- published: 06 Sep 2011
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- author: cctv9travelogue
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![[Beautiful China 720HD] Anhui Province / 安徽](http://web.archive.org./web/20121125043338im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/6n39LfAzlKY/default.jpg "Date: 2009-01-07 Resolution: 720HD Program: Beautiful China Title: Anhui Province / 安徽Video Series ID: ileOR#OPFQpeS80oNqypAA==")
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Anhui
Coordinates: 31°50′N 117°0′E / 31.833°N 117°E / 31.833; 117
Anhui (Chinese: 安徽; pinyin: Ānhuī; Wade–Giles: An-hui, Mandarin pronunciation: [ánxwéi]) is a province in the People's Republic of China. Located in eastern China across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, it borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a tiny section in the north. The capital of the province is Hefei.
The name "Anhui" derives from the names of two cities in south Anhui, Anqing and Huizhou (now Huangshan City). The abbreviation for Anhui is "皖" (Wǎn), because there were historically a State of Wan, a Mount Wan, and a Wan river in the province.
The province of Anhui was formed in the seventeenth century. Before then, there was no coherent concept of "Anhui". Northern Anhui was firmly a part of the North China Plain in terms of culture, together with modern-day Henan province. Central Anhui constituted most of the fertile and densely-populated Huai He River watershed. Southern Anhui, along the Yangtze, was closer to Hubei and southern Jiangsu provinces in culture. Finally, the hills of southeastern Anhui formed a unique and distinct cultural sphere of its own.
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Anhui University
Anhui University is located in Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province, China. Founded in 1928 in Anqing, named 'National Anhui University' in 1946 and moved to Hefei in 1958, Anhui University is now supported by the government under Project 211. The university currently has approximately 27,000 students and 2500 staff including 1522 faculty members. Consisting of 14 college & faculties, Anhui University's broad-based education covers philosophy, economics, law, literature, history, science, engineering and management. Its motto is 'honest, resolute, erudite, discreet'. Anhui University has provided higher education in fundamental knowledge, professional skills, social responsibility and innovative concepts for over 170,000 students in the past 80 years. Additionally, the university hosted the 7th Forum for Presidents from Asian Universities in the year of its 80th anniversary.Anhui University is located in Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province, China. Founded in 1928 in Anqing, named 'National Anhui University' in 1946 and moved to Hefei in 1958, Anhui University is now supported by the government under Project 211. The university currently has approximately 27,000 students and 2500 staff including 1522 faculty members. Consisting of 14 college & faculties, Anhui University's broad-based education covers philosophy, economics, law, literature, history, science, engineering and management. Its motto is 'honest, resolute, erudite, discreet'. Anhui University has provided higher education in fundamental knowledge, professional skills, social responsibility and innovative concepts for over 170,000 students in the past 80 years. Additionally, the university hosted the 7th Forum for Presidents from Asian Universities in the year of its 80th anniversary.
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Appalachia
Appalachia is a term used to describe a cultural region in the eastern United States that stretches from the Southern Tier of New York state to northern Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia. While the Appalachian Mountains stretch from Belle Isle in Canada to Cheaha Mountain in the U.S. state of Alabama, the cultural region of Appalachia typically refers only to the central and southern portions of the range. As of 2005, the region was home to approximately 23 million people.
Since its recognition as a distinctive region in the late 19th century, Appalachia has been a source of enduring myths and distortions regarding the isolation, temperament, and behavior of its inhabitants. Early 20th-century writers focused on sensationalistic aspects of the region's culture, such as moonshining and clan feuding, and often portrayed the region's inhabitants as uneducated and prone to impulsive acts of violence. Sociological studies in the 1960s and 1970s helped to re-examine and dispel these stereotypes, although popular media continue to perpetuate the image of Appalachia as a culturally backward region into the 21st century.
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Bagongshan District
Bagongshan District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Huainan city.
Coordinates: 32°37′58″N 116°50′24″E / 32.6329°N 116.84°E / 32.6329; 116.84
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Baohe District
Baohe District (simplified Chinese: 包河区; traditional Chinese: 包河區; pinyin: Bāohé Qū) is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Hefei city. The district has a surface of 294.94 km² and a population of 817,686 inhabitants. It governs 7 subdistricts and 2 towns.
Coordinates: 31°46′47″N 117°19′23″E / 31.7797°N 117.323°E / 31.7797; 117.323
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Beijing
Beijing (
/beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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Bengbu
Bengbu (Chinese: 蚌埠, pinyin: Bèngbù), formerly known as P'engpu and Peng-pu, is a prefecture-level city with a population of 3,164,467 at the last census (including rural residents) in northern Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. Its name means "Oyster Wharf" in Chinese, echoing its former reputation as a freshwater pearl fishery.
Its built-up area is home to 802,575 inhabitants spread on the 4 urban districts. This agglomeration is about to include Huaiyuan county in Bengbu as well as Fengyang county in Chuzhou municipality which would soon make an agglomeration of 2,609,820 inhabitants.
The prefecture-level city of Bengbu administers seven county-level divisions, including four districts and three counties.
These are further divided into 74 township-level divisions, including 36 towns, 19 townships and 19 subdistricts.
Bengbu is located 135 kilometres (84 mi) north of Nanjing, on the Huai River. It is divided into two parts: greater Bengbu on the south bank of the river and little Bengbu on the north bank.
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Bengshan District
Bengshan District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Bengbu city.
Subdistricts:
Townships:
Coordinates: 32°56′38.67″N 117°21′45.62″E / 32.944075°N 117.3626722°E / 32.944075; 117.3626722
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Bozhou
Bozhou (Chinese: 亳州; pinyin: Bózhōu) is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Anhui province, People's Republic of China. It borders Huaibei to the northeast, Bengbu to the southeast, Huainan to the south, Fuyang to the southwest, and the province of Henan to the north.
The prefecture-level city of Bozhou administers 4 county-level divisions, including 1 district and 3 counties.
Bozhou features a humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cwa) with four distinct seasons. With an annual average temperature of 14.7 °C (58.5 °F), monthly mean temperatures range from 0.6 °C (33.1 °F) in January to 27.3 °C (81.1 °F) in August. Winters are damp and cold (yet the precipitation is low) while summers are hot and humid. Rainfall is heavily concentrated in the warmer months, as more than half of the annual total occurs from June to August.
Bozhou was, in addition to being a prefecture during the Tang Dynasty, once the Qiao Commandry (谯郡) at the time of the Sui Dynasty.
In 1355, during the Mongol Dynasty, Han Lin'er (韓林兒) was proclaimed by Liu Futong (劉福通) to be the Emperor of Great Song (大宋, a reference to the extinct Song Empire) with the era name Longfeng (龍鳳 "Dragon and fenghuang"). Chao was nicknamed "The Little Ming King" (小明王).
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Changfeng County
Changfeng County (simplified Chinese: 长丰县; traditional Chinese: 長豐縣; pinyin: Chángfēng Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the administration of Hefei city. The county has a surface of 1,922.24 km² and a population of 629,535 inhabitants. It contains 9 towns, 6 townships, and a development zone.
Coordinates: 32°11′18″N 117°11′10″E / 32.1883°N 117.186°E / 32.1883; 117.186
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Chizhou
Chizhou (Chinese: 池州; pinyin: Chízhōu) is a prefecture-level city in Anhui province, People's Republic of China. It borders Anqing to the northwest, Tongling and Wuhu to the northeast, Xuancheng to the east, Huangshan to the southeast, and the province of Jiangxi to the southwest.
Mount Jiuhua (Jǐuhuáshān), located in Qingyang county, is one of the four sacred mountains of Chinese Buddhism.
The prefecture-level city of Chizhou administers four county-level divisions, including one district and three counties.
Chizhou is served by the Tongling–Jiujiang Railway.
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Daguan District
Daguan District (simplified Chinese: 大观区;; traditional Chinese: 大觀區; pinyin: Dàguān Qū) is a district of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China under the jurisdiction of Anqing City. It has a population of 267,000 (2005) and an area of 203.9 square kilometres (79 sq mi).
Daguan District has jurisdiction over seven subdistricts, including Haikou Town and Yamaguchi Township.
Towns:
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Dangshan County
Dangshan County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Suzhou city.
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Dangtu County
Dangtu County (simplified Chinese: 当涂县; traditional Chinese: 當涂縣; pinyin: Dǎngtu Xiàn) is the only county under the jurisdiction of Ma'anshan City in eastern Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
Dangtu is one of the longest established counties in eastern China and formed part of the Taiping Prefecture during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Dangtu County has a long history of more than 2000 years as a county.It was called Danyang (丹阳) in Qin Dynasty. While in Sui Dynasty it got the name as "Dangtu" 当涂. A famous poet named Xie Tiao (谢朓) once praised Dangtu County as the place of beautiful mountains and rivers. Li Bai had come to Dangtu seven times. His uncle used to be the governor of Dangtu County. There is a memorial to the famous Chinese poet, Li Bai (aka Li Po c.700-762), who is said to have drowned at Dangtu after attempting to embrace the reflection of the moon. While this is only a local legend, Dangtu people always feel familiar with many poems Li Bai wrote because the beautiful scenaries described in those poems are actually those of the places in which they always lived all their lives.
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Dingyuan County
Dingyuan County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Chuzhou city.
Coordinates: 32°27′46″N 117°35′34″E / 32.46278°N 117.59278°E / 32.46278; 117.59278
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Dongzhi County
Dongzhi County (simplified Chinese: 东至县; traditional Chinese: 東至縣; pinyin: Dōngzhì Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Chizhou City. It has a population of 530,000 and an area of 3,256 square kilometres (1,257 sq mi). The government of Dongzhi County is located in Yaodu Town.
Dongzhi County has jurisdiction over ten towns and 21 townships.
Towns:
Townships:
Dongzhi is served by the Tongling–Jiujiang Railway.
Coordinates: 30°02′20″N 117°02′59″E / 30.03889°N 117.04972°E / 30.03889; 117.04972
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Duji District
Duji District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Huaibei city.
Coordinates: 33°59′38″N 116°49′44″E / 33.9939°N 116.829°E / 33.9939; 116.829
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Fanchang County
Fanchang County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Wuhu city.
Coordinates: 31°04′59″N 118°12′00″E / 31.083°N 118.2°E / 31.083; 118.2
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Feidong County
Feidong County (simplified Chinese: 肥东县; traditional Chinese: 肥東縣; pinyin: Féidōng Xiàn) is a county to the east of Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. The county has a surface of 2,215.53 km² and a population of 861,960 inhabitants. It contains 18 towns and 2 development zones.
Coordinates: 32°00′58″N 117°35′05″E / 32.01611°N 117.58472°E / 32.01611; 117.58472
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Feixi County
Feixi County (simplified Chinese: 肥西县; traditional Chinese: 肥西縣; pinyin: Féixī Xiàn) is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Hefei city. The county has a surface of 2,053.19 km² and a population of 858,895 inhabitants.
Coordinates: 31°43′33″N 116°58′36″E / 31.72583°N 116.97667°E / 31.72583; 116.97667
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Fengtai County
Fengtai County (凤台县) is a county of Anhui Province (安徽省), China. It is under the administration of Huainan city (淮南市).
Coordinates: 32°42′06″N 116°42′47″E / 32.7018°N 116.713°E / 32.7018; 116.713
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Fengyang County
Fengyang County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Chuzhou, a prefecture-level city.
As most counties in China, Fengyang County is divided into towns (zhen) and townships (xiang). The county seat is in Fucheng Town.
Towns:
The only township is Huangwan Township (黄湾乡)
Some maps (maps.sogou.com) also show Xiangxi and Xiangnan townships just to the west and south of the county seat, respectively.
During the Xia, Shang and early Zhou dynasties, the Dongyi peoples inhabited this area and were collectively known as the Huaiyi after the Huai River. During the late Western Zhou Period and the early Spring and Autumn Period, the Dongyi became increasingly sinicized and formed their own states. During the late Spring and Autumn Period, the once-powerful Dongyi state of Xu was pressured from all directions and destroyed through a series of wars with its neighbors, such as the Chu State and the Wu State. Another Dongyi State was the small Zhongli State, which was a part of the Huaiyi Confederation led by the State of Xu. Tombs belonging to the royalty of the Zhongli State were discovered in excavations between 2005 and 2008 near Fengyang. Eventually, the Huaiyi peoples were either pushed south or assimilated.
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Former Qin
The Former Qin (351-394) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. Founded by the Fu family of the Di ethnicity, it completed the unification of North China in 376. Its capital had been Xi'an up to the death of the ruler Fu Jiān. Despite its name, the Former Qin was much later and less powerful than the Qin Dynasty which ruled all of China during the 3rd century BCE. The adjective "former" is used to distinguish it from the "Later Qin" state (384-417).
The defeat of the Former Qin in the Battle of Fei River and the subsequent uprisings split the Former Qin territory into two noncontiguous pieces after the death of Fu Jiān: one located at present day Taiyuan, Shanxi and was soon overwhelmed in 386 by the Xianbei under the Later Yan and the Dingling. The other struggled in its greatly reduced territories around the border of present day Shaanxi and Gansu until disintegration in 394 under years of invasions by the Western Qin and the Later Qin.
In 327, the Gaochang commandery was created by the Former Liang under the Han chinese ruler Zhang Gui. After this, significant Han chinese settlement occurred, a major, large part of the population becoming Chinese. In 383 The General Lu Guang of the Former Qin seized control of the region.
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Fujian
Coordinates: 25°54′N 118°18′E / 25.9°N 118.3°E / 25.9; 118.3
Fujian (help·info) (Chinese: 福建), formerly romanised as Fukien or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jianzhou (a former name for Jian'ou) two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. With a Han majority, it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China.
Most of Fujian is administered by the People's Republic of China. However, the archipelagos of Kinmen and Matsu are under the control of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Thus, there are two provinces (in the sense of government organizations): the Fujian Province administered by the People's Republic of China and the Fujian Province of the Republic of China.
Recent archaeological discoveries demonstrate that Fujian had entered the Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells, bones, jades, and ceramics (including wheel-made-ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels, a definitive evidence of weaving.
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Funan County
Funan County (simplified Chinese: 阜南县; traditional Chinese: 阜南縣; pinyin: Fùnán Xiàn) is a county of western Anhui Province, East China, under the administration of Fuyang City.
Funan has an area of 1,768 square kilometres (683 sq mi) and a population of 1,553,000.
Funan County administers twenty towns and 11 townships. Former divisions are indicated in italics.
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Gansu
Coordinates: 38°0′N 102°20′E / 38°N 102.333°E / 38; 102.333
Gansu (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 甘肃; traditional Chinese: 甘肅; pinyin: Gānsù; Wade–Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.
It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province.
Gansu has a population of 26 million (2009) and has a large concentration of Hui Chinese, and the historical home, along with Shaanxi of the dialect of the Dungans, who are Hui who migrated to Central Asia. The southwestern corner of Gansu is home to a large Tibetan population. The capital is Lanzhou, located in the southeast part of the province. Gansu is abbreviated as "甘" (Gān) or "陇" (Lǒng), and is also known as Long West or Long Right, in reference to the Long Mountain east of Gansu.
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Guangde County
Guangde County is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China under the jurisdiction of Xuancheng City. The county has a population of 510,000 and an area of 2,165 metres (7,103 ft). The seat of government is at Taozhou Town.
Guangde County has jurisdiction over six towns and ten townships.
On July 19, 1964 China launched and recovered its first successful experimental biological rocket carrying eight white mice from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Base 603 launch site in Shijie Town (誓节镇) within the county.
Prior to the late 19th century, most residents spoke a Jianghuai Mandarin dialect. Thereafter many people in the southern and eastern parts of the county began to speak Old Guangde dialect, a Taihu Wu Chinese dialect closely related to that of Suzhou dialect and Shanghainese. Most residents also speak the Southwestern Mandarin Guangde dialect.
Coordinates: 30°51′41″N 119°19′30″E / 30.86139°N 119.325°E / 30.86139; 119.325
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Guangdong
Coordinates: 23°24′N 113°30′E / 23.4°N 113.5°E / 23.4; 113.5
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province. It surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are amongst the most populous and important cities in China.
Since 1989 Guangdong has topped the total GDP rankings among all provincial-level divisions, with Jiangsu and Shandong second and third in rank. According to provincial annual preliminary statistics, Guangdong's GDP in 2010 reached CNY 4,550 billion, or USD 689.02 billion, making its economy roughly the same size as that of Turkey or Indonesia. Guangdong has the fourth highest GDP per capita among all provinces of mainland China, after Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Liaoning. The province contributes approximately 12% of the PRC's national economic output, and is home to the production facilities and offices of a wide-ranging set of multinational and Chinese corporations. Guangdong also hosts the largest Import and Export Fair in China called the Canton Fair in Guangdong's capital city Guangzhou.
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Guichi District
Guichi District (simplified Chinese: 贵池区; traditional Chinese: 貴池區; pinyin: Guìchí Qū) is a district of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China under the jurisdiction of Chizhou City and the seat of the city government. The district has a population of 630,000 and an area of 2,432 square kilometres (939 sq mi).
Guichi County has jurisdiction over two subdistricts, eight towns and nineteen townships.
Coordinates: 30°39′36″N 117°28′48″E / 30.66°N 117.48°E / 30.66; 117.48
Zhujia, Ruanqiao, Gaojiling have merged into a town named Qiujiang.
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Guzhen County
Guzhen County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Bengbu city.
Towns
Townships
Coordinates: 33°14′37″N 117°22′11″E / 33.24361°N 117.36972°E / 33.24361; 117.36972
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Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 汉朝; traditional Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ao; IPA: [xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) (206 BCE – 220 CE) was an imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and Chinese characters are referred to as "Han characters".
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Hanshan County
Hanshan County (simplified Chinese: 含山县; traditional Chinese: 含山縣; pinyin: Hánshān Xiàn) is a district of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China under the jurisdiction of Ma'anshan City. It has a population of 440,000 and an area of 1,028 square kilometres (397 sq mi). The government of Hanshan County is located in Huanfeng Town.
Hanshan County has jurisdiction over eight towns and seven townships.
Coordinates: 31°37′54″N 118°00′39″E / 31.63167°N 118.01083°E / 31.63167; 118.01083
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He County
He County (Chinese: 和县; pinyin: Hé Xiàn) is a district of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Ma'anshan. It has a population of 650,000 and an area of 1,412 square kilometres (545 sq mi). The government of He County is located in Liyang Town.
He County has jurisdiction over eleven towns and four townships.
Fossils of Homo erectus, a predecessor of modern humans, were excavated from Longtandong cave on the side of Wanjiashan mountain in Hexian between 1980 and 1981.
Coordinates: 31°40′50″N 118°16′13″E / 31.68056°N 118.27028°E / 31.68056; 118.27028
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Hebei
Coordinates: 39°18′N 116°42′E / 39.3°N 116.7°E / 39.3; 116.7
Hebei (help·info) (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: Héběi; Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a province of the People's Republic of China in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "冀" (jì), named after Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province (zhou) that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei means "north of the river", referring to its location completely above the Yellow River.
In 1928, Hebei was formed after the central government dissolved the province of Chih-li (直隸), which means "Directly Ruled (by the Imperial Court)".
Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities, which border each other, were carved out of Hebei. The province borders Liaoning to the northeast, Inner Mongolia to the north, Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, and Shandong to the southeast. Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea is to the east. A small part of Hebei, an exclave disjointed from the rest of the province, is wedged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.
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Hefei
Hefei (Chinese: 合肥, p Héféi, w Ho-fei) is the capital and largest city of Anhui Province in Eastern China. A prefecture-level city, it is the political, economic, and cultural centre of Anhui. Located in the central portion of the province, it borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Chaohu to the southeast and Lu'an to the west.
Hefei has an area of 7,048 km² and, as of 2010 Census, a population of 5,702,466 inhabitants. Its built-up area ("metro") is home to 3,352,076 inhabitants encompassing all urban districts.
From the 8th to the 6th century BC, Hefei was the site of many small states, later a part of the Chu kingdom. Many archaeological finds dating from this period have been made. The name Hefei was first given to the county set up in the area under the Han dynasty in the 2nd century BC. During the 4th to the 6th century AD, this crucial border region between northern and southern states was much fought over; its name and administrative status were consequently often changed. During the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) periods, it became the seat of Lu prefecture — a title it kept until the 15th century, when it became a superior prefecture named Luzhou.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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Hongcun
Hongcun (Chinese: 宏村; pinyin: Hóngcūn) is a village in Yi County county, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, near the southwest slope of Mount Huangshan.
The village is arranged in the shape of an ox with the nearby hill (Leigang Hill) interpreted as the head, and two trees standing on it as the horns. Four bridges across the Jiyin stream can be seen as the legs whilst the houses of the village form the body. Inside the “body”, the Jiyin stream represents the intestines and various lakes such as the “South Lake” (Nanhu) form the other internal organs.
The architecture and carvings of the approximately 150 residences dating back to the Ming and Qing Dynasties are said to be among the best of their kind in China.[citation needed] One of the biggest of the residences open to visitors, Chenzhi Hall, also contains a small museum.
Together with Xidi, the village became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. Scenes from the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon were filmed on location in Hongcun.
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Huai He
The Huai River (Chinese: 淮河; pinyin: Huái Hé) is a major river in China. The Huai River is located about mid-way between the Yellow River and Yangtze River, the two largest rivers in China, and like them runs from west to east. However, the Huai River does not flow all the way to the sea, making it notoriously vulnerable to flooding.
The Huai River-Qin Mountains line is generally regarded as the geographical dividing line between North China and South China. This line approximates the 0 degree January isotherm and the 800 mm isohyet in China.
The Huai river has a length of 1,078 kilometers and a drainage area of 174,000 square kilometers.
The Huai River originates in Tongbai Mountain in Henan province. It flows through southern Henan, northern Anhui, and northern Jiangsu, entering the Yangtze River at Jiangdu, Yangzhou.
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Huai River
The Huai River (Chinese: 淮河; pinyin: Huái Hé) is a major river in China. The Huai River is located about mid-way between the Yellow River and Yangtze River, the two largest rivers in China, and like them runs from west to east. However, the Huai River does not flow all the way to the sea, making it notoriously vulnerable to flooding.
The Huai River-Qin Mountains line is generally regarded as the geographical dividing line between North China and South China. This line approximates the 0 degree January isotherm and the 800 mm isohyet in China.
The Huai river has a length of 1,078 kilometers and a drainage area of 174,000 square kilometers.
The Huai River originates in Tongbai Mountain in Henan province. It flows through southern Henan, northern Anhui, and northern Jiangsu, entering the Yangtze River at Jiangdu, Yangzhou.
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Huaining County
Huaining County (Chinese: 怀宁县t=懷寧縣) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Anqing City. It has a population of 790,000 and an area of 1,543 square kilometres (596 sq mi). The government of Huaining County was originally based in Shipai (石牌镇) Town and moved to its current location in Gaohe Town (高河镇) on Jan. 18th, 2002.
Huaining County has jurisdiction over sixteen towns and seven townships.
Towns
Townships:
Huaining County is noted for its Huangmeixi Opera, one of the sources of Peking Opera.
Coordinates: 30°32′51″N 116°46′38″E / 30.5475°N 116.77722°E / 30.5475; 116.77722
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Huaishang District
Huaishang District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Bengbu city.
The only subdistrict is Huaibin Subdistrict (淮滨街道).
Towns
The only township is Meiqiao Township (梅桥乡).
Coordinates: 32°57′57.63″N 117°21′13.46″E / 32.9660083°N 117.3537389°E / 32.9660083; 117.3537389
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Huaiyuan County
Huaiyuan County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Bengbu city.
Towns
Townships
Coordinates: 33°02′53″N 117°01′09″E / 33.04806°N 117.01917°E / 33.04806; 117.01917
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Huan Chu
Huan Xuan (桓玄) (369–404), courtesy name Jingdao (敬道), nickname Lingbao (靈寶), formally Emperor Wudao of Chu (楚武悼帝), was a Jin Dynasty (265-420) warlord who briefly took over the imperial throne from Emperor An of Jin and declared his own state of Chu in 403, but was defeated by an uprising led by the general Liu Yu in 404 and killed. He was the youngest son of Huan Wen.
Huan Xuan was born in 369, as the youngest son of Huan Wen, then the paramount general of Jin, and his wife, Sima Xingnan (司馬興男) the Princess of Nankang, the daughter of Emperor Ming of Jin. (An alternative account has him as born of Huan Wen's concubine Lady Ma.) When Huan Wen died in 373, his title should have gone to his heir apparent Huan Xi (桓熙), his oldest son. However, Huan Chong, Huan Wen's brother whom Huan Wen entrusted the command of the army to, believed (correctly) that Huan Xi was in a plot with another brother of Huan Wen's, Huan Mi (桓秘), and another son of Huan Wen's, Huan Ji (桓濟), to assassinate him and take power, and so detained Huan Xi, Huan Ji, and Huan Mi. Instead, he declared that it was Huan Wen's desire that his title be passed to Huan Xuan, and so Huan Xuan, at age four, inherited the title of Duke of Nan Commandery, with the dukedom roughly corresponding to modern Jingzhou, Hubei.
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Huan Xuan
Huan Xuan (桓玄) (369–404), courtesy name Jingdao (敬道), nickname Lingbao (靈寶), formally Emperor Wudao of Chu (楚武悼帝), was a Jin Dynasty (265-420) warlord who briefly took over the imperial throne from Emperor An of Jin and declared his own state of Chu in 403, but was defeated by an uprising led by the general Liu Yu in 404 and killed. He was the youngest son of Huan Wen.
Huan Xuan was born in 369, as the youngest son of Huan Wen, then the paramount general of Jin, and his wife, Sima Xingnan (司馬興男) the Princess of Nankang, the daughter of Emperor Ming of Jin. (An alternative account has him as born of Huan Wen's concubine Lady Ma.) When Huan Wen died in 373, his title should have gone to his heir apparent Huan Xi (桓熙), his oldest son. However, Huan Chong, Huan Wen's brother whom Huan Wen entrusted the command of the army to, believed (correctly) that Huan Xi was in a plot with another brother of Huan Wen's, Huan Mi (桓秘), and another son of Huan Wen's, Huan Ji (桓濟), to assassinate him and take power, and so detained Huan Xi, Huan Ji, and Huan Mi. Instead, he declared that it was Huan Wen's desire that his title be passed to Huan Xuan, and so Huan Xuan, at age four, inherited the title of Duke of Nan Commandery, with the dukedom roughly corresponding to modern Jingzhou, Hubei.
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Huangshan (city)
Huangshan (Chinese: 黄山; pinyin: Huángshān), is a prefecture-level city in southern Anhui province, east China. Huangshan means Yellow Mountain in Chinese and the city is named after the famously scenic Yellow Mountains which cover much of the city's vast geographic expanse. The prefectural city of Huangshan includes three urban districts and four counties. The urban center of Huangshan was originally the city of Tunxi, and is now called Tunxi District. Locals still call the city Tunxi to distinguish urban core from other parts of Huangshan.
Huangshan occupies the southernmost part of Anhui. It is bordered by Chizhou to the northwest, Xuancheng to the northeast, Jiangxi Province to the southwest and Zhejiang Province to the southeast. Huangshan's history dates back to the time of the First Emperor. The city's current jurisdiction covers much of the historical and cultural region of Huizhou (徽州), which together with Anqing formed the name of Anhui Province. Huangshan is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Mount Huangshan and Hongcun and Xidi, the ancient villages of southern Anhui. It is a leading tourist destination in China.
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Huangshan city
Huangshan (Chinese: 黄山; pinyin: Huángshān), is a prefecture-level city in southern Anhui province, east China. Huangshan means Yellow Mountain in Chinese and the city is named after the famously scenic Yellow Mountains which cover much of the city's vast geographic expanse. The prefectural city of Huangshan includes three urban districts and four counties. The urban center of Huangshan was originally the city of Tunxi, and is now called Tunxi District. Locals still call the city Tunxi to distinguish urban core from other parts of Huangshan.
Huangshan occupies the southernmost part of Anhui. It is bordered by Chizhou to the northwest, Xuancheng to the northeast, Jiangxi Province to the southwest and Zhejiang Province to the southeast. Huangshan's history dates back to the time of the First Emperor. The city's current jurisdiction covers much of the historical and cultural region of Huizhou (徽州), which together with Anqing formed the name of Anhui Province. Huangshan is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Mount Huangshan and Hongcun and Xidi, the ancient villages of southern Anhui. It is a leading tourist destination in China.
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Huangshan City
Huangshan (Chinese: 黄山; pinyin: Huángshān), is a prefecture-level city in southern Anhui province, east China. Huangshan means Yellow Mountain in Chinese and the city is named after the famously scenic Yellow Mountains which cover much of the city's vast geographic expanse. The prefectural city of Huangshan includes three urban districts and four counties. The urban center of Huangshan was originally the city of Tunxi, and is now called Tunxi District. Locals still call the city Tunxi to distinguish urban core from other parts of Huangshan.
Huangshan occupies the southernmost part of Anhui. It is bordered by Chizhou to the northwest, Xuancheng to the northeast, Jiangxi Province to the southwest and Zhejiang Province to the southeast. Huangshan's history dates back to the time of the First Emperor. The city's current jurisdiction covers much of the historical and cultural region of Huizhou (徽州), which together with Anqing formed the name of Anhui Province. Huangshan is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Mount Huangshan and Hongcun and Xidi, the ancient villages of southern Anhui. It is a leading tourist destination in China.
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Huangshan District
Huangshan District is a district of Huangshan City, Anhui province, People's Republic of China. It has s population of 160,000 and an area of 1,669 square kilometres (644 sq mi). The government of Huangshan District is located in Jintai Town. The renowned Huangshan Mountain is located within the district.
Huangshan District has jurisdiction over six towns and eight townships.
Coordinates: 30°17′21″N 118°07′48″E / 30.28917°N 118.13°E / 30.28917; 118.13
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Huashan District
Huashan District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Ma'anshan city.
Coordinates: 31°42′10″N 118°30′13″E / 31.70278°N 118.50361°E / 31.70278; 118.50361
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Hubei
Hubei (help·info) (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade–Giles: Hu-pei; Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting. The provincial capital is Wuhan.
Hubei is officially abbreviated to "鄂" (È), an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the Qin dynasty, while a popular name for Hubei is "楚" (Chǔ), after the powerful state of Chu that existed here during the Eastern Zhou dynasty. It borders Henan to the north, Anhui to the east, Jiangxi to the southeast, Hunan to the south, Chongqing to the west, and Shaanxi to the northwest. The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang, in the west of the province.
By the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 BC), the territory of today's Hubei was part of the powerful state of Chu. Chu was nominally a tributary state of the Zhou Dynasty, and it was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north; but it was also culturally unique, and was a powerful state that held onto much of the middle and lower Yangtze River, with power extending northwards into the North China Plain.
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Huizhou District
Huizhou District (Chinese: 徽州区t=徽州區; pinyin: Huīzhōu Qū) is a district of Huangshan City, Anhui province, People's Republic of China. It has a population of 100,000[when?] and an area of 424 square kilometres (164 sq mi).
Huizhou District has jurisdiction over one town and six townships.
Coordinates: 29°49′27″N 118°20′27″E / 29.82417°N 118.34083°E / 29.82417; 118.34083
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Huoqiu County
Huoqui County (simplified Chinese: 霍邱县; traditional Chinese: 霍邱縣; pinyin: Huòqiū Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Lu'an City. It has a population of 1,640,000 and an area of 3,774 square kilometres (1,457 sq mi). The government of Huoqiu County is located in Chengguan Town.
Huoqiu County has jurisdiction over 21 towns and 11 townships.
Coordinates: 32°09′48″N 116°10′13″E / 32.16333°N 116.17028°E / 32.16333; 116.17028
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Huoshan County
Huoshan County (simplified Chinese: 霍山县; traditional Chinese: 霍山縣) is a district of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China under the jurisdiction of Lu'an City. It has a population of 370,000 and an area of 2,042 square kilometres (788 sq mi). The government of Huoshan County is located in Hengshan Town.
Huoshan County has jurisdiction over nine towns and sixteen townships.
The county is home to some of the poorest villages in rural China with an annual GDP of less than 1600 RMB.
Heifer International is actively involved in supporting villages in Huoshan County.[clarification needed "Who are Heifer International?"]
Coordinates: 31°16′25″N 116°16′48″E / 31.27361°N 116.28°E / 31.27361; 116.28
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Inner Mongolia
Coordinates: 44°N 113°E / 44°N 113°E / 44; 113
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: s
, Öbür Monggol and c Өвөр Монгол, Övör Mongol; Chinese: 内蒙古; pinyin: Nèi Měnggǔ, but officially romanized to Nei Mongol) is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in 1947 on the area of former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Liaobei and Xing'an along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia. It is the third-largest subdivision of China spanning about 1,200,000 km² (463,000 sq mi) or 12% of China's total land area. It has a population of about 24 million as of 2004. The majority of the population in the region are Han Chinese, with a substantial Mongol minority. The official languages are Chinese and Mongolian, the latter written in the Mongolian script, as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet used in the state of Mongolia.
