people describe him as an American author, public speaker, metaphysician, psychonaut, philosopher, ethnobotanist, art historian, and self-described anarchist, anti-materialist, environmentalist, feminist, Platonist and skeptic. During his lifetime he was noted for his knowledge of psychedelics, metaphysics, plant-based entheogens, shamanism, mysticism, Hermeticism, Neoplatonism, biology, geology, physics, phenomenology, and his concept of novelty theory.
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Theodore Drange
Theodore "Ted" Michael Drange (1934—) is a philosopher of religion and Professor Emeritus at West Virginia University, where he taught philosophy from 1966 to 2001. He received a B.A. from Brooklyn College in 1955 and a Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1963. He has written two books: one in the philosophy of language, Type Crossings, in 1966; and one in the philosophy of religion, Nonbelief and Evil: Two Arguments for the Nonexistence of God, in 1998. Drange has also written several articles on the philosophy of religion and atheism, particularly for the Internet Infidels organization.
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Theodore Schick
Theodore Schick is an author in the field of philosophy.
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Thomas A. McCarthy
Thomas McCarthy is an American philosopher and currently a visiting professor at Yale University. His major research interests are in social and political philosophy, German philosophy, and critical theory. He is the author of The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas (MIT Press, 1978), Ideals and Illusions (MIT Press, 1991), Critical Theory (Blackwell, 1994), and Race, Empire, and the Idea of Human Development (Cambridge University Press, 2009), and the general editor of the series Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought. He has received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Guggenheim Foundation, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
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Thomas Buford
Thomas O. Buford (1932-) holds the Louis G. Forgione Chair of Philosophy at Furman University and has been an adherent of the Boston Personalism branch of philosophy.
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Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Nagel
Thomas Nagel (born July 4, 1937 in Belgrade, in present-day Serbia) is an American philosopher, currently University Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, where he has taught since 1980. His main areas of philosophical interest are philosophy of mind, political philosophy and ethics. He is well-known for his critique of reductionist accounts of the mind in his essay "What Is it Like to Be a Bat?" (1974), and for his contributions to deontological and liberal moral and political theory in The Possibility of Altruism (1970) and subsequent writings.
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Thomas Paine
Thomas "Tom" Paine ( June 8, 1809) was an author, pamphleteer, radical, inventor, intellectual, revolutionary, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He has been called "a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination."
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Thomas Pangle
Thomas Lee Pangle BA PhD FRSC (born 1944) is an American political scientist. He currently holds the Joe R. Long Chair in Democratic Studies in the Department of Government at the University of Texas at Austin and from 1979 to 2004 was University Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto.
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Thomas Samuel Kuhn
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Thomas V. Morris
Thomas V. Morris, also known as Tom Morris (born 1952) is an American philosopher. He is a former Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, founder of the Morris Institute of Human Values, and author of several books. He is also a business and motivational speaker, applying philosophical themes and concepts to business and professional life.
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Timothy Leary
Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an influential American psychologist and writer known in later life for advocating research into psychedelic drugs. A hugely controversial figure during the 1960s and 1970s, he encouraged the use of the drug LSD for its therapeutic, emotional and spiritual benefits, and coined the saying "Turn on, tune in, drop out", both of which proved to be hugely influential on the 1960s counterculture. Largely due to his influence in this field, he was attacked by conservative figures in the United States, and described as "the most dangerous man in America" by President Richard Nixon.
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Todd Hedrick
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Todd May
Todd May is a political philosopher notable for his role in developing, alongside Saul Newman and Lewis Call, the theory of post-structuralist anarchism. He is currently Class of 1941 Memorial Professor of Philosophy at Clemson University and contributes to CounterPunch. His 1994 book The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism was the first to combine poststructuralist and anarchist thought, and he subsequently has published treatments of major poststructuralist philosophers, including Gilles Deleuze and Michel Foucault. He serves as faculty adviser for several student-run political organizations.
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Tom Regan
Tom Regan (born November 28, 1938) is an American philosopher who specializes in animal rights theory. He is professor emeritus of philosophy at North Carolina State University, where he taught from 1967 until his retirement in 2001.
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Tyler Burge
Tyler Burge (born 1946, Ph.D., Princeton University, 1971) is a Professor of Philosophy at UCLA. He has made contributions to several areas of philosophy, including the philosophy of mind, epistemology, and the history of philosophy. In the history of philosophy, he has published articles on the philosophy of Gottlob Frege. A collection of his writings on Frege, along with a substantial introduction and several postscripts by the author, has been published (Burge, 2005). In epistemology, he has written on such topics as self-knowledge and the warrant to testimony. He is perhaps most well-known for his contributions to the philosophy of mind, including his views on de re belief and, most notably, anti-individualism with respect to mental content, which is also known as externalism. A festschrift devoted mostly to Burge's work on anti-individualism, including extensive replies from Burge to the contributors, has also appeared (Hahn and Ramberg 2003). Burge is also an elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. He was the recipient of the 2010 Jean Nicod Prize and delivered a series of lectures in Paris that were hosted by the French National Centre for Scientific Research.
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V. Y. Mudimbe
Valentin Yves Mudimbe (born 1941) is a philosopher, professor, and author of books and articles about African culture, poems, and novels. He was born in the Belgian Congo, which became Zaire and is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As a young man, he joined a Benedictine monastery, but left in order to study the forces that shaped African history. He and his family left Zaire to escape the dictatorship of Mobutu in the early 1980s. After teaching at Haverford College and Stanford University, he now teaches at Duke University.
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Vernon Howard
Vernon Linwood Howard (March 16, 1918 - August 23, 1992) was an American spiritual teacher, author, and philosopher.
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Virgil Aldrich
Virgil Charles Aldrich, (born on September 13, 1903, in Narsinghpur, India- died May 28, 1998, in Salt Lake City, Utah), was an American philosopher of art, language, and religion.
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Walt Whitman
Walter "Walt" Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was very controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality.
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Walter B. Pitkin
Walter Boughton Pitkin (Born February 6, 1878 in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Died January 25, 1953 in Palo Alto, California) was an American lecturer in philosophy and psychology at Columbia University (1905-09), and professor in the Columbia University School of Journalism (1912-43). He has written some self help books like Life Begins at 40 (New York, Whittlesey house, McGraw-Hill, 1932) and The Psychology of Happiness. His A Short Introduction to the History of Human Stupidity was translated into fifteen languages. Pitkin was a member of the New Realism school in philosophy, writing on its relation to biology.
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Warren Ashby
Dr. Warren Ashby (born in Newport News, Virginia, May 15, 1920 - died October 3, 1985) was an American philosopher.
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Warren Shibles
Warren A. Shibles is an American philosopher, historian and professor. His B.A. is from the University of Connecticut and his M.A. from the University of Colorado. He was head of the department of philosophy of the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. He is the author of numerous articles in history and philosophy and of many books, including children's books in philosophy and ethics. A number of his books have been translated into German, Finnish and Spanish languages.
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Werner Krieglstein
Werner Josef Krieglstein, Ph.D. (October 31, 1941), a Fulbright Scholar and University of Chicago fellow, is an award winning and internationally recognized scholar, director and actor. Krieglstein is the founder of a neo-Nietzschean philosophical school called Transcendental Perspectivism. Krieglstein's "philosophy of compassion" has been the subject of symposium lectures at many prominent conferences including the recent UNESCO section of the World Congress of Philosophy conference in Seoul Korea (August, 2008), the ISAIL "Fields of Conflict-Fields of Wisdom": 4th International Congress in Wuerzburg, Germany (May, 2008), the meeting of the American Philosophical Association in Washington D.C.(Symposium Chair: Sept. 2006), and the ISUD Fourth World Conference of the International Society for Universal Dialogue (Summer, 2001), among many others.
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Wilfrid Sellars
Wilfrid Stalker Sellars (May 20, 1912 - July 2, 1989) was an American philosopher. His father was the Canadian-American philosopher Roy Wood Sellars, a leading American philosophical naturalist in the first half of the twentieth-century. Wilfrid was educated at the University of Michigan (BA 1933), the University of Buffalo, and Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar, obtaining his highest earned degree, an MA, in 1940. During WWII, he served in military intelligence. He then taught at the University of Iowa, the University of Minnesota, Yale University, and from 1963 until his death, at the University of Pittsburgh.
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Will Durant
William James Durant (November 5, 1885 – November 7, 1981) was a prolific American writer, historian, and philosopher. He is best known for The Story of Civilization, 11 volumes written in collaboration with his wife Ariel and published between 1935 and 1975. He was earlier noted for The Story of Philosophy, written in 1926, which one observer described as "a groundbreaking work that helped to popularize philosophy."
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William A. Earle
William A. Earle (1919 – October 16, 1988) was a twentieth-century American philosopher.
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William Alston
William P. Alston (1921 – 13 September 2009) was professor emeritus at Syracuse University, and made influential contributions to the philosophy of language, epistemology and Christian philosophy. He earned his PhD from the University of Chicago and taught at Rutgers University and the University of Michigan.
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William Barratt
William James Barratt (25 January 1823 – 10 September 1889) was an English convert to Mormonism and became the first Latter Day Saint to live in Australia when he was sent there as a missionary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. However, he ultimately apostatized from Mormonism.
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William E. Connolly
William E. Connolly is a political theorist known for his work on democracy and pluralism. He is the Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University. His 1974 work The Terms of Political Discourse won the 1999 Benjamin Lippincott Award.
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William Fontaine
William Thomas Valerio Fontaine (born William Thomas Fontaine; December 2, 1909 – December 29, 1968) was an American philosopher. Teaching at the University of Pennsylvania from 1947 to 1967, he was an American Professor of philosophy in the Ivy League.
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William Frankena
William K. Frankena (1908–94) was an American moral philosopher. Frankena was a member of the University of Michigan's Department of Philosophy for 41 years (1937–78) and chair of the Department for 14 years (1947–61). "He was known within the University for his integrity, courage, and forthrightness, and dedication to the fundamental values of the institution." (Michigan Philosophy News, Fall 1995) Frankena "played an especially critical role in defense of fundamental academic freedoms during the McCarthy era."
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William Hasker
R. William Hasker is an American Christian philosopher and Distinguished Professor Emeritus of philosophy at Huntington University. For many years he was editor of the prestigious journal Faith and Philosophy. He has published many journal articles and books dealing with issues such as the mind-body problem, theodicy, and divine omniscience. He has affirmed "Open Theism" and a view known as "emergentism" regarding the nature of the human person. Hasker regards the soul as an "emergent" substance, dependent upon the body for its existence.
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William Hirstein
William Hirstein is an American philosopher primarily interested in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, metaphysics, cognitive science, and analytic philosophy. He is a professor of philosophy, director of the Cognitive Science Lab, and the current chair of the Philosophy Department at Elmhurst College.
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William J. Winslade
William J. Winslade (born 18 November 1941), Ph.D., J.D., is the James Wade Rockwell Professor of Philosophy of Medicine at the Institute for Medical Humanities, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston and Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law and Associate Director for Graduate Programs, Health Law & Policy Institute at the University of Houston Law Center.
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William James
:This article is about the American psychologist and philosopher. For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation)
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William L. Reese
William L. Reese (born 1921) was a faculty member in the Department of Philosophy, State University of New York at Albany. He was born in Jefferson City, Missouri.
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William L. Rowe
William Leonard Rowe (born 26 July 1931) is a professor emeritus of philosophy at Purdue University who specialises in the philosophy of religion. His work has played a leading role in the "remarkable revival of analytic philosophy of religion since the 1970s". He is most notable for his formulation of the evidential argument from evil.
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William Lane Craig
William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American Evangelical Christian apologist, theologian, and analytic philosopher known for his contributions to the philosophy of religion, historical Jesus studies, and the philosophy of time. He is one of the most visible contemporary proponents of natural theology, often participating in debates on the existence of God. In 1979, Craig authored The Kalam Cosmological Argument, a modern defense of the kalam cosmological argument—which is today the most published-on contemporary argument for theism in the philosophy of religion.
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William Lowe Bryan
William Lowe Bryan (November 11, 1860 – November 21, 1955) was the 10th president of Indiana University, serving from 1902 to 1937. Having been born near Bloomington, Bryan graduated from IU with degrees in ancient classics and philosophy. His interests shifted toward psychology and Bryan went on to earn his Ph.D. in psychology from Clark University in 1892. That same year Bryan helped organize the American Psychological Association and became one of its charter members. He returned to IU in 1893 to accept a professorship in the psychology department and the appointment to vice president of the university. He succeeded Joseph Swain as president in 1902 and led the institution for 35 years until 1937, at which time he retired as president emeritus at the age of 76. Bryan presided over the transformation of IU from a small, traditional liberal arts college into a modern research university. His most notable accomplishment was the expansion of graduate and professional training. During his administration, schools of medicine, education, nursing, business, music, and dentistry were established. He died in Bloomington in 1955.
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William Lycan
William G. Lycan (b. September 26, 1945, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is a noted American philosopher teaching at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,where he is the William Rand Kenan, Jr. Distinguished Professor. He won the Class of 2001 Outstanding Faculty Award (in 2001) and a Distinguished Teaching Award for Post-Baccalaureate Instruction in 2002. Before moving to UNC in 1982, Lycan taught for several years at Ohio State University.
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William S. Sahakian
William S. Sahakian (1922-1986) was an American philosopher. Sahakian completed his graduate studies in philosophy at Harvard University and at Boston University. In 1951, Sahakian received his Ph.D. degree from Boston University. Sahakian's dissertation was entitled, The emotive ethic in contemporary British and American philosophy.
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William W. Tait
William Walker Tait (born 1929) is an emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago, where he served as a faculty member from 1972 to 1996, and as department chair from 1981 to 1987.
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Wolfgang Smith
Wolfgang Smith (born 1930) is a mathematician, physicist, philosopher of science, metaphysician, Roman Catholic and member of the Traditionalist School. He has written extensively in the field of differential geometry, as a critic of scientism and as a proponent of a new interpretation of quantum mechanics that draws heavily from medieval ontology and realism.
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Emma Goldman
Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was an anarchist known for her political activism, writing and speeches. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the twentieth century.
http://wn.com/Emma_Goldman
- Abraham Kaplan
- Adrian Piper
- Adrienne Rich
- Alain LeRoy Locke
- Alan Gewirth
- Alan Soble
- Alasdair MacIntyre
- Albert Blumberg
- Albert Borgmann
- Albert Einstein
- Alexander Rosenberg
- Alfred de Grazia
- Alfred Henry Lloyd
- Alfred I. Tauber
- Alfred Mele
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Eric Voegelin and the Judeo-Christian Tradition WLNC101
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:57
- Published: 28 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 27 Nov 2011
- Author: cirosuperiore
WLNC101 Eric Voegelin and the Judeo-Christian tradition oegelin identified the root of the Gnostic impulse as alienation, that is, a sense of disconnection with society, and a belief that this disconnection is the result of the inherent disorder, or even evil, of the world. This alienation has two effects: The belief that the disorder of the world can be transcended by extraordinary insight, learning, or knowledge, called a Gnostic Speculation by Voegelin (the Gnostics themselves referred to this as gnosis). The desire to create and implement a policy to actualize the speculation, or as Voegelin described it, to Immanentize the Eschaton, to create a sort of heaven on earth within history by triggering the apocalypse. Voegelin's conception of gnosis and his analysis of Gnosticism in general has been criticized by Eugene Webb. In an article entitled "Voegelin's Gnosticism Reconsidered," Webb explains that Voegelin's concept of Gnosticism was conceived "not primarily to describe ancient phenomena but to help us understand some modern ones for which the evidence is a great deal clearer."[9] Webb continues, "the category (of Gnosticism) is of limited usefulness for the purpose to which he put it...and the fact that the idea of Gnosticism as such has become so problematic and complex in recent years must at the very least undercut Voegelin's effort to trace a historical line of descent from ancient sources to the modern phenomena he tried to use them to illuminate."[10] [edit <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Eric_Voegelin_and_the_Judeo-Christian_Tradition_WLNC101
PHILOSOPHY: The Writings of Jim Morrison
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:37
- Published: 02 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 30 Jan 2012
- Author: RomanPhilosopher
I go over my favorite quotes of Jim Morrison. Some have wondered why I placed the Lizard King, an American Poet, on my list of philosophers, Gods, and elements which affect my life. Well its because Jim's words probably have impacted me more than any other mans. I place him up there with Plato. Now I know no thoughts are truly new, but Jim took the works of Blake, Huxley, Burroughs, Leary, Nietzsche, etc and put his own views in there and made some amazingly deep comments. Enjoy his words to the music of the Doors, from the Essential Rarities album, here is the Soft Parade (live) UPDATE: Originally I had the Orange Country Suite as the accompaniment, but the Record Companies didn't like that. The new song that is on this is Dax Johnson - A Moment in the life. It is a song from the AudioSwap feature on Youtube.
http://wn.com/PHILOSOPHY_The_Writings_of_Jim_Morrison
Jewish - music - morals stories - teachings - & more
rebshlomocarlebach.blogspot.com The Carlebach List - music - morals stories - teachings - & more Kabbalah Courses, Live Lessons, Books, Videos and Music by the World's Largest Kabbalah Source Jewish music with pictures of synagogues arund the world synagogue jew jews judaism oseh shalom am israel yisrael chai beta ethiopia masada jerusalem capernaum holy land place worship tunisia algeria egypt sephard sephardi ashkenaz ashkenazi Abner of Burgos Isaac Abrabanel Judah Leon Abravanel Felix Adler (Society for Ethical Culture) Mortimer J. Adler Theodor W. Adorno Isaac Albalag Samuel Alexander Shmuel Alexandrov Yohanan Alemanno List of Jewish American philosophers Anatol Rosenfeld Günther Anders Hannah Arendt Aristobulus of Paneas Raymond Aron Léon Ashkenazi Lyubov Axelrod Alfred Jules Ayer reb shlomo carlebach for israeli news israelvn.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Jewish__music__morals_stories__teachings__more
1. Introduction: What is Political Philosophy?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 37:06
- Published: 21 Sep 2008
- Uploaded: 28 Jan 2012
- Author: YaleCourses
Introduction to Political Philosophy (PLSC 114) Professor Smith discusses the nature and scope of "political philosophy." The oldest of the social sciences, the study of political philosophy must begin with the works of Plato and Aristotle, and examine in depth the fundamental concepts and categories of the study of politics. The questions "which regimes are best?" and "what constitutes good citizenship?" are posed and discussed in the context of Plato's Apology. 00:00 - Chapter 1. What Is Political Philosophy? 12:16 - Chapter 2. What Is a Regime? 22:19 - Chapter 3. Who Is a Statesman? What Is a Statesman? 27:22 - Chapter 4. What Is the Best Regime? Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: open.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2006.
http://wn.com/1_Introduction_What_is_Political_Philosophy?
