Colon may refer to:

• Colon (anatomy), the final section of the digestive system
• Colon (punctuation), the punctuation mark :
• Colon (rhetoric), a clause which is grammatically, but not logically, complete
• Colon classification, a library classification system named for the use of the punctuation mark
• Colon, Michigan, village located within Colon Township
• Colon, Nebraska, village in Saunders County

See also[link]

• Colón (disambiguation)
• Cologne (disambiguation)
• Fred Colon, Discworld character
• Colonus (in Ancient Rome)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Hiromi Shinya (新谷 弘実, Shin'ya Hiromi^?, born 1935) is a Japanese-born general surgeon. He practices half of the year in Japan and the other half in the United States^{[citation needed]}. He is a clinical professor of surgery at Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University^{[citation needed]}; head of the endoscopic center at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York, New York; and Vice-chairman of the Japanese Medical Association^{[citation needed]} in the United States. He pioneered modern colonoscopic techniques, and invented the electrosurgical polypectomy snare now common on colonoscopes, allowing for removal of colon polyps without invasive surgery.

Shinya is also known for his health theory. He has authored a number of books, many of them in Japanese.

Early life[link]

Hiromi Shinya was born in 1935 in the city of Yanagawa in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan (Shinya Medical Clinic: About Dr. Shinya). From a young age, his mother encouraged him to earn a medical degree and pursue medicine in the United States. He graduated from Juntendo University School of Medicine in 1960. He then applied with nine hundred other candidates for one of fourteen openings for interns at the United States Naval Hospital in Yokosuka. Passage of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates examination was required for the program, necessitating a high degree of English fluency, so he "spent a lot of time going to American movies" (Sivak 2004, p. 978) to prepare.

Professional career[link]

Following the internship, Dr. Shinya began his residency at Toho University Hospital, with the hope of becoming a neurosurgeon. However, when a position was offered to him in 1963 in another program to which he had applied, he accepted it. He left Japan for New York, New York to complete a surgical residency at Beth Israel Medical Center. In 1967, Dr. Shinya became involved with colonoscopy as a senior resident at Beth Israel. (Shinya Medical Clinic: About Dr. Shinya).

Dr. Shinya began developing colonoscopic techniques with an esophagoscope from Olympus Optical Co., Ltd.. The instrument was a short fiberscope with a two-way maneuverable tip and was designed for use on the esophagus, but with it, Dr. Shinya was able to reach the splenic flexure--the first bend in the colon—about 50% of the time. While other doctors were concurrently developing colonoscopic techniques, most of them practiced a two-person technique, with one person controlling the direction of the tip while the other controlled insertion. Dr. Shinya was in the minority who rejected this procedure, preferring to develop methods which allowed one endoscopist to perform colonoscopy reliably. As a result, "many and probably most of the fundamental principles of the procedure [colonoscopy] were developed by Dr. Shinya" (Sivak 2004, p. 978). By the beginning of 1969, Olympus had introduced several iterations of dedicated colonoscopes, and Dr. Shinya was able to reach the cecum--located at the end of the colon—in 90% of his patients (Sivak 2004, pp. 978–9).

Dr. Shinya's other major contribution to colonoscopy was the invention of the electrosurgical polypectomy snare, with the support of Olympus employee Hiroshi Ichikawa. Even before the results of the National Polyp Study linked colon polyps to colon cancer, Dr. Shinya instinctively "thought the polyp was the forerunner of cancer and that removing these polyps could reduce the risk of cancer" (Sivak 2004, p. 979). Since polyp removal accounted for 30% of the colon surgery of the day, Dr. Shinya's primary focus from his first experiences with colonoscopy was a noninvasive method of performing polypectomy. On January 8, 1969, he and Hiroshi Ichikawa sketched out the first plans for a snare attached to the end of a colonoscope that would allow for easy removal of polyps during colonoscopy (Sivak 2004, p. 979). They experimented with different types of wire, testing them on animal bowels. Within a few months, they had a workable polypectomy snare (Sivak 2004, p. 981). Dr. Shinya then performed the first colonoscopic electrosurgical snare polypectomy in September 1969. In 1970, he delivered the first report of the procedure to the New York Surgical Society, and in May 1971 presented his experiences to the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (Sivak 2004, p. 977,981).

This development made Dr. Shinya famous worldwide. There was immediate demand for his procedure, with his performing 20 colonoscopies a day. To date, he has performed approximately 370,000^{[citation needed]} colonoscopies and given nearly 300 live demonstrations of the technique. Polypectomy has gone on to surpass "all other endoscopic therapeutic procedures in terms of numbers performed" and "impacts the lives of millions of people throughout the world." According to Michael Sivak, Jr., it is the most important achievement in gastrointestinal endoscopy (Sivak 2004, p. 981).

Claims on Health[link]

Shinya is also known for his claims on health, but he has repeatedly done deceiving citations in commercial advertisements.