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Jieshou
Jieshou (Chinese: 界首; pinyin: Jièshǒu) is a city in northwestern Anhui province, People's Republic of China. It is a county-level city under the administration of Fuyang City and has more than 140,000 inhabitants.
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Jing County, Anhui
Jing County (simplified Chinese: 泾县; traditional Chinese: 涇縣; pinyin: Jīng Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Xuancheng City. It has a population of 360,000 and an area of 2,059 square kilometres (795 sq mi). The government of Jing County is located in Jingchuan Town.
Jing County has jurisdiction over eleven towns and four townships.
Coordinates: 30°35′51″N 118°22′00″E / 30.5975°N 118.3666667°E / 30.5975; 118.3666667
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Jingde County
Jingde County (simplified Chinese: 旌德县; pinyin: Jīngdé Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Xuancheng City. It has a population of 150,000 and an area of 905 square kilometres (349 sq mi). The government of Jingde County is located in Jingyang Town.
Jingde County has jurisdiction over five towns and five townships.
Coordinates: 30°19′06″N 118°30′14″E / 30.31833°N 118.50389°E / 30.31833; 118.50389
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Jinghu District
Jinghu District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Wuhu city.
Coordinates: 31°20′54″N 118°21′56″E / 31.34833°N 118.36556°E / 31.34833; 118.36556
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Jinn Dynasty
The Jīn Dynasty (Jurchen: Anchun Gurun; Chinese: 金朝; pinyin: Jīn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Chin Dynasty, IPA: [tɕîn tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]); Manchu: Aisin Gurun; Khitan language: Nik, Niku;Mongolian: Altan Ulus; 1115–1234), also known as the Jurchen Dynasty or Jurched Dynasty, was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchens, the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years later. The name is sometimes written as Jinn to differentiate it from an earlier Jìn Dynasty of China whose name is identically spelled using the Latin alphabet.
The Jin Dynasty was founded in what would become northern Manchuria by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Wanyan Aguda (完顏阿骨打) in 1115. The Jurchens' early rival was the Liao Dynasty, which had held sway over northern China, including Manchuria and part of the Mongol region for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into the Alliance on the Sea with the Song Dynasty and agreed to jointly invade the Liao. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in driving the Liao to Central Asia. In 1125, after the death of Aguda, the Jin broke the alliance with the Song and invaded North China. On January 9, 1127, Jin forces ransacked Kaifeng, capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, capturing both Emperor Qinzong, and his father, Emperor Huizong, who had abdicated in panic in the face of Jin forces. Following the fall of Kaifeng, Song forces under the leadership of the succeeding Southern Song Dynasty continued to fight for over a decade with Jin forces, eventually signing the Treaty of Shaoxing in 1141, calling for the cession of all Song land north of the Huai River to the Jin and the execution of Song General Yue Fei in return for peace.
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Jinzhai County
Jinzhai County (simplified Chinese: 金寨县; traditional Chinese: 金寨縣; pinyin: Jīnzhài Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China under the jurisdiction of Lu'an City. It has a population of 640,000 and an area of 3,667 square kilometres (1,416 sq mi). The government of Jinzhai County was in Meishan Town before 2006 when it relocated to nearby Jiangdian Town. The county has jurisdiction over nine towns and ten townships.
Jinzhai County is known as "the cradle of generals" (将军的摇篮/將軍搖籃) as 59 men from the area have reached that rank in the People's Liberation Army (PLA).
Jinzhai County lies on the joint border of Anhui, Henan and Hubei Provinces. Its mountainous terrain attracts tourists for its rugged beauty with the highest mountain, Tiantangzhai rising to a height of 1,729.13 metres (5,673.0 ft).
The county is served by the Hewu Railway.
Coordinates: 31°27′22″N 115°49′10″E / 31.45611°N 115.81944°E / 31.45611; 115.81944
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Jiujiang District
Jiujiang District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Wuhu city.
Coordinates: 31°22′20″N 118°22′37″E / 31.37222°N 118.37694°E / 31.37222; 118.37694
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Jixi County
Jixi County (simplified Chinese: 绩溪县; traditional Chinese: 績溪縣; pinyin: Jìxī Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Xuancheng City. It has a population of 180,000 and an area of 1,126 square kilometres (435 sq mi). Jixi borders Lingan in the east, Ningguo and Jingde in the south, and Taiping to the west. Jixi County is a hilly region with many rivers and bodies of water.
Jixi County has jurisdiction over seven towns and ten townships.
Huayang Town, under the administration of Jixi County, was well known during the Han Dynasty (208 BCE–220 CE). Jixi County was formally established in 776 CE during the Tang Dynasty.
Famous people who have claimed ancestry in Jixi County include Hu Jintao, the CPC General Secretary, PRC President and Hu Shi (1891–1962), reformist philosopher and essayist.
Jixi is served by the Anhui–Jiangxi Railway.
Coordinates: 30°04′16″N 118°35′32″E / 30.07111°N 118.59222°E / 30.07111; 118.59222
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Lai'an County
Lai'an County is a county of Anhui Province, China, lying between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. It is under the administration of Chuzhou city.
Coordinates: 32°29′33″N 118°28′06″E / 32.4925°N 118.46833°E / 32.4925; 118.46833
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Langxi County
Langxi County (simplified Chinese: 郎溪县; traditional Chinese: 郎溪縣; pinyin: Lángxī Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China under the jurisdiction of Xuancheng City. It has a population of 340,000 and an area of 1,105 square kilometres (427 sq mi). The government of Langxi County is located in Jianping Town.
Langxi County has jurisdiction over eight towns and nine townships.
Coordinates: 31°06′00″N 119°08′14″E / 31.1°N 119.13722°E / 31.1; 119.13722
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Langya District
Langya District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Chuzhou city.
Subdistricts:
Coordinates: 32°17′13″N 118°17′53″E / 32.28694°N 118.29806°E / 32.28694; 118.29806
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Later Liang Dynasty
The Later Liang (simplified Chinese: 后梁; traditional Chinese: 後梁; pinyin: Hòu Liáng) (June 1, 907–923) was one of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period in China. It was founded by Zhu Wen, posthumously known as Taizu of Later Liang, after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour (and then murdered him). The Later Liang dynasty would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the Later Tang Dynasty.
Zhu Wen initially allied himself as Huang Chao’s lieutenant. However, he took Huang’s best troops and established his own power base as a warlord in Kaifeng. By 904, he had exerted control over both of the twin Tang Dynasty capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang. Tang emperor Zhaozong was ordered murdered by Zhu in 904 and the last Tang emperor, Ai Di (Emperor Ai of Tang), was deposed three years later. Emperor Ai of Tang was murdered in 908, also ordered by Zhu.
Meanwhile, Zhu Wen declared himself emperor of the new Later Liang in Kaifeng in 907. The name Liang refers to the Henan region in which the heart of the regime rested.
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Liaoning
Coordinates: 41°06′N 122°18′E / 41.1°N 122.3°E / 41.1; 122.3
Liaoning (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 辽宁; traditional Chinese: 遼寧; pinyin: Liáoníng; Manchu: ᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠩ, Liyoo ning) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northeast of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "辽" (pinyin: liáo), a name taken from the Liao River that flows through the province. "Níng" means "peace". The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian province (奉天 pinyin: Fèngtiān; Postal map spelling: Fengtien; Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ, Abkai imiyangga) and the name was changed to Liaoning in 1929. Under the Japanese puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945.
Liaoning is located in the southern part of the Northeast, and is often called "the Golden Triangle" because of its superior geographical location, with the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay) and the Bohai Sea in the south, North Korea in the southeast, Jilin province to the northeast, Hebei province to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the border between North Korea and the province. It empties into the Korea Bay between Dandong, Liaoning and Sinŭiju, North Korea.
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Lieshan District
Lieshan District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Huaibei city.
Coordinates: 33°53′25″N 116°49′17″E / 33.89028°N 116.82139°E / 33.89028; 116.82139
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Lingbi County
Lingbi County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Suzhou city.
Coordinates: 33°40′43″N 117°32′21″E / 33.67861°N 117.53917°E / 33.67861; 117.53917
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Linquan County
Linquan County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Fuyang city.
Coordinates: 32°54′21″N 115°19′13″E / 32.90583°N 115.32028°E / 32.90583; 115.32028
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Lixin County
Lixin County (Chinese: 利辛县; pinyin: Lìxīn Xiàn) is a county located in Anhui province of China, under the jurisdiction of the prefecture of Bozhou. It is a county famous for its education system and beef production. An agricultural county in China, the people of Lixin have depended on farming (mainly wheat)for hundreds of years. Recently, the industrialisation of China has forced many farmers to migrate to the cities for short-term jobs.
Lixin county is a fairly young geopolitical entity among those that have been thousands and thousands of years in China. The creation of the county did not occur until the People's Republic of China was established in 1949. In the late 1960s, Lixin was created by the combination of parts from three neighbouring counties: Guoyang, Mengcheng and Fuyang.
A county part of Fuyang city, Lixin was recently joined by six other counties to form the prefecture-level city, Bozhou.
Lixin County has 19 towns and 7 townships.
Towns:
Townships:
Coordinates: 33°10′23″N 116°10′05″E / 33.17306°N 116.16806°E / 33.17306; 116.16806
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Longzihu District
Longzihu District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Bengbu city.
The release in 2010 of a documentary called The Warriors of Qiugang: A Chinese Village Fights Back, chronicles how the 1876 village residents of Qiugang (仇 岗) mobilized themselves to stop the local factory Jiucailuo from producing pesticides and herbicides which severely affected their living conditions.
Subdistricts:
The only town is Changhuaiwei (长淮卫镇), and the only township is Lilou Township (李楼乡)
Coordinates: 32°56′34.67″N 117°23′15.04″E / 32.9429639°N 117.3875111°E / 32.9429639; 117.3875111
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Lu'an
Lu'an (Chinese: 六安; pinyin: Liù ān), is a prefecture-level city in western Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, with a population of 5,612,590 inhabitants at 2010 census. Its built up area is home to 1,482,729 inhabitants spread out on 2 urban districts. It borders the provincial capital city Hefei to the east, Huainan to the northeast, Fuyang to the north, Chaohu City to the southeast, Anqing to the south, and the province of Henan to the west.
Although the character "六" (literally: "six") is normally pronounced "Liù", in this case it changes to "Lù" on account of the local dialect. Not to be confused with Luan County, is a county of Hebei, China.
The prefecture-level city of Lu'an administers seven county-level divisions, including two districts and five counties.
These are further divided into 196 township-level divisions.
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Lujiang County
Lujiang County (simplified Chinese: 庐江县; traditional Chinese: 廬江縣; pinyin: Lújiāng Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Chaohu City. It has a population of 1,200,000 and an area of 2,352 km². The government of Lujiang County is located in Lucheng Town.
Lujiang County has jurisdiction over 17 towns.
Han Dynasty military strategist Zhou Yu was born in the Lujiang District of modern day Lujiang County in 175 CE, and was buried there upon his death in 210 CE.
Coordinates: 31°15′36″N 117°18′29″E / 31.2599°N 117.308°E / 31.2599; 117.308
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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
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Matsu Islands
The Matsu Islands (simplified Chinese: 马祖列岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖列島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo; Fuzhou dialect: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤ or less frequently, simplified Chinese: 马祖群岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖群島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Qúndǎo; Fuzhou dialect: 馬祖島 Mā-cū-dō̤) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江縣; Lièng-gŏng-gâing) under Fujian Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Only a small area of what is historically Lienchiang County is under the control of the ROC. The People's Republic of China (AKA "China") controls the part of the county on mainland China and has a separate administration for that jurisdiction, Lianjiang County, which claims the entire archipelago to be its Mazu Township (馬祖鄉; Mā-cū-hiŏng).
They are named after the goddess Mazu. Kinmen is the other archipelago on the Fujian coast controlled by the ROC.
Fujianese Mainlanders started migrating to the islands during the Yuan Dynasty. Most people on Matsu came from Houguan (侯官) (today Changle County (長樂縣 Diòng-lŏ̤h-gâing), Fujian).
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Mengcheng County
Mengcheng County (Chinese: 蒙城县; pinyin: Méngchéng Xiàn) is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Bozhou city, bordering Lixin County. It is famous for its beef production. Comedian named Niu Qun once resided in Mengcheng. Mengcheng is located near the east side of China.
Coordinates: 33°12′29″N 116°36′25″E / 33.20806°N 116.60694°E / 33.20806; 116.60694
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Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun Dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China had taken place in previous dynasties, the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century far surpassed all others in size. There were enormous construction projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.
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Mingguang
Mingguang, formerly Jiashan County (Traditional Chinese: 嘉山縣; Simplified Chinese: 嘉山县), is a city district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Chuzhou city.
Coordinates: 32°47′N 117°58′E / 32.783°N 117.967°E / 32.783; 117.967
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Mount Jiuhua
Mount Jiuhua (simplified Chinese: 九华山; traditional Chinese: 九華山; pinyin: Jǐuhuá Shān; literally "Nine Glorious Mountains") is one of the four sacred mountains of Chinese Buddhism. It is located in Qingyang County in Anhui province and is famous for its rich landscape and ancient temples.
Many of the mountain's shrines and temples are dedicated to Ksitigarbha (known in Chinese as Dìzàng, Chinese: 地藏, in Japanese as Jizō), who is a bodhisattva and protector of beings in hell realms according to Mahayana Buddhist tradition. Pious Buddhists often visit Anhui to climb to Greater Tiantai peak, which is regarded as Jiuhuashan's most important peak, although it is not the tallest.
Mount Jiuhua was called Mount Lingyang in Han Dynasty. It was called Mount Jiuzi (九子山) in Liang and Chen Dynasties of South Dynasties. A legend says that the great poet Li Bai of Tang Dynasty travelled here and wrote down "Magic is divided to two branches, sacred mountain generates nine glories." (妙有分二气，灵山开九华). Thus it was named Mount Jiuhua.
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Mount Langya
Mount Langya (Chinese: 琅琊山; ) is a mountain located south west of Chuzhou City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. A National Forest Park, National Scenic Area and 4A Tourism Attraction, the mountain is one of Anhui's five biggest scenic attractions. Along with mountain scenery, rivers and forest, the area also contains the Zuiweng Pavilion, named after the Northern Song Dynasty poet Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072 CE)).
During the early Eastern Jin Dynasty (317–420 CE), Emperor Yuan of Jin, gave the area to King Langya (琅琊王), from which it takes it name.
The primary attractions in the area are:
Coordinates: 32°16′49″N 118°16′14″E / 32.28028°N 118.27056°E / 32.28028; 118.27056
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Mount Qiyun
Mount Qiyun, (simplified Chinese: 齐云山; traditional Chinese: 齊雲山; pinyin: Qíyūn Shān; literally "'As High as the Clouds'") is a mountain located in Qingyang County, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. A Chinese National Park, it lies some 33 kilometres (21 mi) to the west of Huangshan City and is sacred to Taoists, and it is known as one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Taoism. The mountain is also called "Landform of the Rosy Clouds" (丹霞地貌) due to the red conglomerate and sandstone of the area. Noted for its numerous inscriptions and tablets, as well as monasteries and temples, the highest point of the mountain rises to 585 metres (1,919 ft).
Through Chinese history, Chinese poets and writers including Li Bai, Tang Yin and Yu Dafu have visited Mount Qiyub either to compose poetry or to leave an inscription.
Coordinates: 29°48′30″N 118°01′59″E / 29.8083°N 118.033°E / 29.8083; 118.033
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Mount Tianzhu
Tianzhu Mountain or Mount Tianzhu (Chinese: 天柱山; pinyin: Tiānzhù Shān; literally "Heaven pillar mount") is a mountain in Anhui, China. Tianzhu Mountain is also called Mount Wan (Chinese: 皖山; pinyin: Wǎn Shān), from which the provincial abbreviation for Anhui ("Wan") derives. The mountain locates in Qianshan County, Anqing City. Tianzhu Mountain has 45 peaks which are 1000 meters above sea level. Its highest point has an elevation of 1,760 metres (5,774 ft). There are two paths to reach the top, either from the east or from the west; Dalong will try the west path first because it is the easier one.
One of the famous sites is the Mystery Valley (Chinese: 神秘谷; pinyin: Shénmì Gǔ). It is a maze-like valley formed by the rocks falling from the mountain. The valley has 53 caves, which form a very complicated maze.
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Nanjing
Nanjing (Chinese: 南京; pinyin: Nánjīng; Wade–Giles: Nan-ching) is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions. Its present name means "Southern Capital" and was widely romanized as Nankin and Nanking until the Pinyin language reform, after which Nanjing was gradually adopted as the standard spelling of the city's name in most languages that use the Roman alphabet.
Located in the lower Yangtze River drainage basin and Yangtze River Delta economic zone, Nanjing has long been one of China's most important cities. It is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It was the capital of Sun Quan's Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period and the capital of the Republic of China prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has long been a national center of education, research, transport networks, and tourism. The city will host the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics.
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Nanling County
Nanling County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Wuhu city.
Coordinates: 30°55′04″N 118°19′39″E / 30.91777°N 118.3274°E / 30.91777; 118.3274
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Nanqiao District
Nanqiao District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Chuzhou city.
The only subdistrict is Dawang Subdistrict (大王街道)
Towns:
Coordinates: 32°18′29″N 118°17′36″E / 32.30806°N 118.29333°E / 32.30806; 118.29333
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Ningguo
Ningguo (simplified Chinese: 宁国市; traditional Chinese: 寧國市; pinyin: Níngguó Shì) is a county-level city in the province of Anhui，People's Republic of China, under the administration of Xuancheng City. It has a population of 380,000 and an area of 2,447 square kilometres (945 sq mi).
Ningguo has jurisdiction over eleven towns, seventeen townships, and one ethnic township.
Ningguo is served by the Anhui–Jiangxi Railway.
Coordinates: 30°37′36″N 118°59′10″E / 30.62667°N 118.98611°E / 30.62667; 118.98611
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North China Plain
The North China Plain (simplified Chinese: 华北平原; traditional Chinese: 華北平原; pinyin: Huáběi Píngyuán) is based on the deposits of the Yellow River and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. The plain is bordered on the north by the Yanshan Mountains and on the west by the Taihang Mountains edge of the Shanxi ('western mountains') plateau. To the south, it merges into the Yangtze Plain. From northeast to southeast, it fronts the Bohai Sea, the highlands of Shandong Peninsula, and the Yellow Sea. The Yellow River flows through the middle of the plain into Bohai Sea.
Below the Sanmenxia Dam is the multipurpose Xiaolangdi Dam, located in the river's last valley before the North China Plain, a great delta created from silt dropped at the Huang He's mouth over the millennia. The North China Plain extends over much of Henan, Hebei, and Shandong provinces. and merges with the Yangtze delta in northern Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. The Yellow River meanders over the fertile, densely populated plain emptying into the Bohai Sea. The plain is one of China's most important agricultural regions, producing corn, sorghum, winter wheat, vegetables, and cotton. Its nickname is "Land of the yellow earth."
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Panji District
Panji District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Huainan city.
Coordinates: 32°46′32″N 116°49′57″E / 32.77556°N 116.8325°E / 32.77556; 116.8325
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Qianshan County
Qianshan County is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China under the jurisdiction of Anqing City. It has a population of 570,000 and an area of 1,686 square kilometres (651 sq mi). The government of Qianshan County is located in Meicheng Town. The well-known Wan Mountain, or Tianzhu Mountain, is located within the borders of the County
Qianshan County has jurisdiction over 11 towns and 19 townships.
Towns
Townships
Lake Xuehu, noted for its lotus plants, lies in the centre of the county. The number of plants has decreased in recent years, possibly because they provide a food source for lobsters.[citation needed]
Wanghe Town, hometown of Xuruoyu, is in the south of the county.
The Qian River with its noted River Beach flows through Qianshan county from north to south.
The Two Qiaos, two sisters from the Three Kingdoms era were from Wan County, Lujiang Commandery (present-day Qianshan County, Anhui).
Coordinates: 30°45′38.92″N 116°33′10.04″E / 30.7608111°N 116.5527889°E / 30.7608111; 116.5527889
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Qiaocheng District
Qiaocheng District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Bozhou city.
Coordinates: 33°45′16″N 115°53′07″E / 33.75444°N 115.88528°E / 33.75444; 115.88528
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Qimen County
Qimen County (simplified Chinese: 祁门县; traditional Chinese: 祁門縣; pinyin: Qímén Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Huangshan City. It has a population of 190,000 and an area of 2,257 square kilometres (871 sq mi). The government of Qimen County is located in Qishan Town.
Qimen County has jurisdiction over seven towns and thirteen townships.
Qimen County was established in 766 during the Tang Dynasty (Yongtai Era 2). It takes its name from the Mount Qi in the northeast and the Chanjiang River (阊江) in the southwest.[citation needed]
Qimen County is a tea-producing region, and the black tea called Keemun tea is named after Qimen.
Qimen is served by the Anhui–Jiangxi Railway.
The area around the border with Shitai County contains a National Nature Reserve. It includes a 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) high peak in the Huangshan Mountains.
Coordinates: 29°51′29″N 117°34′57″E / 29.85806°N 117.5825°E / 29.85806; 117.5825
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Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in contemporary Northeastern China. The Aisin Gioro leader, Nurhachi, who was originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, began unifying the Jurchen clans in the late sixteenth century. By 1635, Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji could claim they constituted a single and united Manchu people and began forcing the Ming out of Liaoning in southern Manchuria. In 1644, the Ming capital Beijing was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against Ming general Wu Sangui, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchurian army. Under Prince Dorgon, they seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng's short-lived Shun Dynasty. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.
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Qing Empire
The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in contemporary Northeastern China. The Aisin Gioro leader, Nurhachi, who was originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, began unifying the Jurchen clans in the late sixteenth century. By 1635, Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji could claim they constituted a single and united Manchu people and began forcing the Ming out of Liaoning in southern Manchuria. In 1644, the Ming capital Beijing was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against Ming general Wu Sangui, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchurian army. Under Prince Dorgon, they seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng's short-lived Shun Dynasty. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.
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Qingyang County
Qingyang County (simplified Chinese: 青阳县; traditional Chinese: 青陽縣; pinyin: Qīngyáng Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of the Chizhou City. It has a population of 280,000 and an area of 1,181 square kilometres (456 sq mi). The government of Qingyang County is located in Yongcheng Town.
Qingyang County has jurisdiction over nine towns and eleven townships.
Coordinates: 30°33′56″N 117°52′18″E / 30.56556°N 117.87167°E / 30.56556; 117.87167
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Quanjiao County
Quanjiao County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Chuzhou city.
Coordinates: 32°02′39″N 118°04′31″E / 32.04417°N 118.07528°E / 32.04417; 118.07528
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Sanshan District
Sanshan District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Wuhu city.
Coordinates: 31°13′21″N 118°13′34″E / 31.2225°N 118.22611°E / 31.2225; 118.22611
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Shaanxi
Shaanxi (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 陕西; traditional Chinese: 陝西; pinyin: Shǎnxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province. Shaanxi is the historical home, along with Gansu of the dialect of the Dungans, of the Hui people, who emigrated out of China to Central Asia.
By regular Hanyu Pinyin rules, if tone marks are not written, both Shaanxi and the neighbouring province of Shanxi, to the east of Shaanxi, should be spelled "Shanxi"; the difference is in tone: Shānxī (山西) and Shǎnxī (陕西). To make the difference clear without tonal marks, the spelling "Shaanxi" was contrived (following the romanization system of Yuen Ren Chao) for the province of Shǎnxī, while "Shanxi" is used for the province of Shānxī. Shaanxi is the official spelling on Chinese Government's official web portal. This makes "Shaanxi" the only name of Chinese provinces that has not been romanized according to pinyin rules.
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Shandong
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E / 36.4°N 118.4°E / 36.4; 118.4
Shandong (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: Shan1-tung1) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the world's sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient as well as modern north-south and east-west trading routes have helped to establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has emerged as one of the most populous (95,793,065 inhabitants at the 2010 Census) and most affluent provinces in the People's Republic of China (GDP of 3.94 trillion CNY in 2010).
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Shanxi
Coordinates: 37°42′N 112°24′E / 37.7°N 112.4°E / 37.7; 112.4
Shanxi (help·info) (Chinese: 山西; pinyin: Shānxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋" (pinyin: Jìn), after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period.
The name Shanxi literally means "mountain's west", which refers to the province's location west of the Taihang Mountains. Shanxi borders Hebei to the east, Henan to the south, Shaanxi to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the north and is made up mainly of a plateau bounded partly by mountain ranges. The capital of the province is Taiyuan.
Shanxi, the territory of state of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC - 403 BC), underwent a three-way split into the states of Han, Zhao and Wei in 403 BC, the traditional date taken as the start of the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC). By 221 BC all of these states had fallen to the state of Qin, which established the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC).
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She County, Anhui
She County (simplified Chinese: 歙县; traditional Chinese: 歙縣; pinyin: Shè Xiàn), or Shexian, is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China under the jurisdiction of Huangshan City. It has a population of 500,000 and an area of 2,236 square kilometres (863 sq mi).
She County is noted for its rich history and culture heritage. Its county seat is sometimes described as one of China's "four renowned ancient towns", along with Langzhong (Sichuan Province), Lijiang (Yunnan), and Pingyao (Shanxi).
She County has jurisdiction over 13 towns and 15 townships. The county seat of government is in Huicheng Town.
She County is a mountainous region with the Huangshan Tianmushan mountain ranges running through it. The Anhui–Jiangxi Railway traverses the county which is also a tea producing area.
She County was established during the Qin Dynasty (221–208 BCE).
During the Song Dynasty, She County leader Fang La rebelled and was suppressed by the Song government.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, She County was the capital of Huizhou Prefecture.
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Shitai County
Shitai County (simplified Chinese: 石台县; traditional Chinese: 石台縣; pinyin: Shítái Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Chizhou City. It has population of 110,000 and an area of 1,403 square kilometres (542 sq mi). The government of Shitai County is located in Qili Town. Shitai County is a producer of silk and tea leaves.
The well-known "Guniujiang" National Nature Reserve is located on the border between Shitai county and Qimen county. It is said that the "Guniujiang" has the last piece of original forest in East China.[who?]
Shitai County has jurisdiction over five towns and ten townships.
Towns:
Townships:
Coordinates: 30°11′24″N 117°30′33″E / 30.19°N 117.50917°E / 30.19; 117.50917
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Shou County
Coordinates: 32°35′00″N 116°47′00″E / 32.5833333°N 116.7833333°E / 32.5833333; 116.7833333
Shou County (simplified Chinese: 寿县; traditional Chinese: 壽縣; pinyin: Shòu Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Lu'an City. It has population is 1,280,000 and its area is 2986 square kilometers. It is a National Cultural and Historical City.
Shou County has jurisdiction over 17 towns, 7 townships and 1 ethnic township.
Shou, formerly known as Shouchun (壽春) and Shouyang (壽陽), was the site of the fourth capital of the former State of Chu from 241 BCE, after the Qin army sacked the previous capital Chen (陳/陈). King You of Chu was buried in Shou County but his tomb was destroyed by warlords in the 1930's. From the time of the Qin Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms Period, the county fell under the jurisdiction of Jiujiang Commandery (九江郡). It was also the site of the crowning of Yuan Shu during the Three Kingdoms. During the Jìn Dynasty, the Battle of Fei River also occurred within the borders of Shou. Shou became renowned throughout China for its pottery during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The county also produced many well-known officials during the Song Dynasty, including multiple Prime Ministers and ministers. During the Taiping Rebellion in the later years of the Qing Dynasty, Chen Yucheng was captured in Shou.
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Shucheng County
Shucheng County (simplified Chinese: 舒城县; traditional Chinese: 舒城縣; pinyin: Shūchéng Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China under the jurisdiction of Lu'an City. It has a population of 1,020,000 (up to the end of 2010)and an area of 2,092 square kilometres (808 sq mi). The government of Shucheng County is located in Chengguan Town.
Shucheng County has jurisdiction over 21 towns and townships,1 resort center and 1 economic development district.
Coordinates: 31°18′23″N 116°47′35″E / 31.30639°N 116.79306°E / 31.30639; 116.79306
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Shushan District
Shushan District (simplified Chinese: 蜀山区; traditional Chinese: 蜀山區; pinyin: Shǔshān Qū) is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Hefei city. The district has a surface of 261.36 km² and a population of 1,022,321 inhabitants. It contains 8 subdistricts and two towns.
Coordinates: 31°49′51″N 117°14′39″E / 31.83083°N 117.24417°E / 31.83083; 117.24417
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Si County
Si County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Suzhou city.
Coordinates: 33°33′03″N 117°51′38″E / 33.55083°N 117.86056°E / 33.55083; 117.86056
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Sichuan
Coordinates: 30°N 103°E / 30°N 103°E / 30; 103
Sichuan (help·info) (Chinese: 四川, known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan) is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, "四川", is an abbreviation of "四川路" (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from "川峡四路" (Chuānxiá Sìlù), or "Four circuits of rivers and gorges", named after the division of the existing circuit into four during the Northern Song Dynasty.
The province and its vicinity were the cradle of unique local civilizations, which can be dated back to at least the fifteenth century BC (coinciding with the later years of the Shang Dynasty). Beginning from the ninth century BC, Shu (today Chengdu) and Ba (today Chongqing City) emerged as cultural and administrative centers where two rival kingdoms were established.
Shu's existence was unknown until an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui (三星堆) in Guanghan County. It is believed to be an ancient city of the Shu Kingdom, where excavations have yielded invaluable archaeological information.
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Suixi County, Anhui
Suixi County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Huaibei city.
Coordinates: 33°42′53″N 116°44′38″E / 33.71472°N 116.74389°E / 33.71472; 116.74389
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Susong County
Susong County (simplified Chinese: 宿松县; traditional Chinese: 宿松縣) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Anqing City. It has population of 800,000 and an area of 2,394 square kilometres (924 sq mi). The government of Susong County is located in Fulyu Town.
Susong County has jurisdiction over eight towns and fourteen townships.
Towns
Townships
Coordinates: 30°06′46″N 116°16′19″E / 30.11278°N 116.27194°E / 30.11278; 116.27194
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Suzhou, Anhui
Suzhou (Chinese: 宿州; pinyin: Sùzhōu) is a prefecture-level city in northern Anhui province. It borders the prefectural cities of Huaibei and Bengbu to the southwest and south respectively, the province of Jiangsu to the east and north, and that of Henan to the northwest.
Suzhou was formerly Su County (simplified Chinese: 宿县; traditional Chinese: 宿縣; pinyin: Sù Xiàn).
Suzhou administers five county-level divisions, including one district and four counties.
These are further divided into 118 township-level divisions.
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Taihe County, Anhui
Taihe County, Anhui is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Fuyang city.
Coordinates: 33°19′57″N 115°40′06″E / 33.3325°N 115.66833°E / 33.3325; 115.66833
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Taihu County
Taihu County (Chinese: 太湖县; Pinyin: Tàihú Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China under the jurisdiction of Anqing City. It has a population of 560,000 and an area of 2,031 square kilometres (784 sq mi). The seat of government is located in Jingxi Town.
Taihu is noted for its "Huating Lake" with its mountains and scenic waters. The lake was originally built for flood control and power generation with a dam constructed in the 1960s. Although it was formerly blamed for destroying large areas of farm land, it has evolved into a popular tourism location.
The county has a long history of Zen, an important tributary of Chinese Buddhism.
Taihu County has jurisdiction over 10 towns and 5 townships.
Towns
Townships
Coordinates: 30°29′16″N 116°10′06″E / 30.48778°N 116.16833°E / 30.48778; 116.16833
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Taiji Cave
Coordinates: 30°55′50″N 119°29′33″E / 30.93056°N 119.4925°E / 30.93056; 119.4925
Taiji Cave (simplified Chinese: 太极洞; traditional Chinese: 太極洞; pinyin: Tàijí Dòng; literally "Cave of the Supreme Ultimate") is a karst cave located on Shilong Mountain (石龙山) in Guangde County, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, where the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui meet. Ming Dynasty writer and poet Feng Menglong described the cave as one of the "Four Absolutes Under Heaven" (天下四绝 Tīanxià Sìjué). It is also considered a primary "Place of Enlightenment" (道教道场 Dàojiào Dàochǎng) by Taoists, similar to the Bodhimanda of Buddhism. The 200 million-year old cave is divided into dry and wet layers representing the yin and yang of Chinese philosophy.
In February 2004, the Chinese State Council included the cave on its fifth list of National Scenic Attractions. It is also a 4A rated National Tourism Area.
