The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com:80/Lyra
Thursday, 01 November 2012
Kate Bush - Lyra - The Golden Compass (music video)
The Pony That Could Sit Anywhere - Part 1
Celtic Spirit - Lyra (Ta Muid)
Circus Smirkus - Lyra
Octavia and Lyra ~ Tugging at the Heartstrings
Amy Raven and Jenyne Butterfly Hoop act
Pony Spotlight 13#: Lyra and Bonbon
Griffin Village - Summer (Lyra and Bon-Bon)..." width="225" height="168" class="playvideo1 gotop" onClick="activateTab('playlist1')" style="display: block;" />
(Comic Dub) The Running of Lyra Part 2 - Revelation
How could this happen to Lyra?
Mafia Muff & Lyra Feat Cool Caddish - Fake Bitches (Vieni Via Con Me RMX)

Lyra

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karaoke

Where are our lives?
If there is no dream
Where is our home?
We don't know how
There will be a way
Out of the storm
We will find home
And her soul
Walks beside her
An army stands
Behind her
Lyra, Lyra
And her face
Full of grace
Two worlds collide
Around her
The truth lies
Deep inside her
Lyra, Lyra
And the stars
Look down upon her
As darkness
Settles on her
Lyra, Lyra
Who's to know
What's in the future
But we hope
We will be with her
We have all our love
To give her
Lyra, Lyra
And her soul
Walks beside her
An army stands
Behind her
Lyra, Lyra
And her face
Full of grace
Two worlds collide
Around her
The truth lies
Deep inside her

Make changes yourself !



Kate Bush - Lyra - The Golden Compass (music video)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:20
  • Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Kate Bush - Lyra (lyrics) Where are our lives If there is no dream Where is our home We don't know how There will be a way Out of this storm We will find home And her soul walks beside her An army stands behind her Lyra, Lyra And her face full of grace Two worlds collide around her The truth lies deep inside her Lyra, Lyra And the stars look down upon her This darkness settles on her Lyra, Lyra Who's to know what's in the future We hope we will be with her We have all our love to give her O Lyra, Lyra
published: 17 Dec 2007
author: Airsperris
views: 280355
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/Kate Bush - Lyra - The Golden Compass (music video)
The Pony That Could Sit Anywhere - Part 1
  • Order:
  • Duration: 0:28
  • Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Can't believe this got 100.000 views XD Thanks guys!! The Pony That Could Sit Anywhere OMG I laughed so hard when I watched this video from Cyanide & Happiness XD Here's the original: www.youtube.com And then I saw the sitting Lyra meme, and I just had to do it !! I got the pictures mainly from deviantart, even though I did the montages myself :)
published: 22 Sep 2011
views: 129902
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/The Pony That Could Sit Anywhere - Part 1
Celtic Spirit - Lyra (Ta Muid)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:26
  • Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Celtic Spirit - Lyra (Ta Muid) - compilation with long and short version of this song, this video contain beautiful pictures with nature, animals, people, children, angels, love for relaxing. The short version is compilated with Enigma and the long song is original song. ☜ ❤ ☞☜ ❤ ☞☜ ❤ ☞☜ ❤ ☞ LYRICS: I fear we have no time Our hearts entwined Our lives resigned to Desperate measures of despair I need to steal away To where the grey Cannot take hold, but Return us to the tranquil greens of old Ta muid Tam witch GAN AM ANOIS IS EAGLE LIOM GAN ARMANESH ISS ARGLE OM AR GCROI THE SNAIDHMTHE AIR GREY HASS NIGH DE HUH GAN ROMHAINN INAR MBEATHA GAN ROWIN IN A MAY HUH ACH EADOCHAS DOMHAIN DO LAIGHEASTA ACH ENNAHETH DOIN DE LAI HETH TA ☜ ❤ ☞☜ ❤ ☞☜ ❤ ☞☜ ❤ ☞
published: 12 Aug 2010
author: InThyWord
views: 322202
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/Celtic Spirit - Lyra (Ta Muid)
Circus Smirkus - Lyra
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:54
  • Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Lyra from the 2006 "Tropical Vacation" Big Top Tour. Enjoy! Circus Smirkus-the International, Award Winning Youth Circus! www.smirkus.org
published: 06 Apr 2007
views: 33994
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/Circus Smirkus - Lyra
Octavia and Lyra ~ Tugging at the Heartstrings
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:27
  • Updated: 01 Nov 2012
A piece I made for Octavia and Lyra. Thanks to HalfSquad for suggesting the name! Recorded using a Roland AX-Synth into Zynewave Podium Free. Image by explosivegent (explosivegent.deviantart.com) EDIT DL link: www.mediafire.com
published: 02 Nov 2011
author: deathaura40s
views: 71453
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/Octavia and Lyra ~ Tugging at the Heartstrings
Amy Raven and Jenyne Butterfly Hoop act
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:37
  • Updated: 04 Oct 2012
www.facebook.com Fetish and Fanatasy 09 subscribe for upcoming uploads, and view my page..also check my site www.DJaccro.com for for fan page,music, updates and other pole stuff..
published: 02 Nov 2009
author: djbrandonr
views: 14765
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/Amy Raven and Jenyne Butterfly Hoop act
Pony Spotlight 13#: Lyra and Bonbon
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:33
  • Updated: 31 Oct 2012
READ DESCRIPTION!!! Sorry for being gone so long... my school decided to put all tests before christmas so im still pretty busy. Anways have some awesome shipping :D!! Why i mad 1 spotlight for 2 ponies? Because there isnt enpough to talk abou tjust one of them. If i made one for lyra and one for bonbon i would talk the same thing twice. Enjoy :3 Song: Outkast - Hey Ya (Instrumental) If you want to know the source of any pic i used, just ask me :D
published: 29 Nov 2011
views: 23769
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/Pony Spotlight 13#: Lyra and Bonbon
Griffin Village - Summer (Lyra and Bon-Bon)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:20
  • Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Howdy! I'm back with some more music! This is the first song on an album that I'm working on, a little side-project called Griffin Village (remind you of anything?) I'm going for a cheesy, corny, electropoppy sound (pop-corny?) as either an homage, a tribute, or a parody of one of my favorite bands, Owl City (His stuff is pretty damn catchy... it's like a guilty pleasure). This was also an entry to Sci's weekly contest. The theme of which was "Rainbows"! The song is about a pegasus who's vacationing from Cloudsdale to come see Ponyville, but unfortunately gets his shit wrecked by a tree and breaks both of his wings. Nurse Redheart fixes him up as best as she can, but now that he's unable to fly back home, and all of the inns in Ponyville are full, he either sleeps on the street or he accepts the kind offer of Lyra and Bon-Bon to stay in their cottage. I hope you all enjoy! Or at least try to! Lyrics: Plucking strings and broken wings are the things that defined my Ponyville Summer When Nice Nurse Mare, from urgent care put my wings in slings oh gosh what a bummer (But I'll abscond) But you wouldn't care when you're in the care of (Where I'll have fun) When you're in the care of Lyra and Bon-Bon I looked all day, for a place to stay But "No Vacancy" signs went on for miles They saw my cast, they didn't even ask they took me right in to stay for a while (But I don't mind) You wouldn't ask why when you were as desperate as I (Out of the sun) You don't ask why when it's Lyra ...
published: 15 Aug 2011
author: JackleApp
views: 190445
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/Griffin Village - Summer (Lyra and Bon-Bon)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:23
  • Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Acacia Lyra performing Chanter Meets the Fairy King on the V68 Harp. Acacia Lyra - Susan Sweeney Herman & Janine Dudding, www.acacialyra.com. "Chanter Meets the Fairy King"...Trad Arr by Acacia Lyra; V68 - built by Don Peddle, www.randomsoundmusic.com; Video produced and directed by Lois Siegel, www.siegelproductions.ca
published: 02 Jul 2009
author: harpingalong
views: 14825
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/"Acacia Lyra and the V68 Harp"
(Comic Dub) The Running of Lyra Part 2 - Revelation
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:58
  • Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Featured on Equestria Daily! Thank you, guys! IT'S FINALLY DONE! Cast: Lyra: SakuxZaku95 Bon-Bon: Me Carrot Top: MEMJ0123 Narrator: ZombieZephyr All music used is from the Ouran High School Host Club OST Original comic by DarrianMH here: fav.me
published: 08 Jul 2012
author: ProjectSNT
views: 20281
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/(Comic Dub) The Running of Lyra Part 2 - Revelation
How could this happen to Lyra?
  • Order:
  • Duration: 0:37
  • Updated: 01 Nov 2012
**Thanks for 300k+ Views, 800 Favorites, and 1150 Comments! Hugs for everypony! (especially Lyra, she needs it the most) Boredom + Ponies = This Song: Untitled - Simple Plan All images in this video are copyright of Hasbro and DHX Media Vancouver roosterteeth.com ---------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Video Responses! -- How could this happen to Fluttershy?: youtu.be How could this happen to Pinkie?: youtu.be How could this happen to Shepard?: youtu.be How could this happen to Dashie?: youtu.be How could this happen to Applejack?: youtu.be How could this happen to Rarity?: youtu.be How could this happen to Pokemon?: youtu.be How could this happen to Twilight?: youtu.be How could this happen to Pinkie? #2: youtu.be How could this happen to Derpy? (Save Derpy): youtu.be How could this happen to Yuko?: youtu.be How could this happen to Twi?: youtu.be How could this happen to Marshmallow?: youtu.be How could this happen to Pinkie and Rarity?: youtu.be How could this happen to Hitler?: youtu.be How could this happen to Fluttershy? #2: youtu.be How could this happen to Rarity? #2: youtu.be How could this happen to Sweetie Belle?: youtu.be How could this happen to Rarity? #3: youtu.be How could this happen to Spike?: youtu.be How could this happen to Derpy? Part 2: youtu.be How could this happen to Pinkie? (Party of One): youtu.be How could this happen to Iron Will?: youtu.be How could this happen to Fluttershy? #3: youtu.be How could this ...
published: 03 Oct 2011
author: ffej139
views: 330640
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/How could this happen to Lyra?
Mafia Muff & Lyra Feat Cool Caddish - Fake Bitches (Vieni Via Con Me RMX)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:30
  • Updated: 15 Jun 2012
Pezzo Tratto Da Young Fresh Ep (2011) Di Lyra Mixato & Registrato in Street Lab per conto della Street Lab Productions scaricabile @ www.facebook.com Mafia Muff & Lyra Featuring Cool Caddish - Fake Bitches (Vieni Via Con Me RMX)
published: 14 Apr 2011
author: mafixez
views: 4654
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/Mafia Muff & Lyra Feat Cool Caddish - Fake Bitches (Vieni Via Con Me RMX)
Michelle Kwan Lyra Angelica at 1998 US Nationals
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:53
  • Updated: 29 Oct 2012
"Lyra Angelica" by William Alwyn and "Gymnopedie 3" by Erik Satie. The legendary performance.
published: 23 Dec 2007
views: 162151
http://web.archive.org./web/20121102043541/http://wn.com/Michelle Kwan Lyra Angelica at 1998 US Nationals
  • Kate Bush - Lyra - The Golden Compass (music video)...3:20
  • The Pony That Could Sit Anywhere - Part 1...0:28
  • Celtic Spirit - Lyra (Ta Muid)...4:26
  • Circus Smirkus - Lyra...2:54
  • Octavia and Lyra ~ Tugging at the Heartstrings...4:27
  • Amy Raven and Jenyne Butterfly Hoop act...6:37
  • Pony Spotlight 13#: Lyra and Bonbon...3:33
  • Griffin Village - Summer (Lyra and Bon-Bon)...4:20
  • "Acacia Lyra and the V68 Harp"...3:23
  • (Comic Dub) The Running of Lyra Part 2 - Revelation...3:58
  • How could this happen to Lyra?...0:37
  • Mafia Muff & Lyra Feat Cool Caddish - Fake Bitches (Vieni Via Con Me RMX)...3:30
  • Michelle Kwan Lyra Angelica at 1998 US Nationals...6:53
  • Bon-Bon & Lyra - (parasprited)...0:11
Kate Bush - Lyra (lyrics) Where are our lives If there is no dream Where is our home We don't know how There will be a way Out of this storm We will find home And her soul walks beside her An army stands behind her Lyra, Lyra And her face full of grace Two worlds collide around her The truth lies deep inside her Lyra, Lyra And the stars look down upon her This darkness settles on her Lyra, Lyra Who's to know what's in the future We hope we will be with her We have all our love to give her O Lyra, Lyra
published: 17 Dec 2007
author: Airsperris
views: 280355
3:20
Kate Bush - Lyra - The Gold­en Com­pass (music video)
Kate Bush - Lyra (lyrics) Where are our lives If there is no dream Where is our home We do...
pub­lished: 17 Dec 2007
au­thor: Airsper­ris
0:28
The Pony That Could Sit Any­where - Part 1
Can't be­lieve this got 100.000 views XD Thanks guys!! The Pony That Could Sit Any­where OMG...
pub­lished: 22 Sep 2011
au­thor: JuneThe­Queen1
4:26
Celtic Spir­it - Lyra (Ta Muid)
Celtic Spir­it - Lyra (Ta Muid) - com­pi­la­tion with long and short ver­sion of this song, thi...
pub­lished: 12 Aug 2010
au­thor: InThy­Word
2:54
Cir­cus Smirkus - Lyra
Lyra from the 2006 "Trop­i­cal Va­ca­tion" Big Top Tour. Enjoy! Cir­cus Smirkus-the In­ter­na­tion...
pub­lished: 06 Apr 2007
4:27
Oc­tavia and Lyra ~ Tug­ging at the Heart­strings
A piece I made for Oc­tavia and Lyra. Thanks to Half­Squad for sug­gest­ing the name! Record­ed...
pub­lished: 02 Nov 2011
au­thor: deathau­ra40s
6:37
Amy Raven and Jenyne But­ter­fly Hoop act
www.​facebook.​com Fetish and Fanata­sy 09 sub­scribe for up­com­ing up­loads, and view my page.....
pub­lished: 02 Nov 2009
au­thor: djbran­donr
3:33
Pony Spot­light 13#: Lyra and Bon­bon
READ DE­SCRIP­TION!!! Sorry for being gone so long... my school de­cid­ed to put all tests bef...
pub­lished: 29 Nov 2011
4:20
Grif­fin Vil­lage - Sum­mer (Lyra and Bon-Bon)
Howdy! I'm back with some more music! This is the first song on an album that I'm work­ing ...
pub­lished: 15 Aug 2011
au­thor: Jack­leApp
3:23
"Aca­cia Lyra and the V68 Harp"
Aca­cia Lyra per­form­ing Chanter Meets the Fairy King on the V68 Harp. Aca­cia Lyra - Susan S...
pub­lished: 02 Jul 2009
3:58
(Comic Dub) The Run­ning of Lyra Part 2 - Rev­e­la­tion
Fea­tured on Eques­tria Daily! Thank you, guys! IT'S FI­NAL­LY DONE! Cast: Lyra: SakuxZa­ku95 B...
pub­lished: 08 Jul 2012
au­thor: Pro­ject­SNT
0:37
How could this hap­pen to Lyra?
**Thanks for 300k+ Views, 800 Fa­vorites, and 1150 Com­ments! Hugs for ev­ery­pony! (es­pe­ciall...
pub­lished: 03 Oct 2011
au­thor: ffe­j139
3:30
Mafia Muff & Lyra Feat Cool Cad­dish - Fake Bitch­es (Vieni Via Con Me RMX)
Pezzo Trat­to Da Young Fresh Ep (2011) Di Lyra Mix­a­to & Reg­is­tra­to in Street Lab per conto ...
pub­lished: 14 Apr 2011
au­thor: mafix­ez
6:53
Michelle Kwan Lyra An­gel­i­ca at 1998 US Na­tion­als
"Lyra An­gel­i­ca" by William Alwyn and "Gymno­pe­die 3" by Erik Satie. The leg­endary per­for­man...
pub­lished: 23 Dec 2007
0:11
Bon-Bon & Lyra - (paraspr­it­ed)
...
pub­lished: 27 Jul 2011
au­thor: ky­rospawn
Youtube results:
4:35
Pon­ti­a­ka Kalionzidis Lyra/Ke­mence Solo
This is a Mi­ha­la­ki Kalionzidis Spe­cial "SOLO" on the Lyra/Ke­mence with Kosta Kara­pana­gi­oti...
pub­lished: 20 Dec 2006
au­thor: pon­tian69
3:22
Co­coneru - Oh Lyra
So here's my lit­tle song about Lyra enjoy it all. I'm ac­tu­al­ly just get­ting over being all...
pub­lished: 02 Jun 2012
au­thor: Co­coneru
3:11
Al­ways Be Lyra
LYRICS AND LINKS IN DE­SCRIP­TION vvvvv Al­ways Be Lyra. A filk of Billy Joel's "She's Al­ways...
pub­lished: 30 Nov 2011
11:46
BOX OPEN­ING OF BABY LYRA!
She's ab­so­lute­ly beau­ti­ful! I love her so much! She is the Paige sculpt by San­dra White (:...
pub­lished: 18 Jan 2012
Photo: AP / Mike Groll
This aerial photo shows burned-out homes in the Breezy Point section of the Queens borough New York after a fire on Tuesday, Oct. 30, 2012.
The New York Times
31 Oct 2012
TEHRAN — Iranian rescuers and aid workers are on standby to fly to New York City to provide assistance to those affected by Hurricane Sandy, the head of Iran’s Red Crescent Organization...



