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Official Gaeltacht regions in Ireland

Gaeltacht (Irish pronunciation: [ˈɡeːɫ̪t̪ˠəxt̪ˠ]; plural Gaeltachtaí) is the Irish language word meaning an Irish-speaking region. In Ireland, the Gaeltacht, or an Ghaeltacht, refers individually to any, or collectively to all, of the districts where the government recognises that the Irish language is the predominant language, that is, the vernacular spoken at home.^[1] These districts were first officially recognised during the early years of the Irish Free State, after the Gaelic Revival, as part of government policy to restore the Irish language.^[2]

Boundaries[link]

An Ghaeltacht 1926; areas of the island of Ireland which would have qualified for Gaeltacht status according to the recommendations of the first Coimisiún na Gaeltachta

An Ghaeltacht 1956

Although the Gaeltacht came into being in 1926 after the report of the first Coimisiún na Gaeltachta, the exact boundaries of that region were never accurately defined. The quota at the time was 25%+ Irish-speaking, though in many cases status was given to areas that were linguistically weaker than this. The Irish Free State recognised that there were Irish-speaking or semi-Irish-speaking districts in 15 of its 26 counties. Although there were areas of Northern Ireland that would have qualified as being Gaeltacht districts (in 4 out of its 6 counties) the Government of Northern Ireland did not pass any such legislation, and indeed behaved in a way that was very hostile towards the language. (The language was proscribed in state schools within a decade of partition, and public signs in Irish were effectively banned under laws by the Parliament of Northern Ireland, which stated that only English could be used. These were not formally lifted by the British government until the early 1990s.)^{[citation needed]}

Another Coimisiún na Gaeltachta was established in the early 1950s, and it concluded that the Gaeltacht boundaries were ill-defined and recommended that the admittance of an area should be based solely on the strength of the language in the area. The Gaeltacht districts were initially defined precisely in the 1950s. Many areas which had witnessed a decline in the language ceased to be part of the Gaeltacht. This left Gaeltacht areas in 7 of the state's 26 counties (nominally Donegal, Galway, Mayo, Kerry, Cork, and Waterford). The Gaeltacht boundaries have not officially been altered since then, apart from minor changes:^{[citation needed]}

• The inclusion of Clochán-Bréanann in County Kerry in 1974;
• The inclusion of a part of West Muskerry, in County Cork (although the Irish-speaking population had seriously decreased from what it had been before the 1950s); and
• The inclusion of Baile Ghib and Rath Chairn in Meath in 1967.

It is widely believed that, both in 1926 and 1956, many areas were added to the official Gaeltacht on a political, not a linguistic, basis.^{[citation needed]}

In 2002 the third Coimisiún na Gaeltachta published its report^[3] in which it was recommended, among many other things, that the boundaries of the official Gaeltacht should be redrawn. The Coimisiún recommended a comprehensive linguistic study of the Gaeltacht be established to accurately assess the vitality of the Irish language in the remaining Gaeltacht districts.

The study was undertaken by Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge (part of the National University of Ireland, Galway), and "Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch ar Úsáid na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht" ("A Comprehensive Linguistic Study of the Usage of Irish in the Gaeltacht") was published on 1 November 2007.^[4] Concerning Gaeltacht boundaries, it suggested creating three linguistic zones within the Gaeltacht region;

• A - 67%/+ daily Irish speaking - Irish dominant as community language
• B - 44%-66% daily Irish speaking - English dominant, with large Irish speaking minority
• C - 43%/- daily Irish speaking - English dominant, but with Irish speaking minority much higher than the national average

The report continued, suggesting Category A districts should be the State's priority in relation to providing services through Irish and development schemes, and that those areas which fell into Category C which would witness a further decline in the usage of Irish should lose their Gaeltacht status. The entire idea was thwarted by the Ireland's Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs, Éamon Ó Cuív TD, saying that the Gaeltacht could not legally be split into zones.^{[citation needed]} However the Minister failed to provide reasons why such legislation was out of the question.^{[citation needed]}

Demographics[link]

An Ghaeltacht 2007, zones within Category A

At the time of the 2006 census of the Republic of Ireland, the population of the Gaeltacht was 91,862,^[5] approximately 2.1% of the state's 4,239,848 people, with major concentrations of Irish speakers located in the western counties of Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Kerry, and Cork.^[6] There were smaller concentrations in the counties of Waterford in the south and Meath in the east. The Meath Gaeltacht, Ráth Cairn, came about when the government provided a house and 9 hectares (22 acres) for each of 41 families from Connemara and Mayo in the 1930s, in exchange for their original lands. It was not recognised as an official Gaeltacht area until 1967.^[7]

