Official name	Sioux City
Settlement type	City
Motto	"Successful, Surprising, Sioux City"
Map caption	Location in Iowa
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	United States
Subdivision type1	State
Subdivision name1	Iowa
Subdivision type2	Counties
Subdivision name2	Woodbury, Plymouth
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Mike Hobart
Leader title1	City manager
Leader name1	Paul Eckert
Established title	Founded
Established title2	Incorporated
Established date	1854
Established date2	1857
Area total km2	144.9
Unit pref	Imperial
Area total sq mi	56.0
Area land km2	141.9
Area land sq mi	54.8
Area water km2	3.0
Area water sq mi	1.2
Area water percent	2.06
Population as of	2010
Population total	82,684
Population metro	144,360
Population density sq mi	auto
Timezone	Central
Utc offset	-6
Timezone dst	Central
Utc offset dst	-5
Coordinates display	inline,title
Coordinates type	region:US_type:city
Elevation m	366
Elevation ft	1201
Website	http://www.sioux-city.org
Postal code type	ZIP codes
Postal code	51101, 51102, 51103, 51104, 51105, 51106, 51108, 51109, 51111
Area code	712
Blank name	FIPS code
Blank info	19-73335
Blank1 name	GNIS feature ID
Blank1 info	0461653
Footnotes	}}

Sioux City () is a city in Plymouth and Woodbury counties in the western part of the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 82,684 in the 2010 census, a decline from 85,013 in the 2000 census, which makes it currently the fourth largest city in the state.

Sioux City is the primary city of the four-county Sioux City, IA–NE–SD Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), with a population of 143,005 in 2000 and a slight increase to an estimated 144,360 in 2009. The Sioux City-Vermillion, IA-NE-SD Combined Statistical Area had a population of 156,503 as of 2000 and has grown to an estimated population of 157,850 as of 2009.

Sioux City is at the navigational head of the Missouri River, about 95 miles north of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area. Sioux City and the surrounding areas of northwestern Iowa, northeastern Nebraska and southeastern South Dakota are sometimes referred to as Siouxland, especially by the local media.

Money recognized Sioux City in its August 2010 issue of "Best Places To Live". In 2008 and 2009, the Sioux City Tri-State Metropolitan Area was recognized by Site Selection as the top economic development community in the United States for communities with populations between 50,000 and 200,000 people.

In 2011, The Daily Beast, an American news reporting website, placed Sioux City on their list of The Top 40 Drunkest Cities in America, with a ranking of 14th.

History

The first people to live in this area were Native Americans. These inhabitants lived here thousands of years before any explorers from Spain or France arrived. Early French or Spanish fur traders were likely the first Europeans in the area. The first documented explorers to record their travels through this area were the Americans Meriwether Lewis and William Clark during the summer of 1804. Sergeant Charles Floyd, a member of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, died here on August 20, 1804, the only fatality during the two and a half-year expedition.

In 1891, the Sioux City Elevated Railway was opened and became the third steam powered elevated rapid transit system in the world, and later the first electric-powered elevated railway in the world after a conversion in 1892. However, the system fell into bankruptcy and closed within a decade.

The city gained the nickname "Little Chicago" during the Prohibition era due to its reputation for being a purveyor of alcoholic beverages.

On July 19, 1989, United Airlines flight 232 crash landed at Sioux Gateway Airport, killing 111 people.

Geography and climate

Sioux City is located at (42.497957, -96.395705). Sioux City is at an altitude of above sea level.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 56.0 square miles (144.9 km²), of which, 54.8 square miles (141.9 km²) of it is land and 1.2 square miles (3.0 km²) of it (2.06%) is water.

Climate

Sioux City is located very near the center of the North American continent, far removed from any major bodies of water. This lends the area a humid continental climate, with hot, humid summers, cold snowy winters, and wide temperature extremes. Summers can bring daytime temperatures that climb into the 90s Fahrenheit, and winter lows can be well below zero.

Demographics

2010 census

The 2010 census recorded a population of 82,684 in the city, with a population density of . There were 33,425 housing units, of which 31,571 were occupied.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 85,013 people, 32,054 households, and 21,091 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,551.3 people per square mile (599.0/km²). There were 33,816 housing units at an average density of 617.1 per square mile (238.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 85.23% White, 2.41% African American, 1.95% Native American, 2.82% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 5.27% from other races, and 2.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.89% of the population.

There were 32,054 households of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the city, the population was spread out with 27.1% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $37,429, and the median income for a family was $45,751. Males had a median income of $31,385 versus $22,470 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,666. About 7.9% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.0% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

The Sioux City Human Rights Commission is an impartial governmental agency that works to protect the rights of the population from discrimination.

Metropolitan area

As of the 2000 census, the Sioux City metropolitan area had 144,360 residents in four counties; the population was estimated at 143,157 in 2008. As defined by the Office of Management and Budget, the counties comprising the metropolitan area are (in descending order of population):

Woodbury County, Iowa

Dakota County, Nebraska

Union County, South Dakota

Dixon County, Nebraska

Two of these counties, Union and Dixon, were added to the metro area in 2003. In reality, only Woodbury, Dakota, and Union counties contain any metropolitan character; Dixon County is entirely rural.

Plymouth County is not considered part of metropolitan Sioux City although the extreme north and northwest sides of the city spill over into Plymouth County.

Economy

American Pop Corn Company is based in Sioux City.

;Top employers Statistics from Sioux City's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report

Rank	Employer	Number ofEmployees	% of Total CityEmployment
	Sioux City Community School District
	City of Sioux City
	185th Air Refueling Wing
	Morningside College
	Curly's Foods
	Tri-State Nursing

Arts and culture

The Sioux City Public Museum is located in a Northside neighborhood of fine Victorian mansions. The portico-and-gabled stone building was originally the home of the banker, John Peirce, and was built in 1890. The museum features Native American, pioneer, early Sioux City, and natural history exhibits. The museum will shortly be relocated downtown.

The Sioux City Art Center,located Downtown, was formed in 1938 as part of the WPA's support of the arts. The Art Center is committed to supporting artists from Iowa and the greater Midwest. Also, the Center has a general program of acquisition of work by national and international artists, including important works by Thomas Hart Benton, Salvador Dalí, Käthe Kollwitz, Robert Motherwell, Claes Oldenburg, James Abbott McNeill Whistler, and Grant Wood.

The Sergeant Floyd Monument commemorates the burial site of U.S. Army Sergeant Charles Floyd, the only man to die on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. It is a National Historic Landmark, with its prominent obelisk situated on of parkland, high on a river bluff with a splendid view of the Missouri River valley.

Chris Larsen Park, informally known as "The Riverfront," is the launching point for the riverboat casino and includes the Anderson Dance Pavilion, the Sergeant Floyd Riverboat Museum and the Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center, opened in 2004. Massive Missouri River development began in 2005 with the opening of the MLR Tyme Marina area, which includes Beverly's, an upscale restaurant.

Grandview Park is located north of the downtown area, up from Rose Hill, between The Northside and The Heights. The Municipal Bandshell is located in the park with Sunday evening municipal band concerts. The Saturday in the Park music festival began in 1991 and is held there annually over a weekend around the Fourth of July. Behind the bandshell is a rose garden with an arbor and trellises which has been a site for outdoor weddings, prom and other special occasion photographs, and for children to play during the Sunday evening band concerts and other events. Downtown is also home to the largest historic theatre in Iowa, the Orpheum Theater.

Neighborhoods, commercial districts, and suburbs

City neighborhoods

Nearby communities

Elk Point, South Dakota is 15 miles north of Sioux City off of Interstate 29 with a population of 1,997 as of 2009.

Dakota City, Nebraska is just south of South Sioux City with a population of 1,908 as of 2009. It is the county seat of Dakota County.

Dakota Dunes, South Dakota is an unincorporated "master-planned community" just west of Sioux City in the extreme southeast corner of South Dakota with a population of 2,647 as of 2008. Construction began circa 1989. Up-scale homes, suburban-style office parks, and a country club golf course designed by Arnold Palmer characterize this area.

Hinton, Iowa is 6 miles north of Sioux City on Highway 75 with a population of 836 as of 2009.

Lawton, Iowa is 8 miles on Highway 20 with a population of 790 as of 2009.

Le Mars, Iowa is 20 miles north of Sioux City off of Highway 75 with a population of 9,124 as of 2009.