Photo: AP / Salisu Rabiu
Suspected members of the radical Islamist sect Boko Haram, are detained by the military, in Bukavu Barracks in Kano state, Nigeria, Wednesday, March 21, 2012.
BBC News
01 Nov 2012
Nigerian security forces have carried out widespread abuses in their campaign against the Islamist militant group Boko Haram, . The rights group says in a report that abuses include extrajudicial...



Photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
President Barack Obama, center, talks with a local resident as he tours a neighborhood effected by superstorm Sandy, Wednesday, Oct. 31, 2012 in Brigantine, N.J. Walking with Obama are Sen. Frank Lautenberg, D-N.J., and Sen. Bob Menendez, D-N.J., far right.
Zeenews
01 Nov 2012
Washington: Showing to the world the rare images of two bitter political rivals joining hands in times of national crisis, US President Barack Obama toured the storm-ravaged areas of New Jersey, along...



Photo: AP / John Minchillo
Vehicles are submerged on 14th Street near the Consolidated Edison power plant, Monday, Oct. 29, 2012, in New York.
Belfast Telegraph
30 Oct 2012
At least 13 people have been killed in the US and millions are without power after Superstorm Sandy slammed into the New Jersey coastline and hurled a record-breaking 13ft surge of seawater at New...



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A private security officer tries to avoid an insect in front of the Madrid Arena indoor venue in Madrid, Thursday Nov. 1, 2012.
CNN
01 Nov 2012
November 1, 2012 -- Updated 1224 GMT (2024 HKT) Spanish police officers pictured near the entrance of the Madrid Arena on November 1, 2012. (CNN) -- Three young women are dead and two are in serious...





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Lyra
Constellation
Lyra
List of stars in Lyra
Abbreviation Lyr
Genitive Lyrae
Pronunciation /ˈlaɪərə/, genitive /ˈlaɪər/
Symbolism the Lyre, harp
Right ascension 19 h
Declination +40°
Quadrant NQ4
Area 286 sq. deg. (52nd)
Main stars 5
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars
25
Stars with planets 22
Stars brighter than 3.00m 1
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly) 3
Brightest star Vega (α Lyr) (0.03m)
Nearest star 2MASS J18353790+3259545
(18.51 ly, 5.67 pc)
Messier objects 2
Meteor showers Lyrids
June Lyrids
Alpha Lyrids
Bordering
constellations
Draco
Hercules
Vulpecula
Cygnus
Visible at latitudes between +90° and −40°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of August.
[1]

Lyra (play /ˈlaɪərə/; Latin for lyre, from Greek λύρα)[2] is a small constellation. It is one of 48 listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and is one of the 88 constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union. Its principal star, Vega (Abhijit in Sanskrit), a corner of the Summer Triangle, is one of the brightest stars in the sky. Beginning at the north, Lyra is bordered by Draco, Hercules, Vulpecula, and Cygnus.[3]

Lyra is visible from the northern hemisphere from spring through autumn, and nearly overhead, in temperate latitudes, during the summer months. From the southern hemisphere, it is visible low in the northern sky during the winter months.

An image showing Lyra

Contents

Notable features[link]

Stars[link]

Lyra's brightest stars include the following:[3]

  • α Lyr (Vega). With an apparent brightness of 0.03m, this is the second brightest star of the northern hemisphere (after Arcturus) and the fifth brightest star in all; its spectral class is A0 V and it lies at a distance of only 25.3 ly.
  • β Lyr (Sheliak). A group of eclipsing binaries is named after this variable star (3.45m, spectral class B8 II), the Beta-Lyrae-stars.
  • γ Lyr (Sulafat). The main star of this multiple star system is of magnitude 3.24m and spectral class B9 III.
  • δ1 Lyr. A double star consisting of a blue-white star of mag. 6m and a semi-regular red giant.
  • ε Lyr. A well-known quadruple star, also called "the Double Double" because each of the two brighter components is a double star.
  • ζ Lyr. Another double star, which can be split using binoculars.
  • RR Lyr lends its name to a class of pulsating variable, RR Lyrae-stars.

Deep-sky objects[link]

In Lyra are the objects M56, M57, and Kuiper 90. M56 is a rather loose globular cluster at a distance of approximately 32,900 light-years, with a diameter of about 85 light years. Its apparent brightness is 8.3m.

M57, also known as the "Ring Nebula", has a diameter of one light-year and is at a distance of 2,000 light-years from Earth. It is one of the best known planetary nebulae and the second to be discovered; its integrated magnitude is 8.8. Astronomers have determined that it is between 6,000 and 8,000 years old. The outer part of the nebula appears red in photographs because of emission from ionized hydrogen. The middle region is colored green; doubly-ionized oxygen emits greenish-blue light. The hottest region, closest to the central star, appears blue because of emission from helium. The central star itself is a white dwarf with a temperature of 120,000 degrees Kelvin. In telescopes, the nebula appears as a visible ring with a green tinge; it is slightly elliptical because its three dimensional shape is a torus or cylinder seen from a slight angle.[4]

Kuiper 90 is also known as 17 Lyrae C (Gliese 747AB), a red dwarf system near 17 Lyrae, but 26 light years from the Sun. Its period is 5 years, and its magnitude is 11.26 in the V band.[3]

BD +36 3317 [1], a white star in the young open cluster Stephenson 1, was discovered as a binary eclipsing system by Violat-Bordonau in 2008; its period is 4.30216 days; its other name is VSX J185422.2+365107. [5]

NGC 6745 is an irregular spiral galaxy in Lyra that is at a distance of 208 million light-years. Several million years ago, it collided with a smaller galaxy, which created a region filled with young, hot, blue stars. Astronomers do not know if the collision was simply a glancing blow or a prelude to a full-on merger, which would end with the two galaxies incorporated into one larger, probably elliptical galaxy.[4]

Exoplanets[link]

Exoplanets including WASP-3b, HAT-P-5b, GJ 758 b and c, HD 178911 Bb, HD 177830 b, TrES-1, and HD 173416 b have been discovered in Lyra. In January 2010 the Kepler Mission announced the discovery of the additional planets Kepler-7b, Kepler-8b, and three planets around Kepler-9 are expected to be the first of many discovered by the mission, which has a significant part of its field of view in Lyra.

History[link]

In the past, Lyra was often represented on star maps as a vulture or an eagle carrying a lyre, either enclosed in its wings, or in its beak. It was sometimes referred to as Aquila Cadens or Vultur Cadens (falling eagle or falling vulture).[6]

Mythology[link]

In Greek mythology, Lyra was associated with the myth of Orpheus, the musician who was killed by the Bacchantes. After his death, his lyre was thrown into the river; Zeus sent an eagle to retrieve the lyre, and ordered both of them to be placed in the sky.[citation needed] In Wales, Lyra is known as King Arthur's Harp (Talyn Arthur), and King David's harp [2]. The Persian Hafiz called it the Lyre of Zurah.[3] It has been called the Manger of the Infant Saviour, Praesepe Salvatoris [4].

Equivalents in other astronomical systems[link]

Vega and its surrounding stars are also treated as a constellation in other cultures.

In Australian Aboriginal astronomy, Lyra is known by the Boorong people in Victoria as the Malleefowl constellation.[7]

Lyra was known as Urcuchillay by the Incas and was worshipped as an animal deity.[8][9]

Fictional references[link]

In the poem Aniara by the Nobel laureate Harry Martinson, the space ship Aniara was travelling at high speed towards the stars of Lyra[10] after having been shipwrecked by collisions with asteroids.

In the film K-PAX, the constellation of Lyra is the location of the planet K-PAX, an inhabited world that orbits twin stars and has seven moons.

In the film Contact, the message intercepted by Jodi Foster's character is coming from Vega, the brightest star in the Lyra constellation.

In the TV/Videogame series MegaMan Star Force, Lyra is the alien that accompanies Sonia Sky, who is otherwise known as Sonia Strumm in the game series, but Lyra is sometimes known as Harp, most commonly found in the original Japanese version, Ryuusei no Rockman.

Namesakes[link]

USS Lyra (AK-101) was a United States Navy Crater class cargo ship named after the constellation.