6. Philosophers and Kings: Plato's Republic, V
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:09
- Published: 22 Sep 2008
- Uploaded: 01 Dec 2011
- Author: YaleCourses
Introduction to Political Philosophy (PLSC 114) In this last session on the Republic, the emphasis is on the idea of self-control, as put forward by Adeimantus in his speech. Socrates asserts that the most powerful passion one needs to learn how to tame is what he calls thumos. Used to denote "spiritedness" and "desire," it is associated with ambitions for public life that both virtuous statesmen as well as great tyrants may pursue. The lecture ends with the platonic idea of justice as harmony in the city and the soul. 00:00 - Chapter 1. The Control of Passions 08:53 - Chapter 2. A Proposal for the Construction of KallipolIs 17:34 - Chapter 3. Justice 26:28 - Chapter 4. The Philosopher-King 33:26 - Chapter 5. What Are Plato's Views on Modern America? Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: open.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2006.
http://wn.com/6_Philosophers_and_Kings_Plato's_Republic,_V
A History of Money and Banking in the United States (Part 1, 1/4) by Murray N. Rothbard
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 61:14
- Published: 23 Oct 2010
- Uploaded: 23 Jan 2012
- Author: LibertyInOurTime
Audiobook version of 'A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II' by Murray N. Rothbard, as read by Matthew Mezinskis. mises.org The master teacher of American economic history covers money and banking in the whole of American history, to show that the meltdown of our times is hardly the first. And guess what caused them in the past? Paper money, loose credit, reckless lending standards, government profligacy, and central banking. Murray N. Rothbard (1926-1995) was America's greatest radical libertarian author -- writing authoritatively about ethics, philosophy, economics, American history, and the history of ideas. He presented the most fundamental challenge to the legitimacy of government, and he refined thinking about the self-ownership and non-coercion principles. Biography of Murray N. Rothbard http Read Rothbard's complete book, 'A History of Money and Banking in the United States' online: mises.org Links to more online books and essays by Murray N. Rothbard: The Case Against the Fed mises.org Audio book version: www.youtube.com What Has Government Done to Our Money? mises.org Audio book version: www.youtube.com Economic Thought Before Adam Smith: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Volume I mises.org Audio book version: www.youtube.com Classical Economics: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Volume II mises.org Audio book version: www.youtube.com The Ethics of Liberty mises <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/A_History_of_Money_and_Banking_in_the_United_States_Part_1,_1/4_by_Murray_N_Rothbard
American Transcendentalism (I)
Featuring discussions of Ralph Waldo Emerson; ontological individualism and the state of nature; Alexis de Tocqueville; Immanuel Kant; philosophical idealism; Unitarianism; Transcendentalism; Lockean psychology; and Neo-Platonism.
http://wn.com/American_Transcendentalism_I
Monty Python - Bruce
Original sketch about the australian university of australia
http://wn.com/Monty_Python__Bruce
Molly Ivins & Cornel West: History of the Past 50 Years - Part 8 (1995)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:59
- Published: 08 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 27 Oct 2011
- Author: thefilmarchive
May 1, 1995 www.amazon.com Watch the full program: thefilmarchived.blogspot.com While at Smith College, Ivins spent three summers as an intern at the Houston Chronicle. Her jobs there included the complaint department as well as "sewer editor," as she put it, responsible for reporting on the nuts and bolts of local city life. After graduating from Columbia, she took a job in the Twin Cities at the Minneapolis Tribune, where she was the first female police reporter in the city. She later covered a beat called Movements for Social Change, where she notes that she wrote about "militant blacks, angry Indians, radical students, uppity women and a motley assortment of other misfits and troublemakers." In 1970 Ivins left the Tribune for Austin, Texas to be the co-editor and political reporter for the Texas Observer. She covered the Texas Legislature and befriended folklorist John Henry Faulk, Secretary of State Bob Bullock and future Governor Ann Richards, among others. She also gained increasing national attention through op-ed and feature stories in The New York Times and The Washington Post along with a busy speaking schedule inside and outside Texas. The Times, concerned that its prevailing writing style was too staid and lifeless, hired her away from the Observer in 1976, and she wrote for the Times until 1982. During her run there, Ivins became Rocky Mountain bureau chief, covering nine western states, although the writer was known to say she was named chief because there <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Molly_Ivins_Cornel_West_History_of_the_Past_50_Years__Part_8_1995
Best comedian in the World *we are equal*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:52
- Published: 10 Apr 2008
- Uploaded: 31 Jan 2012
- Author: Watchzeitgeistmovie1
here I want to share 2 important pics for history Nikola Tesla and Mark Twain, no fake here img691.imageshack.us Here is Albert Einstein, Nikola Tesla and Charles Steinmetz as they appeared in 1921, in a visit to the transoceanic station, at New Brunswick, NJ img522.imageshack.us + and extra ;p it is an animated one this one is of Mark Twain but it reminds me so much of George Carlin since George won the Mark Twain prize in the Kennedy Center img85.imageshack.us video of a massacre of 2 jounalists in Iraq by USA military, wikileaks don't trust alex jones he is a cia as Hal Turner turned to be an fbi agent Collateral Murder - Wikileaks - Iraq www.youtube.com Alex Jones is a CIA agent, after wikileaks released a document showing that CIA wanted to destroy wikileaks several websites began claiming that wikileaks is a hoax and a man appeared in Alex Jones show, saying that it was not true about CIA agents or government agents being after wikileaks but after this wikileaks released the collateral video, and then Alex Jones changed and began talking about how the government is really evil by killing civilians, when days before that a cia agent was in his show saying that wikileaks is a hoax 9 points to show he is a cia agent 1 Has close ties with Hollywood actors (Charlie Sheen became the highest paid sitcom actor after he revealed "his" thoughts on 9/11) 2 Promotes and was paid to promote a presidential candidate that never had a chance of winning 3-Does not support other <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Best_comedian_in_the_World_*we_are_equal*
NBA Stars, Singers, Actors... And Islam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Published: 25 Jan 2009
- Uploaded: 30 Jan 2012
- Author: rajawi9999
Convert To Islam ( NBA stars, singers, acotors...) Islamic Achievements Highlighted in Documentary By Nigel Hunt LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Most Americans do not associate Islam with medical advances or cutting-edge technology, but perhaps they should think again: Hospitals were an Islamic invention, Muslims saved the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers and they were the first to use paper widely. ``I think if you took a Muslim peasant he would be cleaner and have better clothing (than his European counterpart) but he would still be illiterate and poor. We didn't spend much time on the ratty end of the scale,'' Gardner: director of a documentary about Islam for the Public Broadcasting Service. I show you just some of famous converted to islam from jewish or christianity Larry Johnson - NBA Basketball Star Muhammad Ali - boxer and Greatest Athlete of all times Ahmad Rashad: Football Player and TV Star Shaq: Champion Basketball player Dave Chapple: Comedian of the Chapple Show Kareem Abdul-Jabbar - NBA Basketball Star Mahmood Abdul-Rauf - NBA Basketball Star Tariq Abdul-Wahad - NBA Basketball Star Shareef Abdur-Rahim - NBA Basketball Star Khadijah - wife of Muhammad. First convert to Islam. Shabbetai Tzevi - seventeenth-century Turkish Jew who had claimed to be Messiah and attracted a large following. His conversion to Islam largely dissolved this mass messianic Jewish movement, but also resulted in the development of the ongoing Donmeh religious movement. Malcom X <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/NBA_Stars,_Singers,_Actors_And_Islam
17. A Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part II;
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:53
- Published: 30 Sep 2008
- Uploaded: 20 Jan 2012
- Author: YaleCourses
Introduction to Psychology (PSYC 110) This lecture begins with the second half of the discussion on social psychology. Students will learn about several important factors influencing how we form impressions of others, including our ability to form rapid impressions about people. This discussion focuses heavily upon stereotypes, including a discussion of their utility, reliability, and the negative effects that even implicit stereotypes can incur. The second half of the lecture introduces students to two prominent mysteries in the field of psychology. First, students will learn what is known and unknown about sleep, including why we sleep, the different types of sleep, disorders, and of course, dreams, what they are about and why we have them. Second, this half reviews how laughter remains a mysterious and interesting psychological phenomenon. Students will hear theories that attempt to explain what causes us to laugh and why, with a particular emphasis on current evolutionary theory. 00:00 - Chapter 1. First and Fast: How We Form Impressions of Others 11:15 - Chapter 2. Positive Uses and Negative Effects of Stereotypes 27:19 - Chapter 3. Implicit Attitudes 34:47 - Chapter 4. Question and Answer on Stereotypes 38:09 - Chapter 5. The Minor Mystery of Sleep 44:49 - Chapter 6. The Greater Mystery of Dreams 51:31 - Chapter 7. The True Mystery of Laughter Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: open.yale.edu This course was recorded in Spring 2007.
http://wn.com/17_A_Person_in_the_World_of_People_Self_and_Other,_Part_II;
01.Prophet Muhammad(SAW) Best Personality & his Qualities On The Eyes Of Famous Non Muslim Scholars.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:22
- Published: 05 Jun 2009
- Uploaded: 30 Jan 2012
- Author: kakarnasratullah
Many International Intellectuals were impressed with Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)'s Personality and has Personal Qualities and expressed it in their writings as Michael H. Hart, Lamartine, Mahatma Gandhi, Rev. R. Bosworth-Smith, George Bernard Shaw, Diwan Chand Sharma, John Austin, John William Draper, Annie Besant, Professor Jules Masserman, Noten und Abhandlungen Zum West-Oslichen Divan, WA 1, 7, 32, George Wells, Leo Tolstoy, Gustav Lobon, Will Durant, Jean Louis Michon, Thomas Carlyle, Dr. Gustav Weil, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, JWH Stab, Hercules, king Najashi, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Michael H Hart, The American Author of The book "The 100, A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History", said about Prophet Muhammad (SAW); "My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world's most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels. It is this unparalleled combination of secular and religious influence which I feel entitles "Muhammad" to be considered the most influential single figure in human history." Lamartine said; "Muhammad is the philosopher, Orator, Apostle, legislator, warrior, conqueror of fantasies in all standards by which human greatness is measured, we may well ask: Is there any man greater than Prophet Muhammad?" Mahatma Gandhi said; After I finished the second part of the Biography of Muhammad, I felt I needed to <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/01Prophet_MuhammadSAW_Best_Personality_his_Qualities_On_The_Eyes_Of_Famous_Non_Muslim_Scholars
Friedrich von Hayek the Golem of Britain
A short bio of von Hayek, and people he associated with and praised. Thanks to a recent zealot whose mouth resembles an overflowing toilet, I'm shutting down the comments. Bad enough people defend the irrationality of the Austrian school, but, when you degenerate into gutter talk (what else do you expect from speculators) thats it. I put this together in a couple of hours partly from my anger at the Alexander Hamilton and Abe Lincoln slander speech by Thomas Dilorenzo posted by Nielsio. You have to discuss the last 2000 years of history, in particular, the fight between the idea of a republican nation-state (as reflected in the discussion in Plato's dialogues), and that of the oligarchical model which came out of the Babylonian system through Rome, Venice, and the Anglo/Dutch financial oligarchy up to today instead of the 'History for Dummies' approach of Ayn Rand and Hayek which comes down to "Financial Speculation Gooood, Nations/Communism/Fascism baaaaad". Like all propagandists that the oligarchy have hired throughout history, von Hayek reflects an outlook of mankind that is morally disgusting and should be rejected by any civilization that doesn't want to end up in the toilet bowl of history like most vanished civilizations have. Most of you commentators just confirmed that. Anybody that a speculator defends is immediately suspect as an enemy to humanity. For your information, I have compiled a list of the Foundations and think tanks that were set up to promote this <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Friedrich_von_Hayek_the_Golem_of_Britain
The Art of War PART 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Published: 26 May 2009
- Uploaded: 24 Jan 2012
- Author: TitusLabienus
The Art of War is a Chinese military treatise that was written by Sun Tzu in the 6th century BC, during the Spring and Autumn period. Composed of 13 chapters, each of which is devoted to one aspect of warfare, it has long been praised as the definitive work on military strategies and tactics of its time, and one of the basic texts on the subject. The Art of War is one of the oldest and most successful books on military strategy in the world. It has had a huge influence on Eastern military thinking, business tactics, and beyond. Sun Tzu recognized the importance of positioning in strategy and that position is affected both by objective conditions in the physical environment and the subjective opinions of competitive actors in that environment. He taught that strategy was not planning in the sense of working through a to-do list, but rather that it requires quick and appropriate responses to changing conditions. Planning works in a controlled environment, but in a competitive environment, competing plans collide, creating unexpected situations.
http://wn.com/The_Art_of_War_PART_1
♪♫ Creedence Clearwater Revival -- Who'll Stop The Rain (Cover)
"Who'll Stop the Rain" is a song written by John Fogerty and originally recorded by Creedence Clearwater Revival for their 1970 album Cosmo's Factory. Backed with "Travelin' Band", it was one of three double sided singles from that album to reach the top five on the Billboard Pop Singles chart and the first of two to reach the #2 spot on the American charts, alongside "Lookin' Out My Back Door". In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked it #188 on its "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list. Lyrically, "Who'll Stop the Rain" breaks into three verses, with a historical, recent past, and present tense approach. All three verses allude to a sense of unending malaise, pondered by "good men through the ages", "Five Year Plans and New Deals/wrapped in golden chains", and the Woodstock generation. The malaise is not defined, but appears to allude to a sense that man's problems have to be dealt with by those who wish to fix them, and no ancient philosophers, money promising government nor Flower Power generation can merely push them off by thought, money nor communal love. The song's universal topical appeal made it unusual in the time of its release and gives it a quality that helps it maintain its popularity 40 years later. Musically, in contrast to the 1950s-Rock inspired "Travelin' Band", "Who'll Stop the Rain" has more of an acoustic, folk-rock feel to it. Like many folk-rock songs, it starts off with a ringing acoustic guitar riff, though the backing throughout has more of a roots rock <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/♪♫_Creedence_Clearwater_Revival_-_Who'll_Stop_The_Rain_Cover
Noam Chomsky: Prospects for Democracy Part 5 - Corporate Propaganda (1994)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:59
- Published: 14 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 22 Jul 2011
- Author: thefilmarchive
March 10, 1994 www.amazon.com Watch the full lecture: thefilmarchived.blogspot.com Harold Dwight Lasswell (February 13, 1902 — December 18, 1978) was a leading American political scientist and communications theorist. He was a member of the Chicago school of sociology and was a student at Yale University in political science. He was a President of the World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS) and the American Political Science Association (APSA). Along with other influential liberals of the period, such as Walter Lippmann, he argued that democracies needed propaganda to keep the uninformed citizenry in agreement with what the specialized class had determined was in their best interests. As he wrote in his entry on propaganda for the Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, we must put aside "democratic dogmatisms about men being the best judges of their own interests" since "men are often poor judges of their own interests, flitting from one alternative to the next without solid reason." He is well known for his comment on communications: Who (says) What (to) Whom (in) What Channel (with) What Effect and on politics: Politics is who gets what, when, and how. and on aberrant psychological attributes of leaders in politics and business: Psychopathology and Politics Lasswell studied at the University of Chicago in the 1920s, and was highly influenced by the pragmatism taught there, especially as propounded by John Dewey and George Herbert Mead. More influential, however, was <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Noam_Chomsky_Prospects_for_Democracy_Part_5__Corporate_Propaganda_1994
Alex Jones Bullhorns Bilderberg Group
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:16
- Published: 30 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 27 Jan 2012
- Author: GearupforWorldWar3
Alex Jones Bullhorns Bilderberg Group Alex Jones Bullhorns Bilderberg Group www.prisonplanet.com www.whatreallyhappened.com James Patton First two simple questions: Q1: On September 11 2001, how many buildings collapsed in New York City? A: Two? No, THREE. The Twin Towers were hit by aeroplanes, but WTC 7, a massive 47 storey steel-framed skyscraper also collapsed. It was NOT hit by a plane. The evidence is clear - this was a controlled demolition. wtc7.net 911physics.co.nr (Click on WTC 7 link) Q2: How long did it take the FBI to bring charges against Usama bin Laden in connection with 911? One hour, eight hours, a day, a week? A: Usama bin Laden is NOT on the FBI most wanted list in connection with 911. Why not? According to FBI spokesman, Chief of Investigative Publicity Rex Tomb, "The FBI has no hard evidence connecting Usama Bin Laden to 9/11." www.thetruthseeker.co.uk www.fbi.gov (accessed 20 August 2006) If you believe 911 was an inside job, YOU ARE NOT ALONE. Below are just a small selection amongst the millions of credible persons including engineers, scientists, intelligence analysts, actors, theologians, philosophers, authors, investigative journalists, lawyers, military personel, politicians, family members and eye-witnesses who believe the investigation into the events of September 11 2001 must urgently be reopened. Seekin' that ol' 911 Truth August 2006 On July 29 and 30, and then again on August 1, something happened that increasing numbers of people <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Alex_Jones_Bullhorns_Bilderberg_Group
9. The Mixed Regime and the Rule of Law: Aristotle's Politics, VII
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:13
- Published: 22 Sep 2008
- Uploaded: 21 Jan 2012
- Author: YaleCourses
Introduction to Political Philosophy (PLSC 114) This final lecture on Aristotle focuses on controlling conflict between factions. Polity as a mixture of the principles of oligarchy and democracy, is the regime that, according to Aristotle, can most successfully control factions and avoid dominance by either extreme. Professor Smith asserts that the idea of the polity anticipates Madison's call for a government in which powers are separated and kept in check and balance, avoiding therefore the extremes of both tyranny and civil war. 00:00 - Chapter 1. Polity: The Regime that Most Successfully Controls for Faction 07:30 - Chapter 2. The Importance of Property and Commerce for a Flourishing Republic 12:28 - Chapter 3. The Aristocratic Republic: A Model for the Best Regime 26:50 - Chapter 4. What Is Aristotle's Political Science? 35:21 - Chapter 5. Who Is a Statesman? 37:54 - Chapter 6. The Method of Aristotle's Political Science Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: open.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2006.