Jefferson, South Dakota is 9 miles north of Sioux City off of Interstate 29 with a population of 618 as of 2009.

North Sioux City, South Dakota is just across the Big Sioux River in Union County with a population of 2,601 as of 2009.

Sergeant Bluff is a mainly residential suburb adjacent to the southern city limits of Sioux City with a population of 4,027 as of 2009, and is less than a mile east of the Sioux City Airport.

South Sioux City, Nebraska is directly across the Missouri River in Dakota County. With nearly 12,213 residents as of 2009, it is the largest suburb of Sioux City. It was an All America City in 2003. Two bridges—the Veterans Memorial Bridge and the Interstate 129 bridge—connect Sioux City with South Sioux City.

Vermillion, South Dakota is home to the University of South Dakota, a Division I university located 33 miles northwest of Sioux City.

Parks and recreation

Stone State Park is in the northwest corner of the city, overlooking the South Dakota/Iowa border. Stone Park is near the northernmost extent of the Loess Hills, and is at the transition from clay bluffs and prairie to sedimentary rock hills and bur oak forest along the Iowa side of the Big Sioux River. The park is used by picnickers, day hikers, and for mountain biking.

Dorothy Pecaut Nature Center is a destination nature preserve for Woodbury County, and is located within the boundaries of Stone State Park. The butterfly garden is unique to the area; wild turkeys and white-tail deer are commonly sighted from the well-marked trails.

Downtown entertainment venues include the casino, the 10,000-seat Tyson Event Center/ Gateway Arena, Sioux City Orpheum Theatre, Promenade Cinema 14, Martin Ballroom, Galaxie Ballroom At-Bellevue and the Anderson Dance Pavilion which overlooks the Missouri River.

Pulaski Park is named for the Polish General Kazimierz Pułaski, who fought in the American Revolution. This park features baseball diamond facilities, and is located in western Morningside along old U.S. Highway 75 (South Lewis Blvd.). It is largely built on the filled lakebed of Half Moon Lake, which was originally created in the 1890s by the excavation of fill dirt to build the approaches for the iron railroad bridge spanning the Missouri near the stockyards. The neighborhood on the bluff overlooking the park was historically settled by Lithuanian and Polish immigrants, many of whom worked in the meatpacking industry during the early 20th century. Latham Park is located in a residential area of Morningside, and is the only privately owned and maintained open-to-the-public park within the city limits. It was left in trust in 1937 under the terms of Clara Latham's will; her family had built the house on of ground in 1915. The house and grounds are currently being restored by the Friends of Latham Park.

First Bride's Grave is tucked in a corner pocket of South Ravine Park, lies a series of paths, trails, and steps leading to the grave of the First Bride of Sioux City, Rosalie Menard. She was the first bride of a non-native American to be wed in Sioux City, Iowa, thus receiving her title.

War Eagle Park is named for the Yankton Sioux chief Wambdi Okicize (d. 1851) who befriended early settlers. A monument overlooks the confluence of the Big Sioux and Missouri Rivers. The sculpture represents the chief in his role as a leader and peacemaker, wearing the eagle feather bonnet and holding the peace pipe.

Riverside Park is located on the banks of the Big Sioux River. One of the oldest recreational areas of the city, it is home to the Sioux City Boat Club and Sioux City Community Theater. The park is on land that once belonged to the first white settler in the area, Theophile Bruguier; his original cabin is preserved in the park.

Bacon Creek Park is located northeast of Morningside and features a scenic walking trail, dog park, picnic shelters, and playground equipment.

Golf courses, city parks, and aquatics: Sioux City is also home to several municipal public golf courses, including Floyd Park in Morningside, Green Valley near the Southern Hills, Sun Valley on the northern West Side, and Hidden Acres in nearby Plymouth County. Sioux City also has a number of private golf clubs, including Sioux City Country Club, and Whispering Creek Golf Club. The city has over of public parkland located at 53 locations, including the riverfront and many miles of recreation trails. Five public swimming pools/aquatics centers are located within Sioux City neighborhoods.

Education

;Public Schools The Sioux City Community School District serves 13,480 students living in Sioux City; there are three public high schools West High School, North High School, East High School (grades 9-12), three public Middle Schools, West Middle, North Middle, and East Middle (grades 6-8), and 19 Elementary Schools (grades K-5).

Because of sprawl, districts around Sioux City continue to grow at dramatic rates. South Sioux City, Hinton, North Sioux City, Lawton, Bronson, Elk Point, Jefferson, Vermillion, Le Mars, Hawarden, Akron, Westfield, Ponca, Sergeant Bluff, Wayne, Sioux Center, along with other school districts that serve many metro-area students. ;Private Schools Sioux City Bishop Heelan Catholic School is a centralized Catholic School System that includes eight schools: six elementary schools, all Pre K-6. Sioux City Christian School's educates grades K-12. ;Advanced Education Sioux City is home to Morningside College, Briar Cliff University, Western Iowa Tech, St. Lukes College, Bellevue University and Tri-State Graduate Center.

Media

Television stations

KTIV, Channel 4, NBC affiliate (4.1) CW affiliate (4.2)

KCAU, Channel 9, ABC affiliate

KMEG, Channel 14, CBS affiliate (14.1) Azteca affiliate (14.2)

KSIN, Channel 27, PBS member station

KPTH, Channel 44, Fox affiliate (44.1) MyNetwork affiliate (44.2)

Radio stations

;FM stations

K-LOVE, 88.9, Plays commercial free contemporary Christian music. Also can be picked up on 107.5 out of Castana, Iowa.

KMSC, 92.9, operated by Morningside College

KWIT, 90.3, public radio, operated by Western Iowa Tech Community College

KGLI, 95.5, "KG95" -- adult contemporary; previously played top 40; signed on in 1983

KSEZ, 97.9, "Z98" -- plays rock music (classic and new rock); previously top 40 station "Rock 98" in the 1980s

KKMA, 99.5, "Kool 99.5" -- plays Classic Hits; formerly adult contemporary "Magic 99"; call letters were KZZL in the early 1980s as an easy listening format Home of Iowa State Cyclones athletics

KKYY, 101.3, "Y101.3" -- country music; the newest FM signal in the market

KQNU, 102.3, ("New 102.3") -- a "adult hits" station; signed on as Bob-FM on March 13, 2006

KTFC, 103.3, Religious radio station ("Midwest Bible Radio")

WNAX, 104.1, country; broadcasts from Yankton, South Dakota; low-power translator K283AG broadcasts at 104.5 FM in Sioux City, but both frequencies are audible in Sioux City. Previously oldies/classic hits KCLH; was top 40 KQHU "Q104" in 1990.

KSUX, 105.7, "The SuperPig, K-Sioux 105.7"; has played country music since the signal went on-air in the fall of 1990.

KSFT-FM, 107.1, "Kiss 107FM" -- top 40 station as of March 13, 2006; previously played adult contemporary; signed on in the mid-1990s.

;AM stations

WNAX, 570, talk radio and farm news from Yankton, South Dakota; with a signal covering much of the upper Midwest

KMNS, 620, sports talk radio; was previously "62 Country"

KSCJ, 1360, talk radio; call letters derive from the Sioux City Journal, which once owned the station

KWSL, 1470, "Superhits 1470 KWSL", plays oldies; was previously broadcasting Spanish language music under the 'La Preciosa' branding

Print

Sioux City Journal, daily newspaper serving the Sioux City metro area east into Western Iowa and north to the South Dakota border.

Dakota County Star, weekly newspaper serving northeast Nebraska.

Sioux City Hispanos Unidos, bi-weekly Spanish readers paper.

The Weekender, weekly arts and entertainment magazine serving the Sioux City metro area east into Western Iowa and north to the South Dakota border.

Siouxland Magazine, quarterly magazine with community/lifestyle features.

Sports

The Sioux City Bandits are an indoor arena football team that plays for the American Professional Football League (APFL). The Bandits play their home games at the Tyson Events Center. They have been to the Indoor Football League playoffs five times.

The Sioux City Explorers are a non affiliated baseball team playing in American Association of Independent Professional Baseball league. The Explorers play their home games at Lewis and Clark Park. They have been to the League playoffs four times.