Citations[link]

  1. ^ Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. ISBN 978-0-00-725120-9. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-13556-4.
  2. ^ Lesley Brown: The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 1: A−M. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1993, p. 1651
  3. ^ a b c Autostar Suite Astronomer Edition. CD-ROM. Meade, April 2006.
  4. ^ a b Wilkins, Jamie; Dunn, Robert (2006). 300 Astronomical Objects: A Visual Reference to the Universe. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-175-3. 
  5. ^ Christopher Watson, Christopher, Watson. "VSX : Detail for VSX J185422.2+365107". Aavso.org. http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=232663. Retrieved 2012-05-16. 
  6. ^ "Star Tales - Lyra". Ian Ridpath's Star Tales. http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lyra.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-17. 
  7. ^ "World_Archaeological_Congress.pdf". The Astronomy of the Boorong. http://bdas.fastmail.fm/astronomers/JohnMorieson/documents/World_Archaeological_Congress.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-17. [dead link]
  8. ^ Allen, Richard Hinckley (2003-03) [1936]. Star Names and Their Meanings. Kessenger Publishing. p. 532. ISBN 978-0-7661-4028-8. http://books.google.com/?id=_GUDis0bETgC&pg=PA532&lpg=PA532&dq=Urcuchillay+lyra. Retrieved 2008-03-22. 
  9. ^ D'Altroy, Terence N. (2002). "The Inca Pantheon". The Incas. The Peoples of America. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-631-17677-0. 
  10. ^ Aniara, p10

Coordinates: Sky map 19h 00m 00s, +40° 00′ 00″

http://wn.com/Lyra

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Lira (costellazione)

http://cs.wn.com/Souhvězdí Lyry

http://id.wn.com/Lyra

http://es.wn.com/Lyra

http://ru.wn.com/Лира (созвездие)

http://pl.wn.com/Gwiazdozbiór Lutni

http://fr.wn.com/Lyre (constellation)

http://de.wn.com/Leier (Sternbild)

http://hi.wn.com/लायरा तारामंडल

http://pt.wn.com/Lyra

http://nl.wn.com/Lier (sterrenbeeld)




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Kate Bush

Kate Bush about to perform at Comic Relief 1986
Background information
Birth name Catherine Bush
Born (1958-07-30) 30 July 1958 (age 53)
Bexleyheath, Southeast London, England
Genres Art rock,[1] progressive rock,[2] alternative rock[1], baroque pop
Occupations Musician, vocalist, songwriter, record producer
Instruments Vocals, piano, keyboards, bass guitar, guitar, violin
Years active 1975–present
Labels EMI Records (1975–present)
Columbia Records (U.S.) (1989–2009)
Legacy Recordings (2010–present)
Fish People (division of EMI) 2011–
Website Official website
Notable instruments
Fairlight CMI

Catherine "Kate" Bush (born 30 July 1958)[1] is an English singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. Her eclectic musical style and idiosyncratic vocal style have made her one of the United Kingdom's most successful solo female performers of the past 30 years.

In 1978, at the age of 19, Bush topped the UK Singles Chart for four weeks with her debut single "Wuthering Heights", becoming the first woman to have a UK number one with a self-written song.[3] She has since released ten albums, three of which topped the UK Albums Chart, and has had 25 UK Top 40 hit singles including the Top 10 hits "Wuthering Heights", "Running Up that Hill", "King of the Mountain", "Babooshka", "The Man with the Child in His Eyes", and "Don't Give Up".

In 1987, she won a Brit Award for Best British Female Solo Artist, and in 2002, her songwriting ability was recognised with an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music. During the course of her career, she has also been nominated for three Grammy Awards. After her 1979 tour – the only concert tour of her career – Bush released the 1980 album Never for Ever, which made her the first British solo female artist to top the UK album charts and the first female artist ever to enter the album chart at Number 1.[4] She is also the first (and to date only) female artist to have Top 5 albums in the UK charts in 5 successive decades.

In May 2012, Bush's latest album, 50 Words for Snow, won the South Bank Arts Award [5]. The album was also nominated for an Ivor Novello Award and a Brit Award that same year.

Contents

Early life[link]

Bush was born in Bexleyheath, Southeast London, to English physician Robert Bush and his Irish wife, Hannah Daly.[6] She was raised in their farmhouse in East Wickham with her older brothers, John and Paddy.[7] Bush came from an artistic background: her mother was a former Irish folk dancer, her father was an accomplished pianist, Paddy worked as a musical instrument maker and John was a poet and photographer. Both brothers were involved in the local folk music scene.[8]

John was a karateka at Goldsmiths College karate club and Kate also trained there, becoming known as "Ee-ee" because of her squeaky kiai. One of the instructors, Dave Hazard, later noted in his autobiography that her dance moves seemed to owe something to karate.[9]

Her family's musical influence inspired the young Kate to teach herself to play the piano at the age of 11. She also played the organ in a barn behind her parents' house and studied the violin.[10] She soon began writing her own tunes and eventually added lyrics to them.[11]

Career[link]

Bush attended St Joseph's Convent Grammar School (later the St Joseph's campus of Bexley College) and a Catholic girls' school on Woolwich Road in Abbey Wood, London, in the mid-1970s. During this time her family produced a demo tape with over 50 of her compositions, which was turned down by record labels. David Gilmour of Pink Floyd received the demo from Ricky Hopper, a mutual friend of Gilmour and the Bush family. Impressed with what he heard, Gilmour helped the sixteen-year-old Bush get a more professional-sounding demo tape recorded that would be more saleable to the record companies.[12] Three tracks in total were recorded and paid for by Gilmour. [13]The tape was produced by Gilmour's friend Andrew Powell, who would go on to produce Bush's first two albums,[11] and sound engineer Geoff Emerick.[14] The tape was sent to EMI executive Terry Slater.[15] Slater was impressed by the tape and signed her.[16] The British record industry was reaching a point of stagnation.[15] Progressive rock was very popular and visually oriented rock performers were growing in popularity, thus record labels looking for the next big thing were considering experimental acts.[15]

Bush was put on retainer for two years by Bob Mercer, managing director of EMI group-repertoire division. According to Mercer he felt Bush's material was good enough to be released but felt that if the album failed it would be demoralising and if it was successful Bush was too young to handle it.[17] For the first two years of her contract, Bush spent more time on school work than making an album. She left school after doing her mock A-levels and having gained ten GCE O-Level qualifications.[18] In 2005, Bush stated in an interview with Mark Radcliffe on BBC Radio 2 that she believed EMI signed her before she was ready to make an album so that no other record company could offer her a contract. After the contract signing, EMI forwarded her a sizeable advance which she used to enrol in interpretive dance classes taught by Lindsay Kemp, a former teacher of David Bowie,[19] and mime training with Adam Darius.[20]

Bush also wrote and made demos of close to 200 songs, a few of which today can be found on bootleg recordings and are known as the Phoenix Recordings.[21] From March to August 1977, she fronted the KT Bush Band at public houses around London – specifically at the Rose of Lee public house (now Dirty South) in Lewisham. The other three band members were Del Palmer (bass), Brian Bath (guitar), and Vic King (drums). She began recording her first album in August 1977,[11] although two tracks had been recorded during the summer of 1975.

[edit] The Kick Inside and Lionheart

As part of her preparation for entering the studio, Bush toured pubs with the KT Bush Band. However, for her debut album The Kick Inside (1978) she was persuaded to use established session musicians, some of whom she would retain even after she had brought her bandmates back on board.[22] Her brother Paddy played the harmonica and mandolin, unlike on later albums where he would play more exotic instruments such as the balalaika and didgeridoo. Stuart Elliott played some of the drums and would become her main percussionist on subsequent albums.[23]

Bush released The Kick Inside when she was 19 years old, but some of the songs had been written when she was as young as 13. EMI originally wanted the more rock-oriented track "James and the Cold Gun" to be her debut single, but Bush insisted that it should be "Wuthering Heights". Even at this early stage of her career, she had gained a reputation for her determination to have a say in decisions affecting her work.[11] "Wuthering Heights" topped the UK and Australian charts and became an international hit.[24] Bush became the first woman to reach number one in the UK charts with a self-penned song.[25] A second single, "The Man with the Child in His Eyes", reached number six in the UK charts.[26] It also made it onto the American Billboard Hot 100 where it reached number 85 in early 1979. Bob Mercer felt that Bush's relative lack of success in the United States compared to the rest of the world was due to her music being a poor fit for American radio formats and that there were no outlets for the visual presentation central to Bush's appeal.[17] "The Man with the Child in His Eyes" went on to win her an Ivor Novello Award in 1979 for Outstanding British Lyric.[27]

EMI capitalised on Bush's appearance by promoting the album with a poster of her in a tight pink top that emphasised her breasts. In an interview with NME magazine in 1982, Bush criticised the marketing technique, stating: "People weren't even generally aware that I wrote my own songs or played the piano. The media just promoted me as a female body. It's like I've had to prove that I'm an artist in a female body."[11] In late 1978, EMI persuaded Bush to quickly record a follow-up album, Lionheart, to take advantage of the success of The Kick Inside. Bush has often expressed dissatisfaction with Lionheart, feeling that she had needed more time to get it right. The album was produced by Andrew Powell, assisted by Bush. While it had spawned several hit singles, most notably "Wow", it did not garner the same reception as her first album, reaching number six in the UK album charts.[28]

Bush was displeased with being rushed into making the second album. She set up her own publishing company, Kate Bush Music, and her own management company, Novercia, to maintain complete control over her work. Bush herself, along with members of her family, comprised the company's board of directors.[11] Following the album's release, she was required by EMI to undertake heavy promotional work and an exhausting tour, the only one of her career.[29] The tour, named The Tour of Life, began in April 1979 and lasted six weeks. This live show was co-devised and performed on stage with magician Simon Drake.[30] Typical of her determination to have control, she was involved in every aspect of the show's production, choreography, set design, and staff recruitment.[11] The shows were noted for her dancing, complex lighting and her 17 costume changes per show. Because of her intention to dance as she sang, her sound engineers used a wire coat hanger and a radio microphone to fashion the first headset mic to be used by a rock performer since the Swedish group Spotnicks used a very primitive version in the early 1960s.[1][31]

[edit] Never for Ever and The Dreaming

Released in September 1980, Never for Ever saw Bush's second foray into production, co-producing with Jon Kelly. Her first time as a producer was on her Live On Stage EP, released after her tour the previous year. The first two albums had resulted in a definitive sound evident in every track, with orchestral arrangements supporting the live band sound. The range of styles on Never for Ever is much more diverse, veering from the straightforward rocker "Violin" to the wistful waltz of hit single "Army Dreamers". Never for Ever was the first Kate Bush album to feature synthesisers and drum machines, in particular the Fairlight CMI, to which she was introduced when providing backing vocals on Peter Gabriel's eponymous third album in early 1980.[11] It was her first record to reach the top position in the UK album charts, also making her the first female British artist to achieve that status,[18] and the first female artist ever to enter the album chart at the top.[4] The top-selling single from the album was "Babooshka", which reached number five in the UK singles chart.[32] In November 1980, she released the Christmas single "December Will Be Magic Again", which reached number 29 in the UK charts.

September 1982 saw the release of The Dreaming, the first album Bush produced by herself.[33] It was also a major departure for Bush, being initially composed on the Fairlight CMI rather than piano, with songs extensively revised and rebuilt in the studio, rather than merely arranged there.[citation needed] With her new-found freedom, she experimented with production techniques, creating an album that features a diverse blend of musical styles and is known for its near-exhaustive use of the Fairlight CMI. The Dreaming received a mixed critical reception in the UK at first. Many were baffled by the dense soundscapes Bush had created, and some critics accused the album of being over-produced.[citation needed] In a 1993 interview with Q, Bush stated: "That was my 'She's gone mad' album."[11] However, the album was hailed as a "masterpiece" and a "musical tour-de-force" by critics in America, and the album became her first to enter the US charts, albeit only reaching number 157.[11] The album entered the UK album chart at number three, but is to date her lowest-selling album, garnering only a gold disc.

"Sat in Your Lap" was the first single from the album to be released. It pre-dated the album by over a year and peaked at number 11 in the UK.[34] The album's title track, featuring the talents of Rolf Harris and Percy Edwards, stalled at number 48, while the third single, "There Goes a Tenner", failed to chart, despite promotion from EMI and Bush. The track "Suspended in Gaffa" was released as a single in Europe, but not in the UK.

Continuing in her storytelling tradition, Bush looked far outside her own personal experience for sources of inspiration. She drew on old crime films for "There Goes a Tenner", a documentary about the war in Vietnam for "Pull Out the Pin", and the plight of Indigenous Australians for "The Dreaming". "Houdini" is about the magician's death, and "Get Out Of My House" was inspired by Stephen King's novel The Shining.[35]

[edit] Hounds of Love and The Whole Story

Hounds of Love was released in 1985. Because of the high cost of hiring studio space for her previous album, she built a private studio near her home, where she could work at her own pace.[36] Hounds of Love ultimately topped the charts in the UK, knocking Madonna's Like a Virgin from the number one position.[37]

The album takes advantage of the vinyl format with two very different sides. The first side, Hounds of Love, contains five "accessible" pop songs, including the four singles "Running Up that Hill", "Cloudbusting", "Hounds of Love", and "The Big Sky". In August 1985, NME featured Bush in a "Where Are They Now" article. "Running Up that Hill" reached number 3 in the UK charts and also re-introduced Bush to American listeners, climbing to number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1985. The second side of the album, The Ninth Wave, takes its name from Tennyson's poem, "Idylls of the King", about the legendary King Arthur's reign, and is one continuous piece of music.[38] The album earned Bush nominations for Best Female Solo Artist, Best Album, Best Single, and Best Producer at the 1986 BRIT Awards. In the same year, Bush and Peter Gabriel had a UK top ten hit with "Don't Give Up" (Dolly Parton, Gabriel's original choice, turned his offer down),[39] and EMI released her "greatest hits" album, The Whole Story. Bush provided a new lead vocal and refreshed backing track on "Wuthering Heights," and recorded a new single, "Experiment IV," for inclusion on the compilation. At the 1987 BRIT Awards, Bush won the award for Best Female Solo Artist.