http://wn.com/9_The_Mixed_Regime_and_the_Rule_of_Law_Aristotle's_Politics,_VII
Real life Clerks quotes. Parking Lot Attendant Vandalizes Car
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Published: 18 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 30 Jan 2012
- Author: TheParkingLotMovie
Find more at www.theparkinglotmovie.com Hailed as the "most feel-good film" of the South by Southwest Film Festival, director Meghan Eckman's irreverently funny debut celebrates a brotherhood of eccentric attendants who man a unique parking lot in Charlottesville, Virginia. From grad students to middle-age slackers, indie-rock musicians to surly philosophers, these overeducated part-timers wax profoundly about car culture and capitalism, seek vengeance against entitled patrons and thieves, and make fun of drunken jerks. If the intersection between the status quo and the quest for freedom is their ultimate challenge, could a slab of asphalt be an emotional way station for The American Dream?
http://wn.com/Real_life_Clerks_quotes_Parking_Lot_Attendant_Vandalizes_Car
Bill Hicks: GodComic (Eng Subs) 4th of Britain's "Top 100 Stand-ups of all Time" ||bizz4*1080P[HD]||
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Published: 12 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 16 Jan 2012
- Author: bizz4ethix
This is the clip of Bill Hicks ranking 4Th out of the 100 Top Stand-ups of all time. Remember this is a British-based special...this is not the world-wide -- especially not the American Top 100 Stand-ups of All Time. This depicts the viewpoint of the residents of Great Britain...so imagine that you grew up watching comedy in the UK. If you look at this from an American or another country's Comedy experience, you would be totally confused. The top 100 Consist of mainly British Comedians with a few Americans, like Robin Williams, George Carlin, Lenny Bruce, Bill Cosby, Eddie Murphy, and Chris Rock. However, Bill Hicks is the Only American Comedian that ranks in the Top Five. That is Awesome. I bet he wouldn't rank in the Top Five for most Americans. Sorry America, you just don't get it. Why? Balance...remember? What the British lack in emotions, they make up for in intelligence. What Americans lack in intelligence, they make up for in emotions. That is my general point of view. If you don't understand, ask a Brit.
http://wn.com/Bill_Hicks_GodComic_Eng_Subs_4th_of_Britain's_Top_100_Stand-ups_of_all_Time_||bizz4*1080P HD ||
Slavoj Žižek thoughts on Occupy Wall St at St. Mark's Bookshop Oct 26 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:22
- Published: 27 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Jan 2012
- Author: NewYorkRawVideos
Recorded October 26, 2011, 7pm. Slavoj Zizek --at a book signing event at St. Mark's Bookshop in the East Village--gives a lengthy talk using the Occupy Wall Street movement as an example that now is time for slow, careful "thinking", and not simply be trapped the movement's carnival-like atmosphere, or " hip pragmatism " (37:20); don't be mired in " leftist melancholy " (45:10) the real 99%? the wall street protesters, or the starving poor in America and around the world? (34:00) the true lost object in melancholy is this desire (5:59) also... at the end of the talk he inquires into the status of st marks bookshop, in danger of closing due to high rent. www.youtube.com closed captioned caption english subtitles philosophy philospher lecture talk book signing social theorist theory nervous
http://wn.com/Slavoj_Žižek_thoughts_on_Occupy_Wall_St_at_St_Mark's_Bookshop_Oct_26_2011
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This is a list of American philosophers; of philosophers who are either from, or spent many productive years of their lives in the United States.
[[Francis Ellingwood Abbot
David Abram
Peter Achinstein
Marilyn McCord Adams
Robert Merrihew Adams
Jane Addams
Mortimer Adler
Linda Martín Alcoff
Virgil Aldrich
Hartley Burr Alexander
Diogenes Allen
William Alston
Alice Ambrose
Karl Ameriks
C. Anthony Anderson
Gordon Anderson
Judith Andre
Julia Annas
Ruth Nanda Anshen
Hannah Arendt
Richard Arneson
Robert Arrington
Bradley Shavit Artson
Warren Ashby
Robert Audi
Jody Azzouni
Babette Babich
Kent Bach
Max Baginski
Archie J. Bahm
Gordon Park Baker
Lynne Rudder Baker
William Barratt
William Warren Bartley
Jacques Barzun
Monroe Beardsley
Tom Beauchamp
Lewis White Beck
Lawrence C. Becker
Hugo Adam Bedau
Nuel Belnap
Paul Benacerraf
Gustav Bergmann
Marshall Berman
Andrew Bernstein
Richard J. Bernstein
Marcus Berquist
Steven Best
Cristina Bicchieri
Harry Binswanger
Max Black
Brand Blanshard
Madame Blavatsky
Ned Block
Benjamin Paul Blood
Allan Bloom
Albert Blumberg
George Boas
Chris Bobonich
David Bohm
Laurence BonJour
John Elof Boodin
George Boolos
Susan Bordo
Albert Borgmann
Oets Kolk Bouwsma
Francis Bowen
Borden Parker Bowne
Richard Boyd
Robert Brandom
Richard Brandt
Daniel Brock
Stephen Bronner
Baker Brownell
Beatrice Bruteau
William Lowe Bryan
Scott Buchanan
Jay Budziszewski
Thomas Buford
Martin Bunzl
Nicholas C. Burbules
Tyler Burge
Donald Burt
Edwin Arthur Burtt
Panayot Butchvarov
Judith Butler
Charles Butterworth
Mary Whiton Calkins
J. Baird Callicott
Donald T. Campbell
M.A.Carrano
John Caputo
Noël Carroll
Paul Carus
Stanley Cavell
Edmond La Beaume Cherbonnier
James Childress
Roderick Chisholm
Noam Chomsky
Patricia Churchland
Paul Churchland
Kenneth Clatterbaugh
Carl Cohen
Joshua Cohen
James F. Conant
William E. Connolly
Moncure D. Conway
Josephus Flavius Cook
David E. Cooper
John Madison Cooper
Paul Copan
James A. Corbett
Robert S. Corrington
John Corvino
William Craig
William Lane Craig
James Edwin Creighton
Joseph Cropsey
Steven Crowell
Donald Davidson
Michael Davis
Alfred de Grazia
Grace de Laguna
Theodore de Laguna
Daniel Dennett
Christian de Quincey
Keith DeRose
Jan Deutsch
John Dewey
Cora Diamond
Donna Dickenson
Keith Donnellan
Elliot N. Dorff
Bob Doyle (inventor)
Theodore Drange
Burton Dreben
Gary Drescher
Hubert Dreyfus
Raymond Duncan
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Will Durant
Ronald Dworkin
William A. Earle
John Earman
Frank Ebersole
John David Ebert
James M. Edie
Paul Edwards
Jonathan Edwards
Albert Einstein
Loren Eiseley
Catherine Elgin
Marc H. Ellis
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Mylan Engel
H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.
Stephen L. Esquith
Rod L. Evans
Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze
Marvin Farber
James E. Faulconer
Joel Feinberg
Fred Feldman
Ernest Fenollosa
Hartry Field
Arthur Fine
Kit Fine
Guy Finley
John Martin Fischer
John Fiske
Leonard M. Fleck
Ralph Tyler Flewelling
Jerry Fodor
William Fontaine
Charles Frankel
William Frankena
Harry Frankfurt
Betty Friedan
Erich Fromm
Marilyn Frye
Francis Fukuyama
Christopher Fynsk
Shaun Gallagher
John David Garcia
David Gauthier
Michael Gelven
Eugene Gendlin
Alexander George
Emanuel Vogel Gerhart
Brie Gertler
Edmund Gettier
Raymond Geuss
Alan Gewirth
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Fred Gifford
Neil Gillman
René Girard
Sue Golding
Alvin Goldman
Emma Goldman
Rebecca Goldstein
Nelson Goodman
Allan Gotthelf
Jorge J. E. Gracia
Kersey Graves
Maxine Greene
Marjorie Grene
David Ray Griffin
Robert Grudin
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Garry L. Hagberg
Manly Palmer Hall
Philip Hallie
Jean Elizabeth Hampton
Norwood Russell Hanson
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John E. Hare
Gilbert Harman
Errol Harris
Leonard Harris
William Torrey Harris
Sally Haslanger
Robert S. Hartman
Charles Hartshorne
Donald West Harward
Sterling Harwood
William Hasker
John Haugeland
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Todd Hedrick
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Stephen Hicks
Kathleen Higgins
Marian Hillar
William Hirstein
William Ernest Hocking
Eric Hoffer
Joshua Hoffman
Douglas Hofstadter
Arthur F. Holmes
Gerald Holton
Sidney Hook
John Hospers
Vernon Howard
George Holmes Howison
Elbert Hubbard
David Hull
Peter van Inwagen
Henry James, Sr.
William James
Fredric Jameson
Martin Jay
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Bryan Johnson
David Alan Johnson
Mark Johnson
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Edward Jones-Imhotep
Shelly Kagan
Horace Kallen
Frances Kamm
Robert Kane
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David Kaplan
Mordecai Kaplan
Jerrold Katz
Peter Kaufmann
Walter Kaufmann
R.P. Kaushik
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David Kelley
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Ha Poong Kim
Jaegwon Kim
Stanton Davis Kirkham
Jacob Klein
Peter D. Klein
Joshua Knobe
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David Koepsell
David Kolb
Hilary Kornblith
Christine Korsgaard
Michael Krausz
Peter Kreeft
Werner Krieglstein
Saul Kripke
Mark Kuczewski
Thomas Samuel Kuhn
Paul Kurtz
George Trumbull Ladd
Grace de Laguna
Corliss Lamont
Mark Lance
Charles Lane
Susanne Langer
Jonathan Lear
Timothy Leary
Keith Lehrer
Brian Leiter
James G. Lennox
Isaac Levi
Michael Levin
Clarence Irving Lewis
David Kellogg Lewis
Mark Lilla
Hilde Lindemann
Alphonso Lingis
Leonard Linsky
Matthew Lipman
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Elisabeth Lloyd
Alain LeRoy Locke
Loren Lomasky
Max Freedom Long
Roderick Long
Helen Longino
William Lycan
Helen Lynd
James Madison
Thomas A. McCarthy
Janet McCracken
Dwight Macdonald
Alasdair MacIntyre
Evander Bradley McGilvary
Tibor R. Machan
Louis H. Mackey
Leemon McHenry
Terence McKenna
Matthew W. McKeon
Richard McKeon
Ruth Macklin
John H. McClendon
Jeff McMahan
William McNeill
Robert Magliola
Norman Malcolm
Jesse Mann
Ruth Barcan Marcus
Joseph Margolis
Erwin Marquit
Bill Martin
Donald A. Martin
Michael Martin
Richard Milton Martin
Benson Mates
Gareth Matthews
George I. Mavrodes
Todd May
Ernst W. Mayr
George Herbert Mead
Jack Meiland
Alfred Mele
Stephen Menn
Franklin Merrell-Wolff
Leonard B. Meyer
Stephen C. Meyer
Sidney Edward Mezes
John William Miller
Mitchell Miller
Richard W. Miller
Elijah Millgram
Ruth Millikan
Philip Mirowski
Brian J. Mistler
Carl Mitcham
Sandra Mitchell
Ann M. Mongoven
Richard Montague
William Pepperell Montague
Ernest Addison Moody
Addison Webster Moore
Charles A. Moore
Paul Elmer More
J. P. Moreland
John Henry Morgan
Sidney Morgenbesser
Charles W. Morris
Thomas V. Morris
Paul Moser
Athanasios Moulakis
V. Y. Mudimbe
Thomas Nagel
Debra Nails
Louis Narens
Jacob Needleman
John Neihardt
James Lindemann Nelson
Jay Newman
Shaun Nichols
Jeffrey Nielsen
Richard Thomas Nolan
Calvin Normore
David L. Norton
Michael Novak
Claude Nowell
Robert Nozick
Martha Nussbaum
James Otteson
Thomas Paine
George Herbert Palmer
Stephen Palmquist
Thomas Pangle
George Pappas
James Leonard Park
Leonard Peikoff
Charles Sanders Peirce
Gregory Pence
Stephen Pepper
Ralph Barton Perry
Adrian Piper
Robert B. Pippin
Robert M. Pirsig
Walter B. Pitkin
Alvin Plantinga
Richard Popkin
Richard Posner
Harry Prosch
Hilary Putnam
Willard Van Orman Quine
James Rachels
Ayn Rand
John Herman Randall, Jr.
Robert Bruce Raup
Jerome Ravetz
Heidi Ravven
John Rawls
Frederick Rauscher
George Lansing Raymond
Michael C. Rea
William L. Reese
Tom Regan
Victor Reppert
Hans Reichenbach
Nicholas Rescher
Philip H. Rhinelander
Adrienne Rich
William J. Richardson
Laurence Rickels
James Robb
Daniel N. Robinson
Rick Roderick
Bernard Rollin
Holmes Rolston III
Avital Ronell
Richard Rorty
Stanley Rosen
Alexander Rosenberg
Jay Rosenberg
Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy
David M. Rosenthal
Stephen David Ross
Gian-Carlo Rota
Murray Rothbard
William L. Rowe
Josiah Royce
Michael Ruse
David Rynin
William S. Sahakian
John Sallis
Nathan Salmon
Michael Sandel
Ellis Sandoz
David H. Sanford
Larry Sanger
George Santayana
Crispin Sartwell
Geoffrey Sayre-McCord
T.M. Scanlon
Diana Schaub
Theodore Schick
Tad Schmaltz
David Schmidtz
J. B. Schneewind
Harold M. Schulweis
Alfred Schütz
David Schweickart
John Searle
Roy Wood Sellars
Wilfrid Sellars
Stanley Sfekas
Jeremy J. Shapiro
Michael J. Shapiro
Stewart Shapiro
William Shaw
George Sher
Warren Shibles
Richard Shusterman
Hugh J. Silverman
Edgar A. Singer, Jr.
Irving Singer
David Skrbina
Brian Skyrms
Barry Smith
George H. Smith
Quentin Smith
Tara Smith
T. V. Smith
Wolfgang Smith
Raymond Smullyan
Joseph D. Sneed
Scott Soames
Alan Soble
Robert C. Solomon
Joseph B. Soloveitchik
Frederick Sontag
Pitirim Sorokin
David Sosa
Ernest Sosa
Lysander Spooner
Elmer Sprague
Robert Stalnaker
Lawrence Stepelevich
Charles Stevenson
Stephen Stich
Leo Strauss
David Strong
Barry Stroud
Peter Suber
William Graham Sumner
Frederick Suppe
Patrick Suppes
Lisa H. Schwartzman
William W. Tait
Nassim Nicholas Taleb
Richard Tarnas
Alfred I. Tauber
Mark C. Taylor
Paul Taylor
Richard Taylor
Neil Tennant
Irving Thalberg, Jr.
Judith Jarvis Thomson
Paul B. Thompson
Henry David Thoreau
Paul Tillich
Samuel Todes
Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka
Robert Ulanowicz
Peter Unger
Wilbur Marshall Urban
William F. Vallicella
Paul van Buren
Bas van Fraassen
Achille Varzi
Henry Babcock Veatch
J. David Velleman
Eric Voegelin
James D. Wallace
Kendall Walton
Mary Anne Warren
Carl Watner
Brian Weatherson
David Weinberger
Jack Russell Weinstein
Max Weismann
Paul Weiss
Morris Weitz
Cornel West
Morton White
Alfred North Whitehead
Walt Whitman
Dan Wikler
Ken Wilber
John Daniel Wild
Dallas Willard
William Mackintire Salter
Michael Williams
Bruce Wilshire
Robert Anton Wilson
William J. Winslade
Susan Wolf
Robert Paul Wolff
Nicholas Wolterstorff
Paul Woodruff
Chauncey Wright
Stephen Yablo
Igor Yefimov
Arthur M. Young
Iris Marion Young
Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski
Paul Ziff
Dean Zimmerman
Michael E. Zimmerman
American philosophy
List of Jewish American philosophers
List of African American philosophers
List of philosophers
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D
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G
H
I
J
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M
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U
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W
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See also
References
* Philosophers, American American Philosophers
fr:Liste des philosophes américains ro:Lista filozofilor americaniThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 12°2′36″N77°1′42″N |
|---|---|
| {{infobox philosopher | region | Western Philosophers |
era 20th-century philosophy |
color #B0C4DE |
image_name EricVoegelin.jpg| image_size 200px | caption Eric Voegelin | name Eric Voegelin |
| birth date | 3 January 1901 |
| birth place | Cologne, Germany |
| death date | 19 January 1985 |
| death place | Stanford, California, USA |
| school tradition | Western Philosophy | main_interests History, Consciousness, Religion, Political Science | influences Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Church Fathers, Alfred North Whitehead, Karl Kraus, Ernst Cassirer, Karl Jaspers, Hans Urs von Balthasar, Henri de Lubac, Hans Jonas, William James, Ludwig von Mises, Hans-Georg Gadamer, John Fortescue, Giambattista Vico, George Santayana, Paul Valéry, Jean Bodin, Leo Strauss | influenced Russell Kirk, William F. Buckley, Jr., Leo Strauss, Charles R. Embry, Gerhard Niemeyer, David Walsh, Ellis Sandoz, Mendo Castro Henriques }} |
Eric Voegelin, born Erich Hermann Wilhelm Vögelin, (3 January 1901 – 19 January 1985) was a German-born American political philosopher. He was born in Cologne, then Imperial Germany, and educated in political science at the University of Vienna. He became a teacher and then an associate professor of political science at the Faculty of Law. In 1938 he, with his wife, fled from the Nazi forces which had recently entered Vienna, emigrating to the United States, where they became citizens in 1944. He spent most of his academic career at the University of Notre Dame, Louisiana State University, the University of Munich and the Hoover Institution of Stanford University.