The Sioux City Musketeers are a junior hockey team based in Sioux City. They play in the United States Hockey League (USHL). They play their home games at the Tyson Events Center. Their first year of hockey was in 1972. The Musketeers have won the gold cup in the 1985-1986 season, the National Runner-up twice (1993–94, 1995–96), the Anderson Cup twice (1981–82, 1985–86), the Clark Cup three times (1981–82, 1985–86, 2001–02), and were the West Division Playoff Champions for the 2004-05 season.

The Sioux City Roller Dames are a non-profit roller derby corporation. The Roller Dames play all home games at The Longlines Family Recreation center. The Dames hosted their first tournament in November 2008.

Transportation

;Roads Interstate 29 is a major controlled-access highway in Sioux City and the surrounding area providing easy access of the 20 mile stretch covering Sioux City and the majority of its suburbs. It approaches the city from Omaha to the south before curving northwest along the Missouri River near downtown. The highway then enters South Dakota and curves back to the north as it approaches Sioux Falls. Interstate 129 is an auxiliary Interstate Expressway that connects South Sioux City, NE to the north side of Sioux City and works as a bypass for travelers to other surrounding suburbs. Interstate 129 also interconnects with U.S. Route 75 which is in expansion to interstate form connecting Sioux City to Worthington, Minnesota. U.S. Route 20, the longest road in the United States spanning 3,365 miles (5,415 km) is also in the works of expanding from a two-lane highway to four-lanes from Sioux City, Iowa to Dubuque, Iowa which will provide a faster and easier access for travel from the over crowded highway of Interstate 80 in Iowa. ;Public/Mass Transit Sioux City Transit, the local public transit organization, operates 16 bus lines within the city. Recently, the city added a new transfer station in Sioux City's Downtown Area. The Sioux City Paratransit serves members of the community who would otherwise not be able the travel by providing door to door service.

Sioux City also has several taxi companies that operate within the city.

Jefferson Lines runs long-distance bus routes to Sioux City. Non-Transfer destinations include Winnipeg, Kansas City, Minneapolis, and Omaha. There is no Amtrak passenger train service that passes through northwest Iowa. ;Air Travel Several domestic airlines serve Sioux Gateway Airport.

== Notable people ==

John W. Aldridge, born in Sioux City, grew up in Tennessee, literary critic, author.

Dave Bancroft, Major League Baseball Hall of Fame shortstop; nicknamed "Beauty"

Micah Bergdale, born in Sioux City, CEO ByteMark, Inc.

Joe Bisenius, Philadelphia Phillies relief pitcher and graduate of Bishop Heelan High School

Tommy Bolin, born in Sioux City, member of Deep Purple and The James Gang who also had a solo career

Mildred Brown, African-American journalist, worked in Iowa as a teacher before moving to Omaha and founding the Omaha Star

Macdonald Carey, actor; the longtime patriarch on Days of our Lives

Matt Chatham, born in Newton, Iowa, New York Jets linebacker

Dave Croston (1963– ) former NFL player for Green Bay Packers

Colonel George E. "Bud" Day, U.S. Air Force, Vietnam POW, recipient of the Medal of Honor; the United States' most highly decorated officer since General Douglas MacArthur. The Sioux City Airport is named Colonel Bud Day Field in his honor as is 6th Street (Honorable Bud Day Street).

W. Edwards Deming, raised in Polk City, quality-control expert; helped improve Japan's quality control

Sharon Farrell (1940– ) actress (birth name Sharon Forsmoe) Bruce Forbes, author, professor of Religious Stuides Morningside College ^{relationship to Sioux City}

For Today, a Christian metal band signed to Facedown Records

Esther and Paulline Friedman, better known as Ann Landers and Abigail Van Buren; graduates of Central High School

Peggy Gilbert, jazz saxophonist and bandleader

Dan Goldie, former tennis player, winner of 2 ATP singles titles

Fred Grandy, television actor who played Gopher Smith on The Love Boat, was a U.S. congressman, former CEO of Goodwill, and radio personality for WMAL Radio, Washington, D.C.

Dick Green, raised in Rapid City, South Dakota, former MLB second baseman with the Kansas City and Oakland Athletics

William L. Harding (1877–1934) born in Sibley, the 22nd Governor of Iowa 1917–1921

Jules Harlow, conservative Jewish rabbi and liturgist

Kirk Hinrich, professional basketball player currently with Atlanta Hawks.

Noah Holcomb, professional cyclist

Harry Hopkins, Secretary of Commerce, moved to Council Bluffs shortly after birth, advisor to FDR during World War II

Ryan Kisor, jazz trumpeter

George Koval, 1913–2006, Soviet atomic spy and only Soviet agent to infiltrate the Manhattan Project

Al McIntosh, born in Park River, North Dakota, newspaper editor whose columns are featured in Ken Burns' The War

Jerry Mathers, Beaver Cleaver on TV's Leave It To Beaver

Daniel Matousek, lead singer and guitarist for The Velaires, graduate of Central High School

John Melcher, United States senator from Montana from 1977 to 1989

Lori Petty, born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, actress best known for her starring role in A League of Their Own

Frances Rafferty, MGM actress of the 1940s and early TV star best known for the sitcom December Bride

Ann Royer, painter, sculptor

Laurens Shull, All-American football player killed in France during World War I

Edward J. Sperling, born in Slutsk, Belarus, Jewish writer and humorist

Morgan Taylor, set 400-meter hurdles Olympic record while winning gold medal in 1924

Morgan Thomas, jazz trombonist with Louis Prima Orchestra; recorded prolifically with Prima and Keely Smith in the 1950s and 1960s

Ted Waitt co-founder of Gateway, Inc.

Brian Wansink, Cornell University professor and author of Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think

Pierre Watkin, actor in radio, films and TV from 1930s-1950s, most famously played editor Perry White in the original Superman serials

Tony Watson, current MLB pitcher (Pirates)

Kathleen Weaver, writer and editor

Don Wengert, baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues from 1995–2001

Gerald W. Wolff, retired historian of the American West and Indians, is a former resident of Sioux City.

Sister cities

Lake Charles, Louisiana (since 1995) Yamanashi City, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan (since 2003)

References

External links

City website

Sioux City History

Sioux City 1848-1923

Sioux City and Woodbury County 1890

Attractions and Recreation

Sioux City Journal (local newspaper)

Sioux City Public Museum

Saturday in the Park

Siouxland.net (local arts and entertainment paper)

History of the Stockyards

Category:Cities in Iowa Category:Populated places in Plymouth County, Iowa Category:Populated places in Woodbury County, Iowa Category:Sioux City metropolitan area Category:County seats in Iowa Category:Iowa populated places on the Missouri River

bg:Су Сити (Айова) ca:Sioux City da:Sioux City de:Sioux City et:Sioux City es:Sioux City fr:Sioux City ko:수시티 io:Sioux City, Iowa it:Sioux City ht:Sioux City, Iowa mr:सू सिटी nl:Sioux City ja:スーシティ (アイオワ州) no:Sioux City pl:Sioux City pt:Sioux City ru:Су-Сити simple:Sioux City, Iowa sv:Sioux City vo:Sioux City zh:蘇城

name	Iowa
fullname	State of Iowa
flag	Flag of Iowa.svg
flaglink	Flag
seal	Iowa-StateSeal.svg
map	Map of USA IA.svg
nickname	The Hawkeye State
former	Iowa Territory
number of representatives elected to u.s. congress	5
demonym	Iowan
motto	Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain.
capital	Des Moines
officiallang	English
largestcity	capital
largestmetro	Des Moines metropolitan area
governor	Terry E. Branstad (R)
lieutenant governor	Kim Reynolds (R)
legislature	General Assembly
upperhouse	Senate
lowerhouse	House of Representatives
senators	Chuck Grassley (R)Tom Harkin (D)
representative	3 Democrats, 2 Republicans
postalabbreviation	IA
arearank	26th
totalareaus	56,272
totalarea	145,743
landarea	144 700.8
waterareaus	402
waterarea	1,042
pcwater	0.71
poprank	30th
2000pop	(2010) 3,046,355
densityrank	35th
2000densityus	53.5
2000density	20.7
medianhouseholdincome	$48,075
incomerank	24th
admittanceorder	29th
admittancedate	December 28, 1846
timezone	Central: UTC-6/-5
latitude	40° 23′ N to 43° 30′ N
longitude	90° 8′ W to 96° 38′ W
lengthus	199
length	320
widthus	310
width	500
highestpoint	Hawkeye Point
highestelevus	1,670
highestelev	509
meanelevus	1,099
meanelev	335
lowestpoint	Mississippi River at Keokuk
lowestelevus	480
lowestelev	146
isocode	US-IA
website	www.iowa.gov }}

Iowa () is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World". However, Iowa's economy, culture, and landscape are diverse.