The Gaeltacht districts have historically suffered from mass migration, be that to Dublin, Belfast, Cork, or further afield. Being at the edge of the island they always had fewer railways and roads, and poorer land to farm. This has changed somewhat in the past 20 years due to the change in the economic landscape of Ireland and the development of the Celtic tiger. The Gaeltacht population structure is not significantly different from other districts in Ireland in terms of age distribution. However, Gaeltacht areas are among the most remote in the state. They also tend to be areas of natural beauty, which precipitated the current period of immigration. This is having a negative impact on the vitality of Irish in the area, as many of the people moving into the Gaeltacht cannot or do not speak Irish.^{[citation needed]}

This is particularly the case in the Gaeltacht districts of County Galway, no more so than in the immediate vicinity of Galway city itself where the English-speaking city has extended into the surrounding Gaeltacht area. Many outsiders also have bought holiday homes in the area, resulting in an increase in the cost of property, which has subsequently priced many young Irish-speaking locals out of the market, forcing many of them to settle away from home (almost always in an English-speaking area).^{[citation needed]}

Donegal Gaeltacht[link]

The Donegal (or Tyrconnell) Gaeltacht (Irish: Gaeltacht [Chontae] Dhún na nGall or Gaeltacht Thír Chonaill)^[8][9] has a population of 22,877^[10] (Census 2006) and represents 25% of the total Gaeltacht population. The Donegal Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of 1,502 km² (580 sq mi). This represents 26% of total Gaeltacht land area. The three parishes of Na Rosa, Gaoth Dobhair and Cloch Cheannfhaola constitute the main centre of population of the Donegal Gaeltacht. There are over 16,000 Irish speakers, 14,500 in areas where it is spoken by 30-100% of the population and 1,500 in areas where it is spoken by less than 30%. It is considered to be the most rurally populated area in Europe.^{[by whom?]} In 2006 there were 2 436 people employed in a full time capacity in Údarás na Gaeltachta client companies in the Donegal Gaeltacht. This region is particularly popular with students of the Ulster dialect, each year thousands of students visit the area from Northern Ireland. Donegal is unique in the Gaeltacht regions, as its accent and dialect is unmistakably northern in character. The language has many similarities with Scottish Gaelic, not evident in other Irish dialects.

Signs in Irish in Dungloe, County Donegal.

Gaoth Dobhair in County Donegal is the largest Gaeltacht parish in Ireland, which is home to regional studios of RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta and world-class musicians, such as Proinsias Ó Maonaigh, Altan, Moya Brennan (Máire Ní Bhraonáin), Enya (Eithne), and Clannad, who were all raised with Irish as their first language.^[11]

Meath Gaeltacht[link]

The Meath Gaeltacht (Irish: Gaeltacht [Chontae] na Mí)^[12] is the smallest Gaeltacht area and consists of two adjacent villages of Ráth Cairn and Baile Ghib. Navan, 8 km (5 mi) from Baile Ghib, is the main urban centre within the region, with a population of more than 20,000. The Meath Gaeltacht has a population of 1,603^[10] and represents 2% of the total Gaeltacht population. The Meath Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of 44 km² (17 sq mi). This represents 1% of the total Gaeltacht land area.

The traditional view of the Gaeltacht of "Royal Meath" is that it has a slightly different history from that of the country’s other Irish speaking regions. The two Gaeltachtaí of Baile Ghib and Ráth Cairn are resettled communities, where the Irish government of the 1930s redistributed the vast estates of absentee landlords^{[citation needed]} as small farm holdings to poor farmers from the Gaeltacht areas of Connemara, Mayo and Kerry.