Biography
Voegelin was born in Cologne in 1901. He taught political theory and sociology at the University of Vienna after his habilitation there in 1928. While in Austria Voegelin established the beginnings of his long lasting friendship with F. A. Hayek. In 1933 he published two books criticizing Nazi racism, and was forced to flee from Austria following the Anschluss in 1938. After a brief stay in Switzerland, he arrived in the United States and taught at a series of universities before joining Louisiana State University's Department of Government in 1942. His advisers on his dissertation were Hans Kelsen and Othmar Spann.Voegelin remained in Baton Rouge until 1958 when he accepted an offer by Munich's Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität to fill Max Weber's former chair in political science, which had been empty since Weber's death in 1920. In Munich he founded the Institut für Politische Wissenschaft. Voegelin returned to America in 1969 to join Stanford University's Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace as Henry Salvatori Fellow where he continued his work until his death on 19 January 1985.
Work
Voegelin worked throughout his life to account for the endemic political violence of the twentieth century in an effort variously referred to as a philosophy of politics, history, or consciousness.Voegelin published scores of books, essays, and reviews in his lifetime. An early work was ''Die politischen Religionen'' (1938), (''The Political Religions''), on totalitarian ideologies and their structural similarities to religion. His ''magnum opus'' is the multi-volume (English-language) ''Order and History'', which began publication in 1956 and remained incomplete at the time of his death 29 years later. His 1951 Charles Walgreen lectures, published as ''The New Science of Politics'', is generally seen as a prolegomenon to this, and remains his best known work. He left many manuscripts unpublished, including a history of political ideas that has since been published in eight volumes.
''Order and History'' was originally conceived as a six-volume examination of the history of order occasioned by Voegelin's personal experience of the disorder of his time. The first three volumes, ''Israel and Revelation'', ''The World of the Polis'', and ''Plato and Aristotle'', appeared in rapid succession in 1956 and 1957 and focused on the evocations of order in the ancient Near East and Greece.
Voegelin then encountered difficulties that slowed the publication down. This, combined with his university administrative duties and work related to the new institute, meant that seventeen years separated the fourth from the third volume. His new concerns were indicated in the 1966 German collection Anamnesis: ''Zur Theorie der Geschichte und Politik'', and the fourth volume, ''The Ecumenic Age'', appeared in 1974. It broke with the chronological pattern of the previous volumes by investigating symbolizations of order ranging in time from the Sumerian King List to Hegel. Continuing work on the final volume, ''In Search of Order'', occupied Voegelin's final days and it was published posthumously in 1987.
One of Voegelin's main points in his later work is that a sense of order is conveyed by the experience of transcendence. This transcendence can never be fully defined nor described, though it may be conveyed in symbols. A particular sense of transcendent order serves as a basis for a particular political order. It is in this way that a philosophy of politics becomes a philosophy of consciousness. Insights may become fossilised as dogma. The main aim of the political philosopher is to remain open to the truth of order, and convey this to others.
Voegelin is more interested in the ontological issues that arise from these experiences than the epistemological questions of how we know that a vision of order is true or not. For Voegelin, the essence of truth is trust. All philosophy begins with experience of the divine. Since God is experienced as good, one can be confident that reality is knowable. As Descartes would say, God is not a deceiver.
Voegelin's work does not fit in any standard classifications, although some of his readers have found similarities in it to contemporaneous works by, for example, Ernst Cassirer, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Hans-Georg Gadamer. He has a sometimes unapproachable style and a heavy reliance upon extensive background knowledge. Voegelin often invents terms or uses old ones in new ways. However, there are patterns in his work with which the reader can quickly become familiar.
Among indications of growing engagement with Voegelin's work are the 305 page international bibliography published in 2000 by Munich's Wilhelm Fink Verlag; the presence of dedicated research centers at universities in the United States, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom; the appearance of recent translations in languages ranging from Portuguese to Japanese; and the publishing of the nearly complete 34 volume collection of his primary works by the University of Missouri Press and various primary and secondary works offered by the ''Eric-Voegelin-Archiv'' of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität.
Voegelin on Gnosticism
In his ''The New Science of Politics'', ''Order and History'', and ''Science, Politics and Gnosticism'', Voegelin opposed what he believed to be unsound Gnostic influences in politics. He defined gnosis as "a purported direct, immediate apprehension or vision of truth without the need for critical reflection; the special gift of a spiritual and cognitive elite." Gnosticism is a "type of thinking that claims absolute cognitive mastery of reality. Relying as it does on a claim to gnosis, gnosticism considers its knowledge not subject to criticism. Gnosticism may take transcendentalizing (as in the case of the Gnostic movement of late antiquity) or immanentizing forms (as in the case of Marxism)."Apart from the Classical Christian writers against heresy, his sources on Gnosticism were secondary, since the texts in the Nag Hammadi library were not yet widely available. For example Voegelin uses Hans Urs von Balthasar, Henri de Lubac, and the Jewish German philosopher Hans Jonas.
Voegelin perceived similarities between ancient Gnosticism and modernist political theories, particularly communism and nazism. He identified the root of the Gnostic impulse as alienation, that is, a sense of disconnection from society and a belief that this lack is the result of the inherent disorder, or even evil, of the world. This alienation has two effects:
According to Voegelin the Gnostics are really rejecting the Christian eschaton of the kingdom of God and replacing it with a human form of salvation through esoteric ritual or practice.
The primary feature that characterizes a tendency as gnostic for Voegelin is that it is motivated by the notion that the world and humanity can be fundamentally transformed and perfected through the intervention of a chosen group of people (an elite), a man-god, or men-Gods, Übermensch, who are the chosen ones that possess a kind of special knowledge (like magic or science) about how to perfect human existence.
This stands in contrast to a notion of redemption that is achieved through the reconciliation of mankind with the divine. Marxism therefore qualifies as "gnostic" because it purports that we can establish the perfect society on earth once capitalism has been overthrown by the "proletariat." Likewise, Nazism is seen as "gnostic" because it posits that we can achieve utopia by attaining racial purity, once the master race has freed itself of the racially inferior and the degenerate.
In the two cases specifically analyzed by Voegelin, the totalitarian impulse is derived from the alienation of the individuals from the rest of society. This leads to a desire to dominate (''libido dominandi'') which has its roots not just in the Gnostic's conviction of the imperative of his vision but also in his lack of concord with a large body of his society. As a result, there is very little regard for the welfare of those who are harmed by the resulting politics, which ranges from coercive to calamitous (e.g. the Russian proverb: "You have to crack a few eggs to make an omelet").
Immanentizing the eschaton
One of his most quoted passages is the following:
The problem of an eidos in history, hence, arises only when a Christian transcendental fulfillment becomes immanentized. Such an immanentist hypostasis of the eschaton, however, is a theoretical fallacy.
From this comes the catchphrase: "Don't immanentize the eschaton!" which simply means: "Do not try to make that which belongs to the afterlife happen here and now." or "Don't try to create heaven on earth."
When Voegelin uses the term gnosis negatively, it is to reflect the word as found in the Manichaeism and Valentinianism of antiquity. As it is later then immanentized (or manifest) in modernity in the wake of Joachim of Fiore and in the various ideological movements outlined in his works. Voegelin also builds on the term gnosticism as it is defined by Hans Jonas in his ''The Gnostic Religion'' in reference to Heidegger's gnosticism. Which is to have an understanding and control over reality that makes Mankind as powerful as the role of God in reality.
Voegelin was arguing from a Hellenistic position that good gnosis is derived from pistis (faith) and that the pagan tradition made a false distinction between faith and noesis. Furthermore, this dualist perspective was the very essence of gnosticism via the misuse of Noema and caused a destructive division between the internal and external world in human consciousness. To reconcile the internal (subjective) and external (objective) world of consciousness was the restoration of order.
Social alienation
Voegelin identified the root of the Gnostic impulse as alienation, that is, a sense of disconnection with society, and a belief that this disconnection is the result of the inherent disorder, or even evil, of the world. This alienation has two effects:Voegelin’s conception of ''gnosis'' and his analysis of Gnosticism in general has been criticized by Eugene Webb. In an article entitled "Voegelin’s Gnosticism Reconsidered," Webb explains that Voegelin’s concept of Gnosticism was conceived "not primarily to describe ancient phenomena but to help us understand some modern ones for which the evidence is a great deal clearer." Webb continues, "the category (of Gnosticism) is of limited usefulness for the purpose to which he put it…and the fact that the idea of Gnosticism as such has become so problematic and complex in recent years must at the very least undercut Voegelin’s effort to trace a historical line of descent from ancient sources to the modern phenomena he tried to use them to illuminate."
See also
References
Further reading
Primary literature
All of Voegelin's writing is published as his ''Collected Works'' (CW), which is reviewed by Mark Lilla, *"Mr. Casaubon in America" ''The New York Review of Books'' 54/11 (28 June 2007) : 29-31.
Secondary literature
Primary sources
External links
Category:1901 births Category:1985 deaths Category:American philosophers Category:American political scientists Category:Anti-Gnosticism Category:German philosophers Category:German political scientists Category:People from Cologne Category:People from the Rhine Province Category:People who emigrated to escape Nazism Category:University of Vienna alumni Category:Louisiana State University faculty Category:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty Category:Stanford University people
cs:Eric Voegelin de:Eric Voegelin es:Eric Voegelin fr:Eric Voegelin it:Eric Voegelin ja:エリック・フェーゲリン pl:Eric Voegelin pt:Eric Voegelin sk:Eric VoegelinThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 12°2′36″N77°1′42″N |
|---|---|
| name | Jim Morrison |
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | James Douglas Morrison |
| alias | Mr. Mojo Risin' (anagram of "Jim Morrison"), The Lizard King |
| born | December 08, 1943Melbourne, Florida, United States |
| died | July 03, 1971Paris, France |
| genre | Psychedelic rock, blues rock, acid rock, rock and roll, hard rock |
| occupation | musician, songwriter, poet, filmmaker, actor |
| instrument | Vocals, Piano |
| years active | 1963–1971 |
| label | Elektra, Columbia |
| associated acts | The DoorsRick & the Ravens |
| website | thedoors.com }} |
James Douglas "Jim" Morrison (December 8, 1943 – July 3, 1971) was an American lead singer and lyricist of the rock band The Doors, as well as a poet. After The Doors' explosive rise to fame in 1967, Morrison developed a severe alcohol and drug dependence which culminated in his death in Paris in 1971 at age 27, due to a suspected heroin overdose. However the events surrounding his death continue to be the subject of controversy, as no autopsy was performed on his body after death and the exact cause of his death is disputed by many to this day.
Jim Morrison would often improvise poem passages while the band played live, which was his trademark. He is widely regarded, with his wild personality and performances, as one of the most iconic, charismatic and pioneering frontmen in rock music history. Morrison was ranked number 47 on ''Rolling Stone's'' "100 Greatest Singers of All Time", and number 22 on ''Classic Rock Magazine's'' "50 Greatest Singers In Rock".
Early years
James Douglas Morrison was born in Melbourne, Florida, to future Rear Admiral George Stephen Morrison and Clara Morrison. Morrison had a sister, Anne Robin, who was born in 1947 in Albuquerque, New Mexico; and a brother, Andrew Lee Morrison, who was born in 1948 in Los Altos, California. He was of Irish and Scottish descent. Morrison reportedly had an I.Q. of 149.In 1947, Morrison, then four years old, allegedly witnessed a car accident in the desert, where a family of American Indians were injured and possibly killed. He referred to this incident in a spoken word performance on the song "Dawn's Highway" from the album ''An American Prayer'', and again in the songs "Peace Frog" and "Ghost Song."
Morrison believed the incident to be the most formative event of his life, and made repeated references to it in the imagery in his songs, poems, and interviews. His family does not recall this incident happening in the way he told it. According to the Morrison biography ''No One Here Gets Out Alive'', Morrison's family did drive past a car accident on an Indian reservation when he was a child, and he was very upset by it. The book ''The Doors'', written by the remaining members of The Doors, explains how different Morrison's account of the incident was from the account of his father. This book quotes his father as saying, "We went by several Indians. It did make an impression on him [the young James]. He always thought about that crying Indian." This is contrasted sharply with Morrison's tale of "Indians scattered all over the highway, bleeding to death." In the same book, his sister is quoted as saying, "He enjoyed telling that story and exaggerating it. He said he saw a dead Indian by the side of the road, and I don't even know if that's true."
With his father in the United States Navy, Morrison's family moved often. He spent part of his childhood in San Diego. In 1958, Morrison attended Alameda High School in Alameda, California. He graduated from George Washington High School (now George Washington Middle School) in Alexandria, Virginia, in June 1961. His father was also stationed at Mayport Naval Air Station in Jacksonville, Florida.
Morrison was inspired by the writings of philosophers and poets. He was influenced by Friedrich Nietzsche, whose views on aesthetics, morality, and the Apollonian and Dionysian duality would appear in his conversation, poetry and songs. He read "Plutarch’s Lives of the Noble Greeks" (''Parallel Lives''). He also read the French Symbolist poet Arthur Rimbaud, whose style would later influence the form of Morrison’s short prose poems. He was also influenced by Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Kenneth Patchen, Michael McClure and Gregory Corso. His English teacher once commented, "I felt that Jim was the only one in the class who read Ulysses, and understood it." Honoré de Balzac, Jean Cocteau, and Molière also interested Morrison, along with most of the French existentialist philosophers. His senior-year English teacher said that, "Jim read as much and probably more than any student in class, but everything he read was so offbeat I had another teacher, who was going to the Library of Congress, check to see if the books Jim was reporting on actually existed. I suspected he was making them up, as they were English books on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century demonology. I’d never heard of them, but they existed, and I’m convinced from the paper he wrote that he read them, and the Library of Congress would’ve been the only source."
Morrison went to live with his paternal grandparents in Clearwater, Florida, where he attended classes at St. Petersburg Junior College. In 1962, he transferred to Florida State University (FSU) in Tallahassee, where he appeared in a school recruitment film. While attending FSU, Morrison was arrested for a prank, following a home football game.
In January 1964, Morrison moved to Los Angeles, to attend the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He attended Jack Hirschman's class on Antonin Artaud in the Comparative Literature program within the UCLA English Department. Artaud's brand of surrealist theatre had a profound impact on Morrison's dark poetic sensibility of cinematic theatricality.
Morrison completed his undergraduate degree at UCLA's film school and the Theater Arts department of the College of Fine Arts in 1965. In an early display of rebellion, he refused to attend the graduation ceremony, his degree diploma being mailed to him. He made two films while attending UCLA. ''First Love'', the first of these films, made with Morrison's classmate and roommate Max Schwartz, was released to the public when it appeared in a documentary about the film ''Obscura''. During these years, while living in Venice Beach, he became friends with writers at the ''Los Angeles Free Press''. Morrison was an advocate of the underground newspaper until his death in 1971. He later conducted a lengthy and in-depth interview with Bob Chorush and Andy Kent, both working for the Free Press at the time (January 1971), and was planning on visiting the headquarters of the busy newspaper shortly before leaving for Paris.
The Doors
In the Summer of 1965, after graduating from the UCLA, Morrison led a bohemian lifestyle in Venice Beach. Living on the rooftop of a building inhabited by his old UCLA cinematography friend Dennis Jakobs, he wrote the lyrics of many of the early songs the Doors would later perform live and record on albums, the most notable being "Moonlight Drive" and "Hello, I Love You". According to Jakobs, he lived on canned beans and LSD daily for several months. Morrison and fellow UCLA student Ray Manzarek were the first two members of The Doors, forming the group during that same Summer of 1965. They actually met months earlier as fellow cinematography students. The now-legendary story claims that Manzarek was lying on the beach at Venice one day, accidentally encountered Morrison, he was impressed with Morrison's poetic lyrics, claiming that they were "rock group" material. Thereafter, drummer John Densmore and guitarist Robby Krieger joined. Krieger auditioned at Densmore's recommendation and was then added to the lineup. All three musicians shared a common interest in the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's Meditation practices at the time, attending scheduled classes, but Morrison was not involved in this series of classes, claiming later (prior to the famous Hollywood Bowl show in July 1968) that he "did not meditate".The Doors took their name from the title of Aldous Huxley's ''The Doors of Perception'' (a reference to the "unlocking" of "doors of perception" through psychedelic drug use). Huxley's own title was a quotation from William Blake's ''The Marriage of Heaven and Hell'', in which Blake wrote: "If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite."
Although Morrison is known as the lyricist for the group, Krieger also made significant lyrical contributions, writing or co-writing some of the group's biggest hits, including "Light My Fire", "Love Me Two Times", "Love Her Madly" and "Touch Me". On the other hand, Morrison, who didn't write songs using an instrument, would come up with melodies for his own lyrics, with the other band members contributing chords and rhythm. He didn't play any instrument live (except for maracas on a few occasions) or in the studio, but he played the piano on "Orange County Suite".