[edit] The Sensual World and The Red Shoes

The increasingly personal tone of her writing continued on 1989's The Sensual World, with songs about unexpressed and unrequited love ("Love and Anger" and "Never Be Mine", respectively), and the pressures on modern relationships ("Between a Man and a Woman").[citation needed] One of the quirkiest tracks on the album, touched by Bush's black humour, is "Heads We're Dancing", about a woman who dances all night with a charming stranger only to discover in the morning that he is Adolf Hitler.[40] The title track drew its inspiration from James Joyce's novel Ulysses.[40]

The Sensual World went on to become her biggest-selling album in the US, receiving an RIAA Gold certification four years after its release for 500,000 copies sold. In the United Kingdom album charts, it reached the number two position.[41]

In 1990, the boxed-set This Woman's Work was released and included all of her albums with their original cover art, as well as two discs of all single B sides recorded from 1978–1990. In 1991, Bush released a cover of Elton John's "Rocket Man", which reached number 12 in the UK singles chart[42], and went as high as number two in Australia, and in 2007, was voted the greatest cover ever by readers of The Observer newspaper.[43] She recorded "Candle in the Wind", as the single's b-side.[44]

The Red Shoes was released in November 1993. The Red Shoes features more high-profile cameo appearances than Bush's previous efforts, including contributions from composer and conductor Michael Kamen. Comedian Lenny Henry, Prince, Eric Clapton, Gary Brooker of Procol Harum, Trevor Whittaker, and Jeff Beck also contributed to the album. Both "The Sensual World" and "The Red Shoes" featured contributions from Trio Bulgarka, a trio of women who sang on several tracks, including "You're The One" and "Rocket's Tail." The album gave Bush her highest chart position in the US, reaching number 28, although the only song from the album to make the US singles chart was "Rubberband Girl", which peaked at number 88 in January 1994. In the UK, the album reached number two, and the singles "Rubberband Girl", "The Red Shoes", "Moments of Pleasure", and "And So Is Love" all reached the top 30.[34][45] That same year, the short film The Line, the Cross & the Curve, written and directed by Bush, and starring Bush and English actress Miranda Richardson,[46] used six of the songs on the album.

The initial plan had been to take the songs out on the road (though a new tour did not transpire), so Bush deliberately aimed for a live-band feel, with less of the studio trickery that had typified her last three albums and that would be difficult to recreate on stage.[47] The result alienated some of her fan base, who enjoyed the intricacy of her earlier compositions,[48] but others found a new complexity in the lyrics and the emotions they expressed.[49]

This was a troubled time for Bush. She had suffered a series of bereavements, including the loss of guitarist Alan Murphy, who had started working with her on The Tour Of Life in 1979, and her mother Hannah, to whom she was exceptionally close.[18] Many of the people she lost are honoured in the ballad "Moments of Pleasure". However, Bush's mother was still alive when "Moments of Pleasure" was written and recorded. Bush describes playing the song to her mother, who thought the line where she is quoted by Bush as saying "Every old sock meets an old shoe", was hilarious and "couldn't stop laughing".[50]

[edit] Aerial

After the release of The Red Shoes, Bush dropped out of the public eye for many years, although her name occasionally cropped up in the media with rumours of a new album release. Bush had originally intended to take one year off but despite working on material 12 years would pass before her next album release.[51] The press often viewed her as an eccentric recluse, sometimes drawing a comparison with Miss Havisham from Charles Dickens's Great Expectations.[52] In reality, she was trying to give her young son a normal childhood, and needed a quiet place for her creative process to function.[51] In 1998, Bush had given birth to Albert, known as "Bertie", fathered by her guitarist and now-husband Danny McIntosh.[18][53] After living for many years on Court Road, Eltham, southeast London, the couple and their son moved away from the city and currently have two homes: a £2.5 million house in East Portlemouth on the Devon coast[53] and a mansion on an islet on the Kennet and Avon canal at Sulhamstead in West Berkshire.[54]

Bush's eighth studio album, Aerial, was released on double CD and vinyl in November 2005.[18] The first single from the album was "King of the Mountain", which was played for the first time on BBC Radio 2 on 21 September 2005.[55]

As on Hounds of Love (1985), the album is divided into two sections, each with its own theme and mood.[56] The first disc, subtitled A Sea of Honey, features a set of unrelated themed songs, including "King of the Mountain"; "Bertie", a Renaissance-style ode to her son; and "Joanni", based on the story of Joan of Arc. In the song "π", Bush sings the number Pi to 115 decimal places.[56][57] The second disc, subtitled A Sky of Honey, features one continuous piece of music describing the experience of being outdoors after waking at dawn, moving through afternoon, dusk, to night, then back to the following dawn of single summer's day. All the pieces in this suite refer or allude to sky and sea in their lyrical content. Bush mixed her voice with cooing wood pigeons to repeat the phrases "A sea of honey, a sky of honey," and "You're full of beauty" throughout the piece, and uses recordings of actual birdsong throughout. A Sky of Honey features Rolf Harris playing the didgeridoo on one track, and providing vocals on "The Painter's Link".[56] Other artists making guest appearances on the album include Peter Erskine, Eberhard Weber, Lol Creme, and Gary Brooker. Two tracks feature string arrangements by Michael Kamen, performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra. A CD release of the single "King of the Mountain" included a cover of "Sexual Healing" by Marvin Gaye.[58]

"King of the Mountain" entered the UK Downloads Chart at number six on 17 October 2005,[59] and by 30 October it had become Bush's third-highest-charting single ever in the UK, peaking at number four on the full chart. Aerial entered the UK albums chart at number 3,[60] and the US chart at number 48.[61] Bush herself carried out relatively little publicity for the album, only conducting a handful of magazine and radio interviews. Aerial earned Bush two nominations at the 2006 BRIT Awards, for Best British Female Solo Artist and Best British Album.[62]

In late 2007, Bush composed and recorded a new song, "Lyra", for the soundtrack to the fantasy film The Golden Compass.[63]

[edit] Director's Cut and 50 Words for Snow

On 16 May 2011, Bush released the album Director's Cut. The album, which Bush has described as an entirely new project rather than a collection of mere remixes, contains 11 tracks of substantially reworked material from her earlier albums The Sensual World and The Red Shoes, all of which have been recorded using analogue, rather than digital, equipment to create "a warmer sound". All the tracks have new lead vocals, new drums, and radically reworked instrumentation. Some of them have been transposed to a lower key to accommodate her lowering voice. Three of the songs, including "This Woman's Work", have been completely re-recorded, with lyrics often changed in places.[64] The album has been met with a wide range of reviews with most reviewers a bit confused about the concept of the album itself, while responding with varying degrees of enthusiasm about its revamped tracks. Of particular note is the warmer, more intimate tone of the songs and the richer, more mature sound of her voice.[65][66] This is the first album on her new label, Fish People, a division of EMI Records, with whom she's had a relationship since she started recording. In addition to the album Director's Cut in both its single CD form and in a box-set with The Sensual World and the analogue re-mastered The Red Shoes, Fish People will be releasing re-mastered editions of The Hounds of Love and The Dreaming.[67] The album debuted at number 2 on the United Kingdom chart.[68]

The song "The Sensual World" has been renamed "Flower of the Mountain" and contains a passage of Molly Bloom's famous soliloquy from James Joyce's novel Ulysses. Bush said, "Originally when I wrote the song "The Sensual World", I had used text from the end of Ulysses. When I asked for permission to use the text I was refused, which was disappointing. I then wrote my own lyrics for the song, although I felt that the original idea had been more interesting. Well, I'm not James Joyce am I? When I came to work on this project I thought I would ask for permission again and this time they said yes."[69]

The first single released from the album was "Deeper Understanding" and contains a new chorus featuring computerised vocals from Bush's son, Albert. A video for the song, directed by Bush, has been released through her channel on YouTube. It features Robbie Coltrane as a man consumed by his relationship with his computer (voiced by Bush's son). Frances Barber plays the man's wife, and Noel Fielding also appears.

Bush's next studio album, 50 Words for Snow, was released on 21 November 2011. The album contains seven new songs "set against a backdrop of falling snow," with a total running time of 65 minutes.[70][71] A radio edit of the first single, "Wild Man," was played on BBC Radio 2's 'Ken Bruce' show on 10 October.[72] and was released as a digital download on 11 October.[73] The album will be distributed in the United States by Anti-Records.

On 14 November 2011, NPR played 50 Words for Snow in its entirety for the first time.[74] Australia's ABC Radio National declared 50 Words for Snow album of the week of 12 November 2011.[75]

The album's songs are built around Bush's quietly jazzy piano and Steve Gadd's drums, and utilise both sung and spoken word vocals in what Classic Rock's Stephen Dalton calls "a...supple and experimental affair, with a comtemporary chamber pop sound grounded in crisp piano, minimal percussion and light-touch electronics...billowing jazz-rock soundscapes, interwoven with fragmentary narratives delivered in a range of voices from shrill to Laurie Anderson-style cooing."[76] Bassist Danny Thompson appears on the album, which also features performances by Elton John and actor Stephen Fry.

On the first track, "Snowflake," in a song written specifically to use his still high choir-boy voice,[77] Bush's son Albert (Bertie) sings the role of a falling snowflake in a song expressing the hope of a noisy world soon being hushed by snowfall. "Snowflake" drifts into "Lake Tahoe", where choral singer Stefan Roberts and Bush sing about a rarely seen ghost: a woman who appears in a Victorian gown to call to her dog, Snowflake. Bush explained to fellow musician Jamie Cullum in an interview on Dutch Radio[78] that she wished to explore using high male voices in contrast to her own, deeper, voice. "Misty" is about a snowman lover who melts away after a night of passion, while "Wild Man" tells the story of a group of climbers in the Himalayas who, upon finding evidence of a nearby Yeti, erase all traces of it to protect it from discovery. Elton John and Bush as eternally divided lovers trade vocals on "Snowed In at Wheeler Street", while Stephen Fry recites the "50 Words for Snow". The quiet "Among Angels" finishes the album.[79]

50 Words For Snow received general acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 88, based on 26 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim".[80] She was nominated for a Brit Award in the "Best Female Artist" category[81], and the album was nominated in 2012 in the Best Album category of both the South Bank Arts and Ivor Novello Awards.[82]

On 1 May 2012, Bush won the South Bank Arts Award.[5]

Musical style[link]

Bush's music is eclectic, using various styles of music even within the same album. Her songs have spanned genres as diverse as rock, pop, alternative and art rock.[1] Even in her earliest works where the piano was a primary instrument, she wove together many diverse influences, melding classical music, rock, and a wide range of ethnic and folk sources, and this has continued throughout her career.

In an interview with Melody Maker magazine in 1977, she revealed that male artists had more influence on her work than females, stating: "Every female you see at a piano is either Lynsey De Paul, or Carole King. And most male music—not all of it but the good stuff—really lays it on you. It really puts you against the wall and that's what I like to do. I'd like my music to intrude. Not many females succeed with that."[11]

The experimental nature of her music has led it to be described as a later, more technological, and more accessible manifestation of the British progressive rock movement.[2][15] Southern England was the home to the most influential and successful acts of the progressive rock movement and,[2] like other artists in this genre, Bush rejects the classic American style of making pop music, which was adopted by most UK pop artists. Bush's vocals contain elements of British, Anglo-Irish and most prominently (southern) English accents and, in its utilisation of musical instruments from many periods and cultures, her music has differed from American pop norms.[2] Elements of Bush's lyrics tend to be more unusual and less clichéd than American-style pop lyrics, often employing historical or literary references and avoiding autobiographical lyrics. She considers herself a storyteller who embodies the character singing the song and strenuously rejects efforts by others to insist that her songs are autobiographical.[2][83][84]

Reviewers have used the term "surreal" to describe her music.[85] Many of her songs have a melodramatic emotional and musical surrealism that defies easy categorisation.[86] It has been observed that even the more joyous pieces are often tinged with traces of melancholy, and even the most sorrowful pieces have elements of vitality struggling against all that would oppress them.[87]

Bush is not afraid to tackle sensitive and taboo subjects.[88] "The Kick Inside" is based on a traditional English folk song (The Ballad of Lucy Wan) about an incestuous pregnancy and a resulting suicide.[89] "Kashka from Baghdad" is a song about a homosexual male couple;[90] Out magazine listed two of her albums in their Top 100 Greatest Gayest albums list.[91][92] "The Infant Kiss" is a song about a haunted, unstable woman's almost paedophile infatuation with a young boy in her care (inspired by Jack Clayton's film The Innocents (1961), which had been based on Henry James's famous novella The Turn of the Screw);[93] and "Breathing" explores the results of nuclear fallout from the perspective of an unborn child in the womb.[94] Her lyrics have referenced a wide array of subject matter, often relatively obscure, as in "Cloudbusting", which was inspired by Peter Reich's autobiography, "Book of Dreams", about his relationship with his father, Wilhelm Reich, and G. I. Gurdjieff in "Them Heavy People", while "Deeper Understanding", from The Sensual World, portrays a person who stays indoors, obsessively talking to a computer and shunning human contact.