In fact, the first community comprised impoverished families from west Galway that first arrived in April 1935, who had no known ancestral links to County Meath, and were described as "colonists". Forty-nine families were moved to Ráth Cairn, and each was given 9 hectares (22 acres) to farm. In 1937, Baile Ghib (formerly Gibbstown) and Baile Ailin (formerly Allenstown) were established, but the latter settlement failed. In the early years, a large percentage of the population returned to Galway, or emigrated, but finally Ráth Cairn and Baile Ghib were awarded Gaeltacht status in 1967. The original aim of spreading the Irish language into the local community had little effect, and the colonists had had to learn English to farm effectively.^[13]

Mayo Gaeltacht[link]

The Mayo Gaeltacht (Irish: Gaeltacht [Chontae] Mhaigh Eo)^[14] has a total population of 10,523^[10] and represents 11.5% of the total Gaeltacht population. The Mayo Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of 905 km² (349 sq mi). This represents 19% of the total Gaeltacht land area and comprises three distinct areas – Iorrais, Acaill and Tuar Mhic Éadaigh. Béal an Mhuirthead (Belmullet) is the main town in the Mayo Gaeltacht and is 72 km (45 mi) from Ballina, 80 km (50 mi) from Castlebar and 110 km (68 mi) from Ireland West Airport Knock.^{[citation needed]} There are about 4,000 Irish speakers, with 2,151 living in areas where the language is spoken by 30-100% of the population and 1,625 living in areas where it is spoken by less than 30%.

Galway Gaeltacht[link]

The Galway County (Irish: Gaeltacht Chontae na Gaillimhe) and Galway City (Irish: Gaeltacht Chathair na Gaillimhe) Gaeltachtaí^[15] have a combined population of 43,184^[10] and represent 47% of total Gaeltacht population. The Galway Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of 1,225 km² (473 sq mi). This represents 26% of total Gaeltacht land area. The largest settlement areas are An Spidéal and An Cheathrú Rua. An Cheathrú Rua is 48 km (30 mi) west of Galway City, while An Spidéal is 19 km (12 mi) west of Galway City.^{[citation needed]} There are 20,000 Irish speakers in the Gaeltacht, 11,000 Irish speakers in the Cois Fharraige/South Connemara area including the Aran Islands stretching from Na Forbacha to Carna and another 5,000-7,000 in North Connemara (including the border area with County Mayo) and approximately 4,000 Irish speakers living in areas where the language is spoken by less than 30% of the population. There is also a third-level constituent college of NUIG called Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge in An Cheathrú Rua and Carna. The national Irish-language radio station Raidió na Gaeltachta is located in Casla and Foinse newspaper in An Cheathrú Rua and national TV station TG4 in Baile na hAbhann. Galway city is home to the Irish language theatre Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe.

Kerry Gaeltacht[link]

The Kerry Gaeltacht (Irish: Gaeltacht [Chontae] Chiarraí)^[16] consists of two areas – the western half of Corca Dhuibhne (Dingle Peninsula) and central and western parts of Uíbh Ráthach (Iveragh Peninsula). The largest settlement in Corca Dhuibhne is An Daingean and the largest in Uíbh Ráthach is Baile an Sceilg. The Kerry Gaeltacht has a population of 8,446^[10] and represents 9% of total Gaeltacht population. The Kerry Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of 642 km² (248 sq mi). This represents 9% of the total Gaeltacht area.^[17]

Cork Gaeltacht[link]

The Cork Gaeltacht (Irish: Gaeltacht [Chontae] Chorcaí)^[18] consists of two areas – Múscraí and Oileán Chléire. The Múscraí Gaeltacht has a population of 3,660 people^[10] and represents 4% of the total Gaeltacht population. The Cork Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of 262 km² (101 sq mi). This represents 6% of the total Gaeltacht area. The largest Múscraí settlements are the villages of Baile Mhic Íre (Ballymakeera), Baile Bhuirne (Ballyvourney) and Béal Átha an Ghaorthaidh (Ballingeary).

Waterford Gaeltacht[link]

The Waterford Gaeltacht (Irish: Gaeltacht [Chontae] Phort Láirge, Gaeltacht na nDéise or Gaeltacht na Rinne)^[19][20][21] is ten kilometres (six miles) west of Dungarvan. In embraces the Parish of Rinn Ua gCuanach (Ring) and An Sean Phobal (Old Parish). The Waterford Gaeltacht has a population of 1,569 people^[10] and represents 2% of total Gaeltacht population. The Waterford Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of 62 km² (24 sq mi). This represents 1% of total Gaeltacht area.^{[citation needed]}

Neo-Gaeltachtaí[link]

Clare Island[link]

Clare Island (Irish: Oileán Chliara) in County Mayo has been earmarked as a testing ground for the reintroduction of the Irish language. With a small population that reaches 160 in the summer, already has an Irish speaking school principal, and intend to turn the local school into a Gaelscoil. The local residents are all for the experiment, and believe it is an achievable goal. The island is ideally situated near the present Mayo Gaeltacht.^[22]