In June 1966, Morrison and The Doors were the opening act at the Whisky a Go Go on the last week of the residency of Van Morrison's band Them. Van's influence on Jim's developing stage performance was later noted by John Densmore in his book ''Riders On The Storm'': "Jim Morrison learned quickly from his near-namesake's stagecraft, his apparent recklessness, his air of subdued menace, the way he would improvise poetry to a rock beat, even his habit of crouching down by the bass drum during instrumental breaks." On the final night, the two Morrisons and the two bands jammed together on "Gloria".
The Doors achieved national recognition after signing with Elektra Records in 1967. The single "Light My Fire" eventually reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Pop Singles chart. Later, The Doors appeared on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'', a popular Sunday night variety series that had introduced The Beatles and Elvis Presley to the nation. Ed Sullivan requested two songs from The Doors for the show, "People Are Strange", and "Light My Fire". The censors insisted that they change the lyrics of "Light My Fire" from "Girl we couldn't get much higher" to "Girl we couldn't get much better"; this was reportedly due to what could be perceived as a reference to drugs in the original lyric. Giving assurances of compliance to Sullivan, Morrison then proceeded to sing the song with the original lyrics anyway. He later said that he had simply forgotten to make the change. This so infuriated Sullivan that he refused to shake their hands after their performance and had a show producer tell the band that they would never do ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' again. Morrison reportedly said to the producer: "Hey man. We just ''did'' the Sullivan Show." In 1967, Morrison and The Doors produced a promotional film for "Break on Through (To the Other Side)", which was their first single release. The video featured the four members of the group playing the song on a darkened set with alternating views and close-ups of the performers while Morrison lip-synched the lyrics. Morrison and The Doors continued to make music videos, including "The Unknown Soldier", "Moonlight Drive", and "People Are Strange".
By the release of their second album, ''Strange Days'', The Doors had become one of the most popular rock bands in the United States. Their blend of blues and rock tinged with psychedelia included a number of original songs and distinctive cover versions, such as their rendition of "Alabama Song", from Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill's operetta, ''Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny''. The band also performed a number of extended concept works, including the songs "The End", "When the Music's Over", and "Celebration of the Lizard".
In 1967, photographer Joel Brodsky took a series of black-and-white photos of Morrison, in a photo shoot known as "The Young Lion" photo session. These photographs are considered among the most iconic images of Jim Morrison and are frequently used as covers for compilation albums, books, and other memorabilia of the Doors and Morrison. In 1968, The Doors released their third studio album, ''Waiting for the Sun''. Their fourth album, ''The Soft Parade'', was released in 1969. It was the first album where the individual band members were given credit on the inner sleeve for the songs they had written.
After this, Morrison started to show up for recording sessions inebriated. He was also frequently late for live performances. As a result, the band would play instrumental music or force Manzarek to take on the singing duties.
By 1969, the formerly svelte singer gained weight, grew a beard, and began dressing more casually — abandoning the leather pants and concho belts for slacks, jeans and T-shirts.
During a 1969 concert at the Dinner Key Auditorium in Miami, Morrison attempted to spark a riot in the audience. He failed, but a warrant for his arrest was issued by the Dade County Police department three days later for indecent exposure. Consequently, many of The Doors' scheduled concerts were canceled. In 2007 Florida Governor Charlie Crist suggested the possibility of a posthumous pardon for Morrison, which was announced as successful on Dec. 9, 2010. Drummer John Densmore denied Morrison ever exposed himself on stage that night.
(See also Miami incident)
Following ''The Soft Parade'', The Doors released the ''Morrison Hotel'' album. After a lengthy break the group reconvened in October 1970 to record their last album with Morrison, ''L.A. Woman''. Shortly after the recording sessions for the album began, producer Paul A. Rothchild — who had overseen all their previous recordings — left the project. Engineer Bruce Botnick took over as producer.
Solo: poetry and film
Morrison began writing in adolescence. In college, he studied the related fields of theater, film, and cinematography.He self-published two volumes of his poetry in 1969, ''The Lords / Notes on Vision'' and ''The New Creatures''. ''The Lords'' consists primarily of brief descriptions of places, people, events and Morrison's thoughts on cinema. ''The New Creatures'' verses are more poetic in structure, feel and appearance. These two books were later combined into a single volume titled ''The Lords and The New Creatures''. These were the only writings published during Morrison's lifetime.
Morrison befriended Beat Poet Michael McClure, who wrote the afterword for Danny Sugerman's biography of Morrison, ''No One Here Gets Out Alive''. McClure and Morrison reportedly collaborated on a number of unmade film projects, including a film version of McClure's infamous play ''The Beard'', in which Morrison would have played Billy the Kid.
After his death, two volumes of Morrison's poetry were published. The contents of the books were selected and arranged by Morrison's friend, photographer Frank Lisciandro, and girlfriend Pamela Courson's parents, who owned the rights to his poetry. ''The Lost Writings of Jim Morrison'' Volume 1 is titled ''Wilderness,'' and, upon its release in 1988, became an instant ''New York Times'' best seller. Volume 2, ''The American Night,'' released in 1990, was also a success.
Morrison recorded his own poetry in a professional sound studio on two separate occasions. The first was in March 1969 in Los Angeles and the second was on December 8, 1970. The latter recording session was attended by Morrison's personal friends and included a variety of sketch pieces. Some of the segments from the 1969 session were issued on the bootleg album ''The Lost Paris Tapes'' and were later used as part of the Doors' ''An American Prayer'' album, released in 1978. The album reached number 54 on the music charts. The poetry recorded from the December 1970 session remains unreleased to this day and is in the possession of the Courson family.
Morrison's best-known but seldom seen cinematic endeavor is ''HWY: An American Pastoral'', a project he started in 1969. Morrison financed the venture and formed his own production company in order to maintain complete control of the project. Paul Ferrara, Frank Lisciandro and Babe Hill assisted with the project. Morrison played the main character, a hitch hiker turned killer/car thief. Morrison asked his friend, composer/pianist Fred Myrow, to select the soundtrack for the film.
Personal life
Morrison's family
Morrison's early life was a nomadic existence typical of military families. Jerry Hopkins recorded Morrison's brother, Andy, explaining that his parents had determined never to use corporal punishment on their children. They instead instilled discipline and levied punishment by the military tradition known as "dressing down". This consisted of yelling at and berating the children until they were reduced to tears and acknowledged their failings.Once Morrison graduated from UCLA, he broke off most of his family contact. By the time Morrison's music ascended to the top of the charts in 1967 he had not been in communication with his family for more than a year and falsely claimed that his parents and siblings were dead (or claiming, as it has been widely misreported, that he was an only child). This misinformation was published as part of the materials distributed with The Doors' self-titled debut album.
In a letter to the Florida Probation and Parole Commission District Office dated October 2, 1970, Morrison's father acknowledged the breakdown in family communications as the result of an argument over his assessment of his son's musical talents. He said he could not blame his son for being reluctant to initiate contact and that he was proud of him nonetheless.
George Morrison was not supportive of his son's career choice in music. One day, an acquaintance brought over a record thought to have Jim on the cover. The record was the Doors self-titled debut. The young man played the record for Morrison's father and family. After hearing the record, Morrison's father wrote him a letter telling him "to give up any idea of singing or any connection with a music group because of what I considered to be a complete lack of talent in this direction."
Women in his life
Morrison met his long-term companion, Pamela Courson, well before he gained any fame or fortune, and she encouraged him to develop his poetry. At times, Courson used the surname "Morrison" with his apparent consent or at least lack of concern. After Courson's death on April 25, 1974, the probate court in California decided that she and Morrison had what qualified as a common-law marriage (see below, under "Estate Controversy").Morrison's and Courson's relationship was a stormy one, with frequent loud arguments and periods of separation. Biographer Danny Sugerman surmised that part of their difficulties may have stemmed from a conflict between their respective commitments to an open relationship and the consequences of living in such a relationship.
In 1970, Morrison participated in a Celtic Pagan handfasting ceremony with rock critic and science fiction/fantasy author Patricia Kennealy. Before witnesses, one of them a Presbyterian minister, the couple signed a document declaring themselves wedded, but none of the necessary paperwork for a legal marriage was filed with the state. Kennealy discussed her experiences with Morrison in her autobiography ''Strange Days: My Life With and Without Jim Morrison'' in an interview reported in the book ''Rock Wives''.
Morrison also regularly had sex with fans and had numerous short flings with women who were celebrities, including Nico, the singer associated with The Velvet Underground, a one night stand with singer Grace Slick of Jefferson Airplane, an on-again-off-again relationship with ''16 Magazine'''s Gloria Stavers and an alleged alcohol-fueled encounter with Janis Joplin. However rock musician and rock star expert, Alice Cooper, declared on his syndicated radio show that Jim was scrupulously true to Pamela on tour, eschewing all sexual encounters. Linda Ashcroft in her book "Wild Child: My Life With Jim Morrison" details her life with Morrison as well. Judy Huddleston also recalls her relationship with Morrison in "This is The End...My Only Friend: Living and Dying with Jim Morrison". At the time of his death there were reportedly as many as 20 paternity actions pending against him, although no claims were made against his estate by any of the putative paternity claimants.
Death
Morrison flew to Paris in March 1971, took up residence in a rented apartment on the rue Beautreillis on the Right Bank, and went for long walks through the city, admiring the city's architecture. During that time, Morrison shaved his beard and lost some of the weight he had gained in the previous months. The last studio recording was with two American street musicians — a session dismissed by Manzarek as "drunken gibberish". The session included a version of a song-in-progress, "Orange County Suite", which can be heard on the bootleg ''The Lost Paris Tapes''.Morrison died on July 3, 1971. In the official account of his death, he was found in a Paris apartment bathtub by Courson. Pursuant to French law, no autopsy was performed because the medical examiner claimed to have found no evidence of foul play. The absence of an official autopsy has left many questions regarding Morrison's cause of death.
In ''Wonderland Avenue'', Danny Sugerman discussed his encounter with Courson after she returned to the U.S. According to Sugerman's account, Courson stated that Morrison had died of a heroin overdose, having insufflated what he believed to be cocaine. Sugerman added that Courson had given numerous contradictory versions of Morrison's death, at times saying that she had killed Morrison, or that his death was her fault. Courson's story of Morrison's unintentional ingestion of heroin, followed by accidental overdose, is supported by the confession of Alain Ronay, who has written that Morrison died of a hemorrhage after snorting Courson's heroin, and that Courson nodded off instead of phoning for medical help, leaving Morrison bleeding to death.
Ronay confessed in an article in ''Paris Match'' that he then helped cover up the circumstances of Morrison's death. In the epilogue of ''No One Here Gets Out Alive'', Hopkins and Sugerman write that Ronay and Agnès Varda say Courson lied to the police who responded at the death scene, and later in her deposition, telling them Morrison never took drugs.
In the epilogue to ''No One Here Gets Out Alive'', Hopkins says that 20 years after Morrison's death, Ronay and Varda broke silence and gave this account: They arrived at the house shortly after Morrison's death and Courson said that she and Morrison had taken heroin after a night of drinking. Morrison had been coughing badly, had gone to take a bath, and vomited blood. Courson said that he appeared to recover and that she then went to sleep. When she awoke sometime later Morrison was unresponsive, and so she called for medical assistance.
Courson died of a heroin overdose three years later. Like Morrison, she was 27 years old at the time of her death. Contrary to initial reports circulating in 1974, she is not buried with Morrison, but rather her cremated ashes are interred in a wall at Fairhaven Memorial Park in Santa Ana, CA USA, with the plaque bearing the name "Pamela Susan Morrison".
In the epilogue of ''No One Here Gets Out Alive'', Hopkins and Sugerman also claim that Morrison had asthma and was suffering from a respiratory condition involving a chronic cough and throwing up blood on the night of his death. This theory is partially supported in ''The Doors'' (written by the remaining members of the band) in which they claim Morrison had been coughing up blood for nearly two months in Paris. None of the members of the Doors were in Paris with Morrison in the months before his death.
According to an outside individual who witnessed the funeral at Père Lachaise, a woman by the name of Madame Colinette who was at the cemetery that day mourning the recent loss of her husband, the ceremony was "pitiful", with several of the attendants muttering a few words, throwing flowers over the casket, then leaving quickly and hastily within minutes as if their lives depended upon it. Those who attended included Alain Ronay, Agnes Varda, Bill Siddons (manager), Courson, and Robin Wertle (Morrison's Canadian private secretary at the time for a few months).
In the first version of ''No One Here Gets Out Alive'' published in 1980, Sugerman and Hopkins gave some credence to the rumor that Morrison may not have died at all, calling the fake death theory “not as far-fetched as it might seem”. This theory led to considerable distress for Morrison's loved ones over the years, notably when fans would stalk them, searching for evidence of Morrison's whereabouts. In 1995 a new epilogue was added to Sugerman's and Hopkins's book, giving new facts about Morrison's death and discounting the fake death theory, saying “As time passed, some of Jim and Pamela [Courson]'s friends began to talk about what they knew, and although everything they said pointed irrefutably to Jim's demise, there remained and probably always will be those who refuse to believe that Jim is dead and those who will not allow him to rest in peace.” In a July 2007 newspaper interview, a self-described close friend of Morrison's, Sam Bernett, resurrected an old rumor and announced that Morrison actually died of a heroin overdose in the Rock 'n' Roll Circus nightclub, on the Left Bank in Paris. Bernett claims that Morrison came to the club to buy heroin for Courson then did some himself and died in the bathroom. Bernett alleges that Morrison was then moved back to the rue Beautreillis apartment and dumped in the bathtub by the same two drug dealers from whom Morrison had purchased the heroin. Bernett says those who saw Morrison that night were sworn to secrecy in order to prevent a scandal for the famous club, and that some of the witnesses immediately left the country. There have been many other conspiracy theories surrounding Morrison's death but are less supported by witnesses than are the accounts of Ronay and Courson.
Morrison's death at age twenty-seven included him in a phenomenon called the 27 Club, which currently consists of six other prominent musicians who have died at the same age.
Grave site
Morrison is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, one of the city's most visited tourist attractions. The grave had no official marker until French officials placed a shield over it, which was stolen in 1973. In 1981, Croatian sculptor Mladen Mikulin placed a bust of Morrison and the new gravestone with Morrison's name at the grave to commemorate the 10th anniversary of his death; the bust was defaced through the years by cemetery vandals and later stolen in 1988. In the 1990s Morrison's father, George Stephen Morrison, placed a flat stone on the grave. The stone bears the Greek inscription: ΚΑΤΑ ΤΟΝ ΔΑΙΜΟΝΑ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ, literally meaning "according to his own daemon" and usually interpreted as "true to his own spirit". Mikulin later made two more Morrison portraits in bronze but is awaiting the license to place a new sculpture on the tomb.
Estate controversy
In his will, made in Los Angeles County on February 12, 1969, Morrison (who described himself as "an unmarried person") bequeathed his entire estate to Courson, also naming her co-executor with his attorney, Max Fink; she thus inherited everything upon Morrison’s death in 1971.When Courson died in 1974, a battle ensued between Morrison’s and Courson’s parents over who had legal claim to Morrison’s estate. Since Morrison left a will, the question was effectively moot. Upon his death, his property became Courson’s, and on her death her property passed to her next heirs at law, her parents. Morrison's parents contested the will under which Courson and now her parents had inherited their son’s property.
To bolster their position, Courson’s parents presented a document they claimed she had acquired in Colorado, apparently an application for a declaration that she and Morrison had contracted a common-law marriage under the laws of that state. The ability to contract a common-law marriage was abolished in California in 1896. California's conflict of laws rules provided for recognition of common-law marriages when lawfully contracted in foreign jurisdictions — and Colorado was one of the eleven U.S. jurisdictions that still recognized common-law marriage.
Artistic influences
As a naval family the Morrisons relocated frequently. Consequently Morrison's early education was routinely disrupted as he moved from school to school. Nonetheless was drawn to the study of literature, poetry, religion, philosophy and psychology, among other fields.Biographers have consistently pointed to a number of writers and philosophers who influenced Morrison's thinking and, perhaps, behavior. While still in his teens Morrison discovered the works of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. He was also drawn to the poetry of William Blake, Charles Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud. Beat Generation writers such as Jack Kerouac also had a strong influence on Morrison's outlook and manner of expression; Morrison was eager to experience the life described in Kerouac's ''On the Road''. He was similarly drawn to the works of the French writer Louis-Ferdinand Céline. Céline's book, ''Voyage au Bout de la Nuit'' (''Journey to the End of the Night'') and Blake's ''Auguries of Innocence'' both echo through one of Morrison's early songs, "End of the Night". Morrison later met and befriended Michael McClure, a well known beat poet. McClure had enjoyed Morrison's lyrics but was even more impressed by his poetry and encouraged him to further develop his craft.
Morrison's vision of performance was colored by the works of 20th-century French playwright Antonin Artaud (author of ''Theater and its Double'') and by Julian Beck's Living Theater.
Other works relating to religion, mysticism, ancient myth and symbolism were of lasting interest, particularly Joseph Campbell's ''The Hero with a Thousand Faces.'' James Frazer's ''The Golden Bough'' also became a source of inspiration and is reflected in the title and lyrics of the song "Not to Touch the Earth".
Morrison was particularly attracted to the myths and religions of Native American cultures. While he was still in school, his family moved to New Mexico where he got to see some of the places and artifacts important to the Southwest Indigenous cultures. These interests appear to be the source of many references to creatures and places such as lizards, snakes, deserts and "ancient lakes" that appear in his songs and poetry. His interpretation of the practices of a Native American "shaman" were worked into parts of Morrison's stage routine, notably in his interpretation of the Ghost Dance, and a song on his later poetry album, ''The Ghost Song''.
Jim Morrison's vocal influences were Elvis Presley and Frank Sinatra, which is evident in his own baritone crooning style used in several of the Doors songs. It is mentioned within the pages of "No One Here Gets Out Alive" by Danny Sugerman, that Morrison as a teenager was such a fan of Presley's music that he demanded people be quiet when Elvis was on the radio. The Frank Sinatra influence is mentioned in the pages of "The Doors, The Illustrated History" also by Sugerman, where Frank Sinatra is listed on Morrison's Band Bio as being his favorite singer. Reference to this can also be found in a Rolling Stone article about Jim Morrison, regarding the top 100 rock singers of all time.