At 5.4 kilometres (3.4 mi) in length and covering a surface area of 140,000 square metres (1,500,000 sq ft), Taiji Cave is the largest natural limestone cave in East China.. The cave's first chamber extends to 1,600 square metres (17,000 sq ft) and has a height of 5 to 10 metres (16 to 33 ft). To date nineteen separate chambers have been opened to visitors. There are more than 160 features inside the cave, including the "Ten Large Landscapes" (十大景观 Shí Dà Jǐngguān).
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Tianchang
Tianchang is a city district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Chuzhou city.
Coordinates: 33°09′15″N 119°40′37″E / 33.1542°N 119.677°E / 33.1542; 119.677
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Tianjia'an District
Tianjia'an District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Huainan city.
Coordinates: 32°39′19″N 117°02′30″E / 32.65528°N 117.04167°E / 32.65528; 117.04167
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Tianjin
Tianjin (help·info) (Chinese: 天津; pinyin: Tiānjīn; Mandarin pronunciation: [tʰjɛ́ntɕín]; Tianjinese: /tʰiɛn˨˩tɕin˨˩/~[tʰjɛ̃̀ɦɪ̀ŋ]; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government. Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea.
As a dual-core city, Tianjin is divided into the old city and the Binhai New Area. Binhai New Area is a new growth pole in China, and it maintains an annual growth rate of nearly 30% of the GDP. As of the end of 2010, 285 Fortune Global 500 companies have established branch offices in Binhai. It is a base of China's advanced industry, financial reform, and innovation.
In terms of urban population, it is the sixth-largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area (Binhai New Area is not included) ranks fifth in the nation after Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou. Tianjin's urban area is located along the Hai River, which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal in Tianjin. Tianjin was once home to foreign concessions in the late Qing Dynasty and early Kuomintang (KMT) era. The municipality incorporates the coastal region of Tanggu, home to the Binhai New Area and the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA).
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Tongling
Tongling (simplified Chinese: 铜陵; traditional Chinese: 銅陵; pinyin: Tónglíng; Wade–Giles: T'ung-ling; former names: Tunglinghsien, Tungkwanshan; literally "Copper Hillock") is a prefecture-level city in southern Anhui province, People's Republic of China. A river port along the Yangtze River, Tongling borders Chaohu to the north, Wuhu to the east, Chizhou to the southwest and Anqing to the west.
The asteroid 12418 Tongling was named after the city.
The prefecture-level city of Tongling administers 4 county-level divisions, including 3 districts and 1 county.
Tongling has been famous as a beautiful mountain city since its origins in the Han dynasty over 1500 years ago. Owing to its copper and tin deposits, it was an important center in the past for bronze production. The scale of industrial activity gradually increased through the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, the Japanese occupation of 1938-45, and especially under the Communist government since 1949.
Today the city's industrial base still revolves around the several nearby copper mines and copper processing operations. The local mineral resources also include : iron, coal, gold, silver,tin, Iron sulfide, plus more than twenty other rare minerals associated with them such as nickel, cadmium, gallium, molybdenum, germanium and selenium. Other important industries include chemical works, textiles, building materials, electronics, machinery and food processing. Long a hub of water transportation, in 1995 Tongling became the site of Anhui Province's first highway bridge spanning the Yangtze River.
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Tongling County
Tongling County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Tongling city. Tongling is in the south of Anhui Province and lies on the southern bank of Yangtze River. The total area is 1,113 km2 (430 sq mi) and the population 716,300. The city is rich in natural resources. The bronze culture can be dated back to ancient times. Tongling is known as “a place with 8 blessings”. The city has already identified thirty minerals, among which, copper reserves occupy more than 70% of Anhui Province, pyrite reserves rank first in East China and second in China, the reserves of limestone, gold and silver all stand first in Anhui. Tongling is a city with mild climate and abundant rainfall, so it has rich flora. There are many rare aquatic animals, such as the white dolphin, finless porpoise, Yangtze alligator, and so on. Tongling, an origin of Chinese bronze culture, is known as “Chinese Ancient Bronze Capital”.
The geography of the city is favorable for. Tongling lies in the central position between Shanghai and Wuhan, Nanjing and Jiujiang. It is also the northern gate of the famous scenery resorts –Mt. Huangshan and Mt. Jiuhua.
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Tunxi District
Tunxi District (simplified Chinese: 屯溪区; traditional Chinese: 屯溪區; pinyin: Túnxī qū) forms the central district of Huangshan City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. It has a population of 150,000 and an area of 249 square kilometres (96 sq mi).
Tunxi District has jurisdiction over four subdistricts and five towns.
The most well-known tourist spot is the Old Town, although Tunxi is also close to the Huangshan Mountain Range and Hongcun Village, both of which are World Heritage Sites.
Coordinates: 29°42′31″N 118°19′57″E / 29.70861°N 118.3325°E / 29.70861; 118.3325
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Wangjiang County
Wangjiang County (simplified Chinese: 望江县; traditional Chinese: 望江縣) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Anqing City. It has population of 600,000 and an area of 1,357 square kilometres (524 sq mi). The ZIP code of Wangjiang is 246200.The government of Wangjiang County is located in Leiyang Town.
Wangjiang County has jurisdiction over eight towns and two townships.
Towns
Townships:
Coordinates: 30°14′12″N 116°40′21″E / 30.23667°N 116.6725°E / 30.23667; 116.6725
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Woyang County
Woyang County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It falls under the administration of Bozhou city.
Coordinates: 33°30′31″N 116°16′13″E / 33.50861°N 116.27028°E / 33.50861; 116.27028
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Wuhe County
Wuhe County (Chinese: 五河县t=五河縣; pinyin: Wǔhé Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. It has an area of 1,580 square kilometres (610 sq mi) and a population of 68,000. Its economy is based on meat production.
Towns:
Townships
Coordinates: 33°08′31″N 117°43′31″E / 33.14194°N 117.72528°E / 33.14194; 117.72528
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Wuhu City
Wuhu (simplified Chinese: 芜湖; traditional Chinese: 蕪湖; pinyin: Wúhú; literally "Weedy Lake") is a prefecture-level city in the southeastern Anhui province, People's Republic of China. Sitting on the southeast bank of the Yangtze River, Wuhu borders Xuancheng to the southeast, Chizhou and Tongling to the southwest, Hefei to the northwest, Ma'anshan to the northeast, and the province of Jiangsu to the east(approximately 90 kilometers southwest to Nanjing).
The prefecture-level city of Wuhu administers 8 county-level divisions, including 4 districts and 4 counties.
According to the sixth nationwide population census by the end of 2010, the total population was estimated to be 2,263,123，of whom 1,086,800 live in the 4 urban districts and the others live in the counties. Vast majority of the local population are Han Chinese, though there are some Muslim Hui people as minorities. Jiang-Huai Mandarin, a branch of Mandarin Chinese, was widely spoken in urban area, while some people in the counties spoke Wu Chinese. Standard Chinese was commonly used in this area.
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Wuhu County
Wuhu County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Wuhu city.
Coordinates: 31°09′45″N 118°32′07″E / 31.1625°N 118.53528°E / 31.1625; 118.53528
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Wuwei County
Wuwei County (simplified Chinese: 无为县; traditional Chinese: 無為縣; pinyin: Wúwéi Xiàn) is a district in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Wuhu City. It has population of 1,400,000 and an area of 2,413 square kilometres (932 sq mi). The government of Wuwei County is located in Wecheng Town.
Juchao District has jurisdiction over 18 towns and 18 townships.
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Xiao County
Xiao County is a county of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Suzhou city.
Coordinates: 34°13′23″N 116°47′32″E / 34.22306°N 116.79222°E / 34.22306; 116.79222
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Xidi
Xidi (Chinese: 西递; pinyin: Xīdì, also Xi'di, or Xi Di, literally West Post), is a village in southern Anhui province (Yi County), in China, which was declared a part of the "Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui" World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000, along with the village of Hongcun.
First built during the Huangyou era (1049–1053) of Song Dynasty Emperor Renzong, the village was originally called Xichuan (West River), owing to the various water courses flowing through it.
The rise of the village was closely tied to the fortunes of the Hu family. By 1465 CE, during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), family members had started in business as merchants, leading to construction of major private buildings and a public infrastructure. By the middle of the 17th century, the influence wielded by members of the Hu family expanded from commerce into politics. The prosperity of Xidi peaked in the 18th and 19th centuries, at which time the village comprised about 600 residences.
The street pattern of Xidi is dominated by a main road which runs in an east-west direction and is flanked by two parallel streets. These major streets are joint by many narrow alleyways. Small open spaces are confined to areas immediately in front of the main public buildings, such as the "Hall of Respect", the "Hall of Reminiscence", and the "Memorial Archway of the Governor".
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Xiejiaji District
Xiejiaji District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Huainan city.
Coordinates: 32°36′03″N 116°52′16″E / 32.60083°N 116.87111°E / 32.60083; 116.87111
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Xiuning County
Xiuning County (simplified Chinese: 休宁县; traditional Chinese: 休寧縣; pinyin: xiūníng xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Huangshan City. It has a population of 270,000 and an area of 2,125 square kilometres (820 sq mi). The government of Xiuning County is located in Haiyang Town (海阳镇).
Xiuning County has jurisdiction over nine towns and twelve townships.
Xiuning County is historically renowned for producing more zhuàngyuán (状元: the scholar with the highest score in the national Imperial examination), than any other place in China. Accordingly, the large public space in Haiyang Town is called Zhuangyuan Square (状元广场).
In 2009, the Xiuning County People's Government unveiled a monument commemorating the 1800th anniversary of Xiuning (208-2008).
In 2003, the Peabody Essex Museum, in Salem, Massachusetts, completed a 200 million dollar renovation and expansion, designed by architect Moshe Safdie, moving a 200-year-old 16-room Chinese house from Xiuning County to the grounds of the Museum. While in China this house was home to many generations who made a living in traveling to Shanghai and running a pawn brokers business (as stated by the movie shown at the Peabody Essex Museum after exiting Yin Yu Tang House).
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Xuanzhou District
Xuanzhou District (simplified Chinese: 宣州区; traditional Chinese: 宣州區; pinyin: Xuānzhōu Qū) is a district in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, administered by Xuancheng City. It has a population of 840,000 and an area of 2,533 square kilometres (978 sq mi).
Xuanzhou District has jurisdiction over five subdistricts, sixteen towns and eighteen townships.
Coordinates: 30°56′42″N 118°48′51″E / 30.945°N 118.81417°E / 30.945; 118.81417
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Yaohai District
Yaohai District (simplified Chinese: 瑶海区; traditional Chinese: 瑤海區; pinyin: Yáohǎi Qū) is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Hefei city. The district has a surface of 142.9 km² and a population of 902,830 inhabitants. It contains 1 township, 1 town, 10 subdistricts, 1 industrial park, and 1 development zone.
Coordinates: 31°50′31″N 117°18′24″E / 31.84194°N 117.30667°E / 31.84194; 117.30667
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Yi County, Anhui
Yi County (simplified Chinese: 黟县; traditional Chinese: 黟縣; pinyin: Yī Xiàn) is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Huangshan City. It has a population of 100,000 and an area of 847 square kilometres (327 sq mi). The government of Yi County is located in Biyang Town. The villages of Xidi and Hongcun in Yi County are part of the World Heritage Sites.
Yi County has jurisdiction over three towns and nine townships.
During the 16th century, Yi County flourished, and thousands of buildings in the style of Ming Dynasty were built. These buildings are used extensively by the Chinese film industry. Scenes from the well known film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) were filmed in Yi County.
Yi County is served by the Anhui–Jiangxi Railway, and has a station at Yuting, in the southern tip of the county.
Coordinates: 30°32′N 118°34′E / 30.533°N 118.567°E / 30.533; 118.567
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Yijiang District
Yijiang District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Wuhu city.
Coordinates: 31°18′52″N 118°21′35″E / 31.31444°N 118.35972°E / 31.31444; 118.35972
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Yingdong District
Yingdong District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Fuyang city.
Coordinates: 32°54′54″N 115°52′16″E / 32.915°N 115.87111°E / 32.915; 115.87111
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Yingjiang District
Yingjiang District (simplified Chinese: 迎江区; traditional Chinese: 迎江區; pinyin: Yíngjiāng Qū) is a district in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Anqing City. It has a population of 244,000 (2005) and an area of 207 square kilometres (80 sq mi).
Yingjiang District has jurisdiction over six administrative subdistricts and four towns.
Towns
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Yingquan District
Yingquan District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Fuyang city.
Coordinates: 32°55′30″N 115°50′02″E / 32.925°N 115.83389°E / 32.925; 115.83389
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Yingshang County
Yingshang County (simplified Chinese: 颍上县; traditional Chinese: 潁上縣; pinyin: Yĭngshàng Xiàn) is a county under the jurisdiction of Fuyang City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. The Huai River, which frequently floods, forms the county's southern border.
Yingshang is an agricultural county with wheat and rice are the main crops. Over the past few years, most young people have gone to Guangdong, Shanghai, and Zhejiang as laborers.
Coordinates: 32°39′33″N 116°13′26″E / 32.65917°N 116.22389°E / 32.65917; 116.22389
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Yingzhou District
Yingzhou District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Fuyang city.
Coordinates: 32°54′08″N 115°49′48″E / 32.90222°N 115.83°E / 32.90222; 115.83
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Yixiu District
Yixiu District (simplified Chinese: 宜秀区; traditional Chinese: 宜秀區; pinyin: Yíxiù Qū) is a district in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Anqing City. It has a population of 216,000 and an area of 410.3 square kilometres (158.4 sq mi) square kilometers.
Yixiu District has jurisdiction over one subdistrict, three towns and 2 townships.
Subdistricts
Towns
Townships
Others
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Yongqiao District
Yongqiao District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Suzhou city.
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Yu'an District
Yu'an District (simplified Chinese: 裕安区; traditional Chinese: 裕安區; pinyin: Yù'ān Qū) is a district in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Lu'an City. It has a population of 930,000 and an area of 1,526 square kilometres (589 sq mi). The government of Yu'an District is located in Yunlu Street.
Coordinates: 31°44′18″N 116°29′02″E / 31.73833°N 116.48389°E / 31.73833; 116.48389
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Yuexi County, Anhui
Yuexi County (simplified Chinese: 岳西县; traditional Chinese: 岳西縣; pinyin: Yuèxī Xiàn), is a county in Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, under the jurisdiction of Anqing City. It has a population of 400,000 and an area of 2,398 square kilometres (926 sq mi). The government of Yuexi County is located in Tiantang Town.
Yuexi County has jurisdiction over eleven towns and thirteen townships.
Towns:
Townships:
Coordinates: 30°50′54″N 116°11′37″E / 30.84833°N 116.19361°E / 30.84833; 116.19361
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Yuhui District
Yuhui District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Bengbu city.
Subdistricts:
Towns
Townships
Coordinates: 32°55′51.52″N 117°20′11.68″E / 32.9309778°N 117.3365778°E / 32.9309778; 117.3365778
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Yushan District
Yushan District is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Ma'anshan city.
Coordinates: 31°40′43″N 118°29′29″E / 31.67861°N 118.49139°E / 31.67861; 118.49139
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Zhejiang
Coordinates: 29°12′N 120°30′E / 29.2°N 120.5°E / 29.2; 120.5
Zhejiang (Chinese: 浙江; pinyin: Zhèjiāng; Wade–Giles: Che-chiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The word Zhejiang (crooked river) was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital. The name of the province is often abbreviated to its first character, "浙".
Zhejiang borders Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.
The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty (sixteenth century to eleventh century BC). Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Yue, such as the Dongyue and the Ouyue. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Yue emerged in northern Zhejiang. The Yue state was heavily influenced by the Chinese civilization further north. Under King Goujian of Yue, Yue reached its zenith and was able to wipe out the powerful state of Wu to its immediate north, in 473 BC. Then, in 333 BC, Yue was in turn conquered by the state of Chu, which was to the west. In 221 BC, the state of Qin completed the conquest of the last of the formerly independent states of China, including the state of Chu. This conquest made what is now Zhejiang part of a unified Chinese empire.
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Zongyang County
Zongyang County (simplified Chinese: 枞阳县; traditional Chinese: 樅陽縣; pinyin: Zōngyáng Xiàn), is a county in southern Anhui province, East China, under the jurisdiction of Anqing City. It has a population of 960,000[when?] and an area of 1,808 square kilometres (698 sq mi). The government of Zongyang County is located in Zongyang Town (枞阳镇).
Zongyang County has jurisdiction over thirteen towns and nine townships.
Towns
Townships
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Anhui
Coordinates: 31°50′N 117°0′E / 31.833°N 117°E / 31.833; 117
Anhui (Chinese: 安徽; pinyin: Ānhuī; Wade–Giles: An-hui, Mandarin pronunciation: [ánxwéi]) is a province in the People's Republic of China. Located in eastern China across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, it borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a tiny section in the north. The capital of the province is Hefei.
The name "Anhui" derives from the names of two cities in south Anhui, Anqing and Huizhou (now Huangshan City). The abbreviation for Anhui is "皖" (Wǎn), because there were historically a State of Wan, a Mount Wan, and a Wan river in the province.
The province of Anhui was formed in the seventeenth century. Before then, there was no coherent concept of "Anhui". Northern Anhui was firmly a part of the North China Plain in terms of culture, together with modern-day Henan province. Central Anhui constituted most of the fertile and densely-populated Huai He River watershed. Southern Anhui, along the Yangtze, was closer to Hubei and southern Jiangsu provinces in culture. Finally, the hills of southeastern Anhui formed a unique and distinct cultural sphere of its own.
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Bao Zheng
Bao Zheng (包拯) (999–1062) was a much-praised official who served during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Northern Song Dynasty in ancient China. Culturally, Bao Zheng today is respected as the symbol of justice in Greater China. Throughout history, his largely fictionalized stories have appeared in a variety of different literary and dramatic genres, and has enjoyed sustained popularity.
According to History of Song, Bao Zheng was born into a scholar family in Hefei, Anhui province. At the age of 29 he passed the highest-level Imperial examination and became qualified as a Jinshi. He was a magistrate in Bian (Kaifeng), the capital of the Song dynasty.
After passing the imperial examination in 1027, Bao deferred embarking on his official career for a decade in order to care for his elderly parents and faithfully observe proper mourning rites after their deaths. From 1037 until his death in 1062, Bao successively held several offices at the imperial court and in provincial locations. In his lifetime, Bao was renowned for his filial piety, his stern demeanor, and his intolerance of injustice and corruption. Due to his fame and the strength of his reputation, Bao's name became synonymous with the idealized "honest and upright official" (qing guan 清官), and quickly became a popular subject of early vernacular drama and literature. Bao was also associated with the King of Hades Yama （阎罗王）and the "Infernal Bureaucracy" of the Eastern Marchmount, on account of his supposed ability to judge affairs in the afterlife as well as he judged them in the realm of the living.
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Beijing
Beijing ( /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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Cao Cao
Cao Cao (Mandarin pronunciation: [tsʰɑ̌ʊ tsʰɑ́ʊ]; 155 – March 15, 220) was a warlord and the penultimate chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during the dynasty's final years. As one of the central figures of the Three Kingdoms period, he laid the foundations for what was to become the state of Cao Wei and was posthumously titled Emperor Wu of Wei. Although often portrayed as a cruel and merciless tyrant, Cao Cao has also been praised as a brilliant ruler and military genius who treated his subordinates like his family. He was also skilled in poetry and martial arts and wrote many war journals.
Cao was born in the county of Qiao (present day Bozhou, Anhui) in 155. His father Cao Song was a foster son of Cao Teng, who in turn was one of the favorite eunuchs of Emperor Huan. Some historical records, including the Biography of Cao Man, claim that Cao Song's original family name was Xiahou.
Cao was known for his craftiness as an adolescent. According to the Biography of Cao Man, Cao's uncle complained to Cao Song about Cao Cao's indulgence in hunting and music with Yuan Shao. In retaliation, Cao Cao feigned a fit before his uncle, who immediately rushed to inform Cao Song. When Cao Song went to see his son, Cao Cao behaved normally. When asked, Cao Cao replied, "I have never had a fit, but I lost the love of my uncle, and therefore he deceived you." Afterwards, Cao Song ceased to believe his brother regarding Cao Cao, and thus Cao Cao became even more blatant and perseverant in his wayward pursuits.
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Cao Hong
Cao Hong (died 232) was a military general of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. He started his career during the late Han Dynasty under the warlord Cao Cao, who was also his cousin.
Cao Hong's uncle Cao Ding, held a high position in the late Han Dynasty imperial court, and because of this connection, Cao Hong was given command of Qichun County (蘄春県) at a young age. In 190, Chen Wen (陳温), the governor of Yang Province (揚州) pledged allegiance to Cao Cao, who had just raised an army of his own to join the coalition against Dong Zhuo. Cao Hong was a close friend of Chen Wen, and together they joined Cao Cao. He became a general in Cao Cao's army along with Cao Ren, his cousin. After Dong moved the capital to Chang'an, Cao Cao set out to attack Chenggao without much assistance, because most of the other generals in the coalition found nothing but a burnt-down Luoyang from their initial successes, and were hesitant to engage Dong further. Cao Cao's forces were intercepted in Xingyang, and were greatly defeated. Xu Rong, a general of Dong Zhuo's army, had injured Cao Cao and killed his horse. At the time Cao Hong asked Cao Cao to take his horse, but the latter once wanted to relinquish his ambition and refused, Cao Hong then strongly rebuked his cousin and said: "The world can do without me, but can't without you!" Hence, Cao Cao got on Cao Hong's horse, and the latter protected Cao Cao on foot, and returned to their base safely.
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Cao Pi
Cao Pi (187 – 29 June 226), formally known as Emperor Wen of Wei, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. Born in Qiao County, Pei Commandery (present-day Bozhou, Anhui), he was the second son of the late Han Dynasty warlord Cao Cao.
Cao Pi, like his father, was a poet. The first Chinese poem using seven syllables per line (七言詩) was the poem Yan Ge Xing (燕歌行) by Cao Pi. He also wrote over a hundred articles on various subjects.
Cao Pi was the eldest son of Cao Cao and his concubine (later wife) Lady Bian. Of all his brothers, Cao Pi was the most shrewd. Instead of studying hard or conducting military affairs, he was always in the presence of court officials in order to gain their support.[citation needed] He was mostly in charge of defense[clarification needed] at the start of his career. After the defeat of rival warlord Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu, he took the widow of Yuan Shao's son Yuan Xi, Lady Zhen, as a consort, although eventually she lost his favor and was forced to commit suicide. After he became emperor, his other favorite, Guo Nüwang, became empress.
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Cao Ren
Cao Ren (168 – 223) was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. He played a significant part in assisting Cao Cao in the civil wars leading to the end of the Han Dynasty. He was also credited with the establishment of the state of Cao Wei, and was assigned as the Grand Commander when Cao Pi ascended the throne.
Born in the county of Qiao (谯, present day Bozhou, Anhui), Cao Ren was a younger cousin of Cao Cao. His grandfather and father had both held civil and military posts for Eastern Han. Cao Ren was fond of hunting on horseback and archery, and behaved unlawfully in his youth. During the Yellow Turban Rebellion, he gathered more than a thousand young men under his flag and wandered the area between Huai River and Si River (泗水).
In 190, Cao Cao started raising an army to join the coalition against Dong Zhuo, the tyrannical warlord who was holding the emperor hostage in the imperial capital of Luoyang. Cao Ren and his followers then joined Cao Cao. Throughout the early 190s he accompanied Cao Cao on various campaigns around northern China, against Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shu, Tao Qian (陶谦) and Lü Bu. Although many hardships were experienced, Cao Cao largely defeated most of his enemies in central China, and Cao Ren had shown his talent during these early campaigns, often leading a separate command to accomplish his tasks. He was particularly credited most in the campaign against Tao, which he led the vanguard in battles to slaughter anyone on his way.
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Chang Yuchun
Chang Yuchun (Chinese: 常遇春; pinyin: Cháng Yùchūn; 1330–1369), style name Boren (伯仁) and pseudonym Yanheng (燕衡), was a Chinese Muslim military general. He was a follower of the Ming Dynasty's founder, Zhu Yuanzhang, and contributed greatly to the founding of the dynasty. Chang was famous for his bravery and formidable prowess in battle, which earned him the nickname of "Chang Ten Thousand", because he alone was said to be as effective as a force of 10,000 troops.
Chang was born in Huaiyuan County, Anhui. He joined the Red Turban Rebellion in 1355 to overthrow the Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty in China. In the sixth month of that year, he followed Zhu Yuanzhang on a battle with the Yuan army, that took place at Caishi (near present-day southern Ma'anshan, eastern bank of the Yangtze River). The rebel forces emerged victorious in that battle and Chang became famous. He was subsequently promoted to the rank of Yuan Shuai (equivalent of Marshal).
Chang participated in major battles against Zhu Yuanzhang's rivals, Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng, helping Zhu eliminate them and secure his rule over China and laying the foundation for the Ming Dynasty. He was conferred the title of "Duke of E" (鄂國公) by Zhu in 1366. In 1367, Chang followed Xu Da on a military campaign north and conquered the Yuan Dynasty's capital city of Khanbaliq in the following year, ending Mongolian rule in China.
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Chen Duxiu
Chen Duxiu (simplified Chinese: 陈独秀; traditional Chinese: 陳獨秀; pinyin: Chén Dúxiù; October 8, 1879 – May 27, 1942) played many different roles in Chinese history. He was a leading figure in the anti-imperial Xinhai Revolution and the May Fourth Movement for Science and Democracy. Along with Li Dazhao, Chen was a co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. He was its first General Secretary. Chen was an educator, philosopher, and politician. His ancestral home was in Anqing (安慶), Anhui, where he established the influential vernacular Chinese periodical La Jeunesse.
Chen Duxiu was born in the city of Anqing (安慶), in Anhui (安徽) province. He was born to a wealthy family of officials, the youngest of four children. In his youth, he was described as volatile, emotional, intuitive, non-intellectual, and a defender of the underdog. His father died when Chen was two years old, and he was raised primarily by his grandfather; and, later, by his older brother.
Chen was given a traditional Confucian education by his grandfather, several private tutors, and his elder brother. A thorough knowledge of Confucian literary and philosophical works was the pre-requisites for civil service in Imperial China. Chen was an exceptional student, but this poor experiences taking the Confucian civil service exams resulted in a lifelong tendency to advocate unconventional beliefs and to criticize traditional ideas.
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Chen Ning Yang
Chen-Ning Franklin Yang (simplified Chinese: 杨振宁; traditional Chinese: 楊振寧; pinyin: Yáng Zhènníng) (born October 1, 1922) is a Chinese-American physicist who works on statistical mechanics and particle physics. He and Tsung-dao Lee received the 1957 Nobel prize in physics for their work on parity nonconservation of weak interaction. Yang became a United States citizen in 1964.
Yang was born in Hefei, Anhui, China; his father Yang Ko-Chuen (Chinese: 楊武之; pinyin: Yáng Wǔzhī) (1896–1973) was a mathematician and his mother Luo Meng-hua (羅孟華) was a housewife. Yang attended elementary and high school in Beijing, and in the autumn of 1937 his family moved to Hefei after the Japanese invaded China. In 1938 they moved to Kunming, Yunnan, where the National Southwestern Associated University was located. In the same year, as a second year student, Yang passed the entrance examination and studied at the National Southwestern Associated University. He received his bachelor's degree in 1942, the thesis being about the application of group theory to molecular spectra, under the supervision of Wu Ta-you (吴大猷) (1907–2000). He continued to study graduate courses there for two years under the supervision of Wang Chu-hsi (王竹溪) (1911–1983), working on statistical mechanics. In 1944 he received his master's degree was awarded a scholarship known as the Boxer Indemnity (Chinese: 庚子賠款; pinyin: Gēngzǐ péikuǎn), a scholarship set up by the United States government using the funds raised from the money China was forced to pay out following the Boxer Rebellion. He was delayed for one year, during which time he taught in a middle school as a teacher and studied field theory.
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Chery
Chery Automobile Co., Ltd. (English pronunciation: /ˈʃɛri/) is a state-ownedautomobile manufacturer in the People's Republic of China.
Chery produced 692,438 vehicles in 2010, the 21st-largest output of any automaker in the world, and the fourth-largest of any China-based automaker (after Chang'an, FAW and Geely).
Chery was founded in 1997 as a state-owned enterprise and began automobile production in 1999, using a chassis licensed from Volkswagen's SEAT Toledo. Early production may have been technically illegal, as the company was only awarded a passenger car production license in 2003; until that year it may have piggybacked on a SAIC Motor license.
Chery was affiliated with SAIC Motor at one time. SAIC sold its ownership in the company back to Chery in 2004 due to a rising tension between Chery and its other foreign partners General Motors and Volkswagen.
When Cerberus Capital Management owned Chrysler, this company planned a cooperation with Chery that would have seen the Chery A1 and its underpinnings sold under the Dodge brand name in the US and abroad. The plan would have quickly increased the Chrysler small car stable, and the two companies participated in a signing ceremony in late 2007. In early 2008 a similar deal was reached between Chrysler and Nissan, and the Chrysler-Chery cooperation was abandoned. Around the time of the 2009 Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization, this American automaker discussed the possibility of an asset sale with Chery.
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County-level cities
A county-level city (Chinese: 县级市; pinyin: xiànjí shì) is a county-level administrative division of mainland China. County-level cities are usually governed by prefecture-level divisions, but a few are governed directly by province-level divisions.
Most county-level cities were created in the 1980s and 1990s by replacing counties.
County-level cities are not "cities" in the strictest sense of the word, since they usually contain rural areas many times the size of their urban, built-up area. This is because the counties that county-level cities have replaced are themselves large administrative units containing towns, villages, and farmland. To distinguish a "county-level city" from its actual urban area (the traditional meaning of the word "city"), the term 市区 shìqū, or "urban area", is used.
In France, an equivalent of a county-level city is an agglomeration community.
While the idea of a "city" being a unit consisting of several "towns" is not a common one in English-speaking world, a somewhat similar naming convention is used for Local Government Areas in some parts of Australia. For example, in New South Wales such a unit may often be called a "city" (rather than a traditional "shire"), and consist of "towns". E.g. City of Blue Mountains is made of a number of towns (Katoomba, Springwood, etc.).
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Dai Zhen
Dai Zhen (Chinese: 戴震; pinyin: Dài Zhèn; Wade–Giles: Tai Chen, January 19, 1724—July 1, 1777) was a notable Chinese scholar of the Qing Dynasty from Xiuning, Anhui. A versatile scholar, he made great contributions to mathematics, geography, phonology and philosophy. His philosophical and philological critiques of Neo-Confucianism continue to be influential.
Dai's philosophical contributions included contributions to the Han Learning school of Evidential Learning (Evidentialism) which criticized the Song Learning school of Neo-Confucianism. In particular, two criticisms that Dai made was that Neo-Confucianism focused too much on introspective self-examination whereas truth was to be found in investigation of the external world.
Second, he criticized the Neo-Confucian drive to eliminate human desire as an obstacle to rational investigation. Dai argued that human desire was a good and integral part of the human experience, and that eliminating human desire from philosophy had the bad effect of making it difficult to understand and control one's emotions as well as making it impossible to establish empathy with others.
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Deng Jiaxian
Deng Jiaxian (simplified Chinese: 邓稼先; traditional Chinese: 鄧稼先; pinyin: Dèng Jiàxiān; Wade–Giles: Teng Chia-hsien) was born on June 25, 1924, in Huaining, Anhui province, and died on July 29th, 1986 in Beijing. He was a nuclear physics expert and academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He was a leading organizer and key contributor to the Chinese nuclear weapon programs.
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District of China
The term district, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China.
In the modern context, districts (simplified Chinese: 区; traditional Chinese: 區; Hanyu Pinyin: qū; Tongyong Pinyin: cyu) refer to two types of divisions in the People's Republic of China: city districts and the soon-to-be-phased-out county districts (also known as district public offices). Districts can also refer to a type of division in the Republic of China on Taiwan.
However, if the word "district" is encountered in the context of ancient Chinese history, then it is a translation for xian, another type of administrative division in China.
A city district (市辖区, pinyin: shìxiáqū, lit. a city-governed district) is a subdivision of a municipality or a prefecture-level city. The rank of a district derives from the rank of its city. Districts of a municipality are prefecture-level; districts of a sub-provincial city are sub-prefecture-level; and districts of a prefecture-level city are county-level.
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Duan Qirui
Duan Qirui (Chinese: 段祺瑞; pinyin: Duàn Qíruì; Wade–Giles: Tuan Ch'i-jui) (6 March 1865; November 2, 1936) was a Chinese warlord and politician, commander in the Beiyang Army, and the Provisional Chief Executive of Republic of China (in Beijing) from November 24, 1924 to April 20, 1926. He was arguably the most powerful man in China from 1916 to 1920.
Born in Hefei as Duan Qirui (段啟瑞), his courtesy name was Zhiquan (芝泉). His grandfather was Duan Pei (段佩), an officer in Li Hongzhang's privately raised Huai Army (Huai Jun, 淮军). Duan Qirui's father died early and Duan Qirui was raised by his maternal grandmother.