Dublin[link]

In a special report on Nuacht TG4 news on 13 January 2009, it was confirmed that a group in Ballymun, in conjunction with the local branch of Glór na Gael have received planning permission to build 38 homes for people who want to live in an Irish-speaking community in the heart of the city. There are 4 Gaelscoileanna and Naíonraí creches in the area, as well as a shop where Irish is spoken. Deposits have been paid by those who want to live in such a community. Irish language classes will be organised for those who want to improve their Irish. Completion of the project was initially estimated to happen by the end of 2009. The project is now set to begin by the end of 2011 with completion coming in 2012.

Clare[link]

West Clare is fighting for the return of its Gaeltacht status. Irish language support group Kilrush Coiste Forbartha Gaeltachta has cranked up the pressure on local politicians and Minister Dinny McGinley with a view to restoring Gaeltacht status to Clare. Coiste Forbartha na Gaeltachta Contae an Chláir and its chairman Seósamh Mac Ionnrachtaigh believes that there is a demand for Gaeltacht status, particularly amongst the known 170 people who speak the language on a daily basis in the western part of county Clare. Parts of the county were recognised Gaeltacht areas back in the 1920’s with Irish speakers living west of Ennis in Doonbeg, Ennistimon, Carrigahold and Lisdoonvarna. It’s a long road ahead, he says, but the committee aims to introduce and develop networks amongst Irish speakers in the interim before finalising detailed plans and developing the future Gaeltacht network for the county by 2016.

North America[link]

The Permanent North American Gaeltacht is an area near Erinsville, Ontario in Canada which has been designated a permanent Gaeltacht area.

Gaeltachtaí in Northern Ireland[link]

Belfast[link]

There is an area in Belfast, known as the Gaeltacht Quarter (An Cheathrú Ghaeltachta), where the Irish language is actively promoted. This is mainly situated along the Falls Road (Bothair na bhFal) It has Gaelscoileanna (primary schools), Gaelcholáistí (secondary schools), Naíonraí (crèches), an Irish language restaurant and agencies as well as the Cultúrlann, a cultural centre which also houses Raidió Fáilte (Northern Ireland's only full-time Irish-language radio station). This has grown from the Shaw's Road (Bóthar Seoighe) urban Gaeltacht in the southwest of Belfast. St. Mary's University College Belfast, also situated on Falls road is the only teaching college with a dedicated Irish Medium Unit. It also is home to 'An t-Aisionad' (resource center) which translates and publishes literature in to Irish for use in schools and other organisations in Ireland.

County Londonderry[link]

An area in southern County Londonderry centred on Slaghtneill (Sleacht Néill) and Carntogher (Carn Tóchair), which had gone from being 50% Irish-speaking in 1901 to having only a few speakers by the end of the century, has seen a language revival since the setting up of a naíscoil in 1993 and a gaelscoil in 1994. In 2008 two local organisations launched a "strategy for the rebirth of the Gaeltacht", based on Irish-medium primary and secondary education. Announcing the launch, Éamon Ó Cuív, the Republic's Minister for the Gaeltacht, said that the area was "an example to other areas all over Ireland which are working to reestablish Irish as a community language".^[23]

Administration[link]

The Department of Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs, under the leadership of the Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs, is responsible for the overall Irish Government policy with respect to the Gaeltacht, and supervises the work of the Údarás na Gaeltachta and other bodies. RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta is the RTÉ radio station serving the Gaeltacht and Irish speakers generally. TG4 is the television station which is focused on promoting the Irish language and is based in the County Galway Gaeltacht.

Traffic sign, meaning "Give Way" or "Yield", in County Waterford

In March 2005, Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs Éamon Ó Cuív announced that the government of Ireland would begin listing only the Irish language versions of place names in the Gaeltachtaí as the official names, stripping the official Ordnance Survey of their English equivalents, to bring them up to date with roadsigns in the Gaeltacht, which have been in Irish only since 1970. This was done under a Placenames Order made under the Official Languages Act.^{[citation needed]}

Irish colleges[link]

Irish colleges are residential Irish language summer courses that give students the opportunity to be totally immersed in the language, usually for periods of three weeks over the summer months. During these courses students attend classes and participate in a variety of different activities games, music, art and sport. Not only do these courses provide students with the ability to improve their language skills but they have also proved to be a vehicle for introducing traditional cultural activities (céilís, Irish traditional music etc.) to a new generation.^{[citation needed]}