Legacy
Morrison remains one of the most popular and influential singer-songwriters in rock history as The Doors' catalog has become a staple of classic rock radio stations. To this day he is widely regarded as the prototypical rock star: surly, sexy, scandalous and mysterious. The leather pants he was fond of wearing both on stage and off have since become stereotyped as rock star apparel. In 2011, a ''Rolling Stone'' readers' pick placed Jim Morrison in fifth place of the magazine's "Best Lead Singers of All Time".Iggy and the Stooges are said to have formed after lead singer Iggy Pop was inspired by Morrison while attending a Doors concert in Ann Arbor, Michigan. One of Pop's most popular songs, "The Passenger", is said to be based on one of Morrison's poems. After Morrison's death, Pop was considered as a replacement lead singer for The Doors; the surviving Doors gave him some of Morrison's belongings and hired him as a vocalist for a series of shows. Wallace Fowlie, professor emeritus of French literature at Duke University, wrote ''Rimbaud and Jim Morrison,'' subtitled ''"The Rebel as Poet – A Memoir".'' In this he recounts his surprise at receiving a fan letter from Morrison who, in 1968, thanked him for his latest translation of Arthur Rimbaud's verse into English. "I don't read French easily", he wrote, "...your book travels around with me." Fowlie went on to give lectures on numerous campuses comparing the lives, philosophies and poetry of Morrison and Rimbaud.
Eddie Vedder, lead singer of Pearl Jam, Layne Staley, the late vocalist of Alice in Chains, Scott Weiland, the vocalist of Stone Temple Pilots and Velvet Revolver, Julian Casablancas of The Strokes, James LaBrie of Dream Theater, as well as Scott Stapp of Creed, claimed Morrison to be their biggest influence and inspiration. Stone Temple Pilots and Velvet Revolver have both covered "Roadhouse Blues" by the Doors. Weiland also filled in for Morrison to perform "Break On Through" with the rest of the Doors. Stapp filled in for Morrison for "Light My Fire", "Riders on the Storm" and "Roadhouse Blues" on ''VH1 Storytellers''. Creed performed their version of "Roadhouse Blues" with Robbie Krieger for the 1999 Woodstock Festival.
The book ''The Doors'' by the remaining Doors quotes Morrison's close friend Frank Lisciandro as saying that too many people took a remark of Morrison's that he was interested in revolt, disorder, and chaos “to mean that he was an anarchist, a revolutionary, or, worse yet, a nihilist. Hardly anyone noticed that Jim was restating Rimbaud and the Surreal poets.”
Books
By Jim Morrison
About Jim Morrison
Films
Documentaries featuring Jim Morrison
Films about Jim Morrison
''The Doors'' (1991), A fiction film by director Oliver Stone, starring Val Kilmer as Morrison and with cameos by Krieger and Densmore. Kilmer's performance was praised by some critics. Members of the group criticized Stone's portrayal of Morrison, and noted that numerous events depicted in the movie were pure fiction.
References
External links
Category:1943 births Category:1971 deaths Category:American baritones Category:American expatriates in France Category:American film actors Category:American musicians of Irish descent Category:American musicians of Scottish descent Category:American poets Category:American rock singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American spoken word artists Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery Category:The Doors members Category:Florida State University alumni Category:Military brats Category:Musicians from Florida Category:Obscenity controversies Category:People from Brevard County, Florida Category:Psychedelic drug advocates Category:Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni Category:Writers from Florida
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| Coordinates | 12°2′36″N77°1′42″N |
|---|---|
| name | Monty Python |
| medium | Television, film, theatre, audio recordings, books |
| nationality | British |
| active | 1969–1983 |
| genre | Satire, Surreal humour, dark comedy |
| influences | The Goons, Spike Milligan, Peter Cook |
| influenced | Douglas Adams, Eddie Izzard, George Carlin, Vic and Bob, Matt Stone, Trey Parker |
| notable work | ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' (1969–1974)''And Now for Something Completely Different'' (1971)''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'' (1974)''Monty Python's Life of Brian'' (1979)''Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl'' (1982)''Monty Python's The Meaning of Life'' (1983) |
| current members | Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin |
| website | PythOnline |
| footnotes | }} |
Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons) was a British surreal comedy group who created their influential ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'', a British television comedy sketch show that first aired on the BBC on 5 October 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, spawning touring stage shows, films, numerous albums, several books and a stage musical as well as launching the members to individual stardom. The group's influence on comedy has been compared to Elvis Presley's influence on music.
The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, was conceived, written and performed by members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Loosely structured as a sketch show, but with an innovative stream-of-consciousness approach (aided by Gilliam's animation), it pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in style and content. A self-contained comedy team responsible for both writing and performing their work, they changed the way performers entertained audiences. The Pythons' creative control allowed them to experiment with form and content, discarding rules of television comedy. Their influence on British comedy has been apparent for years, while in North America it has coloured the work of cult performers from the early editions of ''Saturday Night Live'' through to more recent absurdist trends in television comedy. "Pythonesque" has entered the English lexicon as a result.
In a 2005 UK poll to find ''The Comedian's Comedian'', three of the six Pythons members were voted by fellow comedians and comedy insiders to be among the top 50 greatest comedians ever: Cleese at #2, Idle at #21, and Palin at #30.
Before ''Flying Circus''
Palin and Jones met at Oxford University, where they performed together with the Oxford Revue. Cleese and Chapman met at Cambridge. Idle was also at Cambridge, but started a year after Cleese and Chapman. Cleese met Gilliam in New York while on tour with the Cambridge University Footlights revue ''Cambridge Circus'' (originally entitled ''A Clump of Plinths''). Chapman, Cleese and Idle were members of the Footlights, which at that time also included the future ''Goodies'' (Tim Brooke-Taylor, Bill Oddie and Graeme Garden), and Jonathan Lynn (co-writer of ''Yes Minister'' and ''Yes, Prime Minister''). During Idle's presidency of the Club, feminist writer Germaine Greer and broadcaster Clive James were members. Recordings of Footlights revues (called "Smokers") at Pembroke College include sketches and performances by Idle and Cleese. They are kept in the archives of the Pembroke Players, along with tapes of Idle's performances in some of the college drama society's theatrical productions.Python members appeared in and/or wrote the following shows before ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''. ''The Frost Report'' is credited as first uniting the British Pythons and providing an environment in which they could develop their particular styles:
Several featured other important British comedy writers or performers of the future, including Marty Feldman, Jonathan Lynn, David Jason and David Frost, as well as members of other future comedy teams, Ronnie Corbett and Ronnie Barker (the Two Ronnies), and Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie (the Goodies).
Following the success of ''Do Not Adjust Your Set'', originally intended to be a children's programme, with adults, ITV offered Palin, Jones, Idle and Gilliam their own series together. At the same time Cleese and Chapman were offered a show by the BBC, which had been impressed by their work on ''The Frost Report'' and ''At Last The 1948 Show''. Cleese was reluctant to do a two-man show for various reasons, including Chapman's supposedly difficult personality. Cleese had fond memories of working with Palin and invited him to join the team. With the ITV series still in pre-production, Palin agreed and suggested the involvement of his writing partner Jones and colleague Idle—who in turn suggested that Gilliam could provide animations for the projected series. Much has been made of the fact that the Monty Python troupe is the result of Cleese's desire to work with Palin and the chance circumstances that brought the other four members into the fold.
''Monty Python's Flying Circus''
Development of the series
The Pythons had a definite idea about what they wanted to do with the series. They were admirers of the work of Peter Cook, Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller and Dudley Moore on ''Beyond the Fringe'', and had worked on ''Frost'', which was similar in style. They enjoyed Cook and Moore's sketch show ''Not Only... But Also''. One problem the Pythons perceived with these programmes was that though the body of the sketch would be strong, the writers would often struggle to then find a punchline funny enough to end on, and this would detract from the overall sketch quality. They decided that they would simply not bother to "cap" their sketches in the traditional manner, and early episodes of the Flying Circus series make great play of this abandonment of the punchline (one scene has Cleese turn to Idle, as the sketch descends into chaos, and remark that "This is the silliest sketch I've ever been in"—they all resolve not to carry on and simply walk off the set). However, as they began assembling material for the show, the Pythons watched one of their collective heroes, Spike Milligan, recording his groundbreaking series ''Q5'' (1969). Not only was the programme more irreverent and anarchic than any previous television comedy, Milligan would often "give up" on sketches halfway through and wander off set (often muttering "Did I write this?"). It was clear that their new series would now seem less original, and Jones in particular became determined the Pythons should innovate.After much debate, Jones remembered an animation Gilliam had created for ''Do Not Adjust Your Set'' called ''Beware of the Elephants'', which had intrigued him with its stream-of-consciousness style. Jones felt it would be a good concept to apply to the series: allowing sketches to blend into one another. Palin had been equally fascinated by another of Gilliam's efforts, entitled ''Christmas Cards'', and agreed that it represented "a way of doing things differently". Since Cleese, Chapman and Idle were less concerned with the overall flow of the programme, it was Jones, Palin and Gilliam who became largely responsible for the presentation style of the ''Flying Circus'' series, in which disparate sketches are linked to give each episode the appearance of a single stream-of-consciousness (often using a Gilliam animation to move from the closing image of one sketch to the opening scene of another).
Writing started at 9 am and finished at 5 pm. Typically, Cleese and Chapman worked as one pair isolated from the others, as did Jones and Palin, while Idle wrote alone. After a few days, they would join together with Gilliam, critique their scripts, and exchange ideas. Their approach to writing was democratic. If the majority found an idea humorous, it was included in the show. The casting of roles for the sketches was a similarly unselfish process, since each member viewed himself primarily as a 'writer', rather than an actor desperate for screen time. When the themes for sketches were chosen, Gilliam had carte blanche to decide how to bridge them with animations, using a camera, scissors, and airbrush.
While the show was a collaborative process, different factions within Python were responsible for elements of the team's humour. In general, the work of the Oxford-educated members was more visual, and more fanciful conceptually (e.g., the arrival of the Spanish Inquisition in a suburban front room), while the Cambridge graduates' sketches tended to be more verbal and more aggressive (for example, Cleese and Chapman's many "confrontation" sketches, where one character intimidates or hurls abuse, or Idle's characters with bizarre verbal quirks, such as The Man Who Speaks In Anagrams). Cleese confirmed that "most of the sketches with heavy abuse were Graham's and mine, anything that started with a slow pan across countryside and impressive music was Mike and Terry's, and anything that got utterly involved with words and disappeared up any personal orifice was Eric's". Gilliam's animations, meanwhile, ranged from the whimsical to the savage (the cartoon format allowing him to create some astonishingly violent scenes without fear of censorship).
Several names for the show were considered before ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' was settled upon. Some were ''Owl Stretching Time'', ''Toad Elevating Moment'', ''A Bucket, a Horse and a Spoon'', ''Vaseline Review'' and ''Bun, Wackett, Buzzard, Stubble and Boot''. ''Flying Circus'' stuck when the BBC explained it had printed that name in its schedules and was not prepared to amend it. Many variations on the name in front of this title then came and went (popular legend holds that the BBC considered ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' to be a ridiculous name, at which point the group threatened to change their name every week until the BBC relented). "Gwen Dibley's Flying Circus" was named after a woman Palin had read about in the newspaper, thinking it would be amusing if she were to discover she had her own TV show. "Baron Von Took's Flying Circus" was considered as an affectionate tribute to Barry Took, the man who had brought them together. ''Arthur Megapode's Flying Circus'' was suggested, then discarded.
There are differing, somewhat confusing accounts of the origins of the Python name although the members agree that its only "significance" was that they thought it sounded funny. In the 1998 documentary ''Live At Aspen'' during the US Comedy Arts Festival, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the American Film Institute, the group implied that "Monty" was selected (Eric Idle's idea) as a gently-mocking tribute to Field Marshal Lord Montgomery, a legendary British general of World War II; requiring a "slippery-sounding" surname, they settled on "Python". On other occasions Idle has claimed that the name "Monty" was that of a popular and rotund fellow who drank in his local pub; people would often walk in and ask the barman, "Has Monty been in yet?", forcing the name to become stuck in his mind. The name Monty Python was later described by the BBC as being "envisaged by the team as the perfect name for a sleazy entertainment agent".
Style of the show
''Flying Circus'' popularised innovative formal techniques, such as the cold open, in which an episode began without the traditional opening titles or announcements. An example of this is the "It's" man: Palin, outfitted in Robinson Crusoe garb, making a tortuous journey across various terrains, before finally approaching the camera to state, "It's...", only to be then cut off by the title sequence and theme music. On several occasions the cold open lasted until mid show, after which the regular opening titles ran. Occasionally the Pythons tricked viewers by rolling the closing credits halfway through the show, usually continuing the joke by fading to the familiar globe logo used for BBC continuity, over which Cleese would parody the clipped tones of a BBC announcer. On one occasion the credits ran directly after the opening titles. They also experimented with ending segments by cutting abruptly to another scene or animation, walking offstage, addressing the camera (breaking the fourth wall), or introducing a totally unrelated event or character. A classic example of this approach was the use of Chapman's "Colonel" character, who walked into several sketches and ordered them to be stopped because things were becoming "far too silly." Another favourite way of ending sketches was to drop a cartoonish "16-ton weight" prop on one of the characters when the sketch seemed to be losing momentum, or a knight in full armour (played by Terry Gilliam) would wander on-set and hit characters over the head with a rubber chicken, before cutting to the next scene. Yet another way of changing scenes was when John Cleese, usually outfitted in a dinner suit, would come in as a radio commentator and make the formal and determined announcement, "And now for something completely different."The Python theme music is ''The Liberty Bell'', a march by John Philip Sousa, which was chosen, among other reasons, because the recording was in the public domain.
The use of Gilliam's surreal, collage stop motion animations was another innovative intertextual element of the Python style. Many of the images Gilliam used were lifted from famous works of art, and from Victorian illustrations and engravings. The giant foot which crushes the show's title at the end of the opening credits is in fact the foot of Cupid, cut from a reproduction of the Renaissance masterpiece ''Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time'' by Bronzino. This foot, and Gilliam's style in general, are visual trademarks of the series.
The Pythons used the British tradition of cross-dressing comedy by donning frocks and makeup and playing female roles themselves while speaking in falsetto. Generally speaking, female roles were played by a woman (usually Carol Cleveland) when the scene specifically required that the character be sexually attractive (although sometimes they used Idle for this). In some episodes and later in ''Monty Python's Life of Brian'' they took the idea one step further by playing women who impersonated men (in the stoning scene).
Many sketches are well-known and widely quoted. "Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song", "Spam", "Nudge Nudge", "The Spanish Inquisition", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Cheese Shop" and "The Ministry of Silly Walks" are just a few examples.
End of ''Flying Circus''
Having considered the possibility at the end of the second series, Cleese left the ''Flying Circus'' at the end of the third. He later explained that he felt he no longer had anything fresh to offer the show, and claimed that only two Cleese-and-Chapman-penned sketches in the third series ("Dennis Moore" and the "Cheese Shop") were truly original, and that the others were bits and pieces from previous work cobbled together in slightly different contexts. He was also finding Chapman, who was at that point in the full throes of alcoholism, difficult to work with. According to an interview with Idle, "It was on an Air Canada flight on the way to Toronto, when John (Cleese) turned to all of us and said 'I want out.' Why? I don't know. He gets bored more easily than the rest of us. He's a difficult man, not easy to be friendly with. He's so funny because he never wanted to be liked. That gives him a certain fascinating, arrogant freedom."The rest of the group carried on for one more "half" series before calling a halt to the programme in 1974. The name ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' appears in the opening animation for series four, but in the end credits the show is listed as simply "Monty Python". Despite his official departure from the group, Cleese supposedly made a (non-speaking) cameo appearance in the fourth series, but never appeared in the credits as a performer. Several episodes credit him as a co-writer since some sketches were recycled from scenes cut from the ''Holy Grail'' script. While the first three series contained 13 episodes each, the fourth ended after six.
Time-Life Films had the right to distribute all BBC-TV programs in America, however they had decided that British comedy simply would not work in the U.S.A. Therefore, it was not worth the investment to convert the Python shows from the European PAL standard to the American NTSC standard, which meant PBS stations could not afford the programmes. Finally, in 1974, Greg Garrison, TV producer for Dean Martin, used a couple of Python sketches ("Bicycle Repairman" and "The Dull Life of a Stockbroker") on the NBC series ''ComedyWorld'', a summer replacement series for ''The Dean Martin Show''. Payment for use of these segments was enough to pay for the conversion of the entire Python library to NTSC standard. At last, they could be sold to non-commercial TV stations, where officially they began airing in October 1974—exactly 5 years after their BBC debut. One PBS station had a program director (Ron Devillier) so eager that he 'jumped the gun' and started broadcasting the 'Flying Circus' episodes in that summer on the unlikely KERA in Dallas. The ratings shot through the roof—and was an encouraging sign to the other 100 stations that had signed up to air the shows. There was also cross-promotion from FM radio stations across the country, whose airing of tracks from the Python LPs had already introduced American audiences to this bizarre brand of comedy.
With the popularity of Python throughout the rest of the 1970s and through most of the 1980s, PBS stations looked at other British comedies, leading to UK shows such as ''Are You Being Served?'' gaining a US audience, and leading, over time, to many PBS stations having a "British Comedy Night" which airs many popular UK comedies.