In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. The state has a population of just over 3 million (2010) and its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live.

Geography

Boundaries

thumb|250px|left|Topography of Iowa,with counties and major streams. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.

Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two. The state capital, Des Moines, is located in Polk County.

Geology and terrain

Iowa's bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east. In northwest Iowa Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to ca. 500 million years ago.

Iowa is generally not flat; most of the state consists of rolling hills. Prior divides Iowa into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, and river drainage. Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. In the northeast, along the Mississippi River, is a section of the Driftless Zone, which in Iowa consists of steep hills and valleys which appear almost mountainous.

There are several natural lakes in the state, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa (see Iowa Great Lakes). To the east lies Clear Lake. Man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The northwest part of the state also contains a considerable number of remnants of the once common wetland areas such as Barringer Slough.

Ecology and environment

Iowa's natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in upland areas, with dense forest and wetlands in floodplains and protected river valleys, and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands (mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland) cover 30%, and forests cover 7%; urban areas and water cover another 1% each. The explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased risk of rural water contamination and a perceived decline in air quality. Other factors negatively affecting Iowa's environment include the extensive use of older coal-fired power plants, fertilizer and pesticide runoff from crop production, and diminishment of the Jordan Aquifer.

There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa; less than 1% of the tallgrass prairie that once covered most of Iowa remain intact, only about 5% of the state's prairie pothole wetlands remain, and most of the original forest has been lost. Iowa ranks 49th of U.S. states in public land holdings. Threatened or endangered animals in Iowa include the Bald Eagle, Interior Least Tern, Piping Plover, Indiana Bat, Pallid Sturgeon, the Iowa Pleistocene Land Snail, Higgins' Eye Pearly Mussel, and the Topeka Shiner. Endangered or threatened plants include Western Prairie Fringed Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid, Mead's Milkweed, Prairie Bush Clover, and Northern Wild Monkshood.

Climate

Iowa, like most of the Midwest, has a humid continental climate throughout the state (Koppen climate classification Dfa) with extremes of both heat and cold. The average annual temperature at Des Moines is ; for some locations in the north the figure is under , while Keokuk, on the Mississippi River, averages . Winters are often harsh and snowfall is common.

Spring ushers in the beginning of the severe weather season. Iowa averages about 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year. Tornadoes are common during the spring and summer months, with an average of 37 tornadoes in a single year. In 2008, twelve people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa, making it the deadliest year since 1968 and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105, matching the total from 2001.

Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity, with daytime temperatures often near and sometimes exceeding . Average winters in the state have been known to drop well below freezing, even dropping below . Iowa's all time hottest temperature of was recorded at Keokuk on July 20, 1934; the all time lowest temperature of was recorded at Elkader on February 3, 1996.

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Davenport

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Iowa has a relatively smooth gradient of varying precipitation across the state, with areas in the southeast of the state receiving an average of over 38 inches of rain annually, and the northwest of the state receiving less than 28 inches. The pattern of precipitation across Iowa is seasonal, with more rain falling in the summer months. In Des Moines, roughly in the center of the state, over two-thirds of the 34.72 inches of rain fall from April through September, and about half of the average annual precipitation falls from May through August.

Prehistory

When American Indians first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago, they were hunters and gatherers living in a Pleistocene glacial landscape. By the time European explorers visited Iowa, American Indians were largely settled farmers with complex economic, social, and political systems. This transformation happened gradually. During the Archaic period (10,500-2,800 years ago), American Indians adapted to local environments and ecosystems, slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased.

More than 3,000 years ago, during the Late Archaic period, American Indians in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants. The subsequent Woodland period saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity, with increased use of mounds, ceramics, and specialized subsistence. During the Late Prehistoric period (beginning about AD 900) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements.

The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval, with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders. There were numerous Indian tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration. Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric Oneota include the Dakota, Ho-Chunk, Ioway, and Otoe. Tribes which arrived in Iowa in the late prehistoric or protohistoric periods include the Illiniwek, Meskwaki, Omaha, and Sauk.

History

Early exploration and trade, 1673-1808

The first known European explorers to document Iowa were Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet who traveled the Mississippi River in 1673 documenting several Indian villages on the Iowa side. The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763. The French, prior to their impending defeat in the French and Indian War, transferred ownership to their ally, Spain. Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region, granting trading licenses to French and British traders, who established trading posts along the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers.

Iowa was part of a territory known as La Louisiane or Louisiana, and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indians. The Sauk and Meskwaki effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Among the early traders on the Mississippi were Julien Dubuque, Robert La Salle, and Paul Marin. Along the Missouri River at least five French and English trading houses were built prior to 1808. In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte took control of Louisiana from Spain in a treaty.

After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Iowa was placed under United States control. Much of Iowa was mapped by Zebulon Pike in 1805, but it was not until the construction of Fort Madison in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region.

War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control

Fort Madison was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance over the Upper Mississippi, but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and Ho-Chunk, many of whom allied with the British, who had not abandoned claims to the territory. Fort Madison was defeated by British-supported Indians in 1813 during the War of 1812, and Fort Shelby in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, also fell to the British. Black Hawk took part in the siege of Fort Madison.

After the war, the U.S. reestablished control of the region through the construction of Fort Armstrong, Fort Snelling in Minnesota, and Fort Atkinson in Nebraska.

Trade and Indian removal, 1814-1832

The U.S. encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west. Trade continued in furs and lead, but disease and forced population movement decimated Indian cultures and economies. A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison that surrendered much of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War. As punishment for the uprising, and as part of a larger settlement strategy, treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa.

The Sauk and Meskwaki were pushed out of the Mississippi valley in 1832, out of the Iowa River valley in 1843, and out of Iowa altogether in 1846. Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near Tama, Iowa; the Meskwaki Settlement remains to this day. In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land; Indians were not usually permitted to do so. The Ho-Chunk were removed from Iowa in 1850, and the Dakota were removed by the late 1850s. Western Iowa around modern Council Bluffs was used as a way station for other tribes being moved west, including the Potawatomi.

U.S. settlement and statehood, 1832-1860

The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833. Primarily, they were families from Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Indiana, Kentucky, and Virginia. On July 4, 1838, the U.S. Congress established the Territory of Iowa. President Martin Van Buren appointed Robert Lucas governor of the territory, which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23,242.

Almost immediately after achieving territorial status, a clamor arose for statehood. On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29^th state in the Union when President James K. Polk signed Iowa's admission bill into law. Once admitted to the Union, the state's boundary issues resolved, and most of its land purchased from the Indians, Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors, boasting the young frontier state's rich farmlands, fine citizens, free and open society, and good government.

Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs. The first and second Iowa State Fairs were held in the more developed eastern part of the state at Fairfield. The first fair was held October 25–27, 1854, at a cost of around $323. Thereafter, the fair moved to locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a permanent home in Des Moines. The State Fair has been held every year since except for the year 1898 due to the Spanish-American War and the World's Fair being held in nearby Omaha, Nebraska. The fair was also a World War II wartime casualty from 1942-1945.

Civil War, 1861-1865

Iowa supported the Union during the Civil War, voting heavily for Abraham Lincoln, though there was a strong antiwar "Copperhead" movement among settlers of southern origins and among Catholics. There were no battles in the state, but Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities. Much of Iowa's support for the Union can be attributed to Samuel J. Kirkwood, its wartime governor. Of a total population of 675,000, about 116,000 men were subjected to military duty. Iowa contributed proportionately more men to Civil War military service than did any other state, north or south, sending more than 75,000 volunteers to the armed forces, over one-sixth of whom were in their graves before Appomattox.

Most fought in the great campaigns in the Mississippi Valley and in the South. Iowa troops fought at Wilson's Creek in Missouri, Pea Ridge in Arkansas, Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg, Iuka, and Corinth. They served with the Army of the Potomoc in Virginia and fought under Union General Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley. Many died and were buried at Andersonville. They marched on General Nathaniel Banks' ill-starred expedition to the Red River. Twenty-seven Iowans have been awarded the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government, which was first awarded in the Civil War.

Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals—Grenville Mellen Dodge, Samuel R. Curtis, Francis J. Herron, and Frederick Steele—and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war.

Agricultural expansion, 1865-1930

Following the Civil War, Iowa's population continued to grow dramatically, from 674,913 people in 1860 to 1,194,020 in 1870. The introduction of railroads in the 1850s and 1860s transformed Iowa into a major agricultural producer.

In 1917, the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy. For farmers, the change was significant. Since the beginning of the war in 1914, Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity. In the economic sector, Iowa also has undergone considerable change. Beginning with the first farm-related industries developed in the 1870s, Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations.

Depression, World War II, and the rise of manufacturing, 1930-1985

The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly. The Great Depression and World War II accelerated the shift away from smallholder farming to larger farms, and began a trend of urbanization that continues. The period since World War II has witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations. While agriculture continued to be the state's dominant industry, Iowans also produce a wide variety of products including refrigerators, washing machines, fountain pens, farm implements, and food products.

The Farm Crisis of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa, causing poverty not seen since the Depression. The crisis spurred a major population decline in Iowa that lasted a decade.

Reemergence as a mixed economy, 1985-present

After bottoming out in the 1980s, Iowa's economy began to become increasingly less dependent on agriculture, and now has a mix of manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services. The population of Iowa has increased at a faster rate than the U.S. as a whole, and Iowa now has a predominantly urban population.

Demographics

Major Cities

{|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Iowa's largest cities and their surrounding areas. |+Recorded by the United States Census Bureau ! scope="col" style="width: 3em;" |CityRank ! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width: 10em;" |City ! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |2000 CityPopulation ! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |2010 CityPopulation ! scope="col" style="width: 5.5em;" |2010 MetroPopulation |- |align="right"|1   | style="background:#e0ffff;"|Des Moines |align="right"|198,682   |align="right"|203,433   |align="right"|569,633   |- |align="right"|2   | style="background:#add8e6;"|Cedar Rapids |align="right"|120,758   |align="right"|126,326   |align="right"|257,940   |- |align="right"|3   | style="background:#fec3f7;"|Davenport |align="right"|98,359   |align="right"|99,685   |align="right"|379,690   |- |align="right"|4   | style="background:#d49cdb;"|Sioux City |align="right"|85,013   |align="right"|82,684   |align="right"|143,577   |- |align="right"|5   | style="background:#bc8f8f;"|Waterloo |align="right"|68,747   |align="right"|68,406   |align="right"|167,819   |- |align="right"|6   | style="background:#ffdead;"|Iowa City |align="right"|62,220   |align="right"|67,862   |align="right"|152,586   |- |align="right"|7   | style="background:#fef173;"|Council Bluffs |align="right"|58,268   |align="right"|62,230   |align="right"|865,350   |- |align="right"|8   | style="background:#fb91a2;"|Ames |align="right"|50,731   |align="right"|58,965   |align="right"|89,542   |- |align="right"|9   | style="background:#98fb98;"|Dubuque |align="right"|57,686   |align="right"|57,637   |align="right"|93,653   |- |align="right"|10   | style="background:#e0ffff;"|West Des Moines |align="right"|46,403   |align="right"|56,609   |align="right"|569,633   |- |align="right"|11   | style="background:#e0ffff;"|Ankeny |align="right"|27,117   |align="right"|45,582   |align="right"|569,633   |- |align="right"|12   | style="background:#e0ffff;"|Urbandale |align="right"|29,072   |align="right"|39,463   |align="right"|569,633   |- |align="right"|13   | style="background:#bc8f8f;"|Cedar Falls |align="right"|36,145   |align="right"|39,260   |align="right"|167,819   |- |align="right"|14   | style="background:#add8e6;"|Marion |align="right"|26,294   |align="right"|34,768   |align="right"|257,940   |- |align="right"|15   | style="background:#fec3f7;"|Bettendorf |align="right"|31,275   |align="right"|33,217   |align="right"|379,690   |}

Population

As of 2008, Iowa has an estimated population of 3,002,555, which is an increase of about 19,000 people or 0.6%, from the prior year and an increase of 76,000 or 2.6%, since the year 2000. This is the first time the state has topped the three million mark in population. Iowa is the 30th most populated state in the country. In 2007, the latest demographic information available shows that the state had a natural increase of 53,706 people in population from the last census (that is 197,163 births minus 143,457 deaths) and a decrease of 11,754 due to net migration of people out of the state.

Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 29,386 people, while migration within the country produced a net loss of 41,140 people. 6.1% of Iowa's population were reported as under the age of five, 22.6% under 18, and 14.7% were 65 or older. Males made up approximately 49.2% of the population. The population density of the state is 52.7 people per square mile. The center of population of Iowa is located in Marshall County, in the city of Marshalltown.

Race and ancestry

Iowa's population included about 97,000 foreign-born (3.3%). Iowans are mostly of Western European descent. The five largest ancestry groups in Iowa are: German (35.7%), Irish (13.5%), English (9.5%), American (6.6%), and Norwegian (5.7%).

The racial make up of the state is 91.0% White (non-Hispanic), 3.8% Hispanic, 2.5% Black or African American, 1.6% Asian, and 0.4% American Indian. One percent of respondents report two or more races.

Rural to urban population shift; brain drain

Iowa's population is more urban than rural, with 61 percent living in urban areas in 2000, a trend that began in the early 20th century. Urban counties in Iowa grew 8.5% from 2000 to 2008, while rural counties declined by 4.2%. The shift from rural to urban has caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as Dallas, Johnson, Linn, and Polk, at the expense of more rural counties.

Iowa, in common with other Midwestern states (especially Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), is feeling the brunt of rural flight, although Iowa has been gaining population since approximately 1990. Some smaller communities, such as Denison and Storm Lake, have mitigated this population loss through gains in immigrant laborers.

Another demographic problem for Iowa is the brain drain, in which educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in higher education or employment. During the 1990s, Iowa had the second highest exodus rate for single, educated young adults, second only to North Dakota. Significant loss of educated young people contributes to economic stagnation and the loss of services for remaining citizens.

Religion

A 2001 survey from the City University of New York found that 52% of Iowans are Protestant, while 23% are Roman Catholic, and other religions made up 6%. 13% responded with non-religious, and 5% did not answer. The largest Protestant denominations by number of adherents are the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 268,543; and the United Methodist Church with 248,211.

The study Religious Congregations & Membership: 2000 found that in the southernmost two tiers of Iowa counties and in other counties in the center of the state, the largest religious group was the United Methodist Church; in the northeast part of the state, including Dubuque and Linn counties (where Cedar Rapids is located), the Roman Catholic Church was the largest; and in ten counties, including three in the northern tier, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was the largest. The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical Christian denominations. Dubuque is home to a Roman Catholic archdiocese, which spans the northeastern section of Iowa.

Historically, religious sects and orders who desired to live apart from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa, such as the Amish and Mennonite near Kalona and in other parts of eastern Iowa such as Davis County and Buchanan County. Other religious sects and orders living apart include Quakers around West Branch and Le Grand, German Pietists who founded the Amana Colonies, followers of Transcendental Meditation who founded Maharishi Vedic City, and Cistercian monks and nuns at the New Melleray and Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbies near Dubuque.

Language

English is the most common language used in Iowa, used by 94% of the population. William Labov and colleagues, in the monumental Atlas of North American English found that the English spoken in Iowa divides into two large linguistic regions. Natives of northern Iowa — including Sioux City, Fort Dodge, and the Waterloo region — tend to speak the dialect that linguists call North Central American English, which is also found in North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Natives of central and southern Iowa — including such cities as Council Bluffs, Des Moines, and Iowa City — tend to speak the North Midland dialect also found in Nebraska, central Illinois, and central Indiana.

After English, Spanish is the second-most-common language spoken in Iowa, with 120,000 people in Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin and 47,000 people born in Latin America. The third-most-common language is German, spoken by 17,000 people in Iowa; two notable German dialects used in Iowa include Amana German spoken around the Amana Colonies, and Pennsylvania German, spoken among the Amish in Iowa. No other language is spoken by more than 0.5 percent of the Iowa population. The only indigenous language used regularly in Iowa is Meskwaki, used around the Meskwaki Settlement.

