Daijō Tennō or Dajō Tennō (both accepted readings of 太上天皇) was a Japanese Emperor (Tennō) who abdicated in favor of a successor. It is often shortened as Jōkō (上皇).

As defined in the Taihō Code, although retired, a Daijō Tennō could still exert power. The first such example of Daijō Tennō is the Empress Jitō in the 7th century.

A retired emperor sometimes entered the Buddhist monastic community, becoming a cloistered emperor.

This practice was rather common during the Heian period.

The last Emperor to rule as a Jōkō was Emperor Kōkaku (1779–1817). The Emperor later created an incident called the "Songo incident" (the "respectful title incident"). The emperor disputed with the Tokugawa Shogunate about his intention to give a title of Abdicated Emperor (Daijō-tennō) to his father, who was an Imperial Prince Sukehito.^[1]

A total of 62 Japanese emperors abdicated. An incomplete list follows:

Jitō[link]

Prince Kusabake was named as crown prince to succeed Empress Jitō, but he died at a young age. Kusabake's son, Karu-no-o, was then named as Jitō's successor. He eventually would become known as Emperor Mommu.^[2]

In 697, Jitō abdicated in Mommu's favor; and as a retired sovereign, she took the post-reign title daijō-tennō. After this, her imperial successors who retired took the same title after abdication.^[3]

Jitō continued to hold power as a cloistered ruler, which became a persistent trend in Japanese politics. Jitō died four years later at the age of 58.^[4]

Gemmei[link]

Gemmei had initially planned to remain on the throne until her grandson might reach maturity. However, in 715, Gemmei did abdicate in favor of Mommu's older sister who then became known as Empress Genshō. Genshō was eventually succeeded by her younger brother, who then became known as Emperor Shōmu.

• 715 (Wadō 8): Gemmei resigns as empress in favor of her daughter, who will be known as Empress Genshō.^[5]

The Empress reigned for eight years. After abdicating, she was known as Daijō-tennō; and she was only the second woman after Empress Jitō to claim this title. Gemmei lived in retirement until her death at the age of 61.^[6]

Reizei[link]

• Anna 2 969: Reizei abdicated; and he took the honorific title of Reizei-in Jōkō. His reign lasted for just two years; and he lived another 44 years in retirement.^[7]

• Kankō 8, 24th day of the 10th month (1011): Daijō-tennō Reizei-in Jōkō died at age 62.^[8]

Go-Sanjō[link]

• Kankō 8, on the 13th day of the 6th month (1011): In the 25th year of Emperor Ichijō's reign (一条天皇25年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Sanjō is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui) at age 36.^[9]
• Kankō 8, 22nd day of the 6th month (1011): Daijō-tennō Emperor Ichijō died at the age of 32.^[10]

Shirakawa[link]

• Ōtoku 3, on the 26th day of the 11th month (1084): Emperor Shirakawa formally abdicated,^[11] and he took the title Daijō-tennō.^[12] Shirakawa had personally occupied the throne for 14 years; and for the next 43 years, he would exercise broad powers in what will come to be known as cloistered rule.^[13]

Emperor Go-Sanjō had wished for Shirakawa's younger half-brother to succeed him to the throne. In 1085, this half-brother died of an illness; and Shirakawa's own son, Taruhito-shinnō (善仁親王) became Crown Prince.

On the same day that Taruhito was proclaimed as his heir, Shirakawa abdicated;, and Taruhito became Emperor Horikawa. The now-retired Emperor Shirakawa was the first to attempt what became customary cloistered rule. He exercised power, ruling indirectly from the Shirakawa-in (lit. "White River Mansion/Temple"); nevertheless, nominal sesshō and kampaku offices continued to exist for a long time.