Comedy is also a big influence on her and is a significant component of her work. She has cited Woody Allen,[95] Monty Python, Fawlty Towers, and The Young Ones[96] as particular favourites. Horror movies are another interest of Bush's and have influenced the gothic nature of several of her songs, such as "Hounds of Love", inspired by the 1957 horror movie Night of the Demon.[97] Her songs have occasionally combined comedy and horror to form dark humour, such as murder by poisoning in "Coffee Homeground", an alcoholic mother in "Ran Tan Waltz" and the upbeat "The Wedding List", a song inspired by François Truffaut's 1967 film of Cornell Woolrich's The Bride Wore Black about the death of a groom and the bride's subsequent revenge against the killer.[98]

Length of time between albums and perception of perfectionism[link]

The length of time in between album releases has led to rumours in the media concerning her health or appearance.[96] In the past, stories of weight gain or mental instability have been disproved by Bush's periodic reappearance.[99] In 2011 Bush told BBC Radio 4 that the amount of time between album releases is extremely stressful noting: "It's very frustrating the albums take as long as they do...I wish there weren't such big gaps between them." In the same interview Bush denied she was a perfectionist in the studio, saying: "I think it's important that things are flawed...That's what makes a piece of art interesting sometimes – the bit that's wrong or the mistake you've made that's led onto an idea you wouldn't have had otherwise," and reiterated her prioritisation of her family life.[83]

Live performances[link]

Bush's only tour took place 2 April – 13 May 1979, after which she gave only the occasional live performance. Several reasons have been suggested as to why she abandoned touring, among them her reputed need to be in total control of the final product, which is incompatible with live stage performance, a rumour of a crippling fear of flying,[100] and the suggestion that the death of 21-year-old Bill Duffield severely affected her. Duffield, her lighting director, was killed in an accident during her 2 April 1979 concert at Poole Arts Centre. Bush held a benefit concert on 12 May 1979, with Peter Gabriel and Steve Harley at London's Hammersmith Odeon for his family. Duffield would be honoured in two later songs: "Blow Away" on Never for Ever and "Moments of Pleasure" on The Red Shoes. Bush explained in a BBC Radio 2 interview with Mark Radcliffe that she actually enjoyed the tour but was consumed with producing her subsequent records. A BBC film crew followed the preparation for the tour which was shown on the BBC Nationwide program as a 30 minute special.

During the same period as her tour, she made numerous television appearances around the world, including Top of the Pops in the United Kingdom, Bios Bahnhof in Germany, and Saturday Night Live in the United States (with Paul Shaffer on piano).[101] On 28 December 1979, BBC TV aired the Kate Bush Christmas Special. It was recorded in October 1979 at the BBC Studios in Birmingham, England; choreography by Anthony Van Laast.[102] As well as playing songs from her first two albums, she played "December Will Be Magic Again", and "Violin" from her forthcoming album, Never for Ever. Peter Gabriel made a guest appearance to play "Here Comes the Flood", and a duet of Roy Harper's "Another Day" with Bush.[103]

After the Tour of Life Bush desired to make two more albums before touring again. At that point she got involved with production techniques and sound experimentation that took up a lot of time and prevented her from touring. Later on there were a couple of instances where she came close to touring again.[104]

In 1982, Bush participated in the first benefit concert in aid of The Prince's Trust alongside artists such as Madness, Midge Ure, Phil Collins, Mick Karn and Pete Townshend. On 25 April 1986 Bush performed live for British charity event Comic Relief, singing "Do Bears... ?", a humorous duet with Rowan Atkinson, and a rendition of "Breathing". Later in the year on 28 June 1986, she made a guest appearance to duet with Peter Gabriel on "Don't Give Up" at Earl's Court, London as part of his "So" tour. In March 1987, Bush sang "Running Up that Hill" at The Secret Policeman's Third Ball.

On 17 January 2002, Bush appeared with her long-time champion, David Gilmour, singing the part of the doctor in "Comfortably Numb" at the Royal Festival Hall in London.

In 2011 Bush told Classic Rock Magazine "I do hope that some time I get a chance to do some shows. Maybe not a tour, but something"[104]

Video projects[link]

In 1979 Bush's one live show, The Tour of Life, was recorded for the BBC and for release on VHS as Kate Bush Live at Hammersmith Odeon.[105]

Bush has appeared in innovative music videos designed to accompany her singles releases. Among the best known are those for "Running Up that Hill", "Babooshka", "Breathing", "Wuthering Heights", and "The Man with the Child in His Eyes", and "Cloudbusting", featuring actor Donald Sutherland, who made time during the filming of another project to take part in the video.[106] EMI has released collections of her videos, including The Single File, Hair of the Hound, The Whole Story, a career video overview released in conjunction with the 1986 compilation album of the same title,[105] and The Sensual World.

In 1993, she directed and starred in the short film, The Line, the Cross & the Curve, a musical co-starring Miranda Richardson, featuring music from Bush's album The Red Shoes, which was inspired by the classic movie of the same name. It was released on VHS in the UK in 1994 and also received a small number of cinema screenings around the world. In recent interviews, Bush has said that she considers it a failure, and stated in 2001: "I'm very pleased with four minutes of it, but I'm very disappointed with the rest."[107] In a 2005 interview, she described the film as "A load of bollocks."[108]

In 1994, Bush provided the music used in a series of psychedelic-themed television commercials for the soft drink Fruitopia that appeared in the United States. The same company aired the ads in the United Kingdom, but the British version featured Elizabeth Fraser of Cocteau Twins instead of Bush.[109]

In late 2006, a DVD documentary titled Kate Bush Under Review was released by Sexy Intellectual, which included archival interviews with Bush, along with interviews with a selection of music historians and journalists (including Phil Sutcliffe, Nigel Williamson, and Morris Pert). The DVD also includes clips from several of Bush's music videos.[110]

On 2 December 2008, the DVD collection of the fourth season of Saturday Night Live, including her performances, was released.[111] A three DVD set of The Secret Policeman's Balls benefit concerts that includes Bush's performance was released on 27 January 2009.[112].

Bush has released four short videos for the album 50 Words for Snow. One is an advertisement for the album. Two stop-motion "Animation Segments" were posted on the Kate Bush Official website and YouTube, one to accompany a 2 minute 25 second section of "Misty", called "Mistraldespair", the other to accompany a 2 minute 33 second section of "Wild Man". "Mistraldespair" was directed by Bush and animated by Gary Pureton,[113] while the "Wild Man" segment was created by Finn and Patrick at Brandt Animation.[114] On 24 January 2012, a third piece called "Eider Falls at Lake Tahoe", was premiered on her website and on YouTube. Running at 5:01, the piece is a sepia tone shadow puppet animation. Directed by Bush and photographed by award-winning British cinematographer Roger Pratt, the shadow puppets were designed by Robert Allsopp.[115] Bush stated that "Eider Falls at Lake Tahoe" is intended to be a "self contained piece" separate from the song "Lake Tahoe".[116]

Movie projects[link]

In 1990, Bush starred in the black comedy film Les Dogs, produced by The Comic Strip for BBC television. Aired on 8 March 1990, Bush plays the bride Angela at a wedding set in a post-apocalyptic version of Britain. While Bush's is a silent presence in a wedding dress throughout most of the film, she does have several lines of dialogue with Peter Richardson in two dream sequences. In another Comic Strip Presents film, GLC, she produced the theme song "Ken", which includes a vocal performance by Bush. The song was written about Ken Livingstone, the leader of the Greater London Council, who would later be elected as mayor of London and at the time was working with musicians to help the Labour Party garner the youth vote.[117]

She also produced all the incidental music, which is synthesiser based. Bush wrote and performed the song "The Magician", in a fairground-like arrangement, for Menahem Golan's 1979 film The Magician of Lublin.[118] In 1985, Bush contributed a darkly melancholic version of the Ary Barroso song "Brazil" to the soundtrack of the Terry Gilliam film Brazil. The track was scored and arranged by Michael Kamen. In 1986, she wrote and recorded "Be Kind To My Mistakes" for the Nicolas Roeg film Castaway. An edited version of this track was used as the B side to her 1989 single "This Woman's Work". In 1988, the song "This Woman's Work" was featured in the John Hughes film She's Having a Baby, and a slightly remixed version appeared on Bush's album The Sensual World.[119] The song has since appeared on numerous television shows, and in 2005 reached number eight on the UK download chart after featuring in a British television advertisement for the charity NSPCC.[120]

In 1999, Bush wrote and recorded a song for the Disney film Dinosaur, but the track was ultimately not included on the soundtrack. According to the winter 1999 issue of HomeGround, a Bush fanzine, it was scrapped when Disney asked her to rewrite the song and she refused. Also in 1999, Bush's song "The Sensual World" was featured prominently in Canadian filmmaker Atom Egoyan's film "Felicia's Journey".[121] "The Man with the Child in His Eyes" is on the soundtrack for the 2007 British romantic comedy film Starter for 10.[122]

In 2007, Bush was asked to write a song for The Golden Compass soundtrack which made reference to the lead character, Lyra Belacqua. The song, "Lyra", was used in the closing credits of the film, reached number 187 in the UK Singles Chart[123] and was nominated for the International Press Academy's Satellite Award for original song in a motion picture.[124][125]

According to Del Palmer, Bush was asked to compose the song on very short notice and the whole project was completed in 10 days.[126] The song was produced and recorded by Bush in her own studio, and features the Magdalen College, Oxford choir.

Collaborations[link]

Bush provided vocals on two of Peter Gabriel's albums, including the hits "Games Without Frontiers" and "Don't Give Up", as well as "No Self-Control". Gabriel appeared on Bush's 1979 television special, where they sang a duet of Roy Harper's "Another Day". She has sung on two Roy Harper tracks, "You", on his 1979 album, "The Unknown Soldier", and "Once", the title track of his 1990 album. She has also sung on the title song of the 1986 Big Country album The Seer, the Midge Ure song "Sister and Brother" from his 1988 album Answers to Nothing, Go West's 1987 single "The King Is Dead" and two songs with Prince – "Why Should I Love You?", from her 1993 album The Red Shoes, and in 1996, the song "My Computer" from Prince's album Emancipation. In 1987, she sang a verse on the charity single "Let It Be" by Ferry Aid. She sang a line on the charity single "Spirit of the Forest" by Spirit of the Forest in 1989. 1990 saw Kate producing, for the only time in her career, one song for another artist, Alan Stivell's "Kimiad", on his album Again. Stivell had appeared on The Sensual World. In 1995, Bush covered George Gershwin's "The Man I Love" for the tribute album The Glory of Gershwin. In 1996, Bush contributed a version of "Mná na hÉireann" (Irish for Women of Ireland) for the Anglo-Irish folk-rock compilation project Common Ground: The Voices of Modern Irish Music. Bush had to sing the song in Irish, which she learned to do phonetically.[127] Artists who have contributed to Bush's own albums include Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, David Gilmour, Nigel Kennedy, Gary Brooker, and Prince. Bush provided backing vocals for a song that was recorded during the 1990s titled Wouldn't Change a Thing by Lionel Azulay, the drummer with the original band that was later to become the KT Bush Band. The song, which was engineered and produced by Del Palmer, is available for download and will be on Azulay’s upcoming CD.[128][129]

Bush declined a request by Erasure to produce one of their albums because "she didn’t feel that that was her area".[130]

In 2010, Bush provided vocals for Rolf Harris's cover of the traditional Irish song "She Moves Through the Fair". Harris, who described the collaboration the "best thing I’ve done," is unsure of how to release the track.[131]

Bush's most recent collaborations, including duets with Elton John and Stephen Fry, took place on her 2012 album, 50 Words for Snow.

Reluctance to tour[link]

Kate has always been reluctant to tour and has always cited the reason is she finds it exhausting. She has said by the time she's completed the album, videos and promotional work "there's nothing left of me". [13] She said it would be impossible for her to tour the way she works.

She did do some shows in 1979 and the one at the Hammersmith Odeon was released on video. She said she "really enjoyed it" and that it was a "tremendous, fabulous experience". However, she also found it "incredibly exhausting and a total commitment. I don't think people understand the level of involvement I get into when I do a project."[13]

The Hammersmith video shows an elaborate set complete with mime, magicians and theatrics.