As with the conventional school set-up The Department of Education establishes the boundaries for class size and qualifications required by teachers. Some courses are college based and others are based with host families in Gaeltacht areas such as Ros Muc in Galway and Ráth Cairn in County Meath, [3] Coláiste Cill Chartha in County Donegal receiving instruction from a bean an tí, or Irish-speaking landlady.^{[citation needed]}

Gaeltacht towns and villages[link]

See also[link]

• Gaeltarra Éireann
• Gàidhealtachd - equivalent region for Scottish Gaelic
• Ulster Irish
• Connacht Irish
• Munster Irish
• Údarás na Gaeltachta
• Y Fro Gymraeg - equivalent region for Welsh
• Shaw's Road
• Permanent North American Gaeltacht (Gaeltacht Bhaile na hÉireann)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Coláiste na bhFiann
• Department of Community, Rural & Gaeltacht Affairs
• http://www.beo.ie/
• http://www.gaeilge.ie/
• http://www.foinse.ie/
• http://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/
• Gaeltacht Tourism
• Údarás na Gaeltachta
• Map of the Gaeltachtaí
• RTE News Report issued on Gaeltacht school Irish levels
• Gaelgeoir group to start new Gaeltacht near city
• [4]
• [5]

Alan Stivell at Nuremberg, Germany, 2007

Alan Stivell (born Alan Cochevelou January 6, 1944) is a Breton musician and singer, recording artist and master of the celtic harp who from the early 1970s revived global interest in the Celtic (specifically Breton) harp and Celtic music as part of world music.^[1]

Background: learning Breton music and culture[link]

Alan was born in the Auvergnat town of Riom. His father Georges (Jord in Breton) Cochevelou was a civil servant in the French Ministry of Finance who achieved his dream of recreating a Celtic or Breton harp in the small town of Gourin, Brittany.^[2] In 1953, Alan began playing the instrument at the age of nine under the tutelage of his father and Denise Megevand, a concert harpist. Alan also learned Celtic mythology, art and history as well as the Breton language, traditional Breton dance and the Scottish bagpipe and the bombarde, a traditional Breton instrument, from the oboe family. Alan began playing concerts at eleven years and studying traditional Breton, English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh folk music, also learning the drum, Irish flute, and tin whistle.^[3] He competed in and won several Breton traditional music competitions in the Bleimor Pipe band.^[4] Alan spent his childhood in Paris, with its cosmopolitan influences from France, Algeria, Morocco and elsewhere. But he fell in love with Breton music and Celtic culture in general, and often went back in his teens to Brittany.^[3]

Alan's first recording came in 1960 ("Musique gaelique"), a single that was followed by the LP Telenn Geltiek in 1964. He already recorded solo harp and harp backing singers in 1959 with Breiz ma bro ("Brittany my country") and a Mouez Breiz EP ("Voice of Brittany") with the female singer Andrea Ar Gouilh. His stage name, "Stivell", means "fountain" or "spring" in Breton. This name refers both to the Breton renewal and to his surname "Cochevelou" (an evolution of kozh stivelloù, "the old fountains").^[3]

Stivell and the Celtic harp revival[link]

With a new bardic harp with bronze strings, Stivell began experimenting with modernized styles of music known as Celtic rock. In 1966, Alan Stivell began to perform and record as a singer. The following year, he was signed by Philips (Universal). This was during the birth of the New Breton and Celtic music movement. In 1968, after two years of touring and regular appearances at the American Students and Artists Center in Paris, Alan joined the Moody Blues onstage to perform in London's Queen Elizabeth Hall.^[5]

In 1970, Stivell released his first hits, the single "Broceliande" and the album "Reflets", both on the Philips record label. He became closely associated with the burgeoning Breton roots revival, especially after the release of the purely instrumental 1971 album Renaissance of the Celtic Harp, which won one of the most famous awards in France, the prize of the Académie Charles Cros.^[4]

The music critic Bruce Elder wrote of the album Renaissance of the Celtic Harp:

People who hear this record are never the same again. Renaissance of the Celtic Harp, one of the most beautiful and haunting records ever made by anybody, introduced the Celtic harp to many thousands of listeners around the world. To call this music gorgeous and ravishing would be the height of understatement—indeed, there aren't words in the English language to describe this record adequately. The opening work, 'Ys', is a piece inspired by the legend of the fifth century capital of the kingdom of Cornwall, (most versions of the legend place the city in the Douarnenez Bay on the coast of Brittany), [said to have been] engulfed by a flood as punishment for its sins. (Debussy wrote one of his finest works, "The Engulfed Cathedral," later adapted by the group Renaissance into "The Harbor" on Ashes Are Burning, based on the same legend). The reflective "Marv Pontkellec" is every bit as sublimely beautiful, but the highlight of this record is "Gaeltacht," a 19 minute musical journey by Stivell's harp across the Gaelic lands of Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man.^[6][7]

On 28 February 1972 Stivell performed a concert in the Olympia theater, the most famous music hall in Paris, where Alan and his band played music combining traditional Celtic music with modern sounds (electric guitar, drums, etc.). This concert made Stivell and his music well known throughout France.^[2] At this time, Stivell's eclectic approach to music was very new and was considered risky, but it soon became popular. Over 1,500,000 records of that concert ("A l'Olympia") were sold. Alan Stivell's new found fame propelled him to tour across France, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. He continued recording, and published a collection of Breton poetry in 1976.^[2] With his 1980 Symphonie Celtique, he mixed for the first time elements of rock, a symphonic orchestra, Celtic instruments and such non-European ethnic elements as Berber vocalist Djourha and sitarist Narendra Bataju.^[4]

The folk music revival faded somewhat in the 1980s. Though Alan Stivell still maintained a popular following, he did not reach the heights of popularity that he had in the 1970s. He continued touring in many parts of the world and recording for a loyal fanbase. He also worked with the English singer Kate Bush.^[4]

Celtic music and world music[link]

In the 1990s, Alan recorded with the French singer Laurent Voulzy, Irish traditional performer Shane MacGowan and Senegalese singer Doudou N'Diaye Rose. The album was Again, and it became very popular in France, the beginning of a Celtic new wave.^[8] Stivell's records in the late 1990s contained more pronounced rock elements, and he performed at a rock festival called Transmusicales in Rennes. He continued working with a variety of musicians, inviting Paddy Moloney (of The Chieftains), Jim Kerr (of Simple Minds), Khaled and Youssou N'Dour to be in his very international 1 Douar / 1 Earth album.^[4]

The 1998 French-language hit "La Tribu de Dana" by rap trio Manau, one of the best-selling French singles of all time, featured a very similar melody to Stivell's "Tri Martolod". Although Stivell sued Manau for the unauthorised sampling, the group claimed that they had modified the original sufficiently, through the addition of lyrics and other changes, to avoid any charges of plagiarism.

Alan's album Again in 1993 was the base for a new wave of his popularity, especially in France and Brittany. Other albums received good critical reviews, such as Brian Boru or 1 Douar ("1 Earth"). In 2002, Alan Stivell released Au-delà des mots ("Beyond Words"), his twenty-first LP. The album featured him playing six different harps, specially dedicated to the Celtic Harp Revival's 50th anniversary.

In 2004, a DVD, Parcours was published by Fox-Pathé. The same year, he wrote a book on the Celtic harp in collaboration with Jean-Noël Verdier: Telenn, la harpe bretonne ("Telenn, the Breton harp").^[9]

In 2006, a new CD called Explore came out in France and other countries, distributed through Harmonia Mundi. This album demonstrates that Stivell is still a leading artist, exploring fusions of Celtic music with electro-rock, raga, hip-hop, etc. with a unique and personal vocal style and a very interesting and original mix of lyrics in Breton, English and French.^[10]

Music critic Bruce Elder has stated: "[Alan Stivell's] harp recordings, with their enveloping lyricism and tightly interwoven patterns of variations, can appeal to more serious listeners of new age music. Stivell's main audience, however, lies with fans of Celtic music and culture, and English folk music. Embracing ancient and modern elements, but (apart from his folk-rock work) making no compromises to modern melodic sensibilities, his music captures the mystery and strangeness of Breton, Irish, Welsh, and Scottish landscapes that are both ageless and timeless. It is haunting, mysterious, and beautiful, with no equivalent in modern popular music and few peers in the realm of commercial folk music."^[3]

Interviews[link]