Attractions

Central Iowa

Des Moines is the largest city in Iowa and the state's political and economic center. It is home to the Iowa State Capitol, the State Historical Society of Iowa Museum, Drake University, Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines Botanical Center, Principal Riverwalk, the Iowa State Fair, Terrace Hill, and the World Food Prize. Nearby attractions include Adventureland in Altoona , Living History Farms in Urbandale, and the Iowa Speedway in Newton.

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The Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing at Iowa State University, [[Ames, Iowa|Ames.]]Ames is the home of Iowa State University, the Iowa State Center, and Reiman Gardens.

Boone hosts the biennial Farm Progress Show and is home to the Mamie Doud Eisenhower museum, the Boone & Scenic Valley Railroad, and Ledges State Park. The Meskwaki Settlement west of Tama is the only American Indian settlement in Iowa and is host to a large annual Pow-wow.

The Clint Eastwood movie The Bridges of Madison County, based on the popular novel of the same name, took place and was filmed in Madison County. Also in Madison County is the John Wayne Birthplace Museum in Winterset.

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Indianola, Pella, Knoxville, Marshalltown, Perry, and Story City.

Eastern Iowa

Iowa City is home to the University of Iowa, the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and the Old Capitol building. Iowa City is the first U.S. "City of Literature" in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.

The Herbert Hoover National Historic Site and Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum are located in West Branch.

The Amana Colonies are a group of settlements of German Pietists comprising seven villages listed as National Historic Landmarks.

The Cedar Rapids Museum of Art has collections of paintings by Grant Wood and Marvin Cone. Cedar Rapids is also home to the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library and the Brucemore mansion.

Davenport boasts the Figge Art Museum, River Music Experience, Putnam Museum and IMAX Theater, Davenport Skybridge, Quad City Symphony Orchestra, Ballet Quad Cities, and plays host to the annual Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival.

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include West Liberty, Fairfield, Burlington, Mount Pleasant, Fort Madison, LeClaire, Mount Vernon, Ottumwa, Washington, and Wilton.

Western Iowa

Some of the most dramatic scenery in Iowa is found in the unique Loess Hills. The Iowa Great Lakes include several resort areas such as Spirit Lake, Arnolds Park, and the Okoboji Lakes. The Sanford Museum and Planetarium in Cherokee, Grotto of the Redemption in West Bend, Danish Immigrant Museum in Elk Horn, and the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in Fort Dodge are regional destinations.

Sioux City boasts a revitalized downtown, attractions include the Sergeant Floyd Monument, Sergeant Floyd River Museum, and the Orpheum Theater.

Council Bluffs, the major city of southwest Iowa, sits at the base of the Loess Hills National Scenic Byway. With three casino resorts, the city also includes such cultural attractions as the Western Hills Trails Center, Union Pacific Railroad Museum, the Grenville M. Dodge House, and the Lewis and Clark Monument.

Northwest Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of wind turbine farms in the world. Other western communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Storm Lake, Spencer, Le Mars, Glenwood, Carroll, Atlantic, Red Oak, Denison, Creston, Mount Ayr, Sac City, and Walnut.

Northeast and Northern Iowa

The Driftless Area of northeast Iowa has many steep hills and deep valleys, checkered with forest and terraced fields. Effigy Mounds National Monument in Allamakee and Clayton Counties has the largest assemblage of animal-shaped prehistoric mounds in the world.

Waterloo is home of the Grout Museum and is headquarters of the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area. Cedar Falls is home of the University of Northern Iowa.

Dubuque is a regional tourist destination with attractions such as the National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium and the Port of Dubuque.

Dyersville is home to the famed Field of Dreams baseball diamond. Maquoketa Caves State Park, near Maquoketa, contains more caves than any other state park.

Fort Atkinson State Preserve in Fort Atkinson has the remains of an original 1840s Dragoon fortification.

Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Decorah, McGregor, Mason City, Elkader, Guttenberg, Algona, Spillville, Charles City, and Independence.

Statewide

RAGBRAI — the Register's Annual Great Bike Ride Across Iowa — attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel. It has crossed the state on various routes each year since 1973. Iowa is home to more than 70 wineries, and hosts five regional wine tasting trails. Many Iowa communities hold farmers' markets during warmer months, these are typically weekly events, but larger cities can host multiple markets.

Economy

CNBC's list of "Top States for Business in 2010" has recognized Iowa as the sixth best state in the nation in the overall score. In the 10 individual categories, Iowa's best ranking was being 1st when it came to the "Cost of Doing Business", this includes all taxes, utility costs, and other costs associated with doing business. 10th in the "Economy" rankings, 12th in "Business Friendliness", 16th in "Education", 17th in both "Cost of Living" and "Quality of Life", 20th in "Workforce", 29th in "Technology and Innovation", 32nd in "Transportation" and the lowest ranking was 36th in "Access to Capital" While Iowa is often viewed as a farming state, in reality agriculture is a small portion of a diversified economy, with manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services contributing substantially to Iowa's economy. This economic diversity has helped Iowa weather the late 2000s recession better than most states, with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of the nation.

If the economy is measured by gross domestic product, in 2005 Iowa's GDP was about US $124 billion. If measured by gross state product, for 2005 it was US $113.5 billion. Its per capita income for 2006 was US $23,340.

On July 2, 2009, Standard and Poor's rated the state of Iowa's credit as AAA (the highest of its credit ratings, held by only 11 U.S. state governments).

As of January 2010, the states unemployment rate is 6.6%.

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the largest sector of Iowa's economy, with $20.8 billion (21%) of Iowa's 2003 gross state product. Major manufacturing sectors include food processing, heavy machinery, and agricultural chemicals. Sixteen percent of Iowa's workforce is dedicated to manufacturing. Food processing is the largest component of manufacturing. Its industrial outputs include food processing, machinery, electric equipment, chemical products, publishing, and primary metals. Companies with direct or indirect processing facilities in Iowa include ConAgra Foods, Wells Blue Bunny, Barilla, Heinz, Wonder Bread/Hostess Snack Cakes, Tone's Spices, General Mills, and Quaker Oats. Major non-food advanced manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa include 3M, ALCOA, Amana Corporation, Dexter Apache Holdings, Inc., Electrolux/Frigidaire, Emerson Process, Fisher Controls International, HON Industries, The HON Company, IPSCO Steel, John Deere, Lennox Manufacturing, Maytag Corporation, Pella Corporation, Rockwell Collins, Vermeer Company, and Winnebago Industries.

Agriculture

Directly and indirectly, agriculture has always been a major component of Iowa's economy. However, the direct production and sale of raw agricultural products contributes only about 3.5% of Iowa's gross state product. The indirect role of agriculture in Iowa's economy can be measured in multiple ways, but its total impact, including agriculture-affiliated business, has been measured at 16.4% in terms of value added and 24.3% in terms of total output. This is lower than the economic impact in Iowa of non-farm manufacturing, which accounts for 22.4% of total value added and 26.5% of total output. Iowa's main agricultural outputs are hogs, corn, soybeans, oats, cattle, eggs, and dairy products. Iowa is the nation's largest producer of ethanol and corn and some years is the largest grower of soybeans as well. In 2008, the 92,600 farms in Iowa produced 19% of the nation's corn, 17% of the soybeans, 30% of the hogs, and 14% of the eggs. thumb|right|Mural in [[Mount Ayr, Iowa|Mt. Ayr Post Office, "The Corn Parade" by Orr C. Fischer, commissioned as part of the New Deal.]]

Major Iowa agricultural product processors include Archer Daniels Midland, Ajinomoto, Cargill, Inc., Diamond V Mills, Garst Seed Company, Heartland Pork Enterprises, Hy-Vee, Monsanto Company, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, and Quaker Oats.

Other sectors

Iowa also has a strong financial and insurance sector, with approximately 6,100 firms, including AEGON, Nationwide Group, Aviva USA, Farm Bureau Financial Services, ING, Marsh Affinity Group, MetLife, Principal Financial Group, Principal Capital Management, Wellmark Blue Cross & Blue Shield (which, according to the American Medical Association, provided 71% of the state's health insurance in 2007), Wells Fargo, and Wells Fargo Financial Services. Biotechnology has expanded dramatically in Iowa in the past decade, with firms including Bio-Research Products Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim, Vetmedica, Diosynth, Inc., Fort Dodge Animal Health, Penford Products Co., Integrated DNA Technologies., Roche Applied Science, Wacker Biochem Corp., and Wyeth.