Upon the release of The Director's Cut, she said she wouldn't rule out the possibility of shows in the future: "Maybe I will do some shows some day. I'd like to think so, before I get too ancient - turn up with my Zimmer frame."[132]

Influence[link]

From the 1980s onward, it has become almost standard for individualistic female singer-songwriters to be compared to Bush by the media. She has been noted as an influence on female artists such as Tori Amos, Björk,[133] Alison Goldfrapp,[134][135] Nerina Pallot,[136] KT Tunstall,[137] Happy Rhodes,[138] Lily Allen,[139] PJ Harvey,[36][140] Little Boots,[141][142][143] and Florence Welch,[144][145] in addition to acts as diverse as Muse,[137] OutKast,[140] and Bloc Party.[146] Paula Cole named Bush as an influence while accepting the Best New Artist Grammy in 1996. Ariel Pink wrote a tribute song for her titled "For Kate I Wait" on the album The Doldrums. The trip-hop artist Tricky has said about Bush, "I don't believe in God, but if I did, her music would be my bible".[18] Punk rocker John Lydon, better known as Johnny Rotten of the Sex Pistols, declared her work to be "beauty beyond belief",[147] "fucking brilliant" and labelled her "a true original". Rotten once wrote a song for her, titled "Bird in Hand" (about exploitation of parrots) that Bush rejected. Rotten theorised that Bush thought the song contained insulting references aimed at her.[148][149] Marc Almond chose "Moments of Pleasure" as one of his 10 favourite songs on Radio 2 in June 2007, saying that the song had a profound influence on him when he was combating drug addiction in New York in the 1990s. In November 2006, the singer Rufus Wainwright named Bush as one of his top ten gay icons.[150] Outside music, Bush has been an inspiration to several fashion designers, most notably Hussein Chalayan.[151]

Many artists around the world have recorded cover versions of Bush songs, including Charlotte Church, The Futureheads (who had a UK top ten hit with a cover of "Hounds of Love"), Placebo (whose cover of "Running Up that Hill" has featured in many TV series and films), Pat Benatar, Faith and the Muse, Hayley Westenra, Jane Birkin, Natalie Cole, Ra Ra Riot,[152][153] Maxwell,[154] The Church[155] and Nada Surf.[156] The British dance act Utah Saints sampled a line from "Cloudbusting" for their single, "Something Good". Artists such as Tori Amos, Nolwenn Leroy, Patrick Wolf and Happy Rhodes (whose upper vocal range has been compared with the one of Kate Bush)[157] have covered her songs in live performances. Coldplay said their track "Speed of Sound" was originally an attempt to re-create "Running Up that Hill". Suede front-man Brett Anderson has stated that "Wuthering Heights" was the first single he ever bought and mentioned "And Dream of Sheep" in Suede's song "These are the Sad Songs".[158] British folk singer Jim Moray also references "And Dream of Sheep" in his self-penned track "Longing for Lucy".[159] Progressive death metal act Novembre also covered "Cloudbusting" on their album Novembrine Waltz. In 2009, John Forté released a hip hop version of "Running Up that Hill".[160]

In 2010, composer and vocalist Theo Bleckmann released an album of Kate Bush covers, titled Hello Earth! – The Music of Kate Bush which includes his interpretation of fourteen Bush classics,[161] which he also performs live around the world. In an interview with Hungarian online music magazine Kortár's Blog, Bleckmann explained his choice to explore Bush's work: "The music of Kate Bush has been a saviour throughout my teenage years when I lived in a small town in Germany...To come back to her music fresh...and to discover more depths and beauty in it, became an overwhelming confirmation of the endurance of great music regardless of genre and time."[162][163]

Personal life[link]

Kate Bush is married to guitarist Dan McIntosh and the couple have a son, Albert.[164] She resides in Devon and until late-2011 had another residence near Theale, West Berkshire.

Discography[link]

See also[link]

References[link]

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  56. ^ a b c Thrills, Adrian (4 November 2006). "Is this great Kate—or just Pi in the sky?". Daily Mail. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-138325566.html. 
  57. ^ Thompson, Ben (5 November 2006). "Ben Thompson reviews an album of two halves". Sunday Telegraph. 
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  65. ^ Link to several reviews of ''Director's Cut''. Katebushnews.com. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  66. ^ Various links to reviews of Director's Cut. Katebushnews.com. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  67. ^ News of re-mastered albums from Fish People On 15 May 2011, Bush entered the world of the Internet with her first complete website (also called Fish People) where all her videos can be viewed and news and information is available. [http://katebush.com/home Fish People – The Official Site of Kate Bush. Katebushnews.com. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
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Further reading[link]

External links[link]

Media related to Kate Bush at Wikimedia Commons

http://wn.com/Kate_Bush

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Kate Bush

http://cs.wn.com/Kate Bush

http://id.wn.com/Kate Bush

http://es.wn.com/Kate Bush

http://ru.wn.com/Буш, Кейт

http://nl.wn.com/Kate Bush

http://pt.wn.com/Kate Bush

http://pl.wn.com/Kate Bush

http://fr.wn.com/Kate Bush

http://de.wn.com/Kate Bush




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bush

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Michelle Kwan

Michelle Kwan performs her signature spiral at a practice session at the 2002 U.S. Figure Skating Championships.
Personal information
Full name Michelle Wingshan Kwan
Country represented United States
Born (1980-07-07) July 7, 1980 (age 31)
Residence Torrance, California
Height 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m)
Former coach Rafael Arutunian, Frank Carroll, Scott Williams
Former choreographer Tatiana Tarasova, Lori Nichol, Nikolai Morozov, Sarah Kawahara, Peter Oppegard, Karen Kwan, Christopher Dean
Skating club Los Angeles FSC
ISU personal best scores
Combined total 175.20
2005 Worlds
Short program 61.22
2005 Worlds
Free skate 113.98
2005 Worlds

Michelle Wingshan Kwan[1] (born July 7, 1980) is an American figure skater. She is a two-time (1998 and 2002) Olympic medalist, a five-time (1996, 1998, 2000, 2001 and 2003) World champion (a record bettered only by Sonja Henie among ladies skaters) and a nine-time (1996, 1998–2005) U.S. champion (the all-time record, as tied with Maribel Vinson-Owen).

She competed at a high level for over a decade and is the most decorated figure skater in U.S. history.[2] Known for her consistency and expressive artistry on ice, she is widely considered one of the greatest figure skaters of all time.[3][4][5]

For well over a decade, Kwan maintained her status not only as America's most popular figure skater but as one of America's most popular female athletes, consistently making the top ten on many such polls and lists (often as the only figure skater) even years after she had stopped competing.[6] During the decade of her reign Kwan enjoyed unprecedented popularity and amassed numerous multi-million dollar endorsement deals, starred in multiple TV specials and was the subject of extensive media coverage.[7]

Contents

Personal life[link]

Born in Torrance, California, Kwan is the third child of Danny Kwan and Estella Kwan, Chinese immigrants from Hong Kong. As a child, Kwan grew up speaking a mixture of Cantonese and English at home. Kwan’s interest in figure skating began at the age of five when she followed her two older siblings (hockey player Ron and figure skater Karen) onto the ice. Karen and Michelle began serious training when Michelle was about eight years old. They practiced three to four hours a day, waking up at 3 am to skate before school and going back to the rink right after school to skate again. Paying for their increased skating-rink time led to financial hardship for Kwan’s working class family. When Kwan was ten years old, her family could no longer afford a coach, but they were offered financial assistance by a fellow member of the Los Angeles Figure Skating Club[8][9] that allowed them to train at the Ice Castle International Training Center in Lake Arrowhead, California.

Kwan attended Soleado Elementary School in Palos Verdes, California, but left public school to be homeschooled in 1994, when she was in the 8th grade.[10] After graduation from Rim of the World High School in 1998, she attended UCLA for one year. In the fall of 2006, she transferred to the University of Denver.[11] In June 2009, she graduated with a bachelor's degree in international studies and a minor in political science.[12] In 2009, she began graduate studies in international relations at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University[13] and graduated in 2011.[14][15] On May 8, 2010, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Southern Vermont College.

Public life[link]

Ambassadorship endeavors[link]

On November 9, 2006, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice named Michelle Kwan as a public diplomacy ambassador. In this non-salaried position, Kwan will represent American values especially to young people and sports enthusiasts and was expected to travel widely.[16] Kwan made her first overseas trip in the capacity of public diplomacy ambassador with a visit to China from January 17–25, 2007.

Her diplomatic position as an envoy has continued in the Barack Obama administration where she has worked with Vice President Joe Biden[17] and Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton.[18]

Between 9–15 January 2011, she traveled to Singapore on behalf of the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.[19][20]

On April 15, 2011, it was announced that Kwan would serve as an adviser to U.S.-China Women's Leadership Exchange and Dialogue (Women-LEAD).[21]

Filmography[link]

Kwan has guest starred as herself in "Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass", an episode of The Simpsons, and in the Family Guy episode "A Hero Sits Next Door". She has also made guest star appearances in the children's cartoon television series Arthur the PBS Series, and has also appeared in Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. She provided the voice of a shopkeeper in Disney's direct-to-DVD sequel Mulan II, and she and fellow figure skater Brian Boitano appeared as announcers in the film Ice Princess. She has performed in numerous figure skating programs, and has cameo appearances in various other television series. In 1999, she appeared in the Michelle Kwan Figure Skating computer game.[22]

Other activities[link]

Kwan wrote an inspirational book for children titled, The Winning Attitude: What it Takes to be a Champion. She also wrote an autobiography, Heart of a Champion, at 17.

In 2005, Michelle Kwan's family opened the EastWest Ice Palace in Artesia, California. The ice rink houses many of her skating medals and memorabilia.[23]

Kwan has had numerous endorsement contracts and has appeared in television commercials for sponsors including Campbell's Soup, VISA, Coca-Cola, and Kraft.[24] The Chevrolet/Michelle Kwan R.E.W.A.R.D.S. Scholarship program was established by the Chevrolet Motor Division of General Motors in cooperation with Kwan.[25] In February 2006, Kwan was named a "celebrity representative" for The Walt Disney Company.[26]

Competitive biography[link]

Summary[link]

Kwan has won five World Championships (1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2003), the most by anyone in the ladies' division since Carol Heiss (1956–1960), with whom she is tied for the most wins by an American.[citation needed] She has won nine United States Figure Skating Championships (1996, 1998–2005), tying the record for most set by Maribel Vinson-Owen (1928–1933, 1935–1937). Kwan's eight consecutive U.S. Championship titles (1998–2005) and 12 consecutive U.S. Championship medals (1994–2005) are both U.S. records. She is the only woman in figure skating history to reclaim the World title three times (1998, 2000, 2003).[2] She also won a silver medal at the 1998 Nagano Olympics and a bronze medal in the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics. Among her many accolades, Kwan is a recipient of the prestigious James E. Sullivan Award, which is given to America's best amateur athlete; she was the first figure skater to win the award since Dick Button won it in 1949. Kwan has received a combined total of 57 6.0s (perfect scores) from her National and World competitions throughout the years. At the U.S. Championships alone, she holds the record for most 6.0s. Because figure skating is no longer scored on a 6.0 scale, Kwan's records will stand indefinitely.[27]

Early competition[link]

In 1991, Michelle and her sister Karen began training with Frank Carroll. After one year of coaching by Carroll, 11-year old Michelle placed 9th at the junior level at the United States Figure Skating Championships. At the age of 12 in 1992, Kwan passed the gold test to become a senior-level figure skater despite the disapproval of her coach. In 1993, Kwan finished sixth at her first senior U.S. championships. The next season, she won the 1994 World Junior Championships.

In 1994, Kwan finished second to Tonya Harding at the U.S. Championships, which ordinarily would have earned her a spot on the U.S. team to the 1994 Olympic Games in Lillehammer, Norway. That place was instead given to 1993 national champion Nancy Kerrigan, who had been sidelined by an assault and battery (eventually connected to Harding's ex-husband Jeff Gillooly) after a practice session at those championships. The 13-year-old Kwan went to Norway as an alternate but did not compete. Kerrigan and Harding both dropped out of eligible competition before the 1994 World Championships. Because of this (and teammate Nicole Bobek not making out of the qualifying round), Kwan had the sole responsibility to ensure two spots for the U.S. at the 1994 World Championships by placing in the top ten. Kwan had an unusual mistake in the short program and placed eleventh in that portion, but came back strong to finish eighth overall.

At the 1995 U.S. Championships, Nicole Bobek won the gold medal, while Kwan again placed second after struggling with her lutz jump in both the short program and free skate. At the 1995 World Championships, she placed fifth in the short program portion of the competition with a clean performance. She landed 7 triple jumps in her free skating performance and placed third in that portion of the competition. She finished fourth overall.

Artistic development and 1998 Olympics[link]

Following 1995, Kwan developed a more mature style. Her new, more artistically expressive programs were "Romanza" (short program) and "Salome" (free skate). She also improved her speed and her jump technique, and performed more difficult choreography. In 1996, Kwan won both the U.S. Championships and the World Championships. In the latter event, she edged out defending champion Chen Lu in a very close competition in which both competitors garnered two perfect 6.0s for Presentation in the free skate.