In a series of interviews in a book called Racines interdites ("Forbidden Roots"), Stivell discusses questions about the Breton language, history and geography, as well as his utopian vision of a world living in meditative harmony with nature. It contains lyrics for 17 of Stivell's songs in the back: "Gwriziad difennet," "Reflets," "Broceliande," "The Wind of Keltia," "Je suis né au milieu de la mer," "An alarc'h," "The Foggy Dew," "Pardon Spezed," "Brezhoneg' raok," "Delivrance," "Digor eo an hent," "Hommes liges des talus en transes," "Ar Gelted kozh," "Rouantelezh Vreizh," "Dugelezh Vreizh," "Emsawadegou," "Fin an naontegwed katwed," "Eil lodenn an ugentwed kantwed," "Da Ewan," and "Naw Breton 'ba' prizon."^[11]

Discography[link]

Original (studio & live) albums[link]

• Telenn Geltiek / Harpe celtique (1964) (studio)
• Reflets / Reflections (1970) (studio)
• Renaissance of the Celtic Harp (1971) (studio)
• A l'Olympia - Olympia Concert (1972) (live)
• Chemins de terre / From Celtic Roots (1973) (studio)
• E Langonned / A Langonnet (1974) (studio)
• E Dulenn / A Dublin / Live In Dublin (1975) (live)
• Trema'n inis / Vers l'île (1976) (studio)
• Raok Dilestra / Avant d'accoster / Before Landing (1977) (studio)
• Un Dewezh barzh gêr / Journée à la maison / A Homecoming (1978) (studio)
• Symphonie Celtique (Tir na-nOg) / Celtic Symphony (1979) (studio)
• Terre des vivants / Tir an dud vew (1981) (studio)
• Légende / Legend / Mojenn (1983) (studio)
• Harpes du Nouvel Âge / Telenn a' Skuih-dour (1985) (studio)
• The Mist Of Avalon (1991) (studio)
• Again (1993) (studio)
• Brian Boru (1995) (studio)
• 1 Douar / 1 Earth (1998) (studio)
• Back To Breizh (1999) (studio)
• Au-delà des mots / Beyond Words (2002) (studio)
• Explore (2006) (studio)
• Emerald (2009) (studio)

A l'Olympia and In Dublin were actually recorded live, but featured only tracks never released previously

Live album[link]

• International Tour / Tro ar Bed (1979) (live)

Compilations[link]

• Grand Succès d'Alan Stivell (c 1975)
• Celtic Rock (1976)
• Alan Stivell (1982)
• 70/95 Zoom (1997)
• Ar pep gwellañ (le best of) (2012)

References[link]

1. ^ Bruce Elder, Alan Stivell Biography. All Music Guide http://new.music.yahoo.com/alan-stivell/biography/ (last accessed 15 July 2009)
2. ^ ^{a b c} JT Koch (ed). Celtic Culture. A Historical Encyclopaedia ABC-CLIO 2006 pp 1627-1628
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Bruce Elder, Alan Stivell Biography. All Music Guide http://new.music.yahoo.com/alan-stivell/biography/ (last accessed 15 July 2009
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} RFI Music. Alan Stivell. Biography. RFI Music. http://www.rfimusique.com/siteen/biographie/biographie_6138.asp (last accessed 15 July 2009)
5. ^ JT Koch (ed). Celtic Culture. A Historical Encyclopaedia ABC-CLIO 2006 pp 1627-1628.
6. ^ Bruce Elder. All Music Guide, http://www.answers.com/topic/renaissance-of-the-celtic-harp (last accessed 15 July 2009)
7. ^ Guyot, Charles. The Legend of the City of Ys, Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1979.
8. ^ Stephen D. Winick Breton Folk Music, Breton Identity, and Alan Stivell's Again.The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 108, No. 429 (Summer, 1995), pp. 334-354 http://www.jstor.org/stable/541889 (last accessed 15 July 2009)
9. ^ Alain Stivell and Jean-Noël Verdier. Telenn, la harpe bretonne. Le Télégramme 2004 ISBN 2-84833-078-3 ISBN 978-2848330785
10. ^ Jim Chokey. Discography. Alan Stivell. http://www.ceolas.org/artists/Stivell.html (last accessed 15 July 2009)
11. ^ Alan Stivell. Racines interdites. Interviews conducted by Jacques Erwan and Marc Legras Musiques et Musiciens series 1978

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alan Stivell

• Alan Stivell (English, Breton and French language)
• Alan Stivell's blog
• Album track listings
• Harpographie (French language and Breton language)
• Alan Stivell at discogs.com
• Alan Stivell at Rate Your Music.com