• Kanji 1, in the 5th month (1087): Daijō-tennō Shirakawa retired himself to Uji.^[14]

Go-Toba[link]

• Eiji 1, in the 3rd month (1141): The former emperor Toba accepted the tonsure and became a Buddhist monk at the age of 39 years.^[15]
• Eiji 1, on the 7th day of the 12th month (永治元年; 1141): In the 18th year of Sutoku-tennō's reign (崇徳天皇18年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by a younger brother, the 8th son of former Emperor Toba. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Konoe is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).^[16]

At that time, the Kampaku Fujiwara-no Tadamichi became Sesshō or regent. The Cloistered Emperor Toba continued to direct all the affairs of government, while the retired Emperor Sutoku had no powers. This conflict resulted in many controversies during Konoe's reign.^[17]

• Kōji 2, in the 1st month (1143): Cloistered Emperor Go-Toba-in, now known by the title Daijō Hōō or Hōō (太上法皇), visited his mother.^[17]

Go-Hanazono[link]

Emperor Go-Hanazono abdicated on Kansho 5, on the 19th day of the 7th month (1464), but not long afterwards, the Ōnin War (応仁の乱, Ōnin no Ran^?) broke out, and there were no further abdications until Tensho 14, on the 7th day of the 11th month (1586), when Emperor Ōgimachi gave over the reins of government to his grandson Emperor Go-Yōzei. This was due to the disturbed state of the country; and the fact that there was neither a house for an ex-emperor nor money to support him or it.^[18]

See also[link]

• Taishang Huang
• Dajō Hōō
• Cloistered rule
• Kōkyū

References[link]

Notes[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). [ Jien (1221)], Gukanshō; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
• Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.
• Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō (1652)], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.--Click for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)
• Varley, H. Paul, ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa (1359)], Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4

External links[link]

• National Archives of Japan ... Scroll showing procession of Emperor Kōkaku who abdicated in Bunka 14 (1817)

Efren Reyes

Born	(1954-08-26) August 26, 1954 (age 57) Angeles City, Pampanga, Philippines
Sport country	Philippines
Nickname	Bata (Kid) The Magician

Efren Manalang Reyes (born August 26, 1954) is a Filipino professional pool player and a two-time world champion.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Reyes was born in Pampanga in 1954. He moved to Manila with his family at the age of 5. In Manila, he worked as a billiards attendant at his uncle's billiards hall, where he started learning the various cue sports. Because he was not tall enough to reach the pool table, he played while standing on Coca-cola cases that he moved around. At night, while he was dreaming of playing pool, the pool table was his bed.^{[citation needed]}

He is called Bata, which is Filipino for "Kid", because there was another older pool player named Efren when he was young. To distinguish between the two, he was referred to as Efren Bata.

Career[link]

Gambling from a young age, Reyes played three cushion billiards in the 1960s and 1970s. After establishing himself as a winner, he was discovered by promoters. This gave him the opportunity to compete in big time tournaments.

During the 1980s, when Reyes was considered a top-class player in his homeland but not yet internationally recognized, he went to the U.S. to hustle. Popular legend claims that Reyes earned US$80,000 in a week; this feat made him a folk hero back home.^[1]

Reyes began winning a number of tournaments in the U.S., Europe and parts of Asia. Thus, he started to gain attention and recognition worldwide. At the start of his career, he used aliases to hide his identity so he would be allowed to compete. By the mid-1990s, he had become one of the elite players of the Philippines, alongside Jose Parica and Francisco Bustamante.

Reyes' fame began when he won the US Open Nine Ball Championship in 1994 by defeating Nick Varner in the finals. He was the first non-American to win the event.

Two years later, Efren Reyes and Earl Strickland were chosen to face each other in an event called the Color of Money, named after the movie. The event was a three-day race-to-120 challenge match of 9-ball. It was held in Hong Kong, with a winner-take-all prize of US$100,000. Reyes won the match 120-117. This was the largest single-winning purse in a pool event.^{[citation needed]}

Although Strickland was the first to win the WPA World 9-ball Championship, Reyes, in 1999, became the first to win while it was broadcast on television. This tournament was not recognized at the time by the WPA, but Reyes was later retrospectively acknowledged as the winner of one of two world championships held in 1999. Nick Varner won the "official" world title. The two tournaments were merged for the following year, with both men listed as the champion for 1999. At the time, the Matchroom Sport-organised event in Cardiff, Wales, was called the World Professional Pool Championship (despite the entry of many non-professional players).