Ethanol production consumes approximately one-third of Iowa's corn production, and renewable fuels account for 8% of the state's gross domestic product. A total of 39 ethanol plants produced 3.1 billion gallons of fuel in 2009. In addition to ethanol, renewable energy has become a major economic force in western Iowa, with wind turbine electrical generation increasing exponentally since 1990. As of 2008, wind accounted for 15% of energy produced and 7.1% of the state's power needs; Iowa ranked second in wind generating capacity of U.S. states behind Texas. Major producers of turbines and components in Iowa include Acciona Energy of West Branch, TPI Composites of Newton, and Siemens Energy of Fort Madison.

Iowa is the headquarters for five of the top 1,000 companies for revenue. They include Principal Financial, Rockwell Collins, Casey's General Stores, HNI, and Terra Industries. Iowa is also headquarters to other companies including Hy-Vee, Pella Corporation, Vermeer Company, Kum & Go gas stations, Von Maur, Pioneer Hi-Bred, McLeodUSA, and Fareway grocery stores.

Taxation

Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals, estates, and trusts. There are currently nine income tax brackets, ranging from 0.36% to 8.98%. The state sales tax rate is 6%, with non-prepared food having no tax. Iowa has one local option sales tax that may be imposed by counties after an election. Property tax is levied on the taxable value of real property. Iowa has more than 2,000 taxing authorities. Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority. The tax rate differs in each locality and is a composite of county, city or rural township, school district and special levies. Iowa allows its residents to deduct their federal income taxes from their state income taxes.

Transportation

The 2011 American State Litter Scorecard ranked Iowa amongst the top four "Best" states, for overall effectiveness and quality of its statewide public space cleanliness, from state and related roadway (and adjacent property) litter/debris removal efforts—the only one in the Midwestern United States to attain that honor, that year.

Interstate highways

Iowa has four primary interstate highways. Interstate 29 runs along the western edge of the state through Council Bluffs and Sioux City. Interstate 35 goes from the southern border to the northern border through the center of the state, including Des Moines. Interstate 74 begins at Interstate 80 just north and east of Davenport. Interstate 80 goes from the west end of the state to the east end through Council Bluffs, Des Moines, Iowa City, and the Quad Cities. Interstate 380 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway, which runs from Interstate 80 near Iowa City through Cedar Rapids ending in Waterloo and is part of the Avenue of the Saints highway.

Airports with scheduled flights

Iowa is served by several major airports including the Des Moines International Airport, the Eastern Iowa Airport, in Cedar Rapids, Quad City International Airport, which is located in Moline, Illinois, and Eppley Airfield, located in Omaha, Nebraska. Smaller airports in the state include the Davenport Municipal Airport (Iowa), Dubuque Regional Airport, Fort Dodge Regional Airport, Mason City Municipal Airport, Sioux Gateway Airport, Southeast Iowa Regional Airport, and Waterloo Regional Airport.

Railroads

Amtrak's California Zephyr serves the south of Iowa with stops at Burlington, Mount Pleasant, Ottumwa, Osceola, and Creston on its daily route between Chicago and Emeryville, California (across the bay from San Francisco). Fort Madison is served by Amtrak's Southwest Chief, running daily between Chicago and Los Angeles.

Law and government

:See List of Governors of Iowa, Iowa General Assembly, and Iowa State Capitol The current Governor is Terry E. Branstad (R)

Other statewide elected officials are:

Kim Reynolds (R) - Lieutenant Governor

Matt Schultz (R) - Secretary of State

David Vaudt (R) - Auditor of State

Michael Fitzgerald (D) - Treasurer of State

Bill Northey (R) - Secretary of Agriculture

Tom Miller (D) - Attorney General

The two U.S. Senators:

Tom Harkin (D)

Chuck Grassley (R)

The five U.S. Congressmen:

Bruce Braley (D) - First District

Dave Loebsack (D) - Second District

Leonard Boswell (D) - Third District

Tom Latham (R) - Fourth District

Steve King (R) - Fifth District

The Code of Iowa contains the statutory laws of the state of Iowa. It is periodically updated by the Iowa Legislative Service Bureau, with a new edition published in odd-numbered years and a supplement published in even-numbered years.

Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or Alcoholic beverage control state.

Political parties

In Iowa, the term "political party" refers to political organizations which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for president or governor in the "last preceding general election". Iowa recognizes two political parties - the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Third parties, officially termed "nonparty political organizations" can appear on the ballot as well - five of these have had candidates on the ballot in Iowa since 2004 for various positions: the Constitution Party, the Iowa Green Party, the Libertarian Party, the United States Pirate Party, and the Socialist Workers Party.

Voter trends

+ Presidential elections results
! Year	Republican Party (United States)>Republican	Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic
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For many years, Iowa was strongly Republican. From statehood until 1969, it elected only three Democrats to the U. S. Senate. Since the 1980s, however, it has become more of a swing state in national politics. The state currently leans slightly Democratic, according to the Cook Partisan Voting Index, which by analyzing recent elections gives Iowa a score of D+1. However, the state is far from homogeneous in its political leanings. Generally, eastern Iowa is strongly Democratic while western Iowa is strongly Republican. Central Iowa is more split, though Des Moines tends Democratic. Cook finds that Iowa's five political districts range in political orientation. Iowa's 2nd congressional district, in the Eastern/Southeastern part of the state, leans distinctly Democratic, with a D+7 (strong Democratic) score; but Iowa's 5th congressional district, which covers most of Western Iowa, leans strongly Republican, scoring R+9.

From 1968 to 1984, Iowa voted for the Republican candidate in the presidential election, and from 1988 to 2000 the state voted for the Democrat; in the latter election, the Democratic candidate won by little more than 4,000 votes. In the 2004 election, Iowa went by about 10,000 votes for George W. Bush but in 2008, Barack Obama won by a much larger margin of about 150,000 votes.

In the 2006 elections, the Iowa Democrats gained two seats in the Iowa delegation to the United States House of Representatives, and Democrats won a majority in both houses of the Iowa General Assembly.

Presidential caucus

The state gets considerable attention every four years because it holds the first presidential caucuses, gatherings of voters to select delegates to the state conventions. Along with the New Hampshire primary the following week, Iowa's caucuses have become the starting points for choosing the two major-party candidates for president. The caucuses, held in January of the election year, involve people gathering in homes or public places and choosing their candidates, rather than casting secret ballots as is done in a primary election. The national and international media give Iowa (and New Hampshire) much of the attention accorded the national candidate selection process, which gives Iowa voters enormous leverage. Those who enter the caucus race often expend enormous effort to reach voters in each of Iowa's 99 counties.

Civil rights

thumb||The [[Union Block (Mount Pleasant, Iowa)|Union Block building, Mount Pleasant, scene of early civil rights and women's rights activities. Listed as one of the most endangered historic sites in Iowa, it is to be rehabilitated. ]] In the 19th century Iowa was among the earliest states to enact prohibitions against race discrimination, especially in education, but was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century. In the very first decision of the Iowa Supreme Court — In Re the Matter of Ralph, decided July 1839 — the Court rejected slavery in a decision that found that a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on Iowa soil, 26 years before the end of the Civil War. The state did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851, more than 100 years before the U.S. Supreme Court would ban miscegenation statutes nationwide.

The Iowa Supreme Court decided Clark v. The Board of Directors in 1868, ruling that racially segregated "separate but equal" schools had no place in Iowa, 85 years before Brown v. Board of Education. By 1875 a number of additional court rulings effectively ended segregation in Iowa schools. Social and housing discrimination continued against Blacks at state universities until the 1950s. The Court heard Coger v. The North Western Union Packet Co. in 1873, ruling against racial discrimination in public accommodations 91 years before the U.S. Supreme Court reached the same decision.

In 1884, the Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination by businesses, reading: "All persons within this state shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants, chophouses, eating houses, lunch counters, and all other places where refreshments are served, public conveyances, barber shops, bathhouses, theaters, and all other places of amusement." However, the courts chose to narrowly apply this act, allowing de-facto discrimination to continue. Racial discrimination at public businesses was not deemed illegal until 1949, when the court ruled in State of Iowa v. Katz that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race; the case began when Edna Griffin was denied service at a Des Moines drugstore. Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965.