Dr. Shinya has authored many books, of which Living without Disease: A Miracle Enzyme Determines Life (in Japanese. The original title is: '病気にならない生き方 ミラクル・エンザイムが寿命を決める') is the most well-known, which is said to have sold more than a million copies in Japan.^[1]

Shinya has recommended in advertisements^[2][3] to take enzyme from your meal. There he cites a medical paper^[4] which is irrelevant to his claim; the article reports decrease in the secretion quantity of three kinds of digestive enzyme (and bicarbonate) from pancrea which is speculated to be due to aging. It has nothing to do with nutrients intake. He also says^[2] that nutrients in vegetables are poorer in recent years, and that it's diffcult to take sufficient enzyme from meal only, by showing a chart based on references^[5] of years 1963 and 2008. But they only show values of beta-carotene, vitamin C and iron included in spinach and carrot, not of enzyme. On the other hand, Shinya fails to show any evidence to reinforce his idea.

He claims that his prescription of water has 0% cancer recurrence rate (Shinya , The Enzyme Factor, p. 7), but notice that such miraculous, so to say, treatment is unknown to date.

Notes and references[link]

1. Sivak, Michael V. Jr. (2004). "Polypectomy: Looking Back". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 60 (6): 977–982. DOI:10.1016/S0016-5107(04)02380-6. PMID 15605015. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016510704023806. 
2. "About Dr. Hiromi Shinya". Shinya Medical Clinic. http://www.shinyamedicalgrp.com/en/shinya.html. Retrieved 2007-10-04. 
3. Hiromi Shinya. (2007). The Enzyme Factor. San Francisco: Council Oak Books. ISBN 1-57178-209-5. 

1. ^ In Japan, there's no neutral statistics, and it's the publisher's claim. See ja:ミリオンセラー.
2. ^ ^{a b} Advertisement in Asahi Shimbun, Jul 6, 2011, p 23 (Japanese)
3. ^ Advretisements in Asahi Shimbun, Aug 6, 2011, p. e4 and Aug 23, 2011, p23. (Japanese)
4. ^ Exocrine pancreatic secretion in the elderly Vellas et al, International Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer, 3 (1988) 497
5. ^ Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan (ja:日本食品標準成分表, Japanese)

See also[link]

• Scientific misconduct
• Pseudoscience
• Tondemo-bon

Javier Colon (alternately styled Javier Colón, born April 29, 1978) is an American singer and songwriter. He has referred to his style of music as being "acoustic soul." He was a member of EmcQ and The Derek Trucks Band, and worked with many musicians before going solo. From 2002 to 2006, he was signed to Capitol Records, known as artist Javier. But in 2006, the contract was terminated and Javier Colon became an independent artist with his own label, Javier Colon Music. In 2011, he was the winner of the inaugural season of the U.S. television show on NBC, The Voice, receiving $100,000 and signing a recording contract with Universal Republic Records.

Career[link]

Colon was born in Stratford, Connecticut,^[1] the son of a Dominican father and Puerto Rican mother,.^[2] His father worked in a radio station.^[3] He went to Frank Scott Bunnell High School in Stratford, Connecticut, where he started writing songs. Then he pursued a degree in music education from the University of Hartford's Hartt School. While studying, Javier also performed as vocalist and percussionist in EmcQ, a soul/funk band led by lead guitarist Ian McHugh and mainly dedicated to the legacy of Stevie Wonder.

When EmcQ opened a show for the soul-jazz trio Soulive, the group's guitarist, Eric Krasno, was impressed by Javier's vocals and recommended him to his friend Derek Trucks, who he knew was looking for a lead vocalist for The Derek Trucks Band.^[2] Following his college graduation^[2] and a successful audition in July 2000, Javier joined the band in August 2000.^[4]

After touring with the band for nearly two years, Javier, then 24 years old, left the band in April 2002 to pursue a solo career,^[4] having been signed by Capitol Records. He went on to release two albums with Capitol Records, the first the self-titled Javier in 2003, and the second entitled Left of Center in 2006.^[2]

Since parting ways with Capitol Records, Javier has performed with such diverse acts as Joss Stone, Darius Rucker, the Indigo Girls, Stevie Nicks, Adam Levine, and Anthony Hamilton,^[5] and recorded an EP on his own label, Javier Colon Music.^[6] On stage, Javier's primary instruments are steel and nylon stringed acoustic guitars by Larrivée (guitar company) and Taylor Guitars.^{[citation needed]} In 2009 he was featured as singer and songwriter for song, "October Sky", on Vanessa Williams's vocal album, The Real Thing.

Recordings[link]

Javier^[7] (2003)

On August 5, 2003 - Javier released his debut album, self-titled album on Capitol Records. His first single, entitled "Crazy", debuted at #95 on Billboard Hot 100 and reached #42 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.^[8] The second single, "Beautiful U R", did not have the same commercial success as his first release. The album reached #91 on the Billboard 200 albums chart and #18 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Javier consisted of mainly R&B songs, with a mixture of other genres such as Jazz and Funk, as well as a little influence of Javier's Latin roots. After the release, Javier's music style drew comparisons to the likes of Brian McKnight, Babyface, and Kenny Lattimore.^{[citation needed]} Pianist Mulgrew Miller and trumpeter Roy Hargrove both performed on the final track "October Sky," the only featured artists to appear on the album.