In 1881, Duan Qirui entered Baoding Military Academy specializing in artillery, and graduated at the top of his class. After graduation, he was sent to Lushun to oversee the construction of artillery fortifications and came to the attention of Li Hongzhang, who sent him to study military science in Germany for two years. After returning to China, he was first named as a commissioner to the Beiyang Armory (北洋军械局) and then as an instructor of Weihai military academy. Soon he was able to gain the sponsorship of Yuan Shikai, who named him as an artillery commander in the New Army.
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Emperor Wen of Wei
Cao Pi (187 – 29 June 226), formally known as Emperor Wen of Wei, was the first emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. Born in Qiao County, Pei Commandery (present-day Bozhou, Anhui), he was the second son of the late Han Dynasty warlord Cao Cao.
Cao Pi, like his father, was a poet. The first Chinese poem using seven syllables per line (七言詩) was the poem Yan Ge Xing (燕歌行) by Cao Pi. He also wrote over a hundred articles on various subjects.
Cao Pi was the eldest son of Cao Cao and his concubine (later wife) Lady Bian. Of all his brothers, Cao Pi was the most shrewd. Instead of studying hard or conducting military affairs, he was always in the presence of court officials in order to gain their support.[citation needed] He was mostly in charge of defense[clarification needed] at the start of his career. After the defeat of rival warlord Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu, he took the widow of Yuan Shao's son Yuan Xi, Lady Zhen, as a consort, although eventually she lost his favor and was forced to commit suicide. After he became emperor, his other favorite, Guo Nüwang, became empress.
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Ethnic township
Autonomous areas of China are specific areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities that are designated as autonomous within the People's Republic of China (PRC). These areas are recognized in the PRC's constitution and are nominally given a number of rights not accorded to other administrative divisions. The actual degree of autonomy of such regions is questioned. This is because their authority rests with the Constitution and the Law on Regional Autonomy, requiring leaders to seek prior approval from the National People's Congress (NPC) to pass legislation. This is not true for other provinces, which can pass legislation without such prior approval. For this reason, it has been contended that Autonomous regions are in fact "less autonomous."
The PRC's autonomous regions may be found in the first (or top) to third levels of its national administrative divisions thus:
Although not named as autonomous areas, some third-level settlements and areas that are identified as county-level cities and county-level districts enjoy the same autonomy as autonomous areas. At the fourth ("township") level, 1 ethnic sumu (the Evenk Ethnic Sumu) and over 270 ethnic townships also exist, but are not considered to be autonomous and do not enjoy the laws pertaining to the larger ethnic autonomous areas.
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Fan Zeng
Fan Zeng (277 BC – 204 BC) was an advisor to Xiang Yu during the Chu–Han contention period of Chinese history.
Fan Zeng was a native of Juchao (present-day Yafu Street, Juchao District, Chaohu City, Anhui). He had a keen interest towards military strategy and politics. In 207 BC, when Fan Zeng was about 70, he left home to meet Xiang Liang, who had rebelled against the Qin Dynasty like many others, and was accepted by Xiang Liang as an advisor.
After Xiang Liang died, Fan Zeng continued serving his nephew, Xiang Yu, as an advisor. Xiang Yu respectfully addressed Fan Zeng as his "Second Father" (亞父; Yafu). Since then, Fan Zeng had been planning and formulating strategies for Xiang Yu to overcome his rivals. In 206 BC, Fan Zeng followed Xiang Yu as their army entered Guanzhong (heartland of the Qin Dynasty), where Fan Zeng noticed that Liu Bang would become a future threat to Xiang Yu. Fan Zeng constantly urged Xiang Yu to kill Liu Bang then, but Xiang did not heed his advice.
During the Feast at Hong Gate, Fan Zeng ordered Xiang Yu's cousin Xiang Zhuang to pretend to perform a sword dance and use the opportunity to kill Liu Bang, who was invited by Xiang Yu to attend the feast. However, Xiang Yu listened to his uncle Xiang Bo, a close friend of Liu Bang's strategist Zhang Liang, and he spared Liu's life, allowing Liu to leave safely. Fan Zeng was furious and exclaimed:
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Feng Yuxiang
Feng Yuxiang (simplified Chinese: 冯玉祥; traditional Chinese: 馮玉祥; pinyin: Féng Yùxíang; Wade–Giles: Feng Yü-hsiang; 6 November 1882 – 1 September 1948) was a warlord and leader in Republican China. He was also known as the Christian General for his zeal to convert his troops and the Betrayal General for his penchant to break with the establishment. In 1911, he was an officer in the ranks of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army but joined forces with revolutionaries against the Qing Dynasty. He rose to high rank within Wu Peifu's Zhili warlord faction but launched the Beijing coup in 1924 that knocked Zhili out of power and brought Sun Yat-sen to Beijing. He joined the Nationalist Party (KMT), supported the Northern Expedition and became blood brothers with Chiang Kai-shek, but resisted Chiang's consolidation on power in the Central Plains War, and broke with Chiang again in resisting Japanese incursions in 1933. He spent his later years supporting the left-wing of the KMT which cooperated with the Chinese Communists.
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Fujian
Coordinates: 25°54′N 118°18′E / 25.9°N 118.3°E / 25.9; 118.3
Fujian (help·info) (Chinese: 福建), formerly romanised as Fukien or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jianzhou (a former name for Jian'ou) two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. With a Han majority, it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China.
Most of Fujian is administered by the People's Republic of China. However, the archipelagos of Kinmen and Matsu are under the control of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Thus, there are two provinces (in the sense of government organizations): the Fujian Province administered by the People's Republic of China and the Fujian Province of the Republic of China.
Recent archaeological discoveries demonstrate that Fujian had entered the Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells, bones, jades, and ceramics (including wheel-made-ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels, a definitive evidence of weaving.
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Gansu
Coordinates: 38°0′N 102°20′E / 38°N 102.333°E / 38; 102.333
Gansu (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 甘肃; traditional Chinese: 甘肅; pinyin: Gānsù; Wade–Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.
It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province.
Gansu has a population of 26 million (2009) and has a large concentration of Hui Chinese, and the historical home, along with Shaanxi of the dialect of the Dungans, who are Hui who migrated to Central Asia. The southwestern corner of Gansu is home to a large Tibetan population. The capital is Lanzhou, located in the southeast part of the province. Gansu is abbreviated as "甘" (Gān) or "陇" (Lǒng), and is also known as Long West or Long Right, in reference to the Long Mountain east of Gansu.
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Guan Zhong
Guǎn Zhòng (Chinese: 管仲; Wade–Giles: Kuan Chung) (c. 720-645 BC) was a chancellor and reformer of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. His given name was Yíwú (夷吾). Zhong was his courtesy name. Recommended by Bao Shuya, he was appointed Prime Minister by Duke Huan of Qi in 685 BC.
Guan Zhong started multiple reforms in the State of Qi. Politically, he centralized power and divided the state into different villages, each carrying out a specific trade. Instead of relying on the traditional aristocracy for manpower, he applied levies to the village units directly. He also developed a better method for choosing talent to be governors. Under Guan Zhong, Qi shifted administrative responsibility from hereditary aristocrats to professional bureaucrats. He is also credited for creating the first official government sponsored brothel known as "女市" which funded the government treasury.
Under Guan's guidance several important economic reforms were introduced . He created a uniform tax code and also used state power to encourage the production of Salt and Iron. Historians usually credit Guan Zhong for introducing state monopolies controlling salt and iron.
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Guangdong
Coordinates: 23°24′N 113°30′E / 23.4°N 113.5°E / 23.4; 113.5
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province. It surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are amongst the most populous and important cities in China.
Since 1989 Guangdong has topped the total GDP rankings among all provincial-level divisions, with Jiangsu and Shandong second and third in rank. According to provincial annual preliminary statistics, Guangdong's GDP in 2010 reached CNY 4,550 billion, or USD 689.02 billion, making its economy roughly the same size as that of Turkey or Indonesia. Guangdong has the fourth highest GDP per capita among all provinces of mainland China, after Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Liaoning. The province contributes approximately 12% of the PRC's national economic output, and is home to the production facilities and offices of a wide-ranging set of multinational and Chinese corporations. Guangdong also hosts the largest Import and Export Fair in China called the Canton Fair in Guangdong's capital city Guangzhou.
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Hebei
Coordinates: 39°18′N 116°42′E / 39.3°N 116.7°E / 39.3; 116.7
Hebei (help·info) (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: Héběi; Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a province of the People's Republic of China in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "冀" (jì), named after Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province (zhou) that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei means "north of the river", referring to its location completely above the Yellow River.
In 1928, Hebei was formed after the central government dissolved the province of Chih-li (直隸), which means "Directly Ruled (by the Imperial Court)".
Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities, which border each other, were carved out of Hebei. The province borders Liaoning to the northeast, Inner Mongolia to the north, Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, and Shandong to the southeast. Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea is to the east. A small part of Hebei, an exclave disjointed from the rest of the province, is wedged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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Hu Jintao
Hu Jintao (Pinyin: Hú Jǐntāo, pronounced [xǔ tɕìntʰɑ́ʊ]; born 21 December 1942) is the current Paramount leader of the People's Republic of China. He has held the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the People's Republic of China since 2003, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 2004, succeeding Jiang Zemin as the chief of the fourth generation of leadership of the Communist Party of China.
Hu has been involved in the Communist party bureaucracy for most of his adult life, notably as Party secretary for Guizhou province and the Tibet Autonomous Region, and then later first Secretary of the CPC Secretariat and Vice-President under former leader Jiang Zemin. Hu is the first leader of the Communist Party without any significant revolutionary credentials. As such, his rise to the presidency represented China's transition of leadership from establishment communists to younger, more pragmatic technocrats.
During his term in office, Hu has reintroduced state control in some sectors of the economy that were relaxed by the previous administration, and has been conservative with political reforms. Along with his colleague, Premier Wen Jiabao, Hu presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and development that cemented China as a major world power. He sought to improve socio-economic equality domestically through the Scientific Development Concept, which aimed to build a "Harmonious Society" that was prosperous and free of social conflict. Meanwhile, Hu kept a tight lid on China politically, cracking down on social disturbances, ethnic minority protests, and dissident figures. In foreign policy, Hu advocated for "China's peaceful development", pursuing soft power in international relations and a business-oriented approach to diplomacy. Through Hu's tenure, China's influence in Africa, Latin America, and other developing countries has increased.
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Hu Shih
Hu Shih (simplified Chinese: 胡适; traditional Chinese: 胡適; pinyin: Hú Shì, 17 December 1891 — 24 February 1962), born Simen (Chinese: 嗣穈) and originally wrote under Hu Hung-hsing (simplified Chinese: 胡洪骍; traditional Chinese: 胡洪騂; pinyin: Hú Hóngxīng) with the courtesy name Xijiang (Chinese: 希疆), was a Chinese philosopher, essayist and diplomat. He later changed his name to Hu Shih and his courtesy name to Shih-chih (simplified Chinese: 适之; traditional Chinese: 適之; pinyin: Shìzhī). He also had a number of other noms de plume. Hu is widely recognized today as a key contributor to Chinese liberalism and language reform in his advocacy for the use of written vernacular Chinese. He was influential in the May Fourth Movement, one of the leaders of China's New Culture Movement, was a president of Peking University, and in 1939 was nominated for a Nobel Prize in literature. He had a wide range of interests such as literature, history, textual criticism, and pedagogy. He was also an influential Redology scholar and held the famous Jiaxu manuscript (Chinese: 甲戌本; pinyin: Jiǎxū běn) for many years until his death.
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Hua Tuo
Hua Tuo (c. 140–208) was an ancient Chinese physician who lived during the late Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. The Records of Three Kingdoms and Book of Later Han record Hua as the first person in China to use anesthesia during surgery. He used a general anesthetic combining wine with a herbal concoction called mafeisan (麻沸散 lit. "cannabis boil powder"). Besides being respected for expertise in surgery and anesthesia, Hua Tuo was famous for his abilities in acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine, and medical Daoyin exercises. He developed the Wuqinxi (五禽戲 "Exercise of the Five Animals") from studying movements of the tiger, deer, bear, ape, and crane.
The oldest extant biographies of Hua Tuo (tr. DeWoskin 1983:140-153 and Mair 1994:688-696) are found in the official Chinese histories for the Eastern Han (25-220) and Three Kingdoms (189-280) eras. The 3rd-century Sanguozhi (三國志 "Records of Three Kingdoms") and 5th-century Hou Hanshu (後漢書 "Book of the Later Han") record that Hua was from the district of Qiao (譙) in the state of Pei (沛, i.e., modern Bozhou district in Anhui Province), and studied Chinese classics throughout the Xuzhou region (modern Jiangsu and Shandong). Hua refused employment offers from high-ranking officials (e.g., Chen Gui 陳圭) and chose to practice medicine.
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Huan Chu
Huan Xuan (桓玄) (369–404), courtesy name Jingdao (敬道), nickname Lingbao (靈寶), formally Emperor Wudao of Chu (楚武悼帝), was a Jin Dynasty (265-420) warlord who briefly took over the imperial throne from Emperor An of Jin and declared his own state of Chu in 403, but was defeated by an uprising led by the general Liu Yu in 404 and killed. He was the youngest son of Huan Wen.
Huan Xuan was born in 369, as the youngest son of Huan Wen, then the paramount general of Jin, and his wife, Sima Xingnan (司馬興男) the Princess of Nankang, the daughter of Emperor Ming of Jin. (An alternative account has him as born of Huan Wen's concubine Lady Ma.) When Huan Wen died in 373, his title should have gone to his heir apparent Huan Xi (桓熙), his oldest son. However, Huan Chong, Huan Wen's brother whom Huan Wen entrusted the command of the army to, believed (correctly) that Huan Xi was in a plot with another brother of Huan Wen's, Huan Mi (桓秘), and another son of Huan Wen's, Huan Ji (桓濟), to assassinate him and take power, and so detained Huan Xi, Huan Ji, and Huan Mi. Instead, he declared that it was Huan Wen's desire that his title be passed to Huan Xuan, and so Huan Xuan, at age four, inherited the title of Duke of Nan Commandery, with the dukedom roughly corresponding to modern Jingzhou, Hubei.
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Huan Wen
Huan Wen (桓溫) (312–373), courtesy name Yuanzi (元子), formally Duke Xuanwu of Nan Commandery (南郡宣武公), was a general of the Jin Dynasty (265-420). He is commonly viewed as one of the greatest generals since Jin's loss of northern China, as he led the campaign that destroyed Cheng Han and annexed its lands to Jin, and had some successes against the northern states Former Qin and Former Yan (although both campaigns ultimately ended in failure, perhaps due to his overcautiousness). After his death, the Huan clan would be entrenched in the Jin power struction for decades, after his son Huan Xuan temporarily usurped the Jin throne in 403 as the emperor of Chu (楚), he was posthumously honored as Emperor Xuanwu of Chu with the temple name of Taizu (太祖).
Huan Wen was born in 313. His father Huan Yi (桓彝) was a commandery governor. When he was young, his father once received a visit from Wen Jiao, who saw the boy and thought that the child was special. Huan Yi, because Wen had a high opinion of the child, thus named his son Wen, after Wen Jiao's family name.
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Huan Xuan
Huan Xuan (桓玄) (369–404), courtesy name Jingdao (敬道), nickname Lingbao (靈寶), formally Emperor Wudao of Chu (楚武悼帝), was a Jin Dynasty (265-420) warlord who briefly took over the imperial throne from Emperor An of Jin and declared his own state of Chu in 403, but was defeated by an uprising led by the general Liu Yu in 404 and killed. He was the youngest son of Huan Wen.
Huan Xuan was born in 369, as the youngest son of Huan Wen, then the paramount general of Jin, and his wife, Sima Xingnan (司馬興男) the Princess of Nankang, the daughter of Emperor Ming of Jin. (An alternative account has him as born of Huan Wen's concubine Lady Ma.) When Huan Wen died in 373, his title should have gone to his heir apparent Huan Xi (桓熙), his oldest son. However, Huan Chong, Huan Wen's brother whom Huan Wen entrusted the command of the army to, believed (correctly) that Huan Xi was in a plot with another brother of Huan Wen's, Huan Mi (桓秘), and another son of Huan Wen's, Huan Ji (桓濟), to assassinate him and take power, and so detained Huan Xi, Huan Ji, and Huan Mi. Instead, he declared that it was Huan Wen's desire that his title be passed to Huan Xuan, and so Huan Xuan, at age four, inherited the title of Duke of Nan Commandery, with the dukedom roughly corresponding to modern Jingzhou, Hubei.
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Huang Binhong
Huáng Bīnhóng (黃賓虹) (1865-1955) was a Chinese art historian and literati painter born in Jinhua in Zhejiang province. His ancestral home was She County in Anhui province. He was the grandson of artist Huang Fengliu. He would later be associated with Shanghai and finally Hangzhou. He is considered one of the last innovators in the literati style of painting and is noted for his freehand landscapes. His painting style showed the influence of the earlier painters Li Liufang (李流芳), Cheng Sui (程邃), Cheng Zhengkui, and Kun Can.
He also had significance for creating several societies devoted to painting and calligraphy.
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Hubei
Hubei (help·info) (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade–Giles: Hu-pei; Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting. The provincial capital is Wuhan.
Hubei is officially abbreviated to "鄂" (È), an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the Qin dynasty, while a popular name for Hubei is "楚" (Chǔ), after the powerful state of Chu that existed here during the Eastern Zhou dynasty. It borders Henan to the north, Anhui to the east, Jiangxi to the southeast, Hunan to the south, Chongqing to the west, and Shaanxi to the northwest. The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang, in the west of the province.
By the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 BC), the territory of today's Hubei was part of the powerful state of Chu. Chu was nominally a tributary state of the Zhou Dynasty, and it was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north; but it was also culturally unique, and was a powerful state that held onto much of the middle and lower Yangtze River, with power extending northwards into the North China Plain.
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Hui Chinese
The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; pinyin: Huízú, Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو / حواري) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in China. Hui people are found throughout the country, though they are concentrated mainly in the provinces of Ningxia, Qinghai, and Gansu. According to a 2000 census, China is home to approximately 9.8 million Hui people, the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam, though some practice other religions. Although many Hui people are ethnically similar to Han Chinese, the group has retained some Persian and Central Asian features, their ethnicity and culture having been shaped profoundly by their position along the Silk Road trading route.
In the People's Republic of China, the Hui people are one of 56 officially recognized ethnic groups. Under this definition, the Hui people are defined to include all historically Muslim communities in People's Republic of China that are not included in China's other ethnic groups. Since China's Muslims speaking various Turkic, Mongolic, or Iranian languages are all included into those other groups (e.g., Uyghurs, Dongxiang, or Tajiks) the "officially recognized" Hui ethnic group consists predominantly of Chinese speakers. In fact, the "Hui nationality" is unique among China's officially recognized ethnic minorities in that it does not have any particular non-Chinese language associated with it.
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Hui people
The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; pinyin: Huízú, Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو / حواري) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in China. Hui people are found throughout the country, though they are concentrated mainly in the provinces of Ningxia, Qinghai, and Gansu. According to a 2000 census, China is home to approximately 9.8 million Hui people, the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam, though some practice other religions. Although many Hui people are ethnically similar to Han Chinese, the group has retained some Persian and Central Asian features, their ethnicity and culture having been shaped profoundly by their position along the Silk Road trading route.
In the People's Republic of China, the Hui people are one of 56 officially recognized ethnic groups. Under this definition, the Hui people are defined to include all historically Muslim communities in People's Republic of China that are not included in China's other ethnic groups. Since China's Muslims speaking various Turkic, Mongolic, or Iranian languages are all included into those other groups (e.g., Uyghurs, Dongxiang, or Tajiks) the "officially recognized" Hui ethnic group consists predominantly of Chinese speakers. In fact, the "Hui nationality" is unique among China's officially recognized ethnic minorities in that it does not have any particular non-Chinese language associated with it.
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Inner Mongolia
Coordinates: 44°N 113°E / 44°N 113°E / 44; 113
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: s, Öbür Monggol and c Өвөр Монгол, Övör Mongol; Chinese: 内蒙古; pinyin: Nèi Měnggǔ, but officially romanized to Nei Mongol) is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in 1947 on the area of former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Liaobei and Xing'an along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia. It is the third-largest subdivision of China spanning about 1,200,000 km² (463,000 sq mi) or 12% of China's total land area. It has a population of about 24 million as of 2004. The majority of the population in the region are Han Chinese, with a substantial Mongol minority. The official languages are Chinese and Mongolian, the latter written in the Mongolian script, as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet used in the state of Mongolia.
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Jin Jing
Jin Jing (Chinese: 金晶; Pinyin: Jīn Jīng; born 1981 in Hefei, Anhui, China) is a Chinese female Paralympic fencer. She was a torchbearer carrying the Olympic torch amid political protests during the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay in Paris, France. According to ABC News, she fended off protestors who "threw themselves" at her; most were wrestled away by French police but at least one reached her wheelchair and tried to wrench the torch away. Jin has gained national fame in China because of the incident, but was attacked on Chinese internet bulletin boards for her stance in the following call to boycott French retailer Carrefour that resulted from public anger toward France. In contrast, Western media concentrated on how the incident involving Jin Jing ignited Chinese nationalism and claimed that the incident was exploited for propaganda purposes by the state media.
Jin Jing's parents are wage earners. Her father, Jin Jiansheng (Chinese: 金建生), is a rusticated youth who moved from Shanghai to Anhui during the Cultural Revolution, where he met and married Liu Huayao (Chinese: 刘华瑶). Jin was born in 1981, in Hefei, Anhui, She has a younger sister, Jin Renyu (Chinese: 金任钰).
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Ke Qingshi
Ke Qingshi (Chinese: 柯庆施; 1902 – April 9, 1965) was a senior leader of the Communist Party of China in 1950s and 1960s.
Born in She County, Anhui Province, Ke joined Chinese Socialist Youth League in 1920, and the Communist Party of China in 1922.
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Ke served as the secretary of CPC Nanjing municipal committee, the mayor of Nanjing, a member of East China Military and Political Commission, Party chief of Jiangsu, first secretary of CPC Shanghai committee, mayor of Shanghai, the first political commissioner of Nanjing Military Region, first secretary of CPC East China Bureau, and vice premier of the State Council. Ke was a member of 8th CPC politburo.
On April 9, 1965, Ke died in Chengdu.
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Li Hongzhang
Li Hongzhang (simplified Chinese: 李鸿章; traditional Chinese: 李鴻章; pinyin: Lǐ Hóngzhāng; Wade–Giles: Li Hung-chang), GCVO, (February 15, 1823 – November 7, 1901) was a leading statesman of the late Qing Empire. He quelled several major rebellions and served in important positions of the Imperial Court, including the premier viceroyalty of Zhili.
Although he was best known in the West for his generally pro-modern stance and importance as a negotiator, Li antagonized the British with his support of Russia as a foil against Japanese expansionism in Manchuria and fell from favor with the Chinese after their loss in the 1894 Sino-Japanese War. His image in China remains controversial, with criticism on one hand for political and military mistakes and praise on the other for his success against the Taiping Rebellion, his diplomatic skills defending Chinese interests in the era of unequal treaties, and his role pioneering China's industrial and military modernization. For his life's work, the British Queen Victoria made him a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order.
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Li Kenong
Li Kenong (李克农, 1899–1962) was a major figure in the early history of Chinese Communist intelligence, and was rewarded the rank of Colonel General in 1955. Recognized on the Chinese mainland as such, he is almost unknown in the West.
Born in Chaohu County, Anhui Province, Li was also known as Li Zetian and Li Leizhong. He became the deputy editor of the Anqing Guomin Shibao (National People's Daily) in 1926, entering the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1927. In this same period Li became a local propaganda leader for the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) in the same locality, and performed local coordination for the Northern Expedition. After the CCP's break with the KMT in April 1927, Li travelled to Shanghai in 1928 to do newspaper work for the communists on the Tieshenche Bao and the Laobaixing Bao newspapers.
Li was an early agent of Zhou Enlai, via the Communist intelligence agency, "Teke". Along with fellow agents Qian Zhuangfei and Hu Di, Zhou often referred to Li as one of "the three most distinguished intelligence workers of the Party". Under Zhou's direction Li joined the KMT secret police as a mole by the end of 1929. Li was soon placed in charge of investigation Communist activities, and was provided with carefully selected information (and disinformation) about the activities of parties hostile to the KMT. The information provided to Li was carefully controlled by Zhou Enlai. Li also reported to Zhou on the plans of Chiang Kai-shek.
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Liaoning
Coordinates: 41°06′N 122°18′E / 41.1°N 122.3°E / 41.1; 122.3
Liaoning (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 辽宁; traditional Chinese: 遼寧; pinyin: Liáoníng; Manchu: ᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠩ, Liyoo ning) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northeast of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "辽" (pinyin: liáo), a name taken from the Liao River that flows through the province. "Níng" means "peace". The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian province (奉天 pinyin: Fèngtiān; Postal map spelling: Fengtien; Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ, Abkai imiyangga) and the name was changed to Liaoning in 1929. Under the Japanese puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945.
Liaoning is located in the southern part of the Northeast, and is often called "the Golden Triangle" because of its superior geographical location, with the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay) and the Bohai Sea in the south, North Korea in the southeast, Jilin province to the northeast, Hebei province to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the border between North Korea and the province. It empties into the Korea Bay between Dandong, Liaoning and Sinŭiju, North Korea.
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Liu An
Líu Ān (Chinese: 劉安, 179 BC – 122 BC) was a Chinese prince and advisor to his nephew, Emperor Wu of Han (武帝) of the Han Dynasty in China and the legendary inventor of t'ai chi. With his book, the Huainanzi, he was responsible for further advancement in the studies of cartography and geography in ancient China.
Noted for his literary ability, Liu An was reputed to be able to compose an elaborate prose between waking and finishing breakfast. He was a grandson of the founding Han Dynasty (漢朝) emperor Liu Bang (劉邦), and he became the King of Huainan (literally "south of the Huai River"), at the age of 16 after his father, Liu Chang (劉長), died. In a fate similar to his fathers, he committed suicide after a failed coup attempt.
In addition to composing literary pieces himself, Liu An also frequently invited other scholars as guests to his estate. Eight scholars in particular became known as the Eight Immortals of Huainan (淮南八仙). Together, these scholars and Liu An published a treatise in 139 BCE. known as the Huainanzi (淮南子), translated as "Book of the Master of Huainan", or the "Huainan Philosophers". This book is considered one of the cornerstones of Daoist philosophy, along with the works of Laozi and Zhuangzi. Along with the earlier Shu Jing (Classic of History) of the 5th century BC (Warring States era), this book provided further concrete information on geography, including descriptions of the topography of China. His book was also concerned with mathematics and music, making use of the "Pythagorean comma" and listing the first known Chinese 12 musical tone tuning.
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Liu Mingchuan
Liu Mingchuan (born in Hefei in Anhui Province, 1836–1896, 劉銘傳) was a Chinese official during the Qing dynasty. He adopted a style name of Xingsan (省三). Liu became involved in the suppression of the Taiping rebellion at an early age, and worked closely with Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang as he emerged as an important Huai Army officer. In the aftermath of the Sino-French War, he was appointed the first governor of the newly-established province of Taiwan. Today he is remembered for his efforts in modernizing Taiwan during his tenure as governor, and several institutions have been given his name, including Ming Chuan University in Taipei.
Liu was born into a poor family of farmers at Hefei, Anhui Province, China. His father died when Liu was 11 years old. At age 18, Liu joined a local gang of bandits in the mountains, and at 20 he took part in the early Nien Rebellion. At 23 he changed his mind and joined the Huai Army, beginning his loyalty to the Qing Empire.
In 1859 (Xianfeng 9th Year), during the Taiping Rebellion (太平天國之亂), he built his hometown’s army, encouraged people to join, and suppressed several rebellions of the Taiping Army. In 1861 (Xianfeng 11th Year), he led about 500 men to join Li Hongzhang's (李鴻章) Huai Army. He was made the head of Ming Camp (銘字營), and went with Li to Shanghai to aid Charles George Gordon's army in defeating the Taiping Army. There he learned the use of Western firearms. In 1864 Huai Army commander Li Hongzhang and vice commander Liu attacked Changzhou to recover the city. Major General Liu was promoted to Colonel General and appointed to defend the capital at Beijing.
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Lu Su
Lu Su (172–217),style name Zijing (子敬), was a politician, militarist and diplomat serving under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history. As one of Sun Quan's most important subjects, Lu Su was most noted for having drafted a plan for Sun Quan to compete with rival warlords for supremacy, and succeeding Zhou Yu as the frontline commander of Sun Quan's military after Zhou's death. Lu Su also played an important role in establishing an alliance between Sun Quan and Liu Bei, as well as being a strong proponent of maintaining friendly relations between the two warlords.
Lu Su was a native of Dongcheng, Linhuai (臨淮東城; southeast of present-day Dingyuan County, Anhui). He was born in an affluent and influential clan but no member of his family had ever served in the government before. Lu Su's father died not long after his birth, and Lu Su was raised by his grandmother. When Dong Zhuo usurped state power and caused the government to sink into corruption, Lu Su sold his land and used the money to help his relatives and townsfolk, while spending his time befriending and acquainting himself with people.
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Lü Meng
Lü Meng (178 – 220) was a military general serving under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history. He served as the commanding general in the invasion of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) that led to the death of Guan Yu.
Lü Meng was born in Fupo, Runan Commandery (southeast of present-day Funan County, Anhui) in 178. His family migrated south of the Yangtze River when Lü Meng was young, and he lived with his brother-in-law Deng Dang (鄧當), who served under Sun Ce. When Lü Meng was 15 or 16, he would often follow Deng Dang in his expeditions against the Shanyue secretly against Deng's wishes. When Deng Dang told Lü Meng's mother about this, she was furious, but Lü Meng said: "It is difficult to survive in poverty; if we can prove ourselves through hard work, then wealth would come eventually. How can we get the tiger's cub if we don't enter the tiger's den?" Lü Meng's mother was so touched at his words that she forgave him and did not punish him.
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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
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Manchu
The Manchus (Manchu:
Manju; simplified Chinese: 满族; traditional Chinese: 滿族; pinyin: Mǎnzú) are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria (northeastern China).
For centuries, the Manchu ethnicity has acculturated with the majority Han ethnicity of China. Most Manchu today speak Standard Chinese, while the Manchu language is only spoken by elderly people in remote northeastern China and a few scholars; there are around ten thousand speakers of Xibe, a closely related language spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with some Manchu ancestry is quite large—with 10.68 million members (in China), Manchu is the 3rd largest ethnic group in China after the Han and the Zhuang. The adoption of favorable policies towards ethnic minorities (such as preferential university admission, government employment opportunities and exemption from the one child policy) has encouraged some people with mixed Han and Manchu ancestry to re-identify themselves as Manchu.
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Matsu Islands
The Matsu Islands (simplified Chinese: 马祖列岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖列島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo; Fuzhou dialect: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤ or less frequently, simplified Chinese: 马祖群岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖群島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Qúndǎo; Fuzhou dialect: 馬祖島 Mā-cū-dō̤) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江縣; Lièng-gŏng-gâing) under Fujian Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Only a small area of what is historically Lienchiang County is under the control of the ROC. The People's Republic of China (AKA "China") controls the part of the county on mainland China and has a separate administration for that jurisdiction, Lianjiang County, which claims the entire archipelago to be its Mazu Township (馬祖鄉; Mā-cū-hiŏng).
They are named after the goddess Mazu. Kinmen is the other archipelago on the Fujian coast controlled by the ROC.
Fujianese Mainlanders started migrating to the islands during the Yuan Dynasty. Most people on Matsu came from Houguan (侯官) (today Changle County (長樂縣 Diòng-lŏ̤h-gâing), Fujian).
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Mongol
Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд (help·info)), Mongolchuud) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia (a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China). The Buryat branch of the Mongol ethnic group can be found in the autonomous republic of Buryatia, Russia. Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia[disambiguation needed 
]. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols (the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats), and the Oirats. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
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Mu Ying
Mu Ying (1345-1392) was a general during the Ming Dynasty, and an adopted son of its founder, the Hongwu Emperor (aka Zhu Yuanzhang). Mu Ying was a Chinese Muslim. Mu Ying was one of the few capable generals who survived the massacre of the Hongwu Emperor.
Mu and his descendants guarded Yunnan, a province near Burma and Vietnam, until the end of the Ming Dynasty. As late as the 1650s, his descendant Mu Tianbao was one of the main supporters of the Yongli Emperor, the last emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and accompanied the fugitive emperor all the way into Burma.
The descendants of Mu Ying are featured in Louis Cha's Wuxia novel The Deer and the Cauldron, set in the early Qing Dynasty. The Mu Prince Residence based in Yunnan is a pro-Ming secret organisation that houses the descendants of Mu Ying and his followers.Mu Jianping of the seven wives of Wei Xiaobao (the protagonist), and her brother Mu Jiansheng, are direct descendants of Mu Ying.