In the 1996–97 season, Kwan skated to "Dream of Desdemona" (short program) and "Taj Mahal" (free skate). It was during this year that Kwan debuted a change-of-edge spiral, which is still considered her signature move. However, in this season, Kwan struggled with her jumps because of a growth spurt and problems with new skating boots which she wore for an endorsement contract with the manufacturer.[28] She fell twice and stumbled once in her free skate at 1997 U.S. Nationals, losing the title to Tara Lipinski. She lost the Champion Series Final to Lipinski a month later. At the World Championships, Kwan stepped out of her triple lutz combination and placed 4th in the Short Program portion of the competition behind Lipinski, France's Vanessa Gusmeroli, and Russia's Maria Butyrskaya. During the Free Skate, Kwan skated a six triple, mistake-free performance to win that part of the competition, but placed second to Lipinski overall.

Kwan started out the 1997–1998 Olympic season by winning Skate America (where she defeated Tara Lipinski) and then Skate Canada. However, she suffered a stress fracture on her foot and was forced to withdraw from her third Champions Series Final. Kwan regained her U.S. title from Lipinski at the 1998 National Championships, in spite of competing with a toe injury. Many people consider her performances of her Rachmaninoff short program and free skate set to William Alwyn's "Lyra Angelica" at the 1998 U.S. Championships to be the high point of her career from both a technical and artistic standpoint.[29] The performance earned her eight perfect 6.0s and left one judge in tears.[30]

Kwan and Lipinski were the co-favorites to win the 1998 Olympic Games in Nagano, Japan. Kwan placed first in the Short Program portion of the competition, winning eight first place votes out of nine judges. In the Free Skate, Kwan skated a 7-triple performance but placed behind Lipinski, who also did 7 triples including a triple loop/triple loop combination and a triple toe-loop/half-loop/Triple Salchow. Kwan ended up winning the silver medal, with the gold medal being won by Lipinski and the bronze medal by Chen Lu.[31]

Lipinski and Chen both retired from competitive skating shortly after the Olympics, while Kwan went on to win the 1998 World Championships in Minneapolis.

From 1998 to 2002 Olympics[link]

Kwan competes her Scheherazade long program at the 2001-2002 Grand Prix Final.

Kwan continued to compete as an eligible skater in the 1998–99 season, although she bypassed the fall Grand Prix season and instead chose to skate in a series of made-for-television pro-am events. Her "regular" competitive programs that season were "Fate of Carmen" (short program) and "Lamento D'Ariane" (free skate). Kwan won her third national title at the 1999 U.S. Championships, competing against a weak field. At the 1999 World Championships, Kwan did not skate her best,[32] and placed second behind Russian competitor Maria Butyrskaya.[33]

Kwan's win at the 2000 U.S. Nationals was controversial to some.[34] She was criticized for planning an easier jump in her short program than her competitors (a triple toe loop rather than a triple flip), and fell on this element in the competition. The judges nevertheless placed her third in that segment behind younger challengers Sasha Cohen and Sarah Hughes;[35] however, the placement still kept her in contention for the title. Ultimately, she won the free skate with the best performance of the night, capturing 8 of the 9 first-place ordinals.[36][37] At the 2000 World Championships, Kwan was again in third place after the short program, behind Maria Butyrskaya and Irina Slutskaya. In her free skate, Kwan landed seven triple jumps, including a triple toe loop/triple toe loop combination, and won that segment of the competition. Butyrskaya lost her commanding lead by finishing third behind Slutskaya in the free skate, allowing Kwan to win the overall title as well.[38]

In 2001, Kwan again won the U.S. Championships, receiving first-place ordinals from all 9 judges in both the short program and free skate. At the 2001 World Championships, Kwan was second behind Slutskaya in the short program. Kwan won the title with her "Song of the Black Swan" free skate, executing 7 triples, including a triple toe loop/triple toe loop combination.[39]

In the fall of 2001, Kwan and Carroll decided to end their coaching relationship. In interviews, Kwan said she needed to "take responsibility" for her skating.[40] Coachless, Kwan arrived at the 2002 U.S. Championships in Los Angeles amid the media's scrutiny over her separation with Carroll and her season's inconsistencies. Kwan won the competition with a revived "Rachmaninoff" short program and a new "Scheherazade" program for her free skate, securing a place on the 2002 Olympic team. Joining her on the team were Sasha Cohen (second) and Sarah Hughes (third).[41] The 21-year-old Kwan and Russia's Irina Slutskaya were favorites to win the gold. Kwan led after the short program, followed by Slutskaya, Cohen, and Hughes. In the free skate, Kwan two-footed her triple toe loop combination and put a hand down on her triple flip, while Sarah Hughes skated a clean program. Kwan won the bronze medal behind Hughes and Slutskaya.[42] Kwan's final event of the season was the 2002 Worlds, where she won the silver medal behind Slutskaya.

2002–2006[link]

Michelle Kwan skating to Fallin' in the 2004 World Figure Skating Championships Exhibition in Dortmund, Germany

Following the 2002 season, Kwan continued to compete on the Olympic-eligible circuit, although in a more limited way. During the fall seasons of 2002 to 2004, Kwan competed in only one Grand Prix event, Skate America in the fall of 2002, which she entered as a last-minute replacement. She won the event and qualified for the Grand Prix Final but chose not to compete in it. Kwan chose to not compete in Grand Prix events in the 2003 and 2004 seasons where the new judging system was being used.

Coached by Scott Williams, Kwan won all phases of every competition she entered in the 2002–2003 competitive season with her programs: Peter Gabriel's "The Feeling Begins" from The Last Temptation of Christ (short program) and "Concierto de Aranjuez" (free skate). She won the U.S. Championships again and regained her World title.

In 2003, she hired noted technician Rafael Arutunian as her coach, with whom she attempted to increase the technical difficulty of her programs. In the 2003–2004 competitive season, she skated again to "The Feeling Begins" for her short program, and Puccini's "Tosca" for her long program.

Again, Kwan won the U.S. Championships (where the old 6.0 system was still being used), earning 7 more 6.0s for presentation in the Free Skate. At the 2004 World Championships, after a difficult qualifying round, Kwan was penalized in her short program for going two seconds over time which caused her to placed 4th going into the Long Program behind American Sasha Cohen, Japan's Shizuka Arakawa, and Miki Ando.[43] As she was about to start her free skate, there was a disruption caused by a spectator entering the ice surface and being removed by security staff. In the end, Kwan skated an inspired, if conservative, 5 triple performance and received the last 6.0 marks given at the World Championships. She placed second in the Free Skating portion (she was one judge away from winning the long program) and placed third overall at the championships behind Arakawa (who performed 7 triples including two triple-triple combinations) and Cohen.

For the 2004–2005 competitive season, Kwan skated her long program to "Boléro", choreographed by British ice dancer Christopher Dean who had famously skated to the music with Jayne Torvill two decades before, and debuted a new short program, "Adagio" from Aram Khachaturian's ballet Spartacus. At the U.S. Championships, she won her 9th title, tying the all-time record previously set by Maribel Vinson-Owen. Interestingly, Vinson-Owen had coached Frank Carroll, who in turn coached Kwan. At the 2005 World Championship, Kwan competed for the first time under the new judging system. She had a rough qualifying round and placed third in the short program. In the free skate, Kwan fell on her triple salchow and two-footed a triple lutz. Although she finished third in both the short and long program portion of the competition, Kwan was edged by Carolina Kostner for the bronze medal and finished fourth overall, missing third place by 0.37 points. It was the first time since 1995 that Kwan had failed to medal at any international competition, and would be her final competitive event.

2006 Olympics[link]

Kwan looked at the 2005 Worlds as a learning experience in the ISU Judging System.[citation needed] She continued to train and stated that she would attempt to qualify for the 2006 Olympic Games in Turin, Italy.[44] However, following a hip injury, she was forced to withdraw from her three planned competitions in the fall of 2005. Kwan skated her new short program ("Totentanz") at a made-for-TV event in December, 2005, but her performance was well below her usual standard. On January 4, 2006, Kwan withdrew from the U.S. Figure Skating Championships with an abdominal injury incurred in December 2005. One week later, she filed a petition with the USFSA for a medical waiver to be placed on the 2006 Olympic figure skating team.[44] On January 14, 2006, after the United States ladies' figure skating event, the USFSA's International Committee met and in a 20 to 3 vote approved Kwan's petition under the stipulation that she show her physical and competitive readiness to a five-member monitoring panel by January 27.

Kwan performed her long and short programs for the panel on the stipulated day, and her spot on the Olympic team was established, as the panel felt she was fit to compete. However, on February 12, 2006, the United States Olympic Committee announced that Kwan had withdrawn from the Games after suffering a new groin injury in her first practice in Turin. Kwan remarked that she "respected the Olympics too much to compete.[45]" The Turin organizing committee accepted the USOC's application for Emily Hughes (who had finished third at the U.S. Championships) to compete as Kwan's replacement.

After her withdrawal from the Olympic team, Kwan turned down an offer to stay in Turin as a figure skating commentator for NBC Sports.[46] During an interview with Bob Costas and Scott Hamilton, Michelle Kwan said she was not retiring yet.

Kwan underwent elective arthroscopic surgery in August 2006 to repair a torn labrum in her right hip, an old injury which she traces back to 2002.[11] According to Kwan, the surgery allowed her to skate pain-free for the first time in four years.[47]

2006–present[link]

Kwan did not compete during the 2006–2007 figure skating season.[48]

Kwan told the Associated Press in October 2007 that she would decide in 2009 if she planned to compete in the 2010 Winter Olympics,[47] but she ultimately decided not to do so, focusing instead on graduate school.[49][49] She has said "Representing the United States as an American Public Diplomacy Envoy the past three years has been very rewarding, and I want to do more." After graduating from the University of Denver in 2009, Kwan said "Furthering my education will bring me closer to that goal, and I don't want to wait any longer to continue the journey."[49]

On February 17, 2010, Kwan told ABC News in an interview that she is continuing her studies as a graduate student at the Tufts University Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. She is working toward her Master's Degree focused on U.S. Foreign Policy and Pacific-Asia as well as continuing her work as a Public Diplomacy Envoy. Kwan also said she will be commentating for Good Morning America at the 2010 Winter Olympics.[50]

In August 2009, Kwan made her first on-ice appearance in several years, performing at the Ice All Stars, a show headlined by South Korean world champion Kim Yu-Na in Seoul, South Korea.[51] Kwan appeared in Kim's All That Skate shows in South Korea and Los Angeles.[52] She was the guest star to open the skate rink in the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore in December 2010, where she performed twice to "Winter Song", a programme she self-choreographed with her sister.[53] She returned to Singapore a month later as a Public Diplomacy Envoy[54] to meet local students and to promote ice skating in the tropical country.[55]

Awards and accolades[link]

Kwan is a recipient of the prestigious James E. Sullivan Award (2001), which is given to America's best amateur athlete; she was the first figure skater to win the award since Dick Button won it in 1949. In 2003 she was named the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) "Sportswoman of the Year", and is the 5th figure skater in history to receive this honor. She has also been named USOC "Athlete of the Month" 14 times, which is more than any other athlete, male or female, as well as being named "Female Figure Skating Athlete of the Year" by the USOC multiple times. She is also the recipient of the USOC's "Citizenship Through Sports Alliance Award" (2004).

Kwan is one of the only two multiple winners of the "Readers' Choice Figure Skater of the Year" award given by Skating magazine (1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001–2003). In 2003, the United States Figure Skating Association, which publishes Skating, announced that the award would be renamed the "Michelle Kwan Trophy." The USFSA stated that although Kwan may continue to skate competitively, she will no longer be eligible for this award. She also appeared on International Figure Skating Magazine's "25 Most Influential Names in Figure Skating List" seven times, and was named the most influential skater for the 2002–03 season.