Efren Reyes posing with fan after he won a historic US$200,000 at the 2005 IPT King of the Hill Shootout

In 2001, Reyes won the International Billiard Tournament. The event was held in Tokyo, with over 700 players and a total purse of ¥100M ($850K). Reyes dominated the event and beat Niels Feijen in the finals 15-7 and earned the ¥20M^[2] ($170K) first prize. At the time, this was the biggest first prize in a pool tournament.

In 2002 he won the $50K winner-take-all International Challenge of Champions, defeating Mika Immonen in a deciding rack after both players split sets.^[3]

Near the end of 2004, Reyes beat Marlon Manalo to become the first-ever WPA World Eight Ball Champion. With the win, he became the first player in WPA history to win world championships in two different disciplines.

In December 2005, Reyes won the IPT King of the Hill 8-Ball Shootout. Reyes won a record-breaking $200K for first place by beating fellow Hall of Fame member Mike "the Mouth" Sigel two sets to none (8-0 and 8-5).

In 2006, Reyes and Francisco Bustamante represented their country as Team Philippines in the inaugural World Cup of Pool. They defeated Team USA, Earl Strickland and Rodney Morris, to capture the title.

That same year, Reyes won the IPT World Open Eight-ball Championship over Rodney Morris 8-6. He earned $500K which was the largest prize money tournament in the history of pocket billiards. Unfortunately, due to IPT's financial problems, he has not been able to claim much of this money as of 2007.^{[citation needed]}

In 2009, the Filipino tandem of Efren Reyes and Francisco Bustamante beat the German pair of Ralf Souquet and Thorsten Hohmann by a grueling 11-9 score to take their second championship title. This, together with the semifinal finish of the other Filipino team of Ronato Alcano and Dennis Orcollo, was the best performance by a host nation in the tournament's history.

In 2010, Reyes clinched his fifth title in the 12th annual Derby City Classic as the overall champion, making him the most successful player in the tournament's history.

He has topped the AZ Billiards Money List five times: in 2001,^[4] 2002,^[5] 2004,^[6] 2005^[7] and 2006.^[8] In 2006, he set a record by earning $646K in a single year.

Family[link]

He is married to Susan Reyes. They have three children. His son, Frennie Reyes, once competed in the Asian Nine-ball Tour.

Accolades[link]

Numerous fellow professional players have credited Reyes with being the greatest living player in the world.^[9] During ESPN television commentary on a semi-finals match between Reyes and Mika Immonen at the 2000 Billiard Congress of America Open 9-Ball Championship, veteran professional Billy Incardona stated that Reyes was "indisputably the best player in the world—especially when you consider all games—he can play any game as well as anyone, maybe better than anyone.... In my opinion we're watching probably the greatest player in my lifetime and I've been watching pool for the better part of forty years."^[9]

In 1995 Billiards Digest Magazine named Reyes the Player of the Year.^[10] The following year, when Reyes was ranked number one on the U.S.'s Pro Billiards Tour, the June 1996 issue of the magazine featured a poll of "billiard cognoscenti"—pro players, billiards writers, industry insiders and the like—to pick the best in billiards in various categories.^[10] Billiards' own elite named Reyes the best one-pocket player of all time.^[10] The magazine wrote, "While a bevy of one-pocket geniuses abound, Efren Reyes, whose prowess in one-pocket is sometimes obscured by his 9-ball stardom, was the popular pick. Is there anything Bata can't do?"^[10]

In 2003, he became the first Asian to be inducted into the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame.^[11]

Reyes was appointed