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Nanjing
Nanjing (Chinese: 南京; pinyin: Nánjīng; Wade–Giles: Nan-ching) is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions. Its present name means "Southern Capital" and was widely romanized as Nankin and Nanking until the Pinyin language reform, after which Nanjing was gradually adopted as the standard spelling of the city's name in most languages that use the Roman alphabet.
Located in the lower Yangtze River drainage basin and Yangtze River Delta economic zone, Nanjing has long been one of China's most important cities. It is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It was the capital of Sun Quan's Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period and the capital of the Republic of China prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has long been a national center of education, research, transport networks, and tourism. The city will host the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics.
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Ouyang Xiu
Ouyang Xiu (simplified Chinese: 欧阳修; traditional Chinese: 歐陽脩; pinyin: Ōuyáng Xiū; Wade–Giles: Ou-yang Hsiu) (1007 – September 22, 1072) was a Chinese statesman, historian, essayist, calligrapher and poet of the Song Dynasty. He is also known by his courtesy name of Yongshu, and was also self nicknamed The Old Drunkard 醉翁, or Householder of the One of Six 六一居士 in his old age. Due to the multi-faceted nature of his talents, he would be regarded in Western parlance as a Renaissance man.
Ouyang was one of the major players in the Qingli Reforms of the 1040s and was in charge of creating the New History of the Tang Dynasty. He was also regarded as one of the great masters of prose of the Tang and Song era. He was also a noted writer of both shi and ci poetry.
He was born in Mianyang, Sichuan where his father was a judge, though his family comes from present day Jishui (then known as Luling), Jiangxi. His family was relatively poor, not coming from one of the old great lineages of Chinese society. Losing his father when he was three, his literate mother was responsible for much of his early education. He was unable to afford traditional tutoring and was largely self-taught. The writings of Han Yu, a literatus from the late Tang Dynasty was particularly influential in his development. He passed the jinshi degree exam in 1030 on his third attempt at the age of 22.
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Paracel Islands
The Paracel Islands, also called Xisha Islands (Chinese: 西沙群岛) in Chinese and Hoàng Sa Islands (Quần đảo Hoàng Sa, 群島黃沙) in Vietnamese, is a group of islands under the administration of Hainan Province, the People's Republic of China. Vietnam and the Republic of China (Taiwan) also claim sovereignty of these islands. China and South Vietnam each occupied part of the Paracel Islands before 1974 when a brief conflict occurred. China took over and has controlled all of the Paracel Islands since then.
The Paracel Islands consist of over 30 islets, sandbanks or reefs, occupy about 15,000 km² of the ocean surface, and are located in the South China Sea. Turtles live on the islands, and seabirds have left nests and guano deposits, but there are no permanent human residents except for a small number of troops. The archipelago is approximately equidistant from the coastlines of Vietnam and China, 180 nautical miles SE of Hainan Island, and about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines.
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Politics of Anhui
The Politics of Anhui Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.
The Governor of Anhui (安徽省省长) is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Anhui. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Anhui Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary (安徽省委书记), colloquially termed the "Anhui Party Chief".
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Pratas Islands
The Pratas Islands, also called Dongsha Islands (simplified Chinese: 东沙群岛; traditional Chinese: 東沙群島; pinyin: Dōngshā Qúndǎo), consist of three islands forming from an atoll located in northeastern South China Sea, 340 km (211 mi) southeast of Hong Kong. The islands are governed by the Republic of China (Taiwan). The People's Republic of China claims sovereignty over these islands along with all other territories currently controlled by the Republic of China. It is the seventh national park of the Republic of China. The main island of the group, Dongsha Island, is the largest of the South China Sea Islands.
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Province of China
In the context of Chinese government, a province (sheng), formally provincial level division, is the highest-level administrative division. The People's Republic of China (PRC) currently administers 33 such divisions, classified as 22 provinces, 4 municipalities, 5 autonomous regions and 2 special administrative regions.
Additionally, the PRC claims sovereignty over Taiwan Province, but since the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 this area has been administered by the Republic of China (ROC) under a province of the same name. The ROC also administers some offshore islands including Quemoy/Kinmen (Jinmen) and Matsu (Mazu), which form Fujian Province, ROC. These were part of an originally unified Fujian province, which since 1949 has been divided between the PRC and ROC.
In the People's Republic of China, every province has a Communist Party of China provincial committee, headed by a secretary beside the two special administrative regions. The committee secretary is in charge of the province, rather than the governor of the provincial government.
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Rob Gifford
Rob Gifford is a British radio correspondent and journalist. He has degrees in Chinese Studies from Durham University and in Regional Studies (East Asia) from Harvard University. He began to learn Mandarin Chinese in 1987 whilst in China.
Gifford was on staff at the BBC World Service for three years. In the United States, he worked for two years at WGBH in Boston. From 1999 to 2005, Gifford was the China correspondent for National Public Radio (NPR). He took leave of absence from NPR to write his first book, China Road, (2007; ISBN 1-4000-6467-8), which was based on his six-week trip on National Highway 312, China's 3000 mile (4800 kilometre) "mother road" stretching from Shanghai to the Gobi Desert. Gifford initially covered this journey in a seven-part radio series for NPR's program Morning Edition, as one of his last journalistic projects in China.
Gifford is currently the China editor of The Economist (beginning August 2011), and was previously the London bureau chief for NPR.
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Senkaku Islands
The Senkaku Islands (尖閣諸島, Senkaku Shotō?, variants: Senkaku-guntō and Senkaku-rettō), also known as the Diaoyu Islands or Diaoyutai Islands (simplified Chinese: 钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿; traditional Chinese: 釣魚台群島; pinyin: Diàoyútái Qúndǎo) or the Pinnacle Islands, are a group of uninhabited islands controlled by Japan in the East China Sea. They are located roughly due east of mainland China, northeast of Taiwan, west of Okinawa Island, and north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands.
Since the transfer of administration from United States to Japan in 1971, ownership of the islands by Japan has been disputed by the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The Chinese claim the discovery and control of the islands from the 14th century. Japan controlled the islands from 1895 until her surrender at the end of World War II. The United States administered them as part of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands from 1945 until 1972, when the islands reverted to Japanese control under the Okinawa Reversion Treaty between the United States and Japan.
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Shaanxi
Shaanxi (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 陕西; traditional Chinese: 陝西; pinyin: Shǎnxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province. Shaanxi is the historical home, along with Gansu of the dialect of the Dungans, of the Hui people, who emigrated out of China to Central Asia.
By regular Hanyu Pinyin rules, if tone marks are not written, both Shaanxi and the neighbouring province of Shanxi, to the east of Shaanxi, should be spelled "Shanxi"; the difference is in tone: Shānxī (山西) and Shǎnxī (陕西). To make the difference clear without tonal marks, the spelling "Shaanxi" was contrived (following the romanization system of Yuen Ren Chao) for the province of Shǎnxī, while "Shanxi" is used for the province of Shānxī. Shaanxi is the official spelling on Chinese Government's official web portal. This makes "Shaanxi" the only name of Chinese provinces that has not been romanized according to pinyin rules.
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Shandong
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E / 36.4°N 118.4°E / 36.4; 118.4
Shandong (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: Shan1-tung1) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the world's sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient as well as modern north-south and east-west trading routes have helped to establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has emerged as one of the most populous (95,793,065 inhabitants at the 2010 Census) and most affluent provinces in the People's Republic of China (GDP of 3.94 trillion CNY in 2010).
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Shanxi
Coordinates: 37°42′N 112°24′E / 37.7°N 112.4°E / 37.7; 112.4
Shanxi (help·info) (Chinese: 山西; pinyin: Shānxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋" (pinyin: Jìn), after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period.
The name Shanxi literally means "mountain's west", which refers to the province's location west of the Taihang Mountains. Shanxi borders Hebei to the east, Henan to the south, Shaanxi to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the north and is made up mainly of a plateau bounded partly by mountain ranges. The capital of the province is Taiyuan.
Shanxi, the territory of state of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC - 403 BC), underwent a three-way split into the states of Han, Zhao and Wei in 403 BC, the traditional date taken as the start of the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC). By 221 BC all of these states had fallen to the state of Qin, which established the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC).
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Sichuan
Coordinates: 30°N 103°E / 30°N 103°E / 30; 103
Sichuan (help·info) (Chinese: 四川, known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan) is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, "四川", is an abbreviation of "四川路" (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from "川峡四路" (Chuānxiá Sìlù), or "Four circuits of rivers and gorges", named after the division of the existing circuit into four during the Northern Song Dynasty.
The province and its vicinity were the cradle of unique local civilizations, which can be dated back to at least the fifteenth century BC (coinciding with the later years of the Shang Dynasty). Beginning from the ninth century BC, Shu (today Chengdu) and Ba (today Chongqing City) emerged as cultural and administrative centers where two rival kingdoms were established.
Shu's existence was unknown until an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui (三星堆) in Guanghan County. It is believed to be an ancient city of the Shu Kingdom, where excavations have yielded invaluable archaeological information.
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Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands are a group of more than 750 reefs,islets, atolls, cays and islands in the South China Sea. The archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines and Malaysia (Sabah), about one third of the way from there to southern Vietnam. They contain less than four square kilometers of land area spread over more than 425,000 square kilometers of sea. The Spratlys are one of three archipelagos of the South China Sea which comprise more than 30,000 islands and reefs and which complicate governance and economics in that region of Southeast Asia. Such small and remote islands have little economic value in themselves, but are important in establishing international boundaries. There are no native islanders but there are, at least for now, rich fishing grounds; and initial surveys indicate the islands may contain significant reserves of oil and natural gas.
About 45 islands are occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces from Vietnam, the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Malaysia and the Philippines. Brunei has also claimed an EEZ in the southeastern part of the Spratlys encompassing just one area of small islands above mean high water (on Louisa Reef.)
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Sun Li-jen
Sun Li-jen (traditional Chinese: 孫立人; simplified Chinese: 孙立人; pinyin: Sūn Lìrén) (December 8, 1900–November 19, 1990) was a Kuomintang (KMT) General, best known for his leadership in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. His achievements earned him the laudatory nickname "Rommel of the East". His New 1st Army was reputed as the "1st [Best] Army under heaven" and credited with defeating the most Japanese troops. He was also known as Sun Chung-neng (孫仲能, Sūn Zhòngnéng) and had the courtesy name Sun Fu-min (孫撫民, Sūn Fǔmín).
Sun Li-jen was born in Jinnu, Lujiang, Chaohu, Anhui, with ancestry in Shucheng County. During the May Fourth Movement, he was part of the Scouts in the march at Tiananmen Square. In the same year (1919) he married Gong Xitao (龔夕濤) and was admitted in 1920 to Tsinghua University to study civil engineering. Sun played basketball at Tsinghua, becoming a star. He led the Chinese team to a gold medal at the 1921 Far Eastern Championship Games. [1]
With a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship, he transferred to Purdue University in the United States to complete his senior year in 1923, where he graduated in 1924. But in the United States, ideological zeal motivated him to dramatically change vocations and pursue a military career instead. China was in the middle of civil war, and Soviet and Japanese invaders seemed poised to devour China. Sun decided that he could better serve his divided nation as a soldier rather than an engineer.
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Tao Xingzhi
Tao Xingzhi (Chinese: 陶行知; pinyin: Táo Xíngzhī; Wade–Giles: T'ao Hsing-chih; 1891-1946), was a renowned 20th century Chinese educator and reformer. He studied at Teachers College, Columbia University and returned to China to champion progressive education. His career in China as a liberal educator was not derivative of John Dewey, as some have alleged, but creative and adaptive. He returned to China at a time when the American influence was zesty and self-confident, and his very name at that time (zhixing) meant “knowledge-action,” reflecting the catch-phrase of the Neo-Confucian philosopher Wang Yangming which implied that once knowledge (zhi) had been obtained, then action (xing) would be easy.
Returning from study in the United States at University of Illinois and Columbia University in 1917, he turned to "life education." He then also returned to his humble roots. “Originally,” he wrote to his beloved younger sister, “I was a common Chinese, but gradually through ten years of life as a student, I developed a foreign, aristocratic tendency.” Shanghai, the capital and center of modern/foreign China, he now found “vulgar, rushed, and crowded.” Then “suddenly, like the Yellow River breaking its dikes..., I woke up [juewu , the Buddhist term for satori] to the fact that I was being robbed of my Chineseness.” He took to wearing a traditional scholar's gown, and turned to mass education. He then reversed his name to the more well-known form, xingzhi, that is, “action-knowledge,” directly implying that (Chinese) action/praxis will produce (Chinese) knowledge. He denounced “false intelligentsia” (wei zhishi jieji) for drawing on second hand, foreign experience of which they had no authentic knowledge.
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Tianjin
Tianjin (help·info) (Chinese: 天津; pinyin: Tiānjīn; Mandarin pronunciation: [tʰjɛ́ntɕín]; Tianjinese: /tʰiɛn˨˩tɕin˨˩/~[tʰjɛ̃̀ɦɪ̀ŋ]; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government. Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea.
As a dual-core city, Tianjin is divided into the old city and the Binhai New Area. Binhai New Area is a new growth pole in China, and it maintains an annual growth rate of nearly 30% of the GDP. As of the end of 2010, 285 Fortune Global 500 companies have established branch offices in Binhai. It is a base of China's advanced industry, financial reform, and innovation.
In terms of urban population, it is the sixth-largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area (Binhai New Area is not included) ranks fifth in the nation after Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou. Tianjin's urban area is located along the Hai River, which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal in Tianjin. Tianjin was once home to foreign concessions in the late Qing Dynasty and early Kuomintang (KMT) era. The municipality incorporates the coastal region of Tanggu, home to the Binhai New Area and the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA).
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Town of China
When referring to political divisions of China, town is the standard English translation of the Chinese 鎮 (simplified: 镇; pinyin: zhèn; Wade-Giles chen4). It is a fourth-level administrative unit, i.e. one of the units into which counties and districts are divided.
Another common fourth-level unit is the township (乡; pinyin: xiāng); a township is typically smaller in population and more remote than a town (zhèn).
Similarly to a higher-level administrative units, the borders of a town (zhen) would typically include an urban core (what one would call a "town" in Europe or America - a small town with the population on the order of 10,000 people), as well as rural area with some villages (村 cun, or 庄 zhuang).
A typical provincial map would merely show a zhen with a circle centered at its urban area and labeled with its name, while a more detailed one (e.g., the map of Xianning prefecture-level city at its official web site) would also show the borders dividing the county or county-level city into town (镇) and/or township (乡) units.
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Township of China
Township (China) may refer to:
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Wang Jiaxiang
Wang Jiaxiang (Chinese: 王稼祥; pinyin: Wáng Jiàxiáng) (August 15, 1906 - January, 1974), one of the senior leaders of the Communist Party of China in its early stage and a member of the 28 Bolsheviks, with his life of up and down indicating the cruel reality of politics.
As a native of Jin, Anhui, Wang studied in the affiliated middle school of Shanghai University in 1925, and went to Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, a university established under the founder of Kuomintang Sun Yat-Sen's policy of Alliance with the Soviet Union and CPC and named after him to train revolutionists for China. It was there Wang and Wang Ming, Zhang Wentian, Bo Gu and other students found the group 28 Bolsheviks to show their ambition for leadership in Chinese revolution. In 1928 Wang joined the CPC.
With the support from their mentor Paul Mif, the president of Moscow Sun Yat-sen University and then representative of Comintern to China, the 28 Bolsheviks were sent back to China to take leadership of CPC and they did won in the power struggle with Li Lisan.Compared with his counterpart Wang Ming, Bo Gu and Zhang Wentian, Wang just got less important job as secretary for party newspaper and chief editor of two journals of CPC.
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Wang Ming
Wang Ming (Chinese: 王明; pinyin: Wáng Míng; May 23, 1904 - March 27, 1974) was a senior leader of the early Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the mastermind of the famous 28 Bolsheviks group.[citation needed] Wang was also a major political rival of Mao Zedong during the 1930s, opposing Mao's nationalist deviation from the Comintern and orthodox Marxism and Leninism lines. Wang epitomized the intellectualism and foreign dogmatism Mao criticized in his essays "On Practice" and "On Contradiction". The competition between Wang and Mao was a reflection of the power struggle between the Soviet Union, through the vehicle of the Comintern, and the CCP to control both the direction and future of the Chinese revolution.
On May 23, 1904, Wang was born in Jinzhai, Anhui, as Chen Shaoyu (陈绍禹) to a poor peasant family. In 1920, he entered the Zhicheng Elementary School in Gushi County. Wang then entered the Third Agricultural School of the Anhui Province, which was founded by the revolutionary Zhu Yunshan. Zhu had a strong influence on the school's students, introducing many progressive journals and books such as New Youth and Communism ABC. In the school, Wang would encounter another strong influential figure in his life, A Ying (Qian Xinchun), his teacher. A Ying would teach Wang about Vladimir Lenin and Chen Duxiu.
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Wang Sanyun
Wang Sanyun (Chinese: 王三运; born 1952) is a Chinese politician. Wang was first appointed as the acting Governor of Anhui, as well as vice-governor, in December 2007. He was re-elected Governor by the Anhui Provincial People's Congress on January 31, 2008. In December 2011, he became the Secretary of the Provincial Party Committee of Gansu.
Wang was born in 1952 and is originally from Shanxian county in Shandong Province. He joined the Communist Party, a prerequisite for political office, in 1979. He worked in Guizhou, Sichuan and Fujian provinces before moving to Anhui in 2007.
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Wei Lihuang
Wei Lihuang (simplified Chinese: 卫立煌; traditional Chinese: 衛立煌; pinyin: Wèi Lìhuáng) (16 February 1897-17 January 1960) was a Chinese general who served the Nationalist government throughout the Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War as one of China's most successful military commanders.
First joining the Kuomintang (KMT) faction during the early 1920s, Wei would rise to become general after the Northern Expedition, a two year campaign to unify China. His later success under Chiang Kai-shek during the Bandit (Communist) Suppression Campaigns from 1930 to 1934 would earn him the nickname "Hundred Victories Wei".
A general during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Wei commanded the First War Area. With the entry of Great Britain and later the United States in the war against Japan, he was transferred to southern China as commander of the Nationalist Chinese XI Group Army. He later replaced General Chen Cheng as commander of the Chinese Expeditionary Forces, known as Y-Force. Y-Force consisted of over 100,000 Nationalist soldiers, and participated in major ground operations in support of American General Joseph W. Stilwell's offensive in northern Burma. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Wei was able to work effectively with American commanders.
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Wu Jingzi
Wu Jingzi (simplified Chinese: 吴敬梓; traditional Chinese: 吳敬梓; pinyin: Wú Jìngzǐ; Wade–Giles: Wu Ching-tse, 1701—January 11, 1754) was a Chinese scholar and writer who was born in the city now known as Chuzhou, Anhui and who died in Yangzhou, Jiangsu.
Wu was born into a well-to-do family, his father Wu Linqi (吳霖起) was a Qing official, but met no success himself. He attempted the Jinshi examination, but placed only at the county level. Poverty stricken by the age of thirty-two, he moved to Nanjing, where he met and acquainted himself with many government officials.
Wu's family may have had ties to the famous philosophers Yan Yuan (颜元) and Li Gong (李塨). The philosophers emphasized the importance of ritual in Neo-Confucianism and may have influenced Wu's novel.
While in Nanjing, in 1740, he started his famous novel Rulin Waishi. There is a museum in his honor located in his hometown of Quanjiao county, now Chuzhou.
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Wu Zuoren
Wu Zuoren (Chinese: 吴作人; pinyin: Wú Zuòrén; Wade–Giles: Wu Tso-jen; 1908–1997) was a traditional Chinese painter. A native of Jing County, Anhui, he was born in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. He practiced both traditional Chinese ink painting and European oil painting.
For the remainder of his life, Wu Zuoren remains a prominent member of the central committee of the China Democratic League, Chairman of the Chinese Artists Association, and a member of the standing committee of the National People's Congress. Wu Zuoren's second wife, Xiao Shufang, was an artist known for her flower paintings. Wu Zuoren founded and endowed the "Wu Zuoren International Foundation of Fine Arts".
Wu Zuoren in his garden, Beijing 1988, photo by Sally Larsen
Wu Zuoren Giant Panda PROC postage stamps first issue 1963
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Xiahou Dun
Xiahou Dun (died 13 June 220) was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history. Cao Cao's original family name was Xiahou, but his father Cao Song was the adopted son of the eunuch Cao Teng, so Xiahou Dun and Cao Cao share blood relations. As one of Cao Cao's most trusted generals, Xiahou Dun aided the warlord in his campaigns against Liu Bei, Sun Quan, and Lü Bu.
Xiahou Dun lost his left eye during the Battle of Xiapi in 198, and subsequently became known among the rank and file as "Blind Xiahou", which greatly irked him. His image as a one-eyed warrior was later popularized by Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, in which he was said to have yanked the arrow fired by enemy general Cao Xing out of his eye and devoured his own eyeball to instill fear in his enemies.
Xiahou Dun was born in the county of Qiao (譙; present-day Bozhou, Anhui). At the age of 14, he killed a man who insulted his teacher. His fiery personality had been well-known ever since. In 190, Xiahou Dun joined Cao Cao as the latter was raising an army to join the coalition against Dong Zhuo.
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Xiahou Yuan
Xiahou Yuan (died 219) was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history. He was killed in the Battle of Mount Dingjun against Liu Bei's general Huang Zhong in 219, and was given the posthumous title of Marquis Min (愍侯), literally meaning "sympathetic marquis".
Xiahou Yuan was born in the county of Qiao (譙; present-day Bozhou, Anhui). He was a benefactor to his lord Cao Cao, even during their younger days in the county. Chen Shou's Records of Three Kingdoms recorded an incident where Cao Cao committed a crime, for which Xiahou Yuan took the blame, though the innocent man was eventually acquitted through efforts by Cao.
In 190, Cao Cao started raising an army to join the coalition against Dong Zhuo, the tyrannical warlord who held Emperor Xian hostage in the imperial court. Xiahou Yuan heeded his call together with his older cousin Xiahou Dun, and was promoted to Administrator of Chenliu (陳留) and Yingchuan (穎川). He stayed close with Cao Cao to fight Dong Zhuo's generals Li Jue and Guo Si around the area, but apparently seemed unable to suppress the ferocious Liang Province (涼州) forces there. For subsequent years, Xiahou Yuan took care of Cao Cao's logistics during his various regional campaigns.
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Xiang Yu
Xiang Yu (232 BC – 202 BC) was a prominent military leader and political figure during the late Qin Dynasty.
Xiang Yu was a native of Xiaxiang (下相; present-day Suqian, Jiangsu). He was granted the title of "Duke of Lu" (魯公) by King Huai II of Chu in 208 BC. The following year, Xiang Yu led the Chu rebel forces to victory at the Battle of Julu against the Qin armies led by Zhang Han. After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu proclaimed himself "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" (Chinese: 西楚霸王; pinyin: Xī Chǔ Bà Wáng) and ruled a vast area of land covering parts of present-day Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan and Jiangsu, with Pengcheng (present-day Xuzhou) as his capital. He engaged Liu Bang, founding emperor of the Han Dynasty, in a long struggle for power, known as the Chu–Han Contention, that concluded with his eventual defeat and suicide at the bank of the Wu River.
There are two accounts of Xiang Yu's family background. The first claimed that Xiang Yu was from the house of Mi (羋), the royal family of the Chu state. His ancestors were granted the land of Xiang (項) by the king of Chu and had since adopted "Xiang" as their family name. The other account claimed that Xiang Yu was a descendant of a noble clan from the Lu state and his family had served the Chu rulers as military commanders for generations. Xiang Yu's grandfather, Xiang Yan, was a well known general who led the Chu army in resisting the Qin invaders led by Wang Jian, and was killed in action when Qin conquered Chu in 223 BC.
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Xinjiang
Xinjiang (XUAR) (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ, ULY: Shinjang; Mandarin pronunciation: [ɕíntɕjɑ́ŋ]; Chinese: 新疆; pinyin: Xīnjiāng; Wade–Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
It is home to a number of different ethnic groups including the Uyghur, Han, Kazakh, Hui, Kyrgyz, and Mongol. More than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities are located in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as Chinese Turkestan, Sinkiang, and East Turkestan. Xinjiang is divided into the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south by a mountain range. Only about 4.3% of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation.
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Xu Da
Xu Da (Chinese: 徐達) (1332–1385) was a Chinese military general who lived in the early Ming Dynasty and contributed to the founding of the dynasty. Apart from being a friend of the Hongwu Emperor, founding emperor of the dynasty, Xu was also the father of Empress Xu, who would marry the third ruler of the Ming, the Yongle Emperor.
Xu joined the Red Turban rebels in 1353 to overthrow the Mongolian-ruled Yuan Dynasty in China. He was placed under the command of Zhu Yuanzhang (future Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty) and he helped Zhu conquer several regional warlords. In 1369, two years after the founding the Ming Dynasty, Xu, along with various deputies, led an attack on the Yuan capital city of Beijing and forced the last Yuan ruler, Emperor Huizong, to flee northward.
Xu led a pursuit on the retreating Yuan forces and he encountered Yi Seonggye (founder of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea), who was commanded to take out the Chinese army. Xu's presence struck fear into the Korean generals, who in turn, allied themselves with the Chinese instead. Afterwards, Xu's army entered Mongolian territory and routed Mongol reinforcements throughout the empire. Eventually, Xu's force sacked the Mongolian capital at Karakorum, and captured thousands of Mongol nobles in 1370. His army ventured to Transbaikalia and reached the furthest north that any other Chinese army had never reached before.
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Xu Haifeng
Xu Haifeng (simplified Chinese: 许海峰; traditional Chinese: 許海峰; pinyin: Xú Hǎifēng, A native of He County, Anhui, he was born on August 10, 1957 in Zhangzhou, Fujian) is a male Chinese pistol shooter, and the first person to win a gold medal for China in the Olympic Games. He specializes in the 50 metre pistol event.
Xu won the first gold medal for China in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics while his teammate Wang Yifu won bronze. After retiring in 1995, he became a coach for the Chinese National Shooting Team.
Xu was the first torchbearer to bring the Olympic Torch into the Beijing National Stadium near the end of the 2008 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony
Xu is married to Zhao Lei, the daughter of his coach in the Chinese National Shooting Team. They have a daughter, Xu Jia.
Xu is currently the Deputy Director of Chinese Cycling and Fencing Administration Centre.
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Yang Xingmi
Yang Xingmi (楊行密) (852–December 24, 905), né Yang Xingmin (楊行愍, name changed 886), courtesy name Huayuan (化源), formally Prince Wuzhong of Wu (吳武忠王, "martial and faithful"), later posthumously honored King Xiaowu of Wu (吳孝武王, "filial and martial") then Emperor Wu of Wu (吳武帝) with the temple name of Taizu (太祖), was a military governor (Jiedushi) of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, whose takeover of Huainan and several nearby circuits allowed him and his family to rule over territory that would eventually become the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms state Wu — including most of modern Jiangsu and Anhui and parts of modern Jiangxi and Hubei. (Although Yang Xingmi would be the first ruler in his line to receive the title of Prince of Wu, it was a Tang-bestowed title and did not denote independence of the state.)
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Yingshang County
Yingshang County (simplified Chinese: 颍上县; traditional Chinese: 潁上縣; pinyin: Yĭngshàng Xiàn) is a county under the jurisdiction of Fuyang City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. The Huai River, which frequently floods, forms the county's southern border.
Yingshang is an agricultural county with wheat and rice are the main crops. Over the past few years, most young people have gone to Guangdong, Shanghai, and Zhejiang as laborers.
Coordinates: 32°39′33″N 116°13′26″E / 32.65917°N 116.22389°E / 32.65917; 116.22389
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Yu Ying-shih
Yu Ying-shih (simplified Chinese: 余英时; traditional Chinese: 余英時; pinyin: Yú Yīngshí; born January 22, 1930 in Tianjin) is a Chinese American historian known for his mastery of sources for Chinese history and philosophy, his ability to synthesize them on a wide range of topics, and for his advocacy for a new Confucianism. He is an Emeritus Professor of East Asian Studies and History at Princeton University.
The Yu family spent the years 1937 through 1946 in rural Anhui province, where they would be safe from Japanese invasion. He later recalled that “although rujia 儒家 [Confucian] culture was in a degenerate state, it nevertheless controlled the activities of daily life: by and large, all interpersonal relationships—from marriage and funeral customs to seasonal festivals—adhered to the rujia norms, supplemented by Buddhist and Daoist beliefs and practices.”
In 1949, he enrolled in the department of History in Yenching University, but in 1950 came to Hong Kong for reunion with his family. He then studied in the newly founded New Asia College, later incorporated into Chinese University of Hong Kong. The founders of New Asia College, which Yű joined as a student, were staunchly anti-Communist, rejected the iconoclastic New Culture Movement but did not see Western liberal thought as the alternative. Yu studied with Ch'ien Mu, a scholar rooted in traditional Chinese philosophy, and became the first graduate of the college. He is remembered both as an international prodigy at weiqi (or Chinese chess) and for the number of cigarettes he smoked.
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Yuan Shu
Yuan Shu (died 199) was a warlord during the late Han Dynasty era of Chinese history. He rose to prominence following the collapse of the imperial court in 189. He was said to be a younger cousin of the warlord Yuan Shao, but was actually Yuan Shao's younger half-brother. After the death of He Jin, he led a force to slay the eunuchs as the Imperial Corps Commander of the Imperial Tiger Guards, which was located just outside the capital. Later, he participated in an alliance against Dong Zhuo led by Yuan Shao. After the dissension of this alliance, he was never on good terms with Yuan Shao again until his final moments.
Yuan Shu fled to Shouchun (present day Shouxian, Anhui) after repeated defeats by the combined armies of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao. He declared himself emperor under the short-lived Zhong Dynasty (仲) in 197, citing superstition as his justification, including the Hanzi in his name and style name. This audacious action made him a target of the other warlords. His extravagant lifestyle and arrogance caused many of his followers to desert him. Most devastating of the departures and defections - both to Yuan Shu personally and to the strength of his forces - was that of Sun Ce, who had recently conquered most of the Jiangdong territory under Yuan's banner. Following crushing defeats by the armies of Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Lü Bu, Yuan Shu attempted to flee north to join Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao sent his son, Yuan Tan, to try to aid Yuan Shu, however, an alliance between the Yuan brothers who long hated each other was not destined, as Yuan Tan arrived too late, and Yuan Shu's forces were destroyed by Liu Bei. He died shortly thereafter of his grief.
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Zhang Baoshun
Zhang Baoshun (simplified Chinese: 张宝顺; traditional Chinese: 張寶順; pinyin: Zhāng Bǎoshùn; born February 1950 in Qinhuangdao, Hebei) is a politician of the People's Republic of China, and the current secretary of east China's Anhui Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC).
Zhang started working in November 1968, and joined the Communist Party of China in April 1971. He served in various posts in Qinhuangdao harbar administration bureau before entering Communist Youth League central committee in December 1978. From December 1982 to November 1985, Zhang was an alternate secretary of CYL central secretariat and director of CYL department of workers and peasants youth. He was elevated to a secretary of CYL central secretariat in November 1985, and the post was confirmed as the rank of vice minister in November 1991. From August 1982 to June 1987, he took correspondence courses at Renmin University of China and obtained a degree in Marxism-Leninism theory. From November 1991, he became the chairman of Chinese Youth Association and a secretary of CYL central secretariat. From December 1989 to December 1991, he pursued an on-job master's degree in national economic planning and management in school of economic management of Jilin University. In April 1993, Zhang became the vice president of Xinhua News Agency and a Party committee member there. In March 1998, Zhang was elevated to vice president and vice Party chief of Xinhua Agency. From September 2001 to January 2004, he was the vice secretary of CPC Shanxi committee. From January 2004, he served as vice governor, acting governor and later governor of Shanxi. Since July 2005, he has served as secretary of CPC Shanxi committee, and also served as chairman of Shanxi provincial People's Congress since January 2006.
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Zhang Zhizhong
Zhang Zhizhong (27 October 1895 – April 1969) was a general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China. He was born in Chaohu, Anhui, and attended the Baoding Military Academy from which he graduated in 1916. He then served in the local warlord armies of Yunnan and Guangxi before heeding the call of Nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen and moving to Guangzhou to became an instructor at the Whampoa Academy. He participated in the Northern Expedition, and after the Nationalists established the new republican government in Nanjing, became the commandant of the Central Military Academy. He joined in Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's campaign against Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang, and led the 5th Army in the 1932 battle at Shanghai against Japan. Later as the head of the 9th Army Group (第九集團軍), Zhang supervised the defence of Shanghai against Japan in 1937. Zhang is generally regarded as one of Chiang's close confidants, he has been accused by one historian of acting as a mole for the Chinese Communists.
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Zhao Puchu
Zhao Puchu (November 5, 1907 – May 22, 2000) was a religious and public leader who promoted cultural progress and religious tolerance in China. Zhao was best known as president of the CCP-supported Buddhist Association of China and also one of the most renowned Chinese calligraphers.
Zhao also served as vice chairman of the 9th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and honorary chairman of 10th Central Committee of China Association for Promoting Democracy.
He began his work in the 1930s, serving as secretary of the Buddhist Association of China. Zhao also worked to foster relations with Japan, serving as vice president of the China-Japan Friendship Association from 1958 to 1989, and working as an adviser to the association after. He led a Chinese religious delegation to Japan in 1992, meeting with then prime minister Kiichi Miyazawa and receiving the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Secret Treasure of Japan.
He was awarded the Niwano Peace Prize on April 9, 1985.
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Zhejiang
Coordinates: 29°12′N 120°30′E / 29.2°N 120.5°E / 29.2; 120.5
Zhejiang (Chinese: 浙江; pinyin: Zhèjiāng; Wade–Giles: Che-chiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The word Zhejiang (crooked river) was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital. The name of the province is often abbreviated to its first character, "浙".
Zhejiang borders Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.
The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty (sixteenth century to eleventh century BC). Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Yue, such as the Dongyue and the Ouyue. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Yue emerged in northern Zhejiang. The Yue state was heavily influenced by the Chinese civilization further north. Under King Goujian of Yue, Yue reached its zenith and was able to wipe out the powerful state of Wu to its immediate north, in 473 BC. Then, in 333 BC, Yue was in turn conquered by the state of Chu, which was to the west. In 221 BC, the state of Qin completed the conquest of the last of the formerly independent states of China, including the state of Chu. This conquest made what is now Zhejiang part of a unified Chinese empire.
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Zhou Yu
Zhou Yu (175–210) was a military general and strategist who served his close friend, the warlord Sun Ce, during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history. After the death of Sun Ce, another prominent warlord, Cao Cao, led a massive force southward with the intention to conquer the Jiangdong region, Zhou Yu was assigned by Sun Ce's brother and successor, Sun Quan, to be the naval commander for the defensive forces and he defeated Cao Cao's forces at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs in 208. The subsequent Battle of Jiangling, which had Lieutenant General (偏將軍) Zhou Yu serving as the commander-in-chief of Sun Quan's forces, solidified the survivability of the future Eastern Wu regime. Thus, Zhou Yu was praised by Sun Quan to be the sole person who enabled him to become an emperor years after Zhou's death.
Zhou Yu was born in Lujiang Commandery in an influential family with many members who served in high ranking positions in the government. Zhou Jing (an elder cousin of Zhou Yu's father) and Zhou Jing's son Zhou Zhong both took the post of Grand Commandant in the Han imperial court. Zhou Yu's father, Zhou Yi, was the Chief of Luoyang, the capital. When the coalition against Dong Zhuo was formed, Zhou Yi led his family to migrate to Lujiang. There, Sun Jian's son Sun Ce and Zhou Yu studied together and became lifelong friends. Zhou Yu's uncle later became the governor of Danyang under the warlord Yuan Shu , Zhou went visit his uncle and stayed there, while his best friend, Sun Ce, was planning to establish independence over the soil of Jiangdong.
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Zhu Xi
Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (Chinese: 朱熹, October 18, 1130, Youxi, Fujian Province, China – April 23, 1200, China) was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. His contribution to Chinese philosophy included his assigning special significance to the Analects of Confucius, the Mencius, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean (the Four Books), his emphasis on the investigation of things (gewu), and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts.
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[Beautiful China 720HD] Anhui Province / 安徽
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:00
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Date: 2009-01-07 Resolution: 720HD Program: Beautiful China Title: Anhui Province / 安徽Video Series ID: ileOR#OPFQpeS80oNqypAA==
http://wn.com/_Beautiful_China_720HD_Anhui_Province_安徽
Travelogue 2011-10-11 Huizhou, Anhui Province
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:37
- Updated: 26 Oct 2011
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2011 City of Hefei in Anhui, CHINA 中国合肥2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province in CHINA. 中国安徽省合肥市Hefei has an area of 11408.48 km² and, as of 2011 Census, a population of 7080000 inhabitants. Hefei, capital city of Anhui province, is located between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River, and beside the Chaohu Lake. It is a mid-China city nearest to the coastal cities in eastern China.After re-cantoning in 2011, under the city's jurisdiction there are four urban districts, four counties, one county-level city and three development zones. As one of the major cities in China opening up to the outside world, Hefei is listed among Top 100 Cities in terms of comprehensive strength, the 50 Cities with Excellent Investment Environment and Top 30 Cities with Overall & Growth Competition Strength. Hefei has established sister city relationship with 12 cities in USA, Japan, South Korea, Denmark, Australia, UK, Germany,and Chile etc. and trade ties with over 180 countries and regions. 51 companies among Fortune 500 and other internationally-known big names such as Metro, Johnson, Hitachi, Sanyo, Mitsubishi, Unilever，ABB， Coca-cola， Bouygues， Carrefour，Grand Tour, Chaitai, the President, Continetal, Sumitomo Chemical, Air Liquide, as well as some most famous Chinese companies including Haier, Media, Changhong, Gree , Yili and BOE etc. have made investment in Hefei. The number of outside investors ranks the first in Anhui province. Located in mid-east of China, Hefei is the very center to a circle with a ...
http://wn.com/2011_City_of_Hefei_in_Anhui,_CHINA_中国合肥2011
2011 City of Hefei in Anhui, CHINA commercial 现代化滨湖城市2011合肥城市宣传片
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:21
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province in CHINA. 中国安徽省合肥市Hefei has an area of 11408.48 km² and, as of 2011 Census, a population of 7080000 inhabitants. Hefei, capital city of Anhui province, is located between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River, and beside the Chaohu Lake. It is a mid-China city nearest to the coastal cities in eastern China.After re-cantoning in 2011, under the city's jurisdiction there are four urban districts, four counties, one county-level city and three development zones. As one of the major cities in China opening up to the outside world, Hefei is listed among Top 100 Cities in terms of comprehensive strength, the 50 Cities with Excellent Investment Environment and Top 30 Cities with Overall & Growth Competition Strength. Hefei has established sister city relationship with 12 cities in USA, Japan, South Korea, Denmark, Australia, UK, Germany,and Chile etc. and trade ties with over 180 countries and regions. 51 companies among Fortune 500 and other internationally-known big names such as Metro, Johnson, Hitachi, Sanyo, Mitsubishi, Unilever，ABB， Coca-cola， Bouygues， Carrefour，Grand Tour, Chaitai, the President, Continetal, Sumitomo Chemical, Air Liquide, as well as some most famous Chinese companies including Haier, Media, Changhong, Gree , Yili and BOE etc. have made investment in Hefei. The number of outside investors ranks the first in Anhui province. Located in mid-east of China, Hefei is the very center to a circle with a ...
http://wn.com/2011_City_of_Hefei_in_Anhui,_CHINA_commercial_现代化滨湖城市2011合肥城市宣传片
Huangshan, Anhui, China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:49
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
My trip to Huangshan (Yellow Mountain) in September 2011.
http://wn.com/Huangshan,_Anhui,_China
China Anhui province village wedding
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
China Anhui province village wedding
http://wn.com/China_Anhui_province_village_wedding
Technology Pioneer 2013 - Ming Xu (Anhui LIGOO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
www.weforum.org Ming Xu, Co-Founder of Ligoo, World Economic Forum Technology Pioneer 2013
http://wn.com/Technology_Pioneer_2013_Ming_Xu_Anhui_LIGOO
Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui -- Xidi and Hongcun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
See china-attractions.info. The quiet villages in Anhui appear to be a vivid Chinese painting right under the eyes of their tourists. Hongcun and Xidi show us the ancient dwellings of ordinary citizens. Read more at http
http://wn.com/Ancient_Villages_in_Southern_Anhui_-_Xidi_and_Hongcun
[Eng Sub] Anhui Music Radio (120710)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:01
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
reuploaded because youtube screwed with my timings. zhou mi, liu chao, sean lee, and calvin chen. download: caesetia.livejournal.com
http://wn.com/_Eng_Sub_Anhui_Music_Radio_120710
Fake Salt Being Sold in Anhui Province, China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 06 Aug 2012
For more news and videos visit ☛ english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ☛ http Add us on Facebook ☛ on.fb.me And the latest in a series of food safety scandals in China, Anhui Province authorities have discovered fake edible salt made from the residue of agricultural chemicals. Three people are being held in connection with the case. Police in China's Anhui Province have warned that products made with fake edible salt extracted from agricultural chemicals may have made it onto the market. According to state-run China Daily, police in Anhui arrested three people in connection with the case. The three are suspected of manufacturing and selling 10-thousand tons of the salt. They set up business in 2009, purchasing waste residues from the factory of Zhenjiang Jiangnan Chemical Engineering Company. The factory was under the impression that they were using the residues to produce industrial salt. So far, no cases of illness have been reported in Anhui in connection with the salt. But Chinese citizens, disturbed by a string of food scandals over the last few years, see this latest case as a major problem. [Mr. Long, Resident]: "The slide in morality, the loss of sincerity in our society has already reached a very serious extent. I feel that it's a problem with the system that these illegal companies can be so bold and succeed for a period of time. Why can't our watchdog organizations and officials carry out their responsibilities? I fear this is a major problem." The three ...
http://wn.com/Fake_Salt_Being_Sold_in_Anhui_Province,_China
Anhui Greider excavator working video (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
in china
http://wn.com/Anhui_Greider_excavator_working_video_2
2011 Anhui China Plowing and Planting Rice Field
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/2011_Anhui_China_Plowing_and_Planting_Rice_Field
Anhui Greider excavator security levy work video(1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
in china(65-9)
http://wn.com/Anhui_Greider_excavator_security_levy_work_video1
City of Hefei in Anhui, CHINA 中国合肥2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:23
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province in CHINA. 中国安徽省合肥市Hefei has an area of 11408.48 km² and, as of 2011 Census, a population of 7080000 inhabitants. Hefei, capital city of Anhui province, is located between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River, and beside the Chaohu Lake. It is a mid-China city nearest to the coastal cities in eastern China.After re-cantoning in 2011, under the city's jurisdiction there are four urban districts, four counties, one county-level city and three development zones. As one of the major cities in China opening up to the outside world, Hefei is listed among Top 100 Cities in terms of comprehensive strength, the 50 Cities with Excellent Investment Environment and Top 30 Cities with Overall & Growth Competition Strength. Hefei has established sister city relationship with 12 cities in USA, Japan, South Korea, Denmark, Australia, UK, Germany,and Chile etc. and trade ties with over 180 countries and regions. 51 companies among Fortune 500 and other internationally-known big names such as Metro, Johnson, Hitachi, Sanyo, Mitsubishi, Unilever，ABB， Coca-cola， Bouygues， Carrefour，Grand Tour, Chaitai, the President, Continetal, Sumitomo Chemical, Air Liquide, as well as some most famous Chinese companies including Haier, Media, Changhong, Gree , Yili and BOE etc. have made investment in Hefei. The number of outside investors ranks the first in Anhui province. Located in mid-east of China, Hefei is the very center to a circle with a ...
http://wn.com/City_of_Hefei_in_Anhui,_CHINA_中国合肥2011
Kevin Cheng ※ Liu Shi Shi @ Anhui TV Drama Award 【2011.12.23】
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:34
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Kevin_Cheng_※_Liu_Shi_Shi_@_Anhui_TV_Drama_Award_【20111223】
Liu Shi Shi & Kevin Cheng sang @ Anhui TV Drama Festival (12.23.2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Liu_Shi_Shi_Kevin_Cheng_sang_@_Anhui_TV_Drama_Festival_12232011
Spring Festival Gala of Anhui#Son and Vill#.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Spring Festival Gala of Anhui
http://wn.com/Spring_Festival_Gala_of_Anhui_Son_and_Vill_flv
Pong and Bie@Anhui TV "TV Drama Awards 2011"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
source : www.tudou.com
http://wn.com/Pong_and_Bie@Anhui_TV_TV_Drama_Awards_2011
Pong Nawat Anhui TV "TV Drama Awards 2011"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Cr. www.komchadluek.net
http://wn.com/Pong_Nawat_Anhui_TV_TV_Drama_Awards_2011
![Zhao Jia Li (Anhui) - Qiangshu 39 [2006 China Women's Wushu National Qualifiers]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121125043338im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/lWPIvsrk8c4/default.jpg "Zhao Jia Li (Anhui) - Qiangshu 39 [2006 China Women's Wushu National Qualifiers]")
Zhao Jia Li (Anhui) - Qiangshu 39 [2006 China Women's Wushu National Qualifiers]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Zhao Jia Li from the Anhui Wushu Team competing in Qiangshu (Spear) at the 2006 China Women's Wushu National Qualifiers in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China on June 8, 2006. Final Score 8.27 Get more videos, photos and wushu goodness at wushuzilla.com
http://wn.com/Zhao_Jia_Li_Anhui_Qiangshu_39_2006_China_Women's_Wushu_National_Qualifiers_
2011安徽卫视国剧盛典◆ Anhui TV Drama Award 【2011.12.31】
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 276:29
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Luo Jin performance @ 1:30 Yang Mi performance @ 2:55 Tang Yan performance @ 9:55 Hu Ge/Wallace Chung presenters @ 15:55 Gan Ting Ting award @ 16:26 Yan Kuan/Hawick Lau/Luo Jin award @ 52:15 Yan Kuan/Hawick Lau/Luo Jin performance @ 56:12 Yang Mi/Liu Shi Shi/Tang Yan/Qi Wei presenters @ 1:09:25 Yang Mi award @ 1:34:12 Jimmy Lin award @ 1:40:00 Tang Yan/Qiu Wei/Jones Xu award @ 1:54:21 Liu Shi Shi award @ 2:01:08 Ruby Lin/Yan Kuan presenters @ 2:18:28 Hu Ge award @ 2:23:15 Hu Ge/A'lan performance @ 2:24:38 Kevin Cheng award @ 2:32:50 P'Pong(Thai actor) hugging Ruby Lin @ 2:41:20 Wallace Chung/Li Xiaoran award @ 2.52:40 Ming Dao award @ 2:55:30 Bu Bu Jing Xin award @ 3:00:20 Liu Shi Shi/Kevin Cheng performance @ 3:05:00 Variety of performances @ 4:22:00
http://wn.com/2011安徽卫视国剧盛典◆_Anhui_TV_Drama_Award_【20111231】
China, Shanghai Beijing Huangshan Anhui Train travel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:27
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
May 2010
http://wn.com/China,_Shanghai_Beijing_Huangshan_Anhui_Train_travel
Kevin Cheng ※ Liu Shi Shi @ Anhui TV Award Red Carpet 【2011.12.23】
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Updated: 06 Mar 2012
Kevin won "Most Popular Artiste Award" Liu Shi Shi won "Most Media Attention Award"
http://wn.com/Kevin_Cheng_※_Liu_Shi_Shi_@_Anhui_TV_Award_Red_Carpet_【20111223】
photo: AP / Emilio Morenatti
22 Nov 2012
A new battle is underway in Pakistan with its powerful military front-and-centre, but the fight is not against armed insurgents or ideological extremists - this opponent is a muscle-flexing Supreme Court. For the first time in decades, the military's iron grip over the South Asian country has been challenged, and it remains to be seen if it will...(size: 23.7Kb)
photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
23 Nov 2012
Israel and Hamas are seeking to solidify an Egyptian and US-brokered cease-fire halting eight days of aerial assaults that ravaged the Gaza Strip and made Tel Aviv a missile target. Announcing the truce in Cairo last night alongside Egypt's foreign minister, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton promised U.S. assistance in seeking to "improve...(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Egyptian Presidency
23 Nov 2012
Opposition groups in Egypt have called for mass protests on Friday against President Mohammed Mursi's decree that gives him sweeping powers. They have described his move as a "coup against legitimacy" and accused the president of appointing himself Egypt's "new pharaoh". The decree states that the president's decisions cannot be revoked by any...(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP
23 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. I was fortunate to have been raised near an American Indian archaeological spot located on the Great Plains. In elementary school, a fellow classmate would periodically bring and show grinding stones, arrow- and spearheads, stone farming implements, and pictures of what the excavated site may have...(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammed Asad
24 Nov 2012
Cairo. President Mohamed Morsi insisted on Friday that Egypt is on the path to “freedom and democracy” after granting himself sweeping powers, which sparked clashes between his supporters and foes and raised concerns abroad. “Political stability, social stability and economic stability are what I want and that is what I am working for,” he told a...(size: 4.8Kb)
Xinhua
24 Nov 2012
BEIJING, Nov. 23 (Xinhua) -- Migrants' children will be allowed to sit college entrance exams in Chinese cities where their parents work, lifting a ban caused by household registration. Northeast China's Heilongjiang and eastern Anhui and Jiangsu provinces will lift the ban next year, local governments confirmed. Children of migrant workers working...(size: 3.5Kb)
DNA India
23 Nov 2012
BEIJING, Nov. 23, 2012 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Sino Gas International Holdings, Inc. (OTC Bulletin Board: SGAS), ("Sino Gas" or the "Company") today announced that it will conduct a conference call at 7:00 a.m. Eastern Time on Monday, November 26, 2012 to discuss third quarter and nine month of 2012 financial results. The...(size: 2.1Kb)
The Guardian
23 Nov 2012
Business Wire
23 Nov 2012
DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/pl978t/china_boiler_and) has announced the addition of the "China Boiler and Auxiliaries Industry Report, 2012-2015" report to their offering. “China Boiler and Auxiliaries Industry Report, 2012-2015” According to China Boiler and Auxiliaries...(size: 5.9Kb)
All Africa
22 Nov 2012
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Jakarta Globe
22 Nov 2012
Tianying, China. In ramshackle semi-industrial Tianying in China’s Anhui province, a state-owned lead smelter and foundry sits at the center of town, behind high walls and secure gates that make it look more like a prison than the mainstay of the local economy. Decades of pollution from it and similar plants — Tianying once accounted for half of...(size: 7.2Kb)
Mining Weekly
22 Nov 2012
During the first six months of 2012 coal became Mozambique’s number two export, the Bank of Mozambique has revealed in its recent ‘Economic Climate and Inflation Perspectives’ report. The country’s coal exports in this period were worth $196.4-million. This helped boost the country’s exports to $1.8-billion, a 3.6%...(size: 4.3Kb)
Sun Sentinel
21 Nov 2012
TIANYING, China (Reuters) - In ramshackle semi-industrial Tianying in China's Anhui province, a state-owned lead smelter and foundry sits at the center of town, behind high walls and secure gates that make it look more like a prison than the mainstay of the local economy. Decades of pollution from it and similar plants -- Tianying once accounted...(size: 4.9Kb)
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21 Nov 2012
DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/pk5cxz/data) has announced the addition of the "Data Report-Quizalofop-P-ethyl Survey in China" report to their offering. Quizalofop-P-ethyl Survey in China is CCM's first edition report on the Chinese quizalofop-P-ethyl industry, finished in Oct. 2012. This...(size: 4.4Kb)
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21 Nov 2012
Posted on November 21, 2012 at 6:46 am by Associated Press in Renewable energy, solar Comments() | E-mail | Print Chinese workers examine solar panels at a manufacturer of photovoltaic products in Huaibei in central China's Anhui...(size: 1.5Kb)
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20 Nov 2012
LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The area for peach and nectarine cultivation in China is expected to be either stable or, at the very least, only slightly reduced in the foreseeable future. However, with the improvement of the product yield per unit area, the overall output of peaches and nectarines is expected to keep on growing. Thus, the sales are...(size: 5.5Kb)
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) |
Coordinates: 31°50′N 117°0′E / 31.833°N 117°E / 31.833; 117
| Anhui Province | |||||||||
|
|||||||||
| Abbreviations: 皖 (pinyin: Wǎn) | |||||||||
.svg) |
|||||||||
| Origin of name | 安 ān - Anqing 徽 huī - Huizhou (now Huangshan city) |
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| Administration type | Province | ||||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Hefei | ||||||||
| CPC Ctte Secretary | Zhang Baoshun | ||||||||
| Governor | Wang Sanyun | ||||||||
| Area | 139,400 km2 (53,800 sq mi) (22nd) | ||||||||
| - Latitude | 29° 24' to 34° 57' N | ||||||||
| - Longitude | 114° 53' to 119° 39' E | ||||||||
| Population (2010) - Density |
59,500,510 (8th) 440 /km2 (1,100 /sq mi) (9th) |
||||||||
| GDP (2011) - per capita |
CNY 1.51 trillion US$ 239.8 billion (14th) CNY 20,888 US$ 3,086 (26th) |
||||||||
| HDI (2008) | 0.750 (medium) (26th) | ||||||||
| Ethnic composition | Han - 99% Hui - 0.6% |
||||||||
| Languages and dialects | {{{Dialects}}} | ||||||||
| Prefectural level | 17 divisions | ||||||||
| County level | 105 divisions | ||||||||
| Township level* | 1845 divisions | ||||||||
| ISO 3166-2 | CN-34 | ||||||||
| Official website www.ah.gov.cn (simplified Chinese) |
|||||||||
| Source for population and GDP data:
《中国统计年鉴—2005》 China Statistical Yearbook 2005
Source for nationalities data:
ISBN 7503747382 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 Tabulation on nationalities of 2000 population census of China
*As at December 31, 2004ISBN 7105054255 |
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| Template ■ Discussion ■ WikiProject China | |||||||||
| Anhui | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 安徽 | ||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Ānhuī | ||||||||||||||
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Anhui (Chinese: 安徽; pinyin: Ānhuī; Wade–Giles: An-hui, Mandarin pronunciation: [ánxwéi]) is a province in the People's Republic of China. Located in eastern China across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, it borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a tiny section in the north. The capital of the province is Hefei.
The name "Anhui" derives from the names of two cities in south Anhui, Anqing and Huizhou (now Huangshan City).[1] The abbreviation for Anhui is "皖" (Wǎn), because there were historically a State of Wan, a Mount Wan, and a Wan river in the province.
Contents |
History[link]
|
|
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) |
The province of Anhui was formed in the seventeenth century. Before then, there was no coherent concept of "Anhui". Northern Anhui was firmly a part of the North China Plain in terms of culture, together with modern-day Henan province. Central Anhui constituted most of the fertile and densely-populated Huai He River watershed. Southern Anhui, along the Yangtze, was closer to Hubei and southern Jiangsu provinces in culture. Finally, the hills of southeastern Anhui formed a unique and distinct cultural sphere of its own.
During the Warring States Period, Shouchun (modern Shou County) in central Anhui became a refugee capital for the state of Chu after its heartlands in modern Hubei province was overrun by the powerful state of Qin in the west, in 278 BC. Qin nevertheless managed to conquer all of China in 221 BC, creating the Qin Dynasty.[citation needed]
Anhui was administered under several different commanderies during the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty. Near the end of the Han Dynasty, Shouchun became the base for the warlord Yuan Shu, who declared himself emperor at one point, but soon succumbed to illness, allowing his small realm to come under the powerful warlord Cao Cao, founder of the Wei Kingdom, one of the Three Kingdoms.[citation needed]
The 4th century saw the influx of nomadic tribes from Central Asia into North China. This began several centuries of political division of northern and southern China. Being at the juncture of north and south, the lands comprising modern Anhui changed hands frequently and was usually bisected through the middle politically. The Battle of Feishui, between the Former Qin of the north and the Eastern Jin Dynasty of the south, took place in 383 AD in modern Anhui.[citation needed]
The Sui Dynasty (581-618) and the Tang Dynasty (618-907) oversaw several centuries of relative peace and unity in China. During this period Anhui was once again ruled under several different jurisdictions.[citation needed]
During the division of China between the Jin Dynasty in the north and the Southern Song Dynasty in the south, Anhui was once again bisected, this time along the Huai He River. This lasted until Mongol reunification of China in 1279.[citation needed]
The Ming Dynasty drove out the Mongols in 1368. Due to a short stint as the capital of China by the city of Nanjing in nearby Jiangsu province, the entirety of Jiangsu and Anhui kept their special status as territory-governed directly by the central government, and were called Nanzhili (南直隸 "Southern directly-governed").[citation needed]
The Manchu Qing Dynasty, which conquered China in 1644, changed this situation by establishing Nanzhili as Jiangnan province; in 1666 Jiangsu and Anhui were split apart as separate provinces. This was the beginning of the contemporary Anhui province, which has since kept almost the same borders as today. The one significant change that occurred was the move of the provincial capital from Anqing to Hefei in 1946.[citation needed]
When the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, Anhui was briefly split into two separate administrative regions: Wanbei (North Anhui) and Wannan (South Anhui). They were merged into a province in 1952.[citation needed]
In the 2007 book China Road, author Rob Gifford stated that the Chinese refer to Anhui as a "big agricultural province" (农业大省). According to Gifford, this is a euphemism for a "very poor" area and that people have referred to Anhui as the "Appalachia of China."[2]
Geography[link]
Anhui is quite diverse topographically. The north of the province is part of the North China Plain while the north-central areas are part of the Huai He River watershed. Both of these regions are very flat and densely populated. The land becomes more uneven further south, with the Dabie Mountains occupying much of southwestern Anhui and a series of hills and ranges cutting through southeastern Anhui. The Yangtze River finds its way through south Anhui in between these two mountainous regions. The highest peak in Anhui is Lotus Peak, part of the Huangshan Mountains in southeastern Anhui. It has an altitude of 1873 m.
Major rivers include the Huai He in the north and the Yangtze in the south. The largest lake is Lake Chaohu in the center of the province, with an area of about 800 km². The southeastern part of the province near the Yangtze River has many lakes as well.
As with topography, the province differs in climate from north to south. The north is more temperate and has more clearcut seasons. January temperatures average at around -1 to 2 °C north of the Huai He, and 0 to 3 °C south of the Huai He; in July temperatures average 27 °C or above. Plum rains occur in June and July and may cause flooding.
Major cities:
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Anhui and List of township-level divisions of Anhui
Anhui is divided into seventeen prefecture-level divisions:
| Map | # | Name | Administrative Seat | Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin |
Population (2010) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
|||||
| — Prefecture-level city — | |||||
| 1 | Hefei | Luyang District | 合肥市 Héféi Shì |
7,457,000 | |
| 2 | Anqing | Yingjiang District | 安庆市 Ānqìng Shì |
5,311,000 | |
| 3 | Bengbu | Longzihu District | 蚌埠市 Bèngbù Shì |
3,164,000 | |
| 4 | Bozhou | Qiaocheng District | 亳州市 Bózhōu Shì |
4,851,000 | |
| 5 | Xuancheng | Xuanzhou District | 宣城市 Xuānchéng Shì |
2,533,000 | |
| 6 | Chizhou | Guichi District | 池州市 Chízhōu Shì |
1,403,000 | |
| 7 | Chuzhou | Langya District | 滁州市 Chúzhōu Shì |
3,938,000 | |
| 8 | Fuyang | Yingzhou District | 阜阳市 Fǔyáng Shì |
7,600,000 | |
| 9 | Huaibei | Lieshan District | 淮北市 Huáiběi Shì |
2,114,000 | |
| 10 | Huainan | Tianjia'an District | 淮南市 Huáinán Shì |
2,334,000 | |
| 11 | Huangshan | Tunxi District | 黄山市 Huángshān Shì |
1,359,000 | |
| 12 | Lu'an | Jin'an District | 六安市 Lù'ān Shì |
5,612,000 | |
| 13 | Ma'anshan | Yushan District | 马鞍山市 Mǎ'ānshān Shì |
2,304,000 | |
| 14 | Suzhou | Yongqiao District | 宿州市 Sùzhōu Shì |
5,353,000 | |
| 15 | Tongling | Tongguanshan District | 铜陵市 Tónglíng Shì |
724,000 | |
| 16 | Wuhu | Jinghu District | 芜湖市 Wúhú Shì |
3,443,000 | |
The seventeen prefecture-level divisions of Anhui are subdivided into 105 county-level divisions (44 districts, five county-level cities, and 56 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1845 township-level divisions (972 towns, 634 townships, nine ethnic townships, and 230 subdistricts).
Politics[link]
Main articles: Politics of Anhui and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
The Politics of Anhui Province is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.
The Governor of Anhui (Chinese: 安徽省省长) is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Anhui. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Anhui Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary (Chinese: 安徽省委书记), colloquially termed the "Anhui Party Chief".
Economy[link]
Agriculture in Anhui varies according to the climate zones that the province crosses. North of the Huai He river wheat and sweet potatoes are grown, while south of the Huai He it is rice and wheat instead.
Natural resources of Anhui include iron in Ma'anshan, coal in Huainan, and copper in Tongling. There are industries related to these natural resources (e.g. steel industry at Ma'anshan). One of the famous Anhui-based corporations is the automobile company Chery, which is based in Wuhu.
Compared to its more successful neighbours to the east, Zhejiang and Jiangsu, Anhui has lagged markedly behind in economic development, with a GDP per capita around one third the level of those two provinces. There is great regional disparity as well, and most of the wealth is concentrated in industrial regions close to the Yangtze River, such as Hefei, Wuhu, and Ma'anshan.
Anhui's nominal GDP for 2011 was approximately 1.51 trillion yuan (US$239.8 billion), up 12.9% from 2008 and a per capita of 16,391 yuan (US$2,400). It is considered a mid-size economy in terms of economic output. Anhui's GDP is largely driven by fixed-asset investment, and the province's GDP to FAI ratio as of 2009 was 0.89, the highest in China.[3]
Anhui's largest companies include Anhui Conch Cement Company, a producer and distributor of cement, Guoyang Securities Co (SHE: 000728), a financial services provider, and Ma’anshan Iron & Steel, a producer of steel and iron.[4]
Major Economic and Technological Development Zones[link]
Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone[link]
Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone is located in the southwest of Hefei. The zone is divided into two functional areas. The east part is allocated for manufacturing purpose and it also has two parks; the west part is where the business center, Hefei university town, and the international community center are located. It is established in 1993, and it is located close to Hefei Luogang International Airport.[5]
Hefei Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone[link]
Hefei Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in October 1990 and approved by the State Council as a state-level Development Zone in March 1991. In 1997, the Development Zone was ratified as an APEC Science and Technology Industrial Park, with special open policies to APEC and EU members. Hefei High Tech Park was also approved as a National High Tech Export Base in 2000 and obtained the award of a Advanced High Tech Zone under the Torch Program in 2003. So far, more than 100 hi-tech enterprises have entered the zone. Industries encouraged in the zone include Chemicals Production and Processing, Electronics Assembly & Manufacturing, Heavy Industry, Instruments & Industrial Equipment Production, Medical Equipment and Supplies, Research and Development, Telecommunications Equipment.[6]
Wuhu Economic and Technological Development Zone[link]
Established in 1993, Wuhu Economic & Technological Development Zone is the first state-level development zone approved by central government in Anhui Province. As the hub in the west of the Yangtze Delta, it is an ideal place for business in Central China and East China such as manufacturing place or logistic center due to great transportation advantage. Wuhu port is the last fine deepwater port here going against the Yangtse River. It is the main foreign trade base and overseas transportation center. It takes 1 hour from Wuhu to Nanjing Lukou International Airport and to Hefei Luogang Airport.[7]
Wuhu Export Processing Zone[link]
Wuhu Export Processing Zone was approved to be a national level export processing zone by State Council. Wuhu Export Processing Zone is located in the Wuhu EDZ, with a total planned area of 2.95 sqkm with the first-stage are being 1.1 sqkm. It is located close to Wuhu Airport and Wuhu Port. Industries encouraged in the zone include Electronics Assembly & Manufacturing, Heavy Industry, Instruments & Industrial Equipment Production, Shipping/Warehousing/Logistics, Trading and Distribution.[8]
Transportation[link]
Rail[link]
Conventional railways in Anhui include the Beijing–Shanghai Railway, Beijing–Kowloon Railway, and Nanjing–Xi'an Railway that traverse the province north of the Yangtze River and the Nanjing−Tongling Railway, Anhui–Jiangxi Railway and Xuancheng–Hangzhou Railway that run south of the river.
High-speed lines include Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway, Hefei–Wuhan Passenger Railway and Hefei–Nanjing Passenger Railway.
Demographics[link]
Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population. The Hui and She nationalities are the two largest minorities.
Anhui has a highly unbalanced gender ratio. According to a 2009 study published in the British Medical Journal, in the 1-4 age group, there are 138 boys for every 100 girls, making it among the most unbalanced of provinces in China.[9]
Culture[link]
Anhui spans many geographical and cultural regions. The northern, flatter parts of the province, along the river Huai He and further north, are most akin to neighbouring provinces like Henan and Shandong. In contrast, the southern, hilly parts of the province are more similar in culture and dialect to other southern, hilly provinces, like Zhejiang and Jiangxi.
Mandarin dialects are spoken over the northern and central parts of the province, north of the Yangzi river. Dialects to the north (e.g. Bengbu dialect) are classified as Zhongyuan Mandarin, together with dialects in provinces such as Henan and Shandong; dialects in the central parts (e.g. Hefei dialect) are classified as Jianghuai Mandarin, together with dialects in the central parts of neighbouring Jiangsu province. Non-Mandarin dialects are spoken to the south of the Yangzi: dialects of Wu are spoken in Xuancheng prefecture-level city, though these are rapidly being replaced by Jianghuai Mandarin; dialects of Gan are spoken in a few counties in the southwest bordering Jiangxi province;[10] and the Huizhou dialects are spoken in about ten counties in the far south, a small but highly diverse and unique group of Chinese dialects.
Huangmeixi, which originated in the environs of Anqing in southwestern Anhui, is a form of traditional Chinese opera popular across China. Huiju, a form of traditional opera originating in the Huizhou-speaking areas of southern Anhui, is one of the major precursors of Beijing Opera; in the 1950s, Huiju (which had disappeared) was revived. Luju is a type of traditional opera found across central Anhui, from east to west.
Anhui cuisine is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine. Combining elements of cooking from northern Anhui, south-central Anhui, and the Huizhou-speaking areas of southern Anhui, Anhui cuisine is known for its use of wild game and herbs, both land and sea, and comparatively simple methods of preparation.
Anhui has a high concentration of traditional products related to calligraphy: Xuanzhou (today Xuancheng) and Huizhou (today Huangshan City) are revered for producing Xuan Paper and Hui Ink, respectively, which are traditionally considered the best types of paper and ink for Chinese calligraphy. She County is famous for the She Inkstone, one of the most preferred types of inkstones (a required tool in traditional calligraphy).
Tourism[link]
Anhui's principal tourism sites include the following:
- Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui - Xidi and Hongcun (World Heritage Site).
- Mount Huangshan (World Heritage Site)
- Mount Jiuhua
- Mount Qiyun
- Mount Tianzhu
- Old Town of Tunxi
- Mount Langya
- Zuiweng Pavilion, named after the poet Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072 CE).
- Chao Lake
- Taiji Cave, the longest karst cave in East China.
- Zhenfeng Pagoda, a Ming Dynasty pagoda in Anqing City.
Development[link]
In 2008, France helped the Anhui Provincial Tourism Bureau develop a rural tourism demonstration project.[11]
Notable people[link]
- Gao Yao (皋陶) (lived in the 21st century BCE), political advisor of the Yu the Great.
- Guan Zhong (管仲) (720-645 BC), Prime Minister of Duke Huan of Qi.
- Zhuang Zi (庄子) (369-286 BC), philosopher of Taoism.
- Fan Zeng (范增) (277-204 BC), advisor to Xiang Yu.
- Zhang Liang (张良) (262–189 BC), strategist and statesman of the early Han Dynasty.
- Liu An (刘安) (179-122 BC), King of Huainan.
- Hua Tuo (华陀) (140-208), physician.
- Cao Cao (曹操) (155-220), warlord and the penultimate chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
- Cao Pi (曹丕) (187-226), Emperor Wen of Wei, first emperor of the state of Cao Wei.
- The Three Kingdoms era Cao Wei generals Cao Ren (曹仁), Cao Hong (曹洪), Xiahou Dun (夏侯惇), Xiahou Yuan (夏侯渊), Cao Zhen (曹真).
- The Three Kingdoms era Sun Wu generals Zhou Yu (周瑜), Lu Su (鲁肃), Lü Meng (吕蒙).
- Ji Kang (嵇康) (223–262), musician, author, poet.
- Huan Wen (桓温) (312–373), general of the Jin Dynasty.
- Huan Xuan (桓玄) (369–404), founder of the state of Huan Chu.
- Emperor Taizu of Later Liang (852–912), founder of Later Liang Dynasty.
- Yang Xingmi (杨行密) (852–905), founder of the state of Wu (Ten Kingdoms).
- Bao Zheng (包拯) (999–1062),a famous upright official of Northern Song Dynasty.
- Li Gonglin (李公麟) (1049–1106), painter.
- Zhu Xi (朱熹) (1130–1200), philosopher of Neo-Confucianism.
- Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋) (1328–1398), Hongwu Emperor, founder and first emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
- The Ming Dynasty generals Xu Da (徐达), Chang Yuchun (常遇春), Tang He (汤和), Mu Ying (沐英).
- Hong Ren (弘仁), painter.
- Zhang Tingyu (张廷玉), politician and historian of Qing Dynasty.
- Yao Nai (姚鼐), main figure of Tongcheng School of Qing Dynasty.
- Wu Jingzi (吴敬梓) (1701—1754), novelist.
- Dai Zhen (戴震) (1724–1777), a notable scholar.
- Cheng Changgeng (程长庚) (1811－1880), one of the founders of Beijing opera.
- Li Hongzhang (李鸿章) (1823–1901), leading statesman of the late Qing Empire.
- Liu Mingchuan (刘铭传) (1836–1896), first governor of the province of Taiwan.
- Jeme Tien Yow (詹天佑) (1861–1919), famous Chinese railroad engineer.
- Duan Qirui (段祺瑞) (1865–1936), warlord and politician, commander in the Beiyang Army.
- Bai Wenwei (柏文尉) (1875–1947), Scholar, Kuomintang (KMT) General, Governor of Anhui (1912–13)
- Feng Yuxiang (冯玉祥) (1882–1948), warlord and leader in Republican China.
- Hu Shih (胡适) (1891–1962), philosopher, essayist and diplomat.
- Zhang Zhizhong (张治中) (1895–1969), Kuomintang (KMT) General.
- Wei Lihuang (卫立煌) (1897–1960), Kuomintang (KMT) General.
- Sun Li-jen (孙立人) (1900–1990), Kuomintang (KMT) General.
- Tao Xingzhi (陶行知) (1891–1946), a renowned Chinese educator and reformer.
- Chen Duxiu (陈独秀) (1879–1942), co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party.
- Wang Ming (王明) (1904–1974), senior leader of the early Chinese Communist Party.
- Wang Jiaxiang (王稼祥) (1906–1974), one of the senior leaders of the early Communist Party of China.
- Li Kenong (李克农) (1899–1962), a major figure of Chinese Communist intelligence.
- Ke Qingshi (柯庆施) (1902–1965)
- Zhu Guangqian (朱光潜), founder of the study of aesthetics in 20th c. China.
- Zhao Puchu (赵朴初) (1907–2000), religious and public leader.
- Yu Ying-shih (余英时), Chinese American historian.
- Yan Fengying (严凤英), performing artist of Huangmei opera.
- Huang Binhong (黄宾虹), painter.
- Wu Zuoren (吴作人), painter.
- Deng Jiaxian (邓稼先), leading organizer and key contributor to the Chinese nuclear weapon programs.
- Chen Ning Yang (杨振宁), Chinese-American physicist who won the 1957 Nobel prize in physics.
- Xu Haifeng (许海峰), first person to win a gold medal for China in the Olympic Games.
- Jin Jing
- Hu Jintao (胡锦涛), current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, President of the People's Republic of China
Colleges and universities[link]
- Anhui Agricultural University, in Hefei
- Anhui Normal University, in Wuhu
- Anhui University, in Hefei
- Anhui University of Finance and Economics, in Bengbu
- Anhui University of Technology, in Ma'anshan
- Hefei University of Technology
- Anhui University of Technology and Science, in Wuhu
- University of Science & Technology of China, located in the Southwest part of Hefei
- Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Anhui University of Science & Technology, in Huainan
- Wannan Medical College, in Wuhu
- Huainan Institute of Technology, in Huainan
- Correspondence College of Computer of China
- Chizhou University, in Chizhou
- Chuzhou Normal Academy, in Chuzhou
- Anhui Sanlian College, in Hefei
- Electronic Engineering College of Hefei
- Huaibei Coal Industry Normal College
- Anqing Teachers College, in Anqing
- Hefei Normal University, in Hefei
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ (Chinese) Origin of the Names of China's Provinces, People's Daily Online.
- ^ Gifford, Rob. "A Single Spark Can Light a Prairie Fire." China Road. 53.
- ^ http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/anhui-province/
- ^ The China Perspective | Anhui Province Economic News and Data
- ^ RightSite.asia | Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone
- ^ RightSite.asia | Hefei Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
- ^ RightSite.asia | Wuhu Economic & Technological Development Zone
- ^ RightSite.asia | Wuhu Export Processing Zone
- ^ [1]
- ^ China (11, illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. 2009. p. 437. ISBN 1-74104-866-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=K4undxTsMmIC&pg=PA437&dq=jianghuai+mandarin&hl=en&ei=EqZ_TrysOqq80AHql43oDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBDgK#v=snippet&q=jianghuai%20mandarin&f=false. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ Anhui Cooperates With France To Build Rural Tourism Area
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anhui |
- Anhui Government website
- Anhui Provincial Tourism Administration Official Site
- Economic profile for Anhui Province at HKTDC
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ngan-hui". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - Anhui Province Guide
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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2009) |
| Kevin Cheng | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Cheng in 2007. |
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| Chinese name | 鄭嘉穎 (Traditional) | ||||||||
| Chinese name | 郑嘉颖 (Simplified) | ||||||||
| Pinyin | Zhèng Jiāyǐng (Mandarin) | ||||||||
| Jyutping | zeng6 gaa1 wing6 (Cantonese) | ||||||||
| Ancestry | Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong, China | ||||||||
| Origin | Hong Kong | ||||||||
| Born | (1969-08-15) 15 August 1969 (age 42) San Francisco, California, U.S.[1] |
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| Occupation | Actor, Singer, model | ||||||||
| Genre(s) | Cantopop | ||||||||
| Instrument(s) | Vocals | ||||||||
| Voice type(s) | Tenor | ||||||||
| Label(s) | PolyGram UMG |
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| Years active | 1993–present | ||||||||
| Official Website | www.kevincheng.com.hk Official TVB Blog |
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|
Awards
|
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Kevin Cheng Ka-wing (born 15 August 1969) is a Chinese American singer and television actor from Hong Kong. He is currently an artist under the management of TVB. Kevin Cheng rose to fame in late 2004 after his first lead role in Hard Fate as "Ken". He is best known for his role as Law Lik-ah in the 2011 TVB legal drama, Ghetto Justice, which earned him a TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early years[link]
Cheng was born on August 15, 1969 in San Francisco, California, United States.
He moved to Hong Kong at a very young age and spent most of his childhood days in Hong Kong. Cheng studied in Pun U Association Wah Yan Primary School, Wah Yan College, Hong Kong and later in Alhambra High School[citation needed] and Hong Kong International School, an English-speaking high school in Hong Kong. In between his schooling days, Cheng's mother sent him over to San Francisco to live with his uncle for two years. However, he later returned to Hong Kong against when his mother changed her mind about migrating to United States.
Cheng did not finish his high school in Hong Kong; he moved to Canada for the rest of his high school years. He later went to United States to pursue his college degree in CSULA[2] where he majored in Civil Engineering. However, due to the death of his father, he did not finish his degree and decided to move back to Hong Kong to start a singing career and to be with his mother.
1993–2005: Modest Beginnings[link]
When Cheng was 16 years old and still studying high school in Hong Kong, he participated in TVB New Talent singing contest. However, he dropped out mid-way because he was not ready for a singing career at that time. When he moved back to Hong Kong again in his early 20's after the death of his father, he decided to continue his pursuance of a singing career. Cheng signed a contract with the record label PolyGram in 1993 and released his debut album in the same year to mixed reviews. He was seen as a newcomer with good potential and managed to bag several Best New Artist awards in 1994. Cheng's manager then changed gears and pushed him towards the Taiwan entertainment industry. Cheng moved to Taiwan and released several Mandarin albums and dramas there, all of which brought in only mediocre success for his career.
Cheng was discovered by TVB after his role in the Taiwanese drama, The Legendary Siblings, in which he portrayed the villain, Jiang Yu-Lang. He was subsequently brought back to Hong Kong and signed a management contract with TVB that following year. He started out with portraying small roles until the year 2004 when he was given a main role in Hard Fate.
2006–present: Breakthrough Success[link]
Cheng soared to popularity after his lead role in the well-received 2006 TVB romance drama Under the Canopy of Love, in which he starred alongside Niki Chow and Bosco Wong. His singing career also began to pick up again after the well-known Liu Jia-Chang composed a single for him, entitled "無可奈何". In the same year, he has also released a Cantonese compilations album and held his very first mini concert. Niki Chow, Raymond Lam and Miriam Yeung were among some of the guest-singers for his mini concert.
In 2006, Cheng won his first award from TVB as Best Lead Actor for his role in Under the Canopy of Love. He was shocked and made an emotional speech saying, "My mom supported me through all the hardship for thirteen years. Tonight I can finally let her know that her son has made the right decision in staying in this industry. I would like to tell every struggling artiste out there that as long as you persevere, dreams can come true."
Cheng's first critical breakthrough role was in the 2007 TVB crime drama The Ultimate Crime Fighter where he portrayed the villain "Aaren", earning him great reviews. In the 2008 TVB thriller/suspense drama Last One Standing, his portrayal of the ex-convict "Sing Hei" has earned him further critical acclaim and widespread praises from viewers. It has earned Cheng a spot in the Top 5 nomination list for the 2008 TVB Anniversary Best Lead Actor Award. Cheng lost the award to veteran actor Ha Yu, who was the hot favourite to win due the ratings-success of Moonlight Resonance.
Filmography[link]
Television series[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Network | Awards | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | Mind Your Own Business | Lee Sheung-Jun | TVB | Cameo appearance | |
| 1999 | The Legendary Siblings | Jiang Yulang | TTV | ||
| 2002 | Network Love Story | Luk Nai-shing | TVB / CCTV | ||
| Burning Flames II | Mark Kei Hing-tin | TVB | |||
| Slim Chances | Sean Sze | TVB | |||
| 2003 | The Threat of Love 2 | Shek Man-kit, Yeung Chi-kwong, Ho Jai, Chung Jai, Cheung Ho-chu, Sam, Lui Bong, Ho Kam-tim |
TVB | ||
| Better Halves | Yip Chi-chau | TVB | |||
| Not Just A Pretty Face | Wilson Fok | TVB | |||
| Point of No Return | Chan Kai-tong | TVB | |||
| Life Begins at Forty | Ken Ying | TVB | |||
| 2004 | Hard Fate | Ken Leung Ka-ming | TVB | Astro Drama Awards for My Favourite Character Nominated — TVB Anniversary Awards for My Favourite Male Character |
|
| Split Second | Vincent Wong Ka-fai | TVB | |||
| 2005 | Yummy Yummy | Chan Kar-lok | TVB | Astro Drama Awards for My Favourite Character | |
| 2006 | Under the Canopy of Love | Alan Shum Long | TVB | TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor Astro Drama Awards for My Favourite Character Astro Drama Awards for My Favourite Couple shared with Niki Chow Nominated — TVB Anniversary Award for My Favourite Male Character (Top 5) Nominated — TVB Anniversary Award for Most Improved Male Artiste (Top 5) |
|
| Trimming Success | Jason Fan Tin-long | TVB | Nominated — TVB Anniversary Award for Most Improved Male Artiste (Top 5) | ||
| Placebo Cure | Joe Cheung | TVB | 2004 Warehoused drama | ||
| 2007 | Life Art | Ryan Fong | TVB | ||
| Devil's Disciples | King Lui | TVB | Nominated — TVB Anniversary Awards for Best Actor (Top 20) | 2006 Warehoused drama | |
| The Ultimate Crime Fighter | Aaron Chong Man-hei | TVB | Nominated — TVB Anniversary Awards for My Favourite Male Character (Top 24) | ||
| 2008 | The Seventh Day | Wayne Yau Chi-wing | TVB | ||
| Forensic Heroes II | Ivan Yeung Yat-sing | TVB | |||
| Last One Standing | Cheung Sing-hei | TVB | Nominated — TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor (Top 5) Nominated — TVB Anniversary Award for My Favourite Male Character (Top 10) |
||
| 2009 | Burning Flame III | Rex Cheuk Pak-yu | TVB | Nominated — TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor (Top 15) | |
| Beyond the Realm of Conscience | Ko Hin-yeung | TVB | Nominated — TVB Anniversary Award for My Favourite Male Character (Top 5) | ||
| 2010 | A Fistful of Stances | Ku Kin-shing / Ku Yu-cheung | TVB | Nominated - TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor (Top 15) | |
| Home Troopers | Joseph Chukot Ching | TVB | |||
| 2011 | Only You | Summer Ha Tin-sang | TVB | ||
| Ghetto Justice | LA Law Lik-ah (Law Ba) | TVB | Asian Television Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor TVB Anniversary Award for My Favourite Male Character My Astro On Demand Awards for Best Actor My Astro On Demand Awards for My Top 15 Favourite Characters |
||
| Scarlet Heart | Yinsi, the Eighth Imperial Prince | HBS | |||
| 2012 | Mystery in the Palace | Getai | |||
| Gloves Come Off | Tong Sap Yat | TVB | First broadcast on 16 April 2012 | ||
| Ghetto Justice II | LA Law Lik-ah | TVB | Post Production | ||
| Hero | King Fuchai of Wu | Post Production |
Film[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | The Tigers: The Legend of Canton 《廣東五虎之鐵拳無敵孫中山》 |
||
| 1994 | 《香江花月夜》 | ||
| 《假男假女》 | |||
| 《Fing頭 K王之王》 | |||
| 2007 | Super Fans 《甜心粉絲王》 |
||
| Wonder Women 《女人本色》 |
|||
| 2010 | 72 Tenants of Prosperity 《72家租客》 |
Firefighter | Guest Star |
| 2011 | The Woman Knight of Mirror Lake |
TVB Theme Songs[link]
- 2005: Yummy Yummy Main Theme - 《與朋友共》(With Friends) - duet with Raymond Lam
- 2005: Yummy Yummy Sub Theme - 《三角兩面》(Three Corners With Two Sides)
- 2006: Trimming Success Main Theme - 《愛平凡》(Love Ordinary)
- 2006: Under the Canopy of Love Main Theme - 《請講》(Please Say) - duet with Niki Chow
- 2006: 2006 World Cup Theme - 《Put Your Hands Up》 - with Raymond Lam, Ron Ng and Bosco Wong
- 2007: Life Art Main Theme - 《活得寫意》(Live an Enjoyable Life)
- 2007: Devil's Disciples Main Theme - 《強劍》(Sacred Sword) - duet with Bosco Wong
- 2008: The Seventh Day Main Theme - 《最美麗的第七天》(The Most Beautiful Seventh Day)
- 2008: The Seventh Day Sub Theme - 《抱著空氣》(Embracing the Air) - duet with Niki Chow
- 2009: Burning Flame III Sub Theme - 《有意》(Intentions) - duet with Myolie Wu
- 2010: A Fistful of Stances Main Theme -《雪下思》(Thinking Under Snow)
Albums[link]
- 1993: Kevin 鄭嘉穎 - self-titled debut album
- 1994: 全因身邊有你 (All Because of You By My Side)
- 1994: 夢想國 (Dreamland)
- 1995: 誰（比你）更重要 新曲精選 (No One is More Important Than You) - new songs plus compilation album
- 1997: 因爲愛上你 (Because I Have Fallen for You) - mandarin album
- 2006: 無可奈何 (Can't Endure)
- 2006: Kevin 鄭嘉穎新曲加精選 - new songs plus compilation album
TVB Anniversary Awards[link]
Won
- 2006: Best Actor in a Leading Role - Alan Shum Long in Under the Canopy of Love
- 2011: Best Actor in a Leading Role - Law Lik-ah in Ghetto Justice
- 2011: My Favourite Male Character - Law Lik-ah in Ghetto Justice
- 2011: TVB.COM Popularity Award - Kevin Cheng
Nominated
- 2004: My Favourite Male Character - Kent Leung Ka-Ming in Hard Fate
- 2006: Best Actor in a Leading Role - Alan Shum Long in Under the Canopy of Love
- 2006: My Favourite Male Character - Alan Shum Long in Under the Canopy of Love
- 2006: Most Improved Actor Nomination
- 2007: Best Actor in a Leading Role - Ging Lui in Devil's Disciples
- 2007: My Favourite Male Character - Aaren Ching Man-Hei in The Ultimate Crime Fighter
- 2008: Best Actor in a Leading Role - Cheung Sing-Hei in Last One Standing
- 2008: My Favourite Male Character - Cheung Sing-Hei in Last One Standing
- 2008: Most Fashionable Charming Artist
- 2009: Best Actor in a Leading Role - Rex Cheuk Pak-Yu in Burning Flames III
- 2009: My Favourite Male Character - Ko Hing-Yeung in Beyond the Realm of Conscience
- 2011: My Favourite Male Character - Law Lik-ah in Ghetto Justice
- 2011: Best Actor in a Leading Role - Law Lik-ah in Ghetto Justice
- 2011: TVB.COM Popularity Award
Other awards[link]
- 1994: Metro Radio Golden Song Awards 《第一屆十大金心情歌頒獎典禮》- Best New Artist
- 1994: TVB Jade Solid Gold Music Awards 《1993年度十大勁歌金曲頒獎典禮》- Most Popular Newcomer (silver)
- 1994: RTHK Top 10 Chinese Song Awards 《第十六屆十大中文金曲頒獎典禮》- Most Promising Newcomer (bronze)
- 1994: Commercial Radio Music Awards 《第六屆叱咤樂壇頒獎典禮》- Best New Artist (gold)
- 2003: Men's Uno - Stylish Actor
- 2004: Hong Kong Designer Awards - Top 10 Best Dressed People
- 2005: Malaysia Astro Wah Lai Toi Awards - Favourite Character (Leung Ka Ming in Hard Fate)
- 2006: TVB Magazine Popularity Awards - Top 10 Most Popular TV Character (Alan in Under the Canopy of Love)
- 2006: TVB Magazine Popularity Awards - Most Popular Magazine Cover (with Niki Chow)
- 2006: Jessica Magazine - Extraordinary Charm
- 2006: TVB Children Song Awards - Top 10 Children Songs & Children Songs Gold Award for 《Keroro 军曹》
- 2006: TVB Jade Solid Gold Best Songs Round 2 - Most Popular Mandarin Song for 《無可奈何》
- 2006: TVB8 Gold Songs 2006 4th Quarter Selections - Gold Song for 《無可奈何》
- 2006: TVB 39th Anniversary Awards - Best Actor in a Leading Role (Alan in Under the Canopy of Love)
- 2007: Malaysia Astro Wah Lai Toi Awards - Favourite Character (Chan Ka Lok in Yummy Yummy)
- 2007: Hong Kong Media Top 10 Artist Awards - 4th Place
- 2007: Hong Kong Media Top 10 TV Program Awards - 9th Place (Under the Canopy of Love)
- 2008: Malaysia Astro Wah Lai Toi Awards - Favourite Character (Alan in Under the Canopy of Love)
- 2008: Malaysia Astro Wah Lai Toi Awards - Favourite Theme Song (《請講》from Under the Canopy of Love)
- 2008: Malaysia Astro Wah Lai Toi Awards - Favourite On-Screen Couple (Kevin Cheng and Niki Chow)
- 2011: My Astro On Demand Awards - Best Actor (Ghetto Justice)
- 2011: My Astro On Demand Awards - My Top 15 Favourite Characters (LA Law in Ghetto Justice)
- 2011: Asian Television Awards 2011 - Best Actor in a Leading Role (Law Lik-Ah in Ghetto Justice)
- 2011: Beijing's TV Drama Awards Made In China 2011 - Most Popular Network Actor of the Year Award (Ghetto Justice)
References[link]
External links[link]
- Kevin Cheng at the Internet Movie Database
- Kevin Cheng Official TVB Blog
- JayneStars - English translated news about Kevin Cheng
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| TVB Anniversary Awards | ||
| Preceded by Roger Kwok for Life Made Simple |
Best Actor 2006 for Under the Canopy of Love |
Succeeded by Moses Chan for Heart of Greed |
| Preceded by Wayne Lai for No Regrets |
Best Actor 2011 for Ghetto Justice |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
| Preceded by Raymond Lam for The Mysteries of Love |
My Favourite Male Character 2011 for Ghetto Justice |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
| Preceded by Raymond Lam |
TVB.com Popular Artist 2011 |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
| Asian Television Awards | ||
| Preceded by Bowie Lam for Sister of Pearl |
Best Actor in a Leading Role 2011 for Ghetto Justice |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
| My AOD Favourites Awards | ||
| Preceded by Moses Chan for Can't Buy Me Love |
My Favourite TV Actor 2011 for Ghetto Justice |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
|
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|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cheng, Kevin |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 15 August 1969 |
| Place of birth | San Francisco, California, USA |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Kevin_Cheng
Related pages:
http://nl.wn.com/Kevin Cheng
http://de.wn.com/Kevin Cheng
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Cheng
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Shanghai (disambiguation).
| Shanghai 上海 |
|
|---|---|
| — Municipality — | |
| Municipality of Shanghai • 上海市 | |
 |
|
.svg) |
|
| Coordinates: 31°12′N 121°30′E / 31.2°N 121.5°E / 31.2; 121.5Coordinates: 31°12′N 121°30′E / 31.2°N 121.5°E / 31.2; 121.5 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Settled | 5th–7th century |
| Incorporated - Town |
751 |
| - County | 1292 |
| - Municipality | 7 July 1927 |
| Divisions - County-level - Township- level |
16 districts, 1 county 210 towns and subdistricts |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • CPC Ctte Secretary | Yu Zhengsheng |
| • Mayor | Han Zheng |
| Area[1][2] | |
| • Municipality | 6,340.5 km2 (2,448.1 sq mi) |
| • Water | 697 km2 (269 sq mi) |
| Elevation[3] | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Population (2010)[4] | |
| • Municipality | 23,019,148 |
| • Density | 3,600/km2 (9,400/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Shanghainese |
| Time zone | China standard time (UTC+8) |
| Postal code | 200000 – 202100 |
| Area code(s) | 21 |
| GDP[5] | 2011 |
| - Total | CNY 1.92 trillion US$ 297 billion (11th) |
| - Per capita | CNY 82,560 US$ 12,784 (2nd) |
| - Growth |  8.2% |
| HDI (2008) | 0.908 (1st) – very high |
| Licence plate prefixes | 沪A, B, D, E, F,G ,H, J, K 沪C (outer suburbs) |
| City flower | Yulan magnolia |
| Website | www.shanghai.gov.cn |
 |
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC)[6][7] and the largest city proper by population in the world.[8] It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010.[4] It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center[9] and the busiest container port in the world.[10]
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.[11]
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s.[12] However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.[13]
Shanghai is a popular tourist destination renowned for its historical landmarks such as The Bund, City God Temple and Yuyuan Garden, as well as the extensive and growing Pudong skyline. It has been described as the "showpiece" of the booming economy of mainland China.[14][15]
Contents |
Etymology and names[link]
| Shanghai | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| "Shanghai", as written in Chinese | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 上海 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wu | Zaonhe | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | above sea or on sea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The two Chinese characters in the city's name are '上' ("above") and '海' ("sea"), together meaning "Upon-the-Sea". The earliest occurrence of this name dates from the 11th century Song Dynasty, at which time there was already a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. There are disputes as to exactly how the name should be interpreted, but Chinese historians have concluded that during the Tang Dynasty Shanghai was literally on the sea, hence the origin of the name.[16] Older Chinese was written right-to-left, so a reversed order "海上" is sometimes used for terms related to Shanghainese art and culture.[citation needed]
Shanghai is officially abbreviated 沪 (Hù) in Chinese,[17] a contraction of 沪渎 (Hù Dú, lit "Harpoon Ditch"),[18][19] a 4th or 5th century Jin name for the mouth of Suzhou Creek when it was the main conduit into the ocean.[18] This character appears on all motor vehicle license plates issued in the municipality today.
An older name for Shanghai is Shēn (申), from Chunshen Jun (春申君), a nobleman and locally revered hero of the third-century BC state of Chu. From this, it is also called Shēnchéng (申城, "Shen City").[18] Sports teams and newspapers in Shanghai often use this character in their names.
Another early name for Shanghai was Huating (华亭). In 751 AD, during the mid-Tang Dynasty, Huating County was established at modern-day Songjiang, the first county-level administration within modern-day Shanghai. Today, Huating appears as the name of a four-star hotel in the city.[16]
The city has also has various nicknames in English, including "Paris of the East".[20]
History[link]
Main article: History of Shanghai
During the Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) Shanghai was upgraded in status from a village to a market town in 1074, and in 1172 a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline, supplementing an earlier dyke.[21] From the Yuan Dynasty in 1292 until Shanghai officially became a city in 1927, the area was designated merely as a county seat administered by the Songjiang prefecture.[22]
Two important events helped promote Shanghai's development in the Ming Dynasty. A city wall was built for the first time in 1554 to protect the town from raids by Japanese pirates. It measured 10 metres high and 5 kilometres in circumference.[23] During the Wanli reign (1573–1620), Shanghai received an important psychological boost from the erection of a City God Temple in 1602. This honour was usually reserved for places with the status of a city, such as a prefectural capital not normally given to a mere county town, as Shanghai was. It probably reflected the town's economic importance, as opposed to its low political status.[23]
During the Qing Dynasty, Shanghai became one of the most important sea ports in the Yangtze Delta region as a result of two important central government policy changes: First, Emperor Kangxi (1662–1723) in 1684 reversed the previous Ming Dynasty prohibition on ocean going vessels – a ban that had been in force since 1525. Second, in 1732 Emperor Yongzheng moved the customs office for Jiangsu province (江海关; see Customs House, Shanghai) from the prefectural capital of Songjiang city to Shanghai, and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for Jiangsu Province's foreign trade. As a result of these two critical decisions, Professor Linda Cooke Johnson has concluded that by 1735 Shanghai had become the major trade port for all of the lower Yangtze River region, despite still being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy.[24]
International attention to Shanghai grew in the 19th century due to European recognition of its economic and trade potential at the Yangtze River. During the First Opium War (1839–1842), British forces occupied the city. The war ended with the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, which allowed the British to dictate opening the treaty ports, Shanghai included, for international trade. The Treaty of the Bogue signed in 1843, and the Sino-American Treaty of Wanghia signed in 1844 forced Chinese concession to European and American desires for visitation and trade on Chinese soil. Britain, France, and the United States all carved out concessions outside the walled city of Shanghai, which was still ruled by the Chinese.
The Chinese-held old city of Shanghai fell to the rebels of the Small Swords Society in 1853 but was recovered by the Qing in February 1855.[25] In 1854, the Shanghai Municipal Council was created to manage the foreign settlements. Between 1860–1862, the Taiping rebels twice attacked Shanghai and destroyed the city's eastern and southern suburbs, but failed to take the city.[26] In 1863, the British settlement to the south of Suzhou Creek (northern Huangpu District) and the American settlement to the north (southern Hongkou District) joined in order to form the Shanghai International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council and maintained its own concession to the south and southwest.
Citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work during the ensuing decades; those who stayed for long periods – some for generations – called themselves "Shanghailanders".[27] In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 White Russians and Russian Jews fled the newly established Soviet Union and took up residence in Shanghai. These Shanghai Russians constituted the second-largest foreign community. By 1932, Shanghai had become the world's fifth largest city and home to 70,000 foreigners.[28] In the 1930s, some 30,000 Jewish refugees from Europe arrived in the city.[29]
The Sino-Japanese War concluded with the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which elevated Japan to become another foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which were soon copied by other foreign powers. Shanghai was then the most important financial center in the Far East. All this international activity gave Shanghai the nickname "the Great Athens of China"[30]
Under the Republic of China (1911–1949), Shanghai's political status was finally raised to that of a municipality on 14 July 1927. Although the territory of the foreign concessions was excluded from their control, this new Chinese municipality still covered an area of 828.8 square kilometers, including the modern-day districts of Baoshan, Yangpu, Zhabei, Nanshi, and Pudong. Headed by a Chinese mayor and municipal council, the new city governments first task was to create a new city-center in Jiangwan town of Yangpu district, outside the boundaries of the foreign concessions. This new city-center was planned to include a public museum, library, sports stadium, and city hall.[31]
On 28 January 1932, Japanese forces struck and the Chinese resisted, fighting to a standstill; a ceasefire was brokered in May. The Battle of Shanghai in 1937 resulted in the occupation of the Chinese administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. The International Settlement was occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945, during which time war crimes were committed.[32]
On 27 May 1949, the People's Liberation Army took control of Shanghai, which was one of only three former Republic of China (ROC) municipalities not merged into neighboring provinces over the next decade (the others being Beijing and Tianjin).[33] Shanghai underwent a series of changes in the boundaries of its subdivisions, especially in the next decade. After 1949, most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong, as part of an exodus of foreign investment due to the Communist victory.