In 1999, she was given the Historymakers Award by the Los Angeles Chinese American Museum.[56]

In 2010, Michelle received an honorary doctorate's degree from Southern Vermont College and delivered the commencement speech for that year's graduation.[57]

In January 2009, she was appointed a member of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports by George W. Bush.[58][59][60] On May 3, 2009, Kwan was honored by the Los Angeles Chinese Historical Society of Southern California in "Celebrating Chinese Americans in Sports".[61] In 2011, she was added to the board of the Special Olympics.[62] Kwan is the sole inductee for the 2012 United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame.[15] Kwan is also the sole inductee for the 2012 World Figure Skating Hall of Fame.[63]

Programs[link]

Season Short Program Long Program Exhibition
2005–2006 Totentanz
by Franz Liszt
arranged by Maksim Mrvica
choreographed by Tatiana Tarasova
Prelude in C Sharp Minor Op. 18
by Sergey Rachmaninoff
choreographed by Tatiana Tarasova
A Song for You
by Natalie Cole
2004–2005 Adagio
from Spartacus
by Aram Katchaturian
choreographed by Nikolai Morozov
Boléro
by Maurice Ravel
choreographed by Christopher Dean
You Raise Me Up
by Josh Groban
This Used To Be My Playground
by Madonna
2003–2004 The Feeling Begins
from The Last Temptation of Christ
by Peter Gabriel
choreographed by Scott Williams, Michelle Kwan, Karen Kwan and Nikolai Morozov
Tosca
by Giacomo Puccini
choreographed by Nikolai Morozov
Fallin'
by Alicia Keys
2002–2003 The Feeling Begins
from The Last Temptation of Christ
by Peter Gabriel
choreographed by Scott Williams, Michelle Kwan, Karen Kwan and Nikolai Morozov
Concierto de Aranjuez
by Joaquín Rodrigo
performed by Ikuko Kawai
choreographed by Scott Williams, Michelle Kwan, Karen Kwan and Nikolai Morozov
Fields of Gold
by Eva Cassidy
2001–2002 East of Eden
by Lee Holdridge
choreographed by Lori Nichol

Piano Concerto No. 3
Piano Trio No. 2
by Sergey Rachmaninov
choreographed by Lori Nichol
Scheherazade
by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
performed by New York Philharmonic
choreographed by Sarah Kawahara
Fields of Gold
by Eva Cassidy
2000–2001 East of Eden
by Lee Holdridge
choreographed by Lori Nichol

Rush
by Eric Clapton
choreographed by Christopher Dean
Song of the Black Swan
by Heitor Villa-Lobos
Dumky Trio
by Antonín Dvořák
choreographed by Lori Nichol

The Miraculous Mandarin
by Béla Bartók
choreographed by Peter Oppegard
Beautiful World
by Sumi Jo
This Time Around
by Linda Eder
1999–2000 A Day In The Life
by John Lennon
and Paul McCartney
performed by Jeff Beck
choreographed by Lori Nichol
The Red Violin
by John Corigliano
performed by Joshua Bell
choreographed by Lori Nichol
The World Is Not Enough
by Garbage
Hands
from Joy: A Holiday Collection
by Jewel
1998–1999 Carmen Suite
by Rodion Shchedrin
Carmen Fantasie
by Franz Waxman
Carmen (film) soundtrack
by Paco de Lucia
choreographed by Lori Nichol
Ariane
Orchestral Suite No. 3
Orchestral Suite No. 6
by Jules Massenet
Absalom's Death And Tango
by Leonid Desyatnikov, performed by Gidon Kremer
choreographed by Lori Nichol
Kissing You
by Des'ree
1997–1998 Piano Concerto No. 3
Piano Trio No. 2
by Sergey Rachmaninov
choreographed by Lori Nichol
Lyra Angelica
by William Alwyn
Gymnopedie #3
by Erik Satie
choreographed by Lori Nichol
On My Own
from Les Misérables
performed by Kaho Shimada

Dante's Prayer
by Loreena McKennitt
1996–1997 Orchestral Suite No. 3
by Jules Massenet
Final from Herodiade
by Jules Massenet
The Red Poppy
by Reinhold Gliere
choreographed by Lori Nichol
Gyulistan Bayati Shiraz
by Fikret Amirov
Lion of the Desert
from Lawrence of Arabia
by Maurice Jarre
choreographed by Lori Nichol
Winter
by Tori Amos
choreographed by Michelle Kwan
1995–1996 Romanza
by Salvador Bacarisse
Fiesta Flamenca
by Monty Kelly
choreographed by Lori Nichol
Salome
by Miklós Rózsa
Dance of the Seven Veils
by Richard Strauss
choreographed by Lori Nichol
East of Eden
by Lee Holdridge
Just Around the Riverbend
from Pocahontas
by Judy Kuhn
1994–1995 Yellow River Piano Concerto
by Xian Xinghai
performed by Yin Chengzong
and Chu Wanghua
Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso
by Camille Saint-Saëns
Fantasia on Greensleeves
by Ralph Vaughan Williams
East of Eden
by Lee Holdridge
1993–1994 Song of India
from Sadko
by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
East of Eden
by Lee Holdridge
1992–1993 Miss Saigon
by Claude-Michel Schönberg
1991–1992 Concerto in F
by George Gershwin

Competitive highlights[link]

Kwan sits in the kiss and cry area at the 2002 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. Other people in the photo include Kwan's father, who was acting as her coach at this event.

Major events for Olympic-eligible skaters include the U.S. Figure Skating Championships, World Figure Skating Championships, the Olympic Winter Games, and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating. Kwan's record in these events is listed by season in the tables below.

Event 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06
Winter Olympic Games Alt 2nd 3rd WD
World Championships 8th 4th 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 3rd 4th
World Junior Championships 1st
U.S. Championships 9th J. 6th 2nd 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st
Grand Prix Final 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd
Skate America 7th 2nd 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st
Skate Canada 1st 1st 1st 2nd 3rd
Nations Cup 1st
Trophée Lalique 3rd 1st
Goodwill Games 2nd 1st 2nd
Gardena Spring Trophy 1st J.
  • J = Junior level, WD = withdrew, Alt = Alternate, did not compete

References[link]

  1. ^ California Births, (1905–1995)
  2. ^ a b Athlete bio at usfigureskating.org, accessed September 8, 2006.
  3. ^ For Americans, lots of medals but a 'faceless' Olympics, by Mark Sappenfield, staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor, accessed September 6, 2006.
  4. ^ Video Spotlight – Michelle Kwan, Asian Media Watch, accessed September 6, 2006.
  5. ^ People in the News Spotlight – Michelle Kwan, CNN People in the News, accessed October 8, 2006.
  6. ^ Harris Interactive – America's favorite Athlete, Harris Interactive
  7. ^ [Jose Antonio Vargas The Michelle Kwan Myth, Worth its Weight in Gold, Washington Post
  8. ^ The Winning Attitude: What It Takes to Be A Champion by Michelle Kwan, 1999; Publisher: Hyperion Press
  9. ^ Michelle Kwan, Heart of a Champion, ISBN 0-590-76340-7
  10. ^ Christine Brennan, Inside Edge, ISBN 0-684-80167-1
  11. ^ a b LA Kwan expands outlook as part of her healing process Los Angeles Times, December 24, 2006
  12. ^ Michelle Kwan graduating from University of Denver San Francisco Gate, June 6, 2009
  13. ^ http://www.du.edu/today/stories/2009/06/2009-06-04kwan.html
  14. ^ "Ms. Kwan goes to Washington, master's degree in hand". Chicago Tribune. June 3, 2011. http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/sports_globetrotting/2011/06/michelle-kwan-figure-skating-white-house-olympics-tufts-masters-degree-.html. 
  15. ^ a b Elliott, Helene (December 23, 2011). "Michelle Kwan has found there is life after figure skating". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-1224-michelle-kwan,0,3268751.column. Retrieved December 23, 2011. 
  16. ^ Michelle Kwan named U.S. public policy ambassador USA Today, November 1998
  17. ^ "It figures for Kim, Lysacek to take golden parachute". Chicago Tribune. September 8, 2010. http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/sports_globetrotting/michelle_kwan/. 
  18. ^ http://www.du.edu/today/stories/2009/06/2009-06-06-Kwan.html
  19. ^ Public Diplomacy Envoy Michelle Kwan Travels to Singapore January 9–15, Will Meet with Youth and Government Officials
  20. ^ Michelle Kwan Tries Out 'Wobble Board'
  21. ^ "Initial Public-Private Partnerships Forged Under U.S.-China Women-LEAD Initiative". U.S. Department of State. April 15, 2011. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/04/161029.htm. Retrieved April 22, 2011. 
  22. ^ Michelle Kwan at the Internet Movie Database, accessed September 9, 2006.
  23. ^ City of California, EastWest Ice Palace, City of Artesia, California, accessed October 8, 2006.
  24. ^ List of Kwan's endorsements
  25. ^ Michelle Kwan's REWARDS scholarship program, accessed July 14, 2006.
  26. ^ Figure Skating Champion Michelle Kwan To Serve As Celebrity Representative and Spokesperson for Disney, February 16, 2006, accessed September 6, 2006
  27. ^ See ISU Judging System, which replaced the 6.0 system in 2004.
  28. ^ See The tragedy of turning 20 by Christine Brennan, July 12, 1999, USA Today accessed October 9, 2006.
  29. ^ 1998 Nationals: Lipinski Fall, Kwan wins with 6.0s CBS Sportsline
  30. ^ Judges in Tears USA Today, 1998 accessed October 13, 2006
  31. ^ Kwan vows to fight until 2002 CBS Sportline, Feb 1998 accessed October 13, 2006
  32. ^ Favored Kwan stuck in fourth place Slam Figure Skating, March 1999 accessed October 13, 2006.
  33. ^ Butyrskaya wins; Russians Sweep Slam Figure Skating, March 1999 accessed October 13, 2006.
  34. ^ Longman, Jere (February 14, 2000). "FIGURE SKATING; Kwan Wins, but Challengers Are Rising Fast to Meet Her". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/14/sports/figure-skating-kwan-wins-but-challengers-are-rising-fast-to-meet-her.html?scp=1&sq=kwan&st=nyt. 
  35. ^ Young Ballerinas Chases Kwan ESPN, January 2000 accessed October 13, 2006.
  36. ^ No. 2 With a Bullet Sports Illustrated, February 2000 accessed October 13, 2006
  37. ^ Kwan wins Fourth Title ESPN, February 2000 accessed October 13, 2006.
  38. ^ See 2000 Worlds Skate Recap Scandal dampens 2000 Worlds, USA Today accessed October 9, 2006.
  39. ^ Drumbeats start for Kwan in 2002 Christine Brennan, USA Today, March 2001 accessed October 13, 2006.
  40. ^ Kwan dismisses longtime coach SFGate.com – October 2001 accessed October 14, 2006.
  41. ^ Kwan recaptures season and the national crown USA Today – January 2002 accessed October 14, 2006.
  42. ^ See Hughes Edges Slutskaya, Kwan for Gold Hughes Edges Kwan and Slutskaya to win gold, CNN Sports Illustrated, February 21, 2002 accessed October 9, 2006.
  43. ^ Clarey, Christopher (March 27, 2004). "FIGURE SKATING; Kwan's Short Program Not Short Enough; Cohen Is Leader". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/27/sports/figure-skating-kwan-s-short-program-not-short-enough-cohen-is-leader.html. Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  44. ^ a b [1] Retrieved 23 July 2007
  45. ^ Injured Kwan withdraws from Olympics, Associated Press, February 13, 2006, accessed October 8, 2006.
  46. ^ Kwan Says Thanks, but No, to NBC's Offer, By David Bauder, AP Television Writer, 12 February 2006, accessed September 6, 2006.
  47. ^ a b People in Sports | Michelle Kwan The Seattle Times. Article by The Associated Press, October 16, 2007. Accessed November 4, 2007.
  48. ^ Michelle Kwan To Skip 2006–07 Competitive Season, United States Figure Skating Association, 6 September 2006, accessed September 6, 2006.
  49. ^ a b c [2] Michelle Kwan won't compete in Vancouver. Helene Elliott. Los Angeles Times. August 01, 2009. ]
  50. ^ "Michelle Kwan Off the Ice". ABCNews. 2010-02-17. http://news.yahoo.com/video/entertainment-15749636/18196202#video=18196202. Retrieved 2010-02-17.  (video)
  51. ^ "Kwan Returning To Ice For August Show". USA Today (Associated Press). 2009-07-03. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2009-07-03-kwan-return_N.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-24. 
  52. ^ "Yu-na, Kwan to do another show in July". The Korea Times. 2010-06-04. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/sports/2010/06/136_67089.html. 
  53. ^ Soh, MaryAnn (17 December 2010). "Meeting Michelle Kwan for the first time". AsiaOne (Singapore). http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Sports/Story/A1Story20101218-253391.html. Retrieved June 8, 2011. 
  54. ^ "Public Diplomacy Envoy Michelle Kwan Travels to Singapore January 9–15, Will Meet with Youth and Government Officials". Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. State Department.. 6 January 2011. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/01/154059.htm. Retrieved 8 June 2011. 
  55. ^ Nayak, Shivali (12 January 2011). "Michelle Kwan inspires poly students". The Straits Times. http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_623268.html. Retrieved 8 June 2011. 
  56. ^ CAM Annual Historymakers Awards Banquet
  57. ^ [3]
  58. ^ Associated Press (7 January 2009). "Michelle Kwan to be appointed to President's Council on Physical Fitness". The Honolulu Advertiser. http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/20090107/BREAKING02/90107008/-1/RSS01?source=rss_breaking. Retrieved 13 January 2009. 
  59. ^ "Bush Makes More Last-Minute Appointments". The Washington Post. 7 January 2009. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/federal-eye/2009/01/bush_makes_more_last-minute_ap.html. Retrieved 13 January 2009. 
  60. ^ "Kwan appointed to President's Council on Physical Fitness". United States Olympic Committee. 7 January 2009. http://teamusa.org/news/article/8804. Retrieved 13 January 2009. 
  61. ^ CHSSC News and Notes April 2009
  62. ^ Kennedy, Lauren Page (April 27, 2011). "Michelle Kwan: New Woman in Washington". Washington Flyer. Archived from the original on December 23, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/649JjIn2Q. 
  63. ^ "Michelle Kwan elected to World Figure Skating Hall of Fame". March 14, 2012. http://www.worldskatingmuseum.org/%5Cdocuments%5CWHOF_Class_of_2012_release.pdf. Retrieved March 14, 2014. 

External links[link]


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