Life after the ''Flying Circus''
Filmography
''And Now for Something Completely Different'' (1971)
The Pythons' first feature film (directed by Ian MacNaughton, reprising his role from the television series). It was composed of sketches from the first two seasons of the ''Flying Circus'', reshot on a low budget (and often slightly edited) for cinema release. Material selected for the film includes: "Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Hell's Grannies", "Self-Defence Class", "How Not To Be Seen" and "Nudge Nudge". Financed by Playboy's UK executive Victor Lownes, it was intended as a way of breaking Monty Python into America, and although it was ultimately unsuccessful in this, the film did good business in the UK (this still being in the era before home video would make it much more accessible to view the material again). The group did not consider the film a success.
''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'' (1974)
In 1974, between production on the third and fourth seasons, the group decided to embark on their first "proper" feature film, containing entirely new material. ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'' was based on Arthurian Legend and was directed by Jones and Gilliam. Again, the latter also contributed linking animations (and put together the opening credits). Along with the rest of the Pythons, Jones and Gilliam performed several roles in the film, but it was Chapman who took the lead as King Arthur. Cleese returned to the group for the film, feeling that the group were once again breaking new ground. ''Holy Grail'' was filmed on location, in picturesque rural areas of Scotland, with a budget of only £229,000; the money was raised in part with investments from rock groups such as Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull and Led Zeppelin—and UK music industry entrepreneur Tony Stratton-Smith (founder and owner of the Charisma Records label, for which the Pythons recorded their comedy albums).The backers of the film wanted to cut the famous Black Knight scene (in which the Black Knight loses his limbs in a duel) but it was eventually kept in the movie.
''Monty Python's Life of Brian'' (1979)
Following the success of ''Holy Grail'', reporters asked for the title of the next Python film, despite the fact that the team had not even begun to consider a third one. Eventually, Idle once flippantly replied "Jesus Christ – Lust for Glory", which became the group's stock answer once they realised that it shut reporters up. However, they soon began to seriously consider a film lampooning the New Testament era in the same way ''Holy Grail'' had lampooned Arthurian legend. Despite them all sharing a distrust of organised religion, they agreed not to mock Jesus nor his teachings directly. Instead, they decided to write a satire on credulity and hypocrisy among the followers of someone who had been mistaken for the "Messiah," but who had no desire to be followed as such. Chapman was cast in the lead role of Brian.The focus therefore shifted to a separate individual born at the same time, in a neighbouring stable. When Jesus appears in the film (first, as a baby in the stable, and then later on the Mount, speaking the Beatitudes), he is played straight (by actor Kenneth Colley) and portrayed with respect. The comedy begins when members of the crowd mishear his statements of peace, love and tolerance. ("I think he said, 'Blessed are the cheesemakers.'")
Directing duties were handled solely by Jones, having amicably agreed with Gilliam that Jones' approach to film-making was better suited for Python's general performing style. ''Holy Grail's'' production had often been stilted by their differences behind the camera. Gilliam again contributed two animated sequences (one being the opening credits) and took charge of set design. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, the finances being provided this time by former Beatle George Harrison, who together with Denis O'Brien formed the production company Hand-Made Films for the movie. He had a cameo role as the 'owner of the Mount.'
Despite its subject matter attracting controversy, particularly upon its initial release, it has (together with its predecessor) been ranked among the greatest comedy films. A Channel 4 poll in 2005 ranked ''Holy Grail'' in sixth place, with ''Life of Brian'' at the top.
''Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl'' (1982)
Filmed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles during preparations for ''The Meaning of Life'', this was a concert film (directed by Terry Hughes) in which the Pythons performed sketches from the television series in front of an audience. The released film also incorporated footage from the German television specials (the inclusion of which gives Ian MacNaughton his first on-screen credit for Python since the end of ''Flying Circus'') and live performances of several songs from the troupe's then-current ''Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album''.
''Monty Python's The Meaning of Life'' (1983)
Python's final film returned to something structurally closer to the style of ''Flying Circus''. A series of sketches loosely follows the ages of man from birth to death. Directed again by Jones solo, ''The Meaning of Life'' is embellished with some of Python's most bizarre and disturbing moments, as well as various elaborate musical numbers. The film is by far their darkest work, containing a great deal of black humour, garnished by some spectacular violence (including an operation to remove a liver from a living patient without anaesthetic and the morbidly obese Mr. Creosote exploding over several restaurant patrons). At the time of its release, the Pythons confessed their aim was to offend "absolutely everyone."
Besides the opening credits and the fish sequence, Gilliam, by now an established live action director, no longer wanted to produce any linking cartoons, offering instead to direct one sketch—''The Crimson Permanent Assurance''. Under his helm, though, the segment grew so ambitious and tangential that it was cut from the movie and used as a supporting feature in its own right. (Television screenings also use it as a prologue.) Crucially, this was the last project that all six Pythons would collaborate on, except for the 1989 compilation ''Parrot Sketch Not Included,'' where they are all seen sitting in a closet for four seconds. This would be the last time Chapman appeared on-screen with the Pythons.
''Secret Policeman's Ball'' benefit shows
Members of Python contributed their services to charitable endeavours and causes—sometimes as an ensemble, at other times as individuals. The cause that has been the most frequent and consistent beneficiary has been the human rights work of Amnesty International. Between 1976 and 1981, the troupe or its members appeared in four major fund-raisers for Amnesty—known collectively as the ''Secret Policeman's Ball'' shows—which were turned into multiple films, TV shows, videos, record albums and books. These benefit shows and their many spin-offs raised considerable sums of money for Amnesty, raised public and media awareness of the human rights cause and influenced many other members of the entertainment community (especially rock musicians) to become involved in political and social issues. Among the many musicians who have publicly attributed their activism—and the organisation of their own benefit events—to the inspiration of the work in this field of Monty Python are U2, Bob Geldof, Pete Townshend and Sting. The shows are credited by Amnesty with helping the organisation develop public awareness in the USA where one of the spin-off films was a major success.Cleese and Jones had an involvement (as performer, writer or director) in all four Amnesty benefit shows, Palin in three, Chapman in two and Gilliam in one. Idle did not participate in the Amnesty shows. Notwithstanding Idle's lack of participation, the other five members (together with "Associate Pythons" Carol Cleveland and Neil Innes) all appeared together in the first ''Secret Policeman's Ball'' benefit—the 1976 ''A Poke In The Eye (With A Sharp Stick)''—where they performed several Python sketches. In this first show they were collectively billed as ''Monty Python''. (Peter Cook deputised for the errant Idle in one major sketch ''The Courtroom''.) In the next three shows, the participating Python members performed many Python sketches, but were billed under their individual names rather than under the collective Python banner. After a six-year break, Amnesty resumed producing ''Secret Policeman's Ball'' benefit shows in 1987 (sometimes with, and sometimes without variants of the iconic title) and by 2006 had presented a total of twelve such shows. The shows since 1987 have featured newer generations of British comedic performers, including many who have attributed their participation in the show to their desire to emulate the Python's pioneering work for Amnesty. (Cleese and Palin made a brief cameo appearance in the 1989 Amnesty show; apart from that the Pythons have not appeared in shows after the first four.)
Going solo
Each member has pursued various film, television and stage projects since the break-up of the group, but often continued to work with one another. Many of these collaborations were very successful, most notably ''A Fish Called Wanda'' (1988), written by Cleese, in which he starred along with Palin. The pair also appeared in ''Time Bandits'' (1981), a film directed by Gilliam, who wrote it together with Palin. Gilliam directed ''Jabberwocky'' (1977), and also directed and co-wrote ''Brazil'' (1985) and ''The Adventures of Baron Munchausen'' (1988), which featured Palin and Idle respectively. ''Yellowbeard'' (1983) was co-written by Chapman and featured Chapman, Cleese and Palin alongside many of their English contemporaries, including Peter Cook, Spike Milligan and Marty Feldman.Palin and Jones wrote the comedic TV series ''Ripping Yarns'' (1976–79), starring Palin. Jones also appeared in the pilot episode and Cleese appeared in a non-speaking part in the episode "Golden Gordon". Jones' film ''Erik the Viking'', also has Cleese playing a small part.
In 1996, Terry Jones wrote and directed an adaption of Kenneth Grahame's novel ''The Wind in the Willows''. It featured four members of Monty Python: Jones as Mr. Toad, Idle as Ratty, Cleese as Mr. Toad's lawyer, and Palin as the Sun. Gilliam was considered for the voice of the river.
In terms of numbers of productions, Cleese has the most prolific solo career, having appeared in 59 theatrical films, 22 TV shows or series (including ''Cheers'', ''3rd Rock from the Sun'', Q's assistant in the James Bond movies, and ''Will & Grace''), 23 direct-to-video productions, six video games, and a number of commercials. His BBC sitcom ''Fawlty Towers'' (written by and starring Cleese together with his then-wife Connie Booth), is considered the greatest solo work by a Python since the sketch show finished. It is the only comedy series to rank higher than the ''Flying Circus'' on the BFI TV 100's list, topping the whole poll.
Idle enjoyed critical success with ''Rutland Weekend Television'' in the mid-1970s, out of which came the Beatles parody The Rutles (responsible for the cult mockumentary ''All You Need Is Cash''), and as an actor in ''Nuns on the Run'' (1990) with Robbie Coltrane. Idle has had success with Python songs: "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" went to no. 3 in the UK singles chart in 1991. The song had been revived by Simon Mayo on BBC Radio 1, and was consequently released as a single that year. The theatrical phenomenon of the Python musical ''Spamalot'' has made Idle the most financially successful of the troupe post-Python. Written by Idle, it has proved an enormous hit on Broadway, London's West End and also Las Vegas. This was followed by ''Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)'', which repurposes ''The Life of Brian'' as an oratorio. For the work's 2007 premiere at the Luminato festival in Toronto (which commissioned the work), Idle himself sang the "baritone-ish" part.
Post-Python reunions
Since ''The Meaning of Life'', their last project as a team, the Pythons have often been the subject of reunion rumours. The final reunion of all six members occurred during the ''Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python'' special. The death of Chapman in 1989 (on the eve of their 20th anniversary) put an end to the speculation of any further reunions. There have been several occasions since 1989 when the surviving five members have gathered together for appearances—albeit not formal reunions.In 1996, Jones, Idle, Cleese and Palin were featured in a film adaptation of ''The Wind in the Willows'', which was later renamed ''Mr. Toad's Wild Ride''.
In 1998 during the US Comedy Arts Festival, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the American Film Institute, the five remaining members along with what was purported to be Chapman's ashes, were reunited on stage for the first time in 18 years. The occasion was in the form of an interview called Monty Python Live At Aspen, (hosted by Robert Klein, with an appearance by Eddie Izzard) in which the team looked back at some of their work and performed a few new sketches.
On 9 October 1999, to commemorate 30 years since the first ''Flying Circus'' television broadcast, BBC2 devoted an evening to Python programmes, including a documentary charting the history of the team, interspersed with new sketches by the Monty Python team filmed especially for the event. The program appears, though omitting a few things, on the DVD ''The Life of Python''. Though Idle's involvement in the special is limited, the final sketch marks the only time since 1989 that all surviving members of the troupe appear in one sketch, albeit not in the same room.
In 2002, four of the surviving members, bar Cleese, performed "The Lumberjack Song" and "Sit on My Face" for George Harrison's memorial concert. The reunion also included regular supporting contributors Neil Innes and Carol Cleveland, with a special appearance from Tom Hanks.
In an interview to publicise the DVD release of ''The Meaning of Life,'' Cleese said a further reunion was unlikely. "It is absolutely impossible to get even a majority of us together in a room, and I'm not joking," Cleese said. He said that the problem was one of business rather than one of bad feelings. A sketch appears on the same DVD spoofing the impossibility of a full reunion, bringing the members “together” in a deliberately unconvincing fashion with modern bluescreen/greenscreen techniques.
Idle has responded to queries about a Python reunion by adapting a line used by George Harrison in response to queries about a possible Beatles reunion. When asked in November 1989 about such a possibility, Harrison responded: "As far as I'm concerned, there won't be a Beatles reunion as long as John Lennon remains dead." Idle's version of this was that he expected to see a proper Python reunion, "just as soon as Graham Chapman comes back from the dead", but added, "we're talking to his agent about terms."
2003's ''The Pythons Autobiography By The Pythons'', compiled from interviews with the surviving members, reveals that a series of disputes in 1998, over a possible sequel to ''Holy Grail'' that had been conceived by Idle, may have resulted in the group's permanent fission. Cleese's feeling was that ''The Meaning of Life'' had been personally difficult and ultimately mediocre, and did not wish to be involved in another Python project for a variety of reasons (not least amongst them was the absence of Chapman, whose straight man-like central roles in the original ''Grail'' and ''Brian'' films had been considered to be essential performance anchorage). Apparently Idle was angry with Cleese for refusing to do the film, which most of the remaining Pythons thought reasonably promising (the basic plot would have taken on a self-referential tone, featuring them in their main 'knight' guises from ''Holy Grail'', mulling over the possibilities of reforming their posse). The book also reveals that a secondary option around this point was the possibility of revitalising the Python brand with a new stage tour, perhaps with the promise of new material. This idea had also hit the buffers at Cleese's refusal, this time with the backing of other members.
March 2005 saw a full, if non-performing, reunion of the surviving cast members at the premiere of Idle's musical ''Spamalot'', based on ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail''. It opened in Chicago and has since played in New York on Broadway, London and numerous other major cities across the world. In 2004, it was nominated for 14 Tony Awards and won three: Best Musical, Best Direction of a Musical for Mike Nichols and Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for Sara Ramirez, who played the Lady of the Lake, a character specially added for the musical. Cleese played the voice of God, played in the film by Chapman.
Owing in part to the success of ''Spamalot'', PBS announced on 13 July 2005, that it would begin to re-air the entire run of ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' and new one-hour specials focusing on each member of the group, called ''Monty Python's Personal Best.'' Each episode was written and produced by the individual being honoured, with the five remaining Pythons collaborating on Chapman's programme, the only one of the editions to take on a serious tone with its new material.
Eric Idle and John Cleese appeared on stage together singing "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" with the rest of the performers for the climax of Prince Charles 60th Birthday Show.
In 2009, to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the first episode of ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'', a six part documentary entitled ''Monty Python: Almost the Truth (The Lawyer's Cut)'' was released, featuring interviews with the surviving members of the team as well as archive interviews with Graham Chapman and numerous excerpts from the television series and films.
Also in commemoration of the 40th anniversary Idle, Palin, Jones and Gilliam appeared in a production of ''Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)'' at the Royal Albert Hall. The European premiere was held on 23 October 2009. An official 40th anniversary Monty Python reunion event took place in New York City on 15 October 2009 where the Team received a Special Award from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.
In June 2011, it was announced that Monty Python have begun production on their first film project since ''the Meaning of Life'' in 1983. Their next film, ''A Liar's Autobiography'', is an animated 3D movie based on the memoir of the late Python member, Graham Chapman, who died in 1989 at the age of 48. ''A Liar’s Autobiography'' was published in 1980 and details Chapman's journey through medical school, alcoholism, acknowledgement of his gay identity and the toils of surreal comedy.
Asked what was true in a deliberately fanciful account by Chapman of his life, Terry Jones joked: "Nothing . . . it’s all a downright, absolute, blackguardly lie."
The film will use Chapman's own voice - from a reading of his autobiography shortly before he died of cancer - and entertainment channel EPIX announced that the film will be released in early 2012 in both 2D and 3D formats. Produced and directed by London-based Bill Jones, Ben Timlett and Jeff Simpson, the new film has 15 animation companies working on chapters that will range from three to 12 minutes in length, each in a different style.
John Cleese has recorded new dialogue which will be matched with Chapman’s voice and Michael Palin will voice Chapman’s mother and father. Terry Gilliam plays various roles. Among the original Python group, only Eric Idle has not become involved, though Timlett said the filmmakers are “working on” him.
Python members
Graham Chapman was originally a medical student, joining the Footlights at Cambridge. He completed his medical training and was legally entitled to practice as a doctor. Chapman is best remembered for the lead roles in ''Holy Grail'', as King Arthur, and ''Life of Brian'', as Brian Cohen. He died of spinal and throat cancer on 4 October 1989. At Chapman's memorial service, Cleese delivered an irreverent eulogy that included all the euphemisms for being dead from the Dead Parrot sketch, which they had written.John Cleese is the oldest Python. He met his future Python writing partner, Graham Chapman in Cambridge.
Terry Gilliam, an American, was the only member of the troupe of non-British origin. He started off as an animator and strip cartoonist for Harvey Kurtzman's ''Help!'' magazine, one issue of which featured Cleese. Moving from the USA to England, he animated features for ''Do Not Adjust Your Set'' and was then asked by its makers to join them on their next project: ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''. He co-directed ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'' and directed short segments of other Python films (for instance "The Crimson Permanent Assurance", the short film that appears before ''The Meaning of Life'').
When Monty Python was first formed, two writing partnerships were already in place: Cleese and Chapman, Jones and Palin. That left two in their own corners: Gilliam, operating solo due to the nature of his work, and Eric Idle. Regular themes in his contributions were elaborate wordplay and musical numbers. After ''Flying Circus'', he hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' four times in the first five seasons. Idle's initially successful solo career faltered in the 1990s with the failures of his 1993 film ''Splitting Heirs'' (written, produced by and starring him) and 1998's ''An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn'' (in which he starred), which was awarded five Razzies, including 'Worst Picture of the Year'. He revived his career by returning to the source of his worldwide fame, adapting Monty Python material for other media. He also wrote the Broadway musical ''Spamalot'', based on the ''Holy Grail'' movie. He also wrote ''Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)'', an oratorio derived from the ''Life of Brian''.
Terry Jones has been described by other members of the team as the “heart” of the operation. Jones had a lead role in maintaining the group's unity and creative independence. Python biographer George Perry has commented that should you "speak to him on subjects as diverse as fossil fuels, or Rupert Bear, or mercenaries in the Middle Ages or Modern China... in a moment you will find yourself hopelessly out of your depth, floored by his knowledge." Many others agree that Jones is characterised by his irrepressible, good-natured enthusiasm. However, Jones' passion often led to prolonged arguments with other group members—in particular Cleese—with Jones often unwilling to back down. Since his major contributions were largely behind the scenes (direction, writing), and he often deferred to the other members of the group as an actor, Jones' importance to Python was often underrated. However, he does have the legacy of delivering possibly the most famous line in all of Python, as Brian's mother Mandy in ''Life of Brian'', "He's not the Messiah, he's a very naughty boy!", a line voted the funniest in film history on two occasions.