As with racial equality, Iowa was a vanguard in women's rights in the mid-19th century, but was slow to give women the right to vote. In 1847, the University of Iowa became the first public university in the U.S. to admit men and women on an equal basis. In 1869, Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law, with the Court ruling that women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa and admitting Arabella A. Mansfield to the practice of law. Several attempts to grant full voting rights to Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919. In 1894 women were given "partial suffrage", which allowed them to vote on issues, but not for candidates. It was not until the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1920 that women had full suffrage in Iowa. Although Iowa supported the Federal Equal Rights Amendment, in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution.

Post-Civil Rights era court decisions in Iowa clarified and expanded citizens' rights. The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) confirmed the right of students to express political views. On April 3, 2009, the Iowa Supreme Court decided Varnum v. Brien, holding in a unanimous decision, that the state's law forbidding same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. This makes Iowa the third state in the U.S. and first in the Midwest to permit same-sex marriage.

Sister states

Iowa has seven official partner states:

Hebei Province, People's Republic of China (1983)

Stavropol Krai, Russia (1989)

Taiwan, Republic of China (1989)

Terengganu, Malaysia (1987)

Veneto Region, Italy (1997)

Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan (1960)

Yucatán, Mexico (1964)

Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine (1996)

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Iowa is often credited with the start of the high school movement in the U.S. Around 1910, secondary schools as we know them today were established across the state, which was unprecedented at the time. As the high school movement gathered pace and went beyond Iowa, there was clear evidence of how more time spent in school lead to greater income.

The four-year graduation rate for high schoolers was 87.2 % in 2009. The state has the third highest graduation rate in the nation. Iowa continually ranks in the top 3 for ACT and SAT scores. In 2009, Iowa ranked top in the nation for average SAT scores per student and second in the nation for average ACT scores per student. Iowa has 365 school districts, and has the twelfth best student to teacher ratio of 13.8 students per teacher. Teacher's pay, however, is ranked forty-second with the average salary being $39,284.

The Iowa State Board of Education works with the Iowa Department of Education to provide oversight, supervision, and support for the state's education system that includes all public elementary and secondary schools, nonpublic schools that receive state accreditation, area education agencies, community colleges, and teacher preparation programs. The State Board consists of ten members: nine voting members who are appointed by the governor for six-year terms and subject to Senate confirmation; and one nonvoting student member who serves a one-year term, also appointed by the governor.

Colleges and universities

The Iowa Board of Regents is composed of nine citizen volunteers appointed by the governor to provide policymaking, coordination, and oversight of the state's public universities, two special K-12 schools, and affiliated centers.

Iowa's three public universities include:

Iowa State University, Ames

University of Iowa, Iowa City

University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls

The special K-12 schools include the Iowa School for the Deaf in Council Bluffs and the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School in Vinton. Both Iowa State University and the University of Iowa are major research institutions and members of the prestigious Association of American Universities. In addition to the three state universities, Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities.

Private colleges and universities include:

Buena Vista University, Storm Lake

Clarke University, Dubuque

Des Moines University, Des Moines

Divine Word College, Epworth

Drake University, Des Moines

Emmaus Bible College, Dubuque

Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary, Ankeny

Graceland University, Lamoni

Iowa Wesleyan College, Mount Pleasant

Kaplan University, Cedar Falls, Cedar Rapids, Council Bluffs, Davenport, Mason City, and Urbandale

Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield

Mount Mercy University, Cedar Rapids

Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport

Saint Ambrose University, Davenport

University of Dubuque, Dubuque

Upper Iowa University, Fayette

Waldorf College, Forest City

William Penn University, Oskaloosa

Private liberal arts colleges include:

Ashford University, Clinton

Briar Cliff University, Sioux City

Central College, Pella

Coe College, Cedar Rapids

Cornell College, Mount Vernon

Dordt College, Sioux Center

Grand View University, Des Moines

Grinnell College, Grinnell

Loras College, Dubuque

Luther College, Decorah

Morningside College, Sioux City

Northwestern College, Orange City

Simpson College, Indianola

Wartburg College, Waverly

Sports

Iowa has professional sports teams in baseball, basketball, hockey, football and soccer. The state has four major college teams playing in Division I for all sports. In football, Iowa State University and the University of Iowa compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), whereas the University of Northern Iowa and Drake University compete in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).

Baseball

Iowa has four Class A minor league teams in the Midwest League. They are the Burlington Bees, Cedar Rapids Kernels, Clinton LumberKings, and the Quad Cities River Bandits. The Sioux City Explorers are part of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball. The Waterloo Bucks play in the Northwoods League. Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs, a Class AAA team in the Pacific Coast League.

Football

The Sioux City Bandits are an Indoor football team in the United Indoor Football League. The Iowa Barnstormers play in the Arena Football League. They play their home games at Wells Fargo Arena.

Hockey

The Quad City Mallards games are played in Moline, Illinois are part of the Central Hockey League.

The United States Hockey League has five teams in Iowa: the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders, Sioux City Musketeers, Waterloo Black Hawks, Des Moines Buccaneers, and the Dubuque Fighting Saints The Omaha Lancers previously played in Council Bluffs from 2002 to 2009, but have since moved back to Omaha, Nebraska. The North Iowa Outlaws play in the North American Hockey League in Mason City. The Quad City Jr Flames are a Tier III Jr. A hockey team located in Davenport, Iowa and are part of the Central States Hockey League.

Basketball

Iowa has two professional basketball teams. The Iowa Energy, an NBA Development League team that plays in Des Moines, is affiliated with the Chicago Bulls and Phoenix Suns of the NBA. The Quad Cities Riverhawks of the Premier Basketball League are based in Davenport but play at Wharton Field House in Moline, Illinois.

Soccer

The Des Moines Menace play their home games at Valley Stadium in West Des Moines.

College

The state has four NCAA Division I college teams—in NCAA FBS, the Iowa State University Cyclones of the Big 12 Conference and the University of Iowa Hawkeyes of the Big Ten Conference; in NCAA FCS, the University of Northern Iowa Panthers of the Missouri Valley Conference and Missouri Valley Football Conference (despite the similar names, the conferences are administratively separate) and the Drake University Bulldogs of the Missouri Valley Conference in most sports and Pioneer League for football.

Notable Iowans

Iowa has been the birthplace of U.S. President Herbert Hoover, Vice President Henry A. Wallace, and two first ladies, Lou Henry Hoover and Mamie Eisenhower. Other national leaders who lived in Iowa include President Ronald Reagan, John L. Lewis, Harry Hopkins, Carrie Chapman Catt, Jefferson Davis, Chief Black Hawk, and John Brown.

Five Nobel Prize winners hail from Iowa: Norman Borlaug, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize; Thomas Cech, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry; Alan J. Heeger, also a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry; John Mott, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize; and Stanley B. Prusiner, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Other notable scientists who worked or were born in Iowa include astronomer and space pioneer James A. Van Allen, ecologist Aldo Leopold, computer pioneer John Vincent Atanasoff, inventor and plant scientist George Washington Carver, geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson, and Intel founder Robert Noyce.

Notable writers, artists, and news personalities from Iowa include Bill Bryson, George Gallup, Susan Glaspell, Harry Reasoner, Phil Stong, and Grant Wood.

Entertainers from Iowa include Tom Arnold, Bix Beiderbecke, Johnny Carson, Buffalo Bill Cody, Simon Estes, William Frawley, Ashton Kutcher, Cloris Leachman, Glenn Miller, Donna Reed, Brandon Routh, John Wayne, Andy Williams, Meredith Willson, and Elijah Wood.

Famous Iowa athletes include Cap Anson, Jay Berwanger, Dallas Clark, Fred Clarke, Aubrey Devine, Bob Feller, Dan Gable, Frank Gotch, Shawn Johnson, Zach Johnson, Lolo Jones, Nile Kinnick, George Saling, Kurt Warner, and Frank Wykoff.

State symbols

Nickname: The Hawkeye State Bird: Eastern Goldfinch Flower: Wild Rose Grass: Bluebunch Wheatgrass Tree: Oak Motto: "Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain." Rock: Geode

See also

List of National Register of Historic Places in Iowa

List of people from Iowa

U.S. state

Notes

References

Worldatlas.com

External links

Official State of Iowa Website

*Constitution of the state of Iowa

Iowa Travel and Tourism Division

Energy Data & Statistics for Iowa- From the U.S. Department of Energy

Iowa State Databases - Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Iowa state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.

U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts

Category:States of the United States Category:Midwestern United States Category:States and territories established in 1846

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