Left of Center^[9] (2006)

On March 7, 2006 - Three years after his self-titled debut, Javier released his second album Left of Center.^[10] The album title was used to demonstrate that Javier was not like the rest of the present Contemporary R&B artists. Javier did keep to his main R&B/Neo-soul genre, but again mixed in other styles and genres. Three singles from album were released: "Indecent Proposal", "Dance for Me", and "The Answer is Yes". None of them had any major success, and the album only reached #37 on Billboard's R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Like Javier, Left of Center had minimal artist features, namely just fellow R&B artist Anthony Hamilton who appeared on the song "Count On Me". Although the album was not successful commercially, multiple reviews praised Javier for his unique style and willingness to do his own thing.^{[citation needed]}

The Truth-Acoustic - EP^[11] (2010)

On August 3, 2010 - This six-song EP entitled "The Truth"^[12] was released on Javier's own label. In the Album Notes for the EP at CD Baby, Javier is quoted as saying, "The Truth-Acoustic EP is part 1 of a larger project that I've been working on for over 3 years. I've taken a few songs that will be on my upcoming album Ok... Here's The Truth^[13] and recorded them acoustically for this EP."

[edit] The Voice

Starting April 26, 2011, Javier Colon^[14] appeared as a contestant on NBC's reality talent show The Voice. The show, produced by John de Mol and Mark Burnett, features a group of contestants competing for a $100,000 grand prize and a Universal Republic recording contract.

On the first show, Javier sang the Cyndi Lauper classic "Time After Time".^[15] All four judges, Adam Levine, Cee-Lo Green, Blake Shelton and Christina Aguilera, opted to take him as one of their finalists, with both Levine and Shelton giving him a standing ovation. He was the only contestant in blind auditions stage besides Jeff Jenkins to win all four judges. As judge Shelton was very late in hitting his "I Want You" button, despite urging by the other judges, show host Carson Daly jokingly said, "Oh Blake, you're an idiot!"^{[citation needed]}

In comments, Cee Lo Green called him a "soul brother" and said "it was perfect". Levine added: "It was so perfect, it was so tasteful too.. I wanna win this (expletive), so I really need, really need for you to pick me..." Blake added: "I'm clearly over my head here... and I'm already a fan of yours already". Javier eventually chose Adam Levine as his coach/mentor.^[16]

On May 17, 2011, in the Battle Round (the Final 32), Javier's coach Adam Levine put him against Angela Wolff choosing that they both sing "Stand By Me",^[17] originally by Ben E. King. As a result, Levine picked him to continue in the show in the live shows, as part of the Final 16.

On June 14, 2011, Javier Colon sang Sarah McLachlan's song "Angel".^[18]

On June 21, 2011, Javier Colon sang Coldplay's "Fix You".^[19] The judges and the audience seemed to be thrilled that he took his signature hat off. Colon's coach, Adam Levine, said "You are the real deal. Competition or no, you have one of the best voices I've ever heard, ever!"

On June 22, 2011, Javier Colon advanced in the competition by accumulating the highest score on Team Adam. The highest score was determined by coach Adam Levine's score in combination with all America's votes. He beat out fellow team member Casey Weston to move on in the music competition.

On June 24, 2011, Javier Colon and the rest of The Voice "Final Four" contestants appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.^[20] During each commercial break each contestant sang a song that he or she had previously performed on The Voice. During one of the commercial breaks, Javier sang "Time After Time". At the end of the broadcast, The Voice "Final Four" joined in song and performed The Beatles song "Come Together".^[21]

On June 28, 2011, Javier Colon sang an original song titled "Stitch by Stitch".^[22] The song was produced by himself, his coach Adam Levine and Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins. Later in the show, Javier and his coach Adam Levine performed a cover together of "Man In the Mirror" by Michael Jackson.^[23]

On June 29, 2011, Javier Colon and Stevie Nicks performed "Landslide" together. At the end of the show, the voting results were announced. With more votes than any other contestant, Javier Colon won the first season of NBC's "The Voice", receiving $100,000 in cash and a Universal Republic recording contract.^[24]

[edit] After The Voice

Javier Colon has launched his new album Come Through For You that was released on Universal Republic Records. The debut single from the album is "As Long As We Got Love" and features Natasha Bedingfield. The album also includes "Stand Up", a song that features his mentor during The Voice, Adam Levine and a song "Raise Your Hand" ^[25] co-written by Season 8 American Idol Winner, Kris Allen.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Extended plays[link]

Singles[link]

TV Appearances[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• The Javier Colón Official Website
• The Javier Colon Fansite
• Javier on Myspace Music
• Javier Colon on twitter
• Javier Colon on facebook
• Javier Biography at SoulTracks
• Javier Colon page on official NBC The Voice website