Michael Palin attended Oxford, where he met his Python writing partner Jones. The two also wrote the series ''Ripping Yarns'' together. Palin and Jones originally wrote face-to-face, but soon found it was more productive to write apart and then come together to review what the other had written. Therefore, Jones and Palin's sketches tended to be more focused than that of the others, taking one bizarre situation, sticking to it, and building on it. After ''Flying Circus'', he hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' four times in the first ten seasons. His comedy output began to decrease in amount following the increasing success of his travel documentaries for the BBC. Palin released a book of diaries from the Python years entitled ''Michael Palin Diaries 1969–1979'', published in 2007.
Associate Pythons
Several people have been accorded unofficial "Associate Python" status over the years. Occasionally such people have been referred to as the ''7th Python'', in a style reminiscent of associates of The Beatles being dubbed "the Fifth Beatle." The two collaborators with the most meaningful and plentiful contributions have been Neil Innes and Carol Cleveland. Both were present and presented as ''Associate Pythons'' at the official Monty Python 25th anniversary celebrations held in Los Angeles in July 1994. Neil Innes is the only non-Python besides Douglas Adams to be credited with writing material for the ''Flying Circus''. He appeared in sketches and the Python films, as well as performing some of his songs in ''Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl''. He was also a regular stand-in for absent team members on the rare occasions when they re-created sketches. For example, he took the place of Cleese at the Concert for George. Gilliam once noted that if anyone qualified for the title of the "Seventh Python," it would certainly be Innes. He was one of the creative talents in the off-beat Bonzo Dog Band. He would later portray Ron Nasty of the Rutles and write all of the Rutles' compositions for ''All You Need is Cash'' (1978). By 2005, a falling out had occurred between Idle and Innes over additional Rutles projects, the results being Innes' critically acclaimed Rutles "reunion" album ''The Rutles: Archaeology'' and Idle's straight-to-DVD ''The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch'', each undertaken without the other's participation. According to an interview with Idle in the ''Chicago Tribune'' in May 2005, his attitude is that he and Innes go back "too far. And no further." Innes has remained silent on the dispute.Carol Cleveland was the most important female performer in the Monty Python ensemble, commonly referred to as the "Python Girl." Originally hired by producer/director John Howard Davies for just the first five episodes of the ''Flying Circus'', she went on to appear in approximately two-thirds of the episodes as well as in all of the Python films, and in most of their stage shows as well. Her common portrayal as the stereotypical "blonde bimbo" eventually earned her the sobriquet "Carol Cleavage" from the other Pythons, but she felt that the variety of her roles should not be described in such a pejorative way.
Other contributors
Cleese's wife Connie Booth appeared in, amongst others "The Lumberjack Song" and as the "witch" in ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail''. Cleese and Booth later co-wrote and co-starred in ''Fawlty Towers''.Douglas Adams was "discovered" by Chapman when a version of the ''Footlights Revue'' (a 1974 BBC2 television show featuring some of Adams' early work) was performed live in London's West End. In Cleese's absence from the final TV series, the two formed a brief writing partnership, with Adams earning a writing credit in one episode for a sketch called "Patient Abuse". In the sketch, a man who had been stabbed by a nurse arrives at his doctor's office bleeding profusely from the stomach, when the doctor makes him fill out numerous senseless forms before he can administer treatment. He also had two cameo appearances in this season. Firstly, in the episode ''The Light Entertainment War'', Adams shows up in a surgeon's mask (as Dr. Emile Koning, according to the on-screen captions), pulling on gloves, while Palin narrates a sketch that introduces one person after another, and never actually gets started. Secondly, at the beginning of ''Mr. Neutron'', Adams is dressed in a "pepperpot" outfit and loads a missile onto a cart being driven by Terry Jones, who is calling out for scrap metal ("Any old iron..."). Adams and Chapman also subsequently attempted a few non-Python projects, including ''Out of the Trees.'' He also contributed to a sketch on the soundtrack album for ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail''.
Stand-up comedian Eddie Izzard, a devoted fan of the group, has occasionally stood in for absent members. When the BBC held a "Python Night" in 1999 to celebrate 30 years of the first broadcast of ''Flying Circus'', the Pythons recorded some new material with Izzard standing in for Idle, who had declined to partake in person (he taped a solo contribution from the US). Izzard hosted a history of the group entitled ''The Life of Python'' (1999) that was part of the ''Python Night'' and appeared with them at a festival/tribute in Aspen, Colorado, in 1998 (released on DVD as ''Live at Aspen'').
Cultural influence
By the time of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Monty Python in 1994, the point was already being made that "the five surviving members had with the passing years begun to occupy an institutional position in the edifice of British social culture that they had once had so much fun trying to demolish". A similar point is made in a 2006 book on the relationship between Monty and philosophy: "It is remarkable, after all, not only that the utterly bizarre ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' was sponsored by the BBC in the first place, but that Monty Python itself grew into an institution of enormous cultural influence" Matt Groening, creator and co-developer of animated series the Simpsons, names Monty Python as an influence and pays tribute through a couch gag used in seasons five and six.
Space
In 2010 the commercial space company SpaceX, launched a wheel of cheese into low earth orbit and returned it safely to the earth. Elon Musk, CEO and CTO of SpaceX, claimed this was done as a tribute to Monty Python.
World records
On St George's Day, 23 April 2007, the cast and creators of Spamalot gathered in Trafalgar Square under the tutelage of the two Terrys (Jones and Gilliam) to set a new record for the world's largest coconut orchestra. They led 5,567 people "clip-clopping" in time to the Python classic "Always Look On The Bright Side of Life" for the Guinness World Records attempt.
'Pythonesque'
Amongst the more visible cultural influences of Monty Python is the inclusion of terms either directly from, or derived from, Monty Python, into the lexicon of the English language. The most obvious of these is the term 'pythonesque', which has become a byword in surreal humour, and is included in standard dictionaries. Terry Jones commented on his disappointment at the existence of such a term, claiming the initial aim of Monty Python was to create something new and impossible to categorize and that "the fact that Pythonesque is now a word in the Oxford English Dictionary shows the extent to which we failed".The term has been applied to animations similar to those constructed by Gilliam (e.g. the cut-out style of ''South Park'', whose creators have often acknowledged a debt to Python, including contributing material to the aforementioned 30th anniversary theme night).
''Good Eats'' creator Alton Brown cited Python as one of the influences that shaped how he created the series, as well as how he authors the script for each episode. Recent episodes even include Gilliam-style animations to illustrate key points.
Things named after Monty Python
Beyond a dictionary definition, Python terms have entered the lexicon in other ways.
Media
Television
Films
There were five Monty Python productions released as theatrical films:
Albums
Theatre
Books
Games
''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' (1990) a computer game released by Virgin Games for 8-bit systems such as the Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and the Sinclair ZX Spectrum
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Category:British comedy troupes Category:British television comedy Category:Virgin Records artists Category:Arista Records artists Category:European Film Awards winners (people) Category:Charisma Records artists
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| Coordinates | 12°2′36″N77°1′42″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Molly Ivins |
| Birth name | Mary Tyler Ivins |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Birth date | August 30, 1944 |
| Birth place | Monterey, California |
| Death date | |
| Death cause | Inflammatory breast cancer |
| Death place | Austin, Texas }} |
Biography
Early life and education
Ivins was born in Monterey, California, and raised in Houston, Texas. Her father Jim Ivins, known as "General Jim" because of his rigid authoritarianism (or sometimes "Admiral Jim" for his love of sailing), was an oil and gas executive, and the family lived in Houston's affluent River Oaks neighborhood. Ivins graduated from St. John's School in 1962. In high school, she was active in extracurricular activities, including the yearbook staff. She had her first pieces of journalism published in ''The Review'', the official student newspaper of St. John's School, though she never wrote any of the political columns that would become her specialty later in life. Ivins later became co-editor of the arts and culture section of the student paper. In addition, she frequently participated in theater productions and earned a lifetime membership to ''Johnnycake'', the drama club.Ivins enrolled in Scripps College in 1962 but was not happy there, and transferred to Smith College in 1963. During this time, she became romantically involved with Henry "Hank" Holland, Jr., a family friend, and then a student at Yale, whom she referred to as "the love of my life." When he was killed in a motorcycle accident in 1964, her friends would later say that she never seemed to find anyone else who could replace his memory, and she never married. She spent her junior year at the Institute of Political Science in Paris, and received her B.A. in history in 1966. She earned a master's degree at Columbia University's school of journalism in 1967.
Professional life
While at Smith, Ivins spent three summers as an intern at the ''Houston Chronicle''. Her jobs there included the complaint department as well as "sewer editor," as she put it, responsible for reporting on the nuts and bolts of local city life.After graduating from Columbia, she took a job in the Twin Cities at the ''Minneapolis Tribune'', where she covered "militant blacks, angry Indians, radical students, uppity women and a motley assortment of other misfits and troublemakers."
In 1970 Ivins left the ''Tribune'' for Austin, Texas to be the co-editor and political reporter for the ''Texas Observer''. She covered the Texas Legislature and befriended folklorist John Henry Faulk, Secretary of State Bob Bullock and future Governor Ann Richards, among others. She also gained increasing national attention through op-ed and feature stories in ''The New York Times'' and ''The Washington Post'' along with a busy speaking schedule inside and outside Texas. The ''Times'', concerned that its prevailing writing style was too staid and lifeless, hired her away from the ''Observer'' in 1976, and she wrote for the ''Times'' until 1982. During her run there, Ivins became Rocky Mountain bureau chief, covering nine western states, although the writer was known to say she was named chief because there was no one else in the bureau. Ivins also wrote the obituary for Elvis Presley in ''The New York Times'' for the August 17, 1977 edition. Generally, her more colorful writing style clashed with the editors' expectations, and in 1980, after she wrote about a "community chicken-killing festival" in New Mexico and called it a "gang-pluck," she was recalled to New York as punishment. When Abe Rosenthal, editor of the ''Times'', accused her of trying to inspire readers to think "dirty thoughts" with these words, her response was, "Damn if I could fool you, Mr. Rosenthal." One friend saw her rebellion against the ''Times'' authority structure as a continuation of her rebellion against her father's authority. In late 1981, after receiving an offer from the ''Dallas Times Herald'' to write a column about anything she liked, Ivins left New York for Dallas.
Ivins wrote for the ''Dallas Times Herald'' for ten years, although by 1985 the editors had moved her to the paper's Austin bureau to reduce friction with Dallas city leaders. Her freelance work and speaking engagements continued to grow, and she hired Elizabeth Faulk, John Henry Faulk's widow, as a personal assistant. In 1991, her book ''Molly Ivins Can't Say That, Can She?'' was published, and spent 29 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list. Also in 1991, rival newspaper ''Dallas Morning News'' bought the ''Times Herald'' and closed it down. The ''Fort Worth Star-Telegram'' immediately made Ivins an offer and said she could stay in Austin. Ivins accepted, and wrote a column for the Fort Worth paper from 1992 until 2001, when she became an independent journalist. Her column, syndicated by Creators Syndicate, eventually appeared in nearly 400 newspapers nationwide.
Ivins also remained a board member and contributor to the Texas Democracy Foundation, which publishes the ''Texas Observer'' in Austin.
In 1995, humorist Florence King wrote in a ''The American Enterprise'' column that Ivins had plagiarized King's work and mis-stated a quotation from a King column in a 1988 ''Mother Jones'' article. David Rubien, writing in Salon, described the incident: "In a 1995 article for ''Mother Jones'' on Southern manners and mores, she extensively quoted, with affectionate attribution, statements from Florence King's book ''Southern Ladies and Gentlemen''. But for some careless reason Ivins still fails to comprehend, she left the attribution off a few King statements." Ivins wrote a letter of apology to King, but characteristically ended it with:"...boy you really are a mean bitch, aren't you? Sincerely, Molly Ivins, plagiarist." King published Ivins's apology and her own reply in a later article.
Death
In 1999, Ivins was diagnosed with stage III inflammatory breast cancer. The cancer recurred in 2003 and again in late 2005. In January 2006 she reported that she was again undergoing chemotherapy. In December 2006 she took leave from her column to again undergo treatment. She wrote two columns in January 2007, but returned to the hospital on the 26th for further treatment. Ivins died at her Austin, Texas home in hospice care on January 31, 2007, at age 62.After her death, George W. Bush, a frequent target of her barbs, said in a statement, "I respected her convictions, her passionate belief in the power of words. She fought her illness with that same passion. Her quick wit and commitment will be missed."
Writing style
Writing from an unabashed liberal perspective, Ivins repeatedly described herself as a populist and, on some occasions, as a left-libertarian. Ivins peppered her columns with colorful phrases to create the "feel" of Texas. Her writing styles sometimes conflicted with her previous words, even in the same passage. "I'm not anti-gun... Ban the damn things. Ban them all." When outraged by instances of what she considered malfeasance or stupidity on the part of public officials, she couched her argument in an air of stunned amusement. She enjoyed telling stories about the Texas Legislature, which she simply called "The Lege", calling it one of the most corrupt, incompetent, and funniest governing bodies in the nation—a well she dipped from on a regular basis. For example:Practice, practice, practice, that's what Texas provides when it comes to sleaze and stink. Who can forget such great explanations as "Well, I'll just make a little bit of money, I won't make a whole lot"? And "There was never a Bible in the room"?
In 2003, she coined the term "Great Liberal Backlash of 2003," and was a passionate critic of the 2003 Iraq War. She is also credited with applying the nickname "Shrub" to George W. Bush.
Quotations
On the subject of Pat Buchanan's famously combative "culture war speech" at the 1992 Republican Convention, which attracted controversy over Buchanan's aggressive rhetoric against Bill Clinton, liberals, supporters of reproductive and gay rights, and for his comparison of American politics to religious warfare, Ivins famously quipped that the speech had "probably sounded better in the original German," implicitly comparing Buchanan to Nazism."We are the people who run this country. We are the deciders. And every single day, every single one of us needs to step outside and take some action to help stop this war...We need people in the streets, banging pots and pans and demanding, 'Stop it, now!'" (from her last column)
"Having breast cancer is massive amounts of no fun. First they mutilate you; then they poison you; then they burn you. I have been on blind dates better than that."
"So keep fightin' for freedom and justice, beloveds, but don't you forget to have fun doin' it. Lord, let your laughter ring forth. Be outrageous, ridicule the fraidy-cats, rejoice in all the oddities that freedom can produce. And when you get through kickin' ass and celebratin' the sheer joy of a good fight, be sure to tell those who come after how much fun it was."—quoted by John Nichols for ''The Nation'' Original source: "The Fun's in the Fight" column for ''Mother Jones'', 1993.
On Bill Clinton: "If left to my own devices, I'd spend all my time pointing out that he's weaker than bus-station chili. But the man is so constantly subjected to such hideous and unfair abuse that I wind up standing up for him on the general principle that some fairness should be applied. Besides, no one but a fool or a Republican ever took him for a liberal." (Introduction to ''You Got to Dance With Them What Brung You'')
On James M. Collins, US Representative, R-Dallas: "If his IQ slips any lower we'll have to water him twice a day." Collins had said that the current energy crisis could be averted if "...we didn't use all that gas on school busing..." Ivins' quote engendered substantial controversy, with calls and letters pouring into her newspaper, ''The Dallas Times Herald''. The newspaper turned the controversy into a publicity campaign, with billboards all over the city asking, "Molly Ivins Can't Say That, Can She?"—which she later employed as the title for her first book.
On George W. Bush, she likened him to a post turtle.
"Of Bush's credentials as an economic conservative, there is no question at all - he owes his political life to big corporate money; he's a CEO's wet dream. He carries their water, he's stumpbroke - however you put it, George W. Bush is a wholly owned subsidiary of corporate America. ... We can find no evidence that it has ever occurred to him to question whether it is wise to do what big business wants."
Awards
William Allen White Award from the University of Kansas (2001) Smith Medal from Smith College (2001) Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2001) Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Progress and Service (2003) Pringle Prize for Washington Journalism from Columbia University (2003) Eugene V. Debs Award in the field of journalism (2003) David Brower Award for journalism from the Sierra Club (2004) David Nyhan Prize for Political Journalism from the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy at Harvard University (2006) The Molly National Journalism Prize from the Texas Democracy Foundation (2006)In addition to these formal awards, Ivins said that she was particularly proud of two distinct honors: having the Minneapolis police force's mascot pig named after her, and being banned from the Texas A&M; campus.
In Huntsville, TX each year the Walker County Democrat Club has a Charity Dinner in honor of Molly Ivins.
Bibliography
Notes
Ivins, Molly. "Bush-hater strikes again". ''The Free Press''. October 16, 2003. Ivins, Molly. "There Goes the Electrical Grid". ''AlterNet''. July 12, 2005. Ivins, Molly. "Who Needs Breasts, Anyway?" ''Time Magazine''. Feb. 18, 2002. Robert Siegel and Wade Goodwyn, "Molly Ivins Dies at 62 After Bout with Breast Cancer", including interviews with and commentaries by Ivins, NPR, January 31, 2007.
References
External links
Category:Article Feedback Pilot Category:1944 births Category:2007 deaths Category:Alumni of Sciences Po Category:American anti–Iraq War activists Category:American columnists Category:American journalists Category:American political writers Category:Deaths from breast cancer Category:Columbia University alumni Category:People from Houston, Texas Category:Smith College alumni Category:Scripps College alumni Category:Alumni of women's universities and colleges Category:Writers from Texas Category:Cancer deaths in Texas
de:Molly Ivins fr:Molly Ivins pt:Molly IvinsThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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