During the 1950s and 1960s, Shanghai became an industrial center and center for radical leftism; the leftist Jiang Qing and her three cohorts, together the Gang of Four, were based in the city.[34] Yet, even during the most tumultuous times of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai was able to maintain high economic productivity and relative social stability. In most of the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC), in order to funnel wealth to the rural areas, Shanghai has been a comparatively heavy contributor of tax revenue to the central government. This came at the cost of severely crippling Shanghai's infrastructural and capital development. Its importance to the fiscal well-being of the central government also denied it economic liberalizations begun in 1978. Shanghai was finally permitted to initiate economic reforms in 1991, starting the massive development still seen today and the birth of Lujiazui in Pudong.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Shanghai
Shanghai sits on the Yangtze River Delta on China's eastern coast, and is roughly equidistant from Beijing and Hong Kong. The municipality as a whole consists of a peninsula between the Yangtze and Hangzhou Bay, mainland China's second-largest island Chongming, and a number of smaller islands. It is bordered on the north and west by Jiangsu Province, on the south by Zhejiang Province, and on the east by the East China Sea. The city proper is bisected by the Huangpu River, a tributary of the Yangtze. The historic center of the city, the Puxi area, is located on the western side of the Huangpu, while the newly developed Pudong, containing the central financial district Lujiazui, was developed on the eastern bank.
The vast majority of Shanghai's 6,340.5 km2 (2,448.1 sq mi) land area is flat, apart from a few hills in the southwest corner, with an average elevation of 4 m (13 ft).[3] The city's location on the flat alluvial plain has meant that new skyscrapers must be built with deep concrete piles to stop them from sinking into the soft ground. The highest point is at the peak of Dajinshan Island at 103 m (338 ft).[3] The city has many rivers, canals, streams and lakes and is known for its rich water resources as part of the Taihu drainage area.[2]
Climate[link]
Shanghai has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) and experiences four distinct seasons. Winters are chilly and damp, and cold northwesterly winds from Siberia can cause nighttime temperatures to drop below freezing, although most years there are only one or two days of snowfall. Summers are hot and humid, with an average of 8.7 days exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) annually; occasional downpours or freak thunderstorms can be expected. The city is also susceptible to typhoons in summer and the beginning of autumn, none of which in recent years has caused considerable damage.[35] The most pleasant seasons are Spring, although changeable and often rainy, and Autumn, which is generally sunny and dry. The city averages 4.2 °C (39.6 °F) in January and 27.9 °C (82.2 °F) in July, for an annual mean of 16.1 °C (61.0 °F). Shanghai experiences on average 1,878 hours of sunshine per year, with the hottest temperature ever recorded at 40.2 °C (104 °F), and the lowest at −12.1 °C (10 °F).[36]
| Climate data for 上海 (1971−2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 8.1 (46.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.8 (55.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
27.6 (81.7) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.3 (88.3) |
27.2 (81.0) |
22.6 (72.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
20.2 (68.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
20.6 (69.1) |
15.1 (59.2) |
9.0 (48.2) |
3.0 (37.4) |
12.9 (55.2) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 50.6 (1.992) |
56.8 (2.236) |
98.8 (3.89) |
89.3 (3.516) |
102.3 (4.028) |
169.6 (6.677) |
156.3 (6.154) |
157.9 (6.217) |
137.3 (5.406) |
62.5 (2.461) |
46.2 (1.819) |
37.1 (1.461) |
1,164.7 (45.854) |
| % humidity | 75 | 74 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 78 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 76.8 |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.7 | 10.3 | 13.9 | 12.7 | 12.1 | 14.4 | 12.0 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 8.1 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 129.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 123.0 | 115.7 | 126.0 | 156.1 | 173.5 | 147.6 | 217.8 | 220.8 | 158.9 | 160.8 | 146.6 | 147.7 | 1,894.5 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration [37] | |||||||||||||
Politics[link]
Main articles: Politics of Shanghai and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
Like virtually all governing institutions in mainland China, the politics of Shanghai is structured in a dual party-government system,[38] in which the Communist Party Chief, officially termed the Communist Party of China Shanghai Municipal Committee Secretary (currently Yu Zhengsheng), outranks the Mayor (currently Han Zheng).
Political power in Shanghai is widely seen as a stepping stone to higher positions in the national government. Since Jiang Zemin became the national party chief in June 1989, all but one former Shanghai party chief was elevated to the Politburo Standing Committee, the de facto highest decision-making body in China,[38] including Jiang Zemin (General secretary and President),[39] Zhu Rongji (Premier),[40] Wu Bangguo (Chairman of the National People's Congress),[41] Huang Ju (Vice Premier),[42] and Xi Jinping (Vice President).[43] Zeng Qinghong, a former deputy party chief of Shanghai, also rose to the Politburo Standing Committee and became the Vice President and an influential power broker.[44] The only exception is Chen Liangyu, who was fired in 2006 and later convicted of corruption.[45] Officials with ties to the Shanghai administration form a powerful faction in the national government, the so-called Shanghai Clique, which often competes against the rival Youth League Faction over personnel appointments and policy decisions:[46] Xi Jinping, the presumptive successor to Hu Jintao as General Secretary and President, is a compromise candidate between the two groups with supporters in both camps.
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Shanghai and List of township-level divisions of Shanghai
Shanghai is administratively equal to a province and is divided into 17 county-level divisions: 16 districts and one county. Even though every district has its own urban core, the real city center is between Bund to the east, Nanjing Rd to the north, Old City Temple and Huaihai Road to the south. Prominent central business areas include Lujiazui on the east bank of the Huangpu River, and The Bund and Hongqiao areas in the west bank of the Huangpu River. The city hall and major administration units are located in Huangpu District, which also serve as a commercial area, including the famous Nanjing Road. Other major commercial areas include Xintiandi and the classy Huaihai Road (previously Avenue Joffre) in Huangpu District and Xujiahui (formerly rendered in English as Zikawei, reflecting the Shanghainese pronunciation) in Xuhui District. Many universities in Shanghai are located in residential areas of Yangpu District and Putuo District.
Puxi:
Eight of the districts govern Puxi (lit "Huangpu West Bank"), the older part of urban Shanghai on the west bank of the Huangpu River. These eight districts are collectively referred to as Shanghai Proper (上海市区) or the core city (市中心):
- Huangpu District (黄浦区 Huángpǔ Qū) – merged with Nanshi District in 2000, and Luwan District in 2011
- Xuhui District (徐汇区 Xúhuì Qū)
- Changning District (长宁区 Chángníng Qū)
- Jing'an District (静安区 Jìng'ān Qū)
- Putuo District (普陀区 Pǔtuó Qū)
- Zhabei District (闸北区 Zháběi Qū)
- Hongkou District (虹口区 Hóngkǒu Qū)
- Yangpu District (杨浦区 Yángpǔ Qū)
Pudong (lit "Huangpu East Bank"), the newer part of urban and suburban Shanghai on the east bank of the Huangpu River, is governed by:
- Pudong New District (浦东新区 Pǔdōng Xīn Qū) – Chuansha County until 1992, merged with Nanhui District in 2009
Seven of the districts govern suburbs, satellite towns, and rural areas further away from the urban core:
- Baoshan District (宝山区 Bǎoshān Qū) – Baoshan County until 1988
- Minhang District (闵行区 Mǐnháng Qū) – Shanghai County until 1992
- Jiading District (嘉定区 Jiādìng Qū) – Jiading County until 1992
- Jinshan District (金山区 Jīnshān Qū) – Jinshan County until 1997
- Songjiang District (松江区 Sōngjiāng Qū) – Songjiang County until 1998
- Qingpu District (青浦区 Qīngpǔ Qū) – Qingpu County until 1999
- Fengxian District (奉贤区 Fèngxián Qū) – Fengxian County until 2001
Chongming Island, an island at the mouth of the Yangtze, is governed by:
- Chongming County (崇明县 Chóngmíng Xiàn)
As of 2009, these county-level divisions are further divided into the following 210 township-level divisions: 109 towns, 2 townships, 99 subdistricts. Those are in turn divided into the following village-level divisions: 3,661 neighborhood committees and 1,704 village committees.[47]
Economy[link]
Shanghai is the commercial and financial center of mainland China, and ranks fifth in the 2011 edition of the Global Financial Centres Index published by the City of London.[48] It was the largest and most prosperous city in the Far East during the 1930s, and rapid re-development began in 1990s.[12] This is exemplified by the Pudong District, which became a pilot area for integrated economic reforms. By the end of 2009, there were 787 financial institutions, of which 170 were foreign-invested.[49] In 2009, the Shanghai Stock Exchange ranked third among worldwide stock exchanges in terms of trading volume and sixth in terms of the total capitalization of listed companies, and the trading volume of six key commodities including rubber, copper and zinc on the Shanghai Futures Exchange all ranked first in the world.[50]
In the last two decades Shanghai has been one of the fastest developing cities in the world. Since 1992 Shanghai has recorded double-digit growth almost every year except during the global recession of 2008 and 2009.[51] In 2011, Shanghai's total GDP grew to 1.92 trillion yuan (US$297 billion) with GDP per capita of 82,560 yuan (US $12,784).[5] The three largest service industries are financial services, retail, and real estate. The manufacturing and agricultural sectors accounted for 39.9 percent and 0.7 percent of the total output respectively.[49] Average annual disposable income of Shanghai residents, based on the first three quarters of 2009, was 21,871 RMB.[52]
Located at the heart of the Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai has the world’s busiest container port, which handled 29.05 million TEUs in 2010.[10] Shanghai aims to be an international shipping center in the near future.[53]
Shanghai is one of the main industrial centers of China, playing a key role in China’s heavy industries. A large number of industrial zones, including Shanghai Hongqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jinqiao Export Economic Processing Zone, Minhang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Shanghai Caohejing High-Tech Development Zone, are backbones of Shanghai's secondary industry. Heavy industries accounted for 78% of the gross industrial output in 2009. China’s largest steelmaker Baosteel Group and Jiangnan Shipyard, one of China's oldest shipbuilders are both located in Shanghai.[54] Auto manufacture is another important industry. The Shanghai-based SAIC Motor is one of the three largest automotive corporations in China, and has strategic partnerships with Volkswagen and General Motors.[55]
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1953 | 6,204,400 | — |
| 1964 | 10,816,500 | +74.3% |
| 1982 | 11,859,700 | +9.6% |
| 1990 | 13,341,900 | +12.5% |
| 2000 | 16,407,700 | +23.0% |
| 2010 | 23,019,200 | +40.3% |
| Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions. Source:[56] | ||
The 2010 census put Shanghai's total population at 23,019,148, a growth of 37.53% from 16,737,734 in 2000.[4][57] 20.6 million of the total population, or 89.3%, are urban, and 2.5 million (10.7％) are rural.[58] Based on population of total administrative area, Shanghai is the second largest of the four direct-controlled municipalities of China, behind Chongqing, but is generally considered the largest city in China because Chongqing's urban population is much smaller.[6]
About 9 out of the 23 million residents of Shanghai, or more than 39%, are long-term migrants, triple the 3 million in 2000.[59] The main origins of the migrants are Anhui (29.0%), Jiangsu (16.8%), Henan (8.7%), and Sichuan (7.0%) provinces, and 79% are from rural areas.[59] They account for the entire population increase as Shanghai's natural growth rate has been negative since 1993 due to its extremely low fertility rate[60] — just 0.6 in 2010, probably the lowest level anywhere in the world.[61]
98.8% Of Shanghai's residents are of the Han Chinese ethnicity, while 1.2% belong to various minority groups. However, the minority population has grown by 165.54% since 2000, much faster than the overall population growth.[57]
According to the Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, there were 152,050 officially registered foreigners in Shanghai as of 2009, an increase of 50% from 100,011 in 2005. The three largest foreign nationalities were Japanese (31,490), American (21,284) and Korean (20,700).[62] Note that these statistics only show officially registered residents, and that the actual number of foreign citizens living in Shanghai is likely much higher. For example by 2009, the South Korean community in Shanghai increased to more than 70,000 according to Xinhua.[63] Some foreign expatriates are staying in Shanghai as long-term settlers, renewing Shanghai's reputation as China's global city.[64] In addition, there are a large number of people from Taiwan living within the municipality (2010 estimates vary around 700,000).[65]
The life expectancy of Shanghai's registered residents in 2010 reached 82.13 years (79.82 for men and 84.44 for women), the highest in mainland China and higher than all but a few countries in the world. In the same year, the maternal mortality rate in Shanghai was 9.61 per 100,000, while the infant mortality rate dropped to 5.97 per 1,000 from 6.58 in 2009.[66] Due to the combination of high life expectancy and low fertility rate, there is a serious aging problem among Shanghai's registered residents: as of 2009 only 8.3% of the total were under the age of 14, while 22.54% were over 60.[67]
Religion[link]
Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a rich blend of religious heritage as shown by the religious buildings and institutions still scattered around the city. Taoism has a presence in Shanghai in the form of several temples, including the City God Temple, at the heart of the old city, and a temple dedicated to the Three Kingdoms general Guan Yu. The Wenmiao is a temple dedicated to Confucius. Buddhism has had a presence in Shanghai since ancient times. Longhua temple, the largest temple in Shanghai, and Jing'an Temple, were first founded in the Three Kingdoms period. Another important temple is the Jade Buddha Temple, which is named after a large statue of Buddha carved out of jade in the temple. In recent decades, dozens of modern temples have been built throughout the city. A predominant religion in Shanghai is Mahayana Buddhism, and Taoism is also followed by many Shanghai residents. Islam came into Shanghai 700 years ago and a mosque was built in 1295 in Songjiang. In 1843, a teachers' college was also set up. The Xiaotaoyuan Mosque is located at 52 Xiaotaoyuan Lane,East Fuxing Road, South District. This is where the Shanghai Muslim Association is also located, which has a reputation known throughout the world. Shanghai has the highest Catholic percentage in Mainland China (2003).[68] Among Catholic churches, St Ignatius Cathedral in Xujiahui is one of the largest, while She Shan Basilica is the only active pilgrimage site in China. communities. Christianity in Shanghai includes Eastern Orthodox minorities and, since 1996, registered Christian Protestant churches. During World War II thousands of Jews descended upon Shanghai in an effort to flee Hitler’s regime. The Jews lived side-by-side in a designated area called Shanghai Ghetto and formed a vibrant community centered on the Ohel Moshe Synagogue, which is preserved remnant of this portion of Shanghai’s complex religious past.[69]
Education[link]
Shanghai has one of the best education systems in China. It is the first city in the country to implement 9-year mandatory education. The 2010 census shows that out of Shanghai's total population, 22.0% had a college education, double the level from 2000, while 21.0% had high school, 36.5% middle school, and 1.35% primary school education. 2.74% of residents age 15 and older were illiterate.[70]
Shanghai has more than 930 kindergartens, 1,200 primary and 850 middle schools. Over 760,000 middle schools students and 871,000 primary school students are taught by 76,000 and 64,000 teaching staff respectively.[71]
Shanghai is a major center of higher education in China with over 30 universities and colleges. A number of China's most prestigious universities are based in Shanghai, including Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Tongji University, East China Normal University, Shanghai International Studies University, and Shanghai University of Finance and Economics.
In 2010, Shanghai took the top spot in the latest round of the most comprehensive assessment of the world’s state schools. According to Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) results, Shanghai students, including migrant children, scored highest in every aspect (Math, Reading and Science) in the world. The study also claimed that public-funded schools in Shanghai have the highest educational quality in the world.[72][73]
Transport[link]
Public transport[link]
See also: Public transport in Shanghai
Shanghai has an extensive public transport system, largely based on metros, buses and taxis. Payment of all these public transportation tools can be made by using the Shanghai Public Transportation Card.
Shanghai's rapid transit system, the Shanghai Metro, incorporates both subway and light railway lines and extends to every core urban district as well as neighboring suburban districts.
As of 2010, there are twelve metro lines (including the Shanghai Maglev Train), 273 stations and over 420 km of tracks in operation, making it the longest network in the world.[74] On 22 October 2010, it set a record of daily ridership of 7.548 million.[75] The fare depends on the length of travel distance starting from 3 RMB.
Shanghai also has the world's most extensive network of urban bus routes, with nearly one thousand bus lines, operated by numerous transportation companies.[76] The system includes the world's oldest trolleybus system. Bus fare normally costs 2 RMB.
Taxis are plentiful in Shanghai. The base fare is currently ¥14 (inclusive of a ¥1 fuel surcharge; ¥18 between 11:00 pm and 5:00 am) which covers the first 3 kilometers. Additional kilometers cost ¥2.4 each (¥3.2 between 11:00 pm and 5:00 am).[77]
Roads[link]
See also: Expressways of Shanghai
Shanghai is a major hub of China's expressway network. Many national expressways (prefixed with G) pass through or terminate in Shanghai, including G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway (overlapping G42 Shanghai–Chengdu), G15 Shenyang–Haikou, G40 Shanghai–Xi'an, G50 Shanghai–Chongqing, G60 Shanghai–Kunming (overlapping G92 Shanghai–Ningbo), and G1501 Shanghai Ring Expressway. In addition, there are also numerous municipal expressways prefixed with S (S1, S2, S20, etc.). In the city center, there are several elevated expressways to lessen traffic pressure on surface streets, but traffic in and around Shanghai is often heavy and traffic jams are commonplace during rush hour. There are bicycle lanes separate from car traffic on many surface streets, but bicycles and motorcycles are banned from most main roads including the elevated expressways.
Private car ownership in Shanghai has been rapidly increasing in recent years, but a new private car cannot be driven until the owner buys a license in the monthly private car license plate auction. Around 8,000 license plates are auctioned each month and the average price is about 45,291 RMB (€5,201). The purpose of this policy is to limit the growth of automobile traffic and to alleviate congestion.[78]
Railway[link]
Shanghai has three major railway stations: Shanghai Railway Station, Shanghai South Railway Station, and Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station. All three are connected to the metro network and serve as hubs in the railway network of China. Two main railways terminate in Shanghai: Jinghu Railway from Beijing, and Huhang Railway from Hangzhou. Hongqiao Station also serves as the main Shanghai terminus of three high-speed rail lines: the Shanghai–Hangzhou High-Speed Railway, the Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway, and the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, China's most important high-speed rail line.
Air[link]
Shanghai is one of the leading air transport gateways in Asia. The city has two commercial airports: Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport.[79] Pudong Airport is the main international airport, while Hongqiao Airport mainly operates domestic flights with limited short-haul international flights. In 2010 the two airports served 71.7 million passengers (Pudong 40.4 million, Hongqiao 31.3 million), and handled 3.7 million tons of cargo (Pudong 3.22 million tons, Hongqiao 480 thousand tons).[80]
Architecture[link]
Shanghai has a rich collection of buildings and structures of various architectural styles. The Bund, located by the bank of the Huangpu River, contains a rich collection of early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from neoclassical HSBC Building to the art deco Sassoon House. A number of areas in the former foreign concessions are also well-preserved, the most notable ones being the French Concession. Shanghai has one of the worlds largest number of Art Deco buildings as a result of the construction boom during the 1920s and 1930s. One of the most famous architects working in Shanghai was László Hudec, an Hungarian-Slovak architect who lived in the city between 1918–1947. Some of his most notable Art Deco buildings include the Park Hotel and the Grand Theater. Other prominent architects who contributed to the Art Deco style are Parker & Palmer, who designed the Peace Hotel, Metropole Hotel, and the Broadway Mansions, and Austrian architect GH Gonda who designed the Capital Theatre. The Bunds first revitalization started in 1986 with a new promenade by the Dutch Architect Paulus Snoeren, the completion was in the mid-1990s.
Despite rampant redevelopment, the old city still retains some buildings of a traditional style, such as the Yuyuan Garden, an elaborate traditional garden in the Jiangnan style.
In recent years, a large number of architecturally distinctive and even eccentric buildings have sprung up throughout Shanghai. Notable examples of contemporary architecture include the Shanghai Museum, Shanghai Grand Theatre in the People's Square precinct and Shanghai Oriental Art Center.
One uniquely Shanghainese cultural element is the shikumen (石库门) residences, which are two- or three-story townhouses, with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. Each residence is connected and arranged in straight alleys, known as a lòngtang (弄堂), pronounced longdang in Shanghainese. The entrance to each alley is usually surmounted by a stylistic stone arch. The whole resembles terrace houses or townhouses commonly seen in Anglo-American countries, but distinguished by the tall, heavy brick wall in front of each house. The name "shikumen" means "stone storage door", referring to the strong gateway to each house.
The shikumen is a cultural blend of elements found in Western architecture with traditional Lower Yangtze (Jiangnan) Chinese architecture and social behavior. All traditional Chinese dwellings had a courtyard, and the shikumen was no exception. Yet, to compromise with its urban nature, it was much smaller and provided an "interior haven" to the commotions in the streets, allowing for raindrops to fall and vegetation to grow freely within a residence. The courtyard also allowed sunlight and adequate ventilation into the rooms.
The city also has some beautiful examples of Soviet neoclassical architecture. These buildings were mostly erected during the period from the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 until the Sino-Soviet Split in the late 1960s. During this decade, large numbers of Soviet experts, including architects, poured into China to aid the country in the construction of a communist state. Examples of Soviet neoclassical architecture in Shanghai include what is today the Shanghai International Exhibition Center. Beijing, the nation's capital, displays an even greater array of this particular type of architecture.
The Pudong district of Shanghai displays a wide range of skyscrapers, many of which rank among the tallest in the world. The most prominent examples include the Jin Mao Tower and the taller Shanghai World Financial Center, which at 492 metres tall is the tallest skyscraper in mainland China and ranks third in the world. The distinctive Oriental Pearl Tower, at 468 metres, is located nearby, and its lower sphere is now available for living quarters. Another highrise in the Pudong area is the newly finished Development Tower, standing at 269 meters.[81]
Since 2008, Shanghai has boasted more free-standing buildings above 400m (3) than any other city. In the future, the Shanghai Tower, slated for completion in 2014, will be the tallest building in China. With a height of 632 metres (2074 feet), the building will have 127 floors and a total floor area of 380,000 sqm. The Shanghai Tower began construction in 2008.[82]
Environment[link]
Parks and resorts[link]
Shanghai's parks offer some reprieve from the urban jungle. Due to the scarcity of play space for children, nearly all parks have a children's section. The former racetrack turned central park, People's Square park is located in the heart of down town Shanghai and is known for its proximity to other major Shanghai landmarks. Fuxing Park, in the former French Concession of Shanghai, features formal French-style gardens and is surrounded by high end bars and cafes. Zhongshan Park in northwestern central Shanghai is famous for its monument of Chopin, the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world. Built in 1914 as Jessfield Park, it once contained the campus of St. John's University, Shanghai's first international college; today, it is known for its extensive rose and peony gardens, a large children's play area, and as the location of an important transfer station on the city's metro system. One of the newest is in the Xujiahui area – Xujiahui Park, built in 1999 on the former grounds of the Great Chinese Rubber Works Factory and the EMI Recording Studio (now La Villa Rouge restaurant). The park has a man-made lake with a sky bridge running across the park, and offers a pleasant respite for Xujiahui shoppers.
The Shanghai Disney Resort Project was approved by the government on 4 November 2009.[83] It is currently under construction. The resort is planned to be operational by 2016.[84] A $4.4 billion theme park and resort in Pudong will have a castle that will be the biggest among Disney's resorts.[85]
Well-known Shanghai parks include:
- People's Square Park
- Gongqing Forest Park
- Fuxing Park
- Zhongshan Park
- Lu Xun Park
- Century Park
- Jing'an Park
Environmental protection[link]
Public awareness of the environment is growing, and the city is investing in a number of environmental protection projects. A 10-year, US$1 billion cleanup of Suzhou Creek, which runs through the city-center, was expected to be finished in 2008,[86] and the government also provides incentives for transportation companies to invest in LPG buses and taxis. Air pollution in Shanghai is low compared to other Chinese cities, but the rapid development over the past decades means it is still high on worldwide standards. The government has moved almost all factories within downtown to either outskirts of Shanghai or the neighboring Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces in the last two decades. In addition, several parks have been built in the city. As a result, Shanghai's air quality has been steadily improving since the 1990s.[87]
Culture[link]
Because of Shanghai's status as the cultural and economic center of East Asia for the first half of the twentieth century, it is popularly seen as the birthplace of everything considered modern in China. It was in Shanghai, for example, that the first motor car was driven and (technically) the first train tracks and modern sewers were laid. It was also the intellectual battleground between socialist writers who concentrated on critical realism, which was pioneered by Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Nien Cheng and the famous French novel by André Malraux, Man's Fate, and the more "bourgeois", more romantic and aesthetically inclined writers, such as Shi Zhecun, Shao Xunmei, Ye Lingfeng, and Eileen Chang.
In the latest 5 years Shanghai has been widely recognized as a new influence and inspiration for cyberpunk culture.[88] Futuristic buildings such as the Oriental Pearl Tower and the neon-illuminated Yan'an Elevated Road are a few examples that have helped to boast Shanghai's cyberpunk image.
Language[link]
Most Shanghai residents are the descendants of immigrants from the two adjacent provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang who moved to Shanghai in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, regions whose population, in general, also speak Wu Chinese. In the past decades, many migrants from other areas of China not mentioned above have come to Shanghai for work. They often cannot speak the local language and therefore use Mandarin as a lingua franca.
The vernacular language is Shanghainese, a dialect of Wu Chinese, while the official language nationwide is Mandarin. The local language is mutually unintelligible with Mandarin, and is thus an inseparable part of the Shanghainese identity. The modern Shanghainese language is based on the Suzhou dialect of Wu, the prestige dialect of Wu spoken within the Chinese city of Shanghai prior to the modern expansion of the city, the Ningbo dialect of Wu, and the dialect of Shanghai's traditional areas now within the Hongkou, Baoshan and Pudong districts, which is simply called "the local tongue" (本地话). It is influenced to a lesser extent by the languages of other nearby regions from which large numbers of people have migrated to Shanghai since the 20th century, and includes a significant number of terms borrowed from European languages. The prevalence of Mandarin fluency is generally higher for those born after 1949 than those born before, while the prevalence of English fluency is higher for people who received their secondary and tertiary education before 1949 than those who did so after 1949 and before the 1990s.
Museums[link]
Shanghai boasts several museums of regional and national importance. The Shanghai Museum of art and history has one of the best collections of Chinese historical artifacts in the world, including important archaeological finds since 1949. The Shanghai Art Museum, located in the former Shanghai Race Club building in the People's Square, is a major art museum holding both permanent and temporary exhibitions. The Shanghai Natural History Museum is a large scale natural history museum. In addition, there is a variety of smaller, specialist museums, some housed in important historical sites such as the site of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and the site of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
Cinema[link]
Besides literature, Shanghai was also the birthplace of Chinese cinema and theater. China’s first short film, The Difficult Couple (難夫難妻, Nanfu Nanqi, 1913), and the country’s first fictional feature film, An Orphan Rescues His Grandfather (孤兒救祖記, Gu'er Jiu Zuji, 1923) were both produced in Shanghai. These two films were very influential, and established Shanghai as the center of Chinese film-making. Shanghai’s film industry went on to blossom during the early 1930s, generating Marilyn Monroe-like stars such as Zhou Xuan. Another film star, Jiang Qing, went on to become Madame Mao Zedong. The talent and passion of Shanghainese filmmakers following World War II and the Communist revolution in China contributed enormously to the development of the Hong Kong film industry. Many aspects of Shanghainese popular culture ("Shanghainese Pops") were transferred to Hong Kong by the numerous Shanghainese emigrants and refugees after the Communist Revolution. The movie In the Mood for Love, which was directed by Wong Kar-wai (a native Shanghainese himself), depicts one slice of the displaced Shanghainese community in Hong Kong and the nostalgia for that era, featuring 1940s music by Zhou Xuan.
Arts[link]
The "Shanghai School" was an important Chinese school of traditional arts during the Qing Dynasty and the twentieth century. Under the masters from this school, traditional Chinese art developed into the modern style of "Chinese painting".[citation needed] The Shanghai School challenged and broke the elitist tradition of Chinese art,[citation needed] while also paying technical homage to the ancient masters and improving on existing traditional techniques. Members of this school were themselves educated literati who had come to question their very status and the purpose of art and had anticipated the impending modernization of Chinese society. In an era of rapid social change, works from the Shanghai School were widely innovative and diverse and often contained thoughtful yet subtle social commentary. The most well-known figures from this school are Qi Baishi, Ren Xiong, Ren Yi, Zhao Zhiqian, Wu Changshuo, Sha Menghai, Pan Tianshou, Fu Baoshi, and Wang Zhen or Wang Yiting. In literature, the term was used in the 1930s by some May Fourth Movement intellectuals – notably Zhou Zuoren and Shen Congwen – as a derogatory label for the literature produced in Shanghai at the time. They argued that Shanghai School literature was merely commercial and therefore did not advance social progress. This became known as the Jingpai versus Haipai (Beijing v. Shanghai School) debate.[citation needed]
The "Songjiang School" (淞江派) was a small painting school during the Ming Dynasty. It is commonly considered as a further development of the Wu or Wumen School in the then-cultural center of the region, Suzhou. The Huating School (华亭派) was another important art school during the middle to late Ming Dynasty. Its main achievements were in traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy, and poetry. It was especially famous for its Renwen painting (人文画). Dong Qichang was one of the masters from this school.
Fashion[link]
Other Shanghainese cultural artifacts include the cheongsam (Shanghainese: zansae), a modernization of the traditional Manchurian qipao. This contrasts sharply with the traditional qipao, which was designed to conceal the figure and be worn regardless of age. The cheongsam went along well with the western overcoat and the scarf, and portrayed a unique East Asian modernity, epitomizing the Shanghainese population in general. As Western fashions changed, the basic cheongsam design changed, too, introducing high-neck sleeveless dresses, bell-like sleeves, and the black lace frothing at the hem of a ball gown. By the 1940s, cheongsams came in transparent black, beaded bodices, matching capes and even velvet. And, later, checked fabrics became also quite common. The 1949 Communist Revolution ended the cheongsam and other fashions in Shanghai. However, the Shanghainese styles have seen a recent revival as stylish party dresses. The fashion industry has been rapidly revitalizing in the past decade. Like Shanghai's architecture, local fashion designers strive to create a fusion of western and traditional designs, often with innovative if uncontroversial results.
In the recent times Shanghai has gotten its own fashion week called Shanghai Fashion Week. It is held twice every year in October and April. The April session is a part of Shanghai International Fashion Culture Festival which usually lasts for a month, while Shanghai Fashion Week lasts for seven days, and the main venue is in Fuxing Park, Shanghai,while the opening and closing ceremony is in Shanghai Fashion Center.[89] Supported by the People’s Republic Ministry of Commerce, Shanghai Fashion Week is a major business and culture event of national class hosted by the Shanghai Municipal Government. Shanghai Fashion Week is aiming to build up an international and professional platform, gathering all top design talents of Asia. The event features international designers but the primary purpose is to showcase Chinese designers.[90] The international presence has included many of the most promising young British fashion designers.[91]
Sports[link]
Shanghai is home to several professional soccer teams, including Shanghai Shenhua of the Chinese Super League, one of the China's most popular and successful. The Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association developed Yao Ming before he entered the NBA. Shanghai also has an ice hockey team, China Dragon, and a baseball team, the Shanghai Golden Eagles, which plays in the China Baseball League.
Shanghai is the hometown of many outstanding and well-known Chinese professional athletes, such Yao Ming, the 110-meter hurdler Liu Xiang, and the table-tennis player Wang Liqin.
Beginning in 2004, Shanghai started hosting the Chinese Grand Prix, one round of the Formula One World Championship. The race was staged at the Shanghai International Circuit. In 2010, Shanghai also became the host city of German Touring Car Masters (DTM), which raced in a street circuit in Pudong.
Shanghai also holds the Shanghai Masters tennis tournament, and the BMW Masters and WGC-HSBC Champions golf tournaments.[92]
Twin towns and sister cities[link]
Main article: List of sister cities of Shanghai
Africa[link]
Asia[link]
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Europe[link]
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North America[link]
Oceania[link]
South America[link] |
See also[link]
- List of attractions in Shanghai
- List of cities proper by population
- List of cities with most skyscrapers
- List of five National Central Cities of China
- List of economic and technological development zones in Shanghai
- List of fiction set in Shanghai
- List of films set in Shanghai
- List of universities and colleges in Shanghai
- Shanghai cuisine
- Shanghai International Group
| Portals Access related topics |
|
References[link]
Footnotes[link]
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Bibliography[link]
- Danielson, Eric N. (2010). Discover Shanghai. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish.
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- Johnson, Linda Cooke (1993). Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China. Albany: State University of New York (SUNY). ISBN 0-7914-1424-8.
- Horesh, Niv (2009). Shanghai's Bund and Beyond. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Erh,Deke and Johnston, Tess (2007). Shanghai Art Deco. Hong Kong: Old China Hand Press.
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