Part of the myth series on
Fertile Crescent
Mesopotamian mythology Ancient Arabian mythology Ancient Levantine mythology
Pre-Islamic Arabian gods
Abgal Aglibol Al-Qaum al-Lāt, al-'Ilāhat Astarte Atargatis (Syrian) Atarsamain Beelshamen Bēl, Baʕl, Bēl-Šamīn Bes (Egypto-Arabic) Dhu'l-Halasa Dusares, Dhu Sharā' Ēl, Ilāh (NW Semitic) Hubal Ištar, Athtar Malakbel Manāt Manaf Nabū, Nebo Nasr Nergal Nuha Orotalt Ruda Shams, Samas Sīn, Nanna-Suen Suwa' ʕUzzā Wadd Ya'uq Yaghūth Yarhibol/Malakbel demons
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Arabian mythology comprises the ancient, pre-Islamic beliefs of the Arabs. Prior to Islam the Kaaba of Mecca was covered in symbols representing the myriad demons, djinn, demigods, or simply tribal gods and other assorted deities which represented the polytheistic culture of pre-Islamic Arabia. It has been inferred from this plurality an exceptionally broad context in which mythology could flourish.^[1]

Gods in Arabian mythology[link]

The Father

Hubal (Arabic: هبل‎) Regarded as the chief god of gods and the most notable one, the idol of Hubal was near the Kaaba in Mecca and was made of red agate, and shaped like a human, but with the right hand broken off and replaced with a golden hand.^[2]

Allah

In pre-Islamic Arabia, Allah was used by Meccans as a reference to a creator-god, possibly a supreme deity.^[3][4] Allah was not considered the sole divinity; however, Allah was considered the creator of the world and the giver of rain. The notion of the term may have been vague in the Meccan religion.^[3] Allah was associated with companions, whom pre-Islamic Arabs considered as subordinate deities. Meccans held that a kind of kinship existed between Allah and the jinn.^[5] Allah was thought to have had sons^[6] and that the local deities of al-ʿUzzā, Manāt and al-Lāt were his daughters.^[7] The Meccans possibly associated angels with Allah.^[8][9] Allah was invoked in times of distress.^[9][10] Muhammad's father's name was ʿAbd-Allāh meaning "the worshiper of Allāh"^[9]

The Three Goddesses

1. Allāt (Arabic: اللات‎) or Al-Lāt was a Pre-Islamic Arabian goddess who was one of the three chief goddesses of Mecca. Pre-Islamic Arabs considered her as one of the daughters of Allāh along with Manāt and al-‘Uzzá. She was placed in Taif.^{[11][clarification needed]}
2. Al-‘Uzzá (Arabic: العزى‎) "The Mightiest One" or "The strong" was an Arabian fertility goddess who was one of the three chief goddesses of Mecca, Arabs only called upon her or Hubal for protection and victory before war to show how important she was.^[12]
3. Manāt (Arabic: مناة‎) Was one of the three chief goddesses of Mecca, Arabs believed Manāt to be the goddess of fate, The Book of Idols describes her as the most ancient of all these idols. Some Arabs used to name [their children] 'Abd-Manāt and Zayd-Manāt. Manāt was erected on the seashore in the vicinity of al-Mushallal in Qudayd, between Medina and Mecca. Pagan Arabs used to venerate her and sacrifice before her. The Aws and the Khazraj, as well as the inhabitants of Medina and Mecca and their vicinities, used to venerate Manāt, sacrifice before her, and bring unto her their offerings... The Aws and the Khazraj, as well as those Arabs among the people of Yathrib and other places who took to their way of life, were wont to go on pilgrimage and observe the vigil at all the appointed places, but not shave their heads. At the end of the pilgrimage, however, when they were about to return home, they would set out to the place where Manāt stood, shave their heads, and stay there a while. They did not consider their pilgrimage completed until they visited Manāt.^[13]

Other notable gods

1. Manaf (Arabic: مناف‎) The statue of Manaf was caressed by women, but when they had their periods they were not allowed near it.^[11]
2. Wadd (Arabic: ود‎) God of love and friendship. Snakes were believed to be sacred to Wadd.^[11]
3. Amm (Arabic: أم‎) Was a moon god worshipped in ancient Qataban. He was revered as a weather god, as his attributes included lightning bolts.
4. Ta'lab (Arabic: طالب‎) A god worshipped in southern Arabia, particularly in Sheba. Ta'lab was the moon god. His oracle was consulted for advice.
5. Dhu'l-Halasa (Arabic: ذو الحلاس‎) Was an oracular god of south Arabia. He was venerated in the form of a white stone.
6. Al-Qaum (Arabic: القوم‎) Was the Nabataean god of war and the night, and also guardian of caravans.
7. Dushara (Arabic: ذو الشرى‎) Was a Nabataean god. His name means "Lord of the Mountain"

Supernatural beings[link]

Spirits

• Jinn (Arabic: جن‎) is a supernatural creature which possesses free will, and can be either good or evil. In some cases, evil genies are said to lead humans astray.^[14]

1. Marid (Arabic: مارد‎) Marids are often described as the most powerful type of djinn, having especially great powers. They are the most arrogant and proud as well. Like every djinn, they have free will yet could be compelled to perform chores. They also have the ability to grant wishes to mortals, but that usually requires battle, and according to some sources imprisonment, rituals, or just a great deal of flattery.
2. Ifrit (Arabic: عفريت‎) is a class of infernal jinn, spirits below the level of angels and devils, noted for their strength and cunning. An ifrit is an enormous winged creature of fire, either male or female, who lives underground and frequents ruins. Ifrits live in a society structured along ancient Arab tribal lines, complete with kings, tribes, and clans. They generally marry one another, but they can also marry humans. While ordinary weapons and forces have no power over them, they are susceptible to magic, which humans can use to kill them or to capture and enslave them. As with the jinn, an ifrit may be either a believer or an unbeliever, good or evil, but he is most often depicted as a wicked and ruthless being.

Monsters

1. Nasnas (Arabic: نسناس‎) is "half a human being; having half a head, half a body, one arm, one leg, with which it hops with much agility". It was believed to be the offspring of a demon called a Shikk and a human being.^[15]
2. Ghoul (Arabic: غول‎) is a desert-dwelling, shapeshifting demon that can assume the guise of an animal, especially a hyena. It lures unwary travellers into the desert wastes to slay and devour them. The creature also preys on young children, robs graves, drinks blood, and eats the dead taking on the form of the one they previously ate. Because of the latter habit, the word ghoul is sometimes used to refer to an ordinary human such as a grave robber, or to anyone who delights in the macabre.^[16]
3. Bahamut (Arabic: بهموت‎ Bahamūt) is a vast fish that supports the earth sometimes described as having a head resembling a hippopotamus or elephant.^[17]

See also[link]

• Ancient Semitic religion
• Babylonian mythology
• Demon
• Folk religion
• Iram of the Pillars

Notes[link]

References[link]

• The Book of Idols (Kitāb al-Asnām) by Hishām Ibn al-Kalbī

Sources[link]

• Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia by Jeremy Black and Anthony Green (ISBN 0-292-70794-0)
• Karen Armstrong (2000,2002). Islam: A Short History. ISBN 0-8129-6618-X. 
• Borges, Jorge Luis; Margarita Guerrero, Norman Thomas di Giovanni (trans.) (2002). The Book of Imaginary Beings. London: Vintage. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-09-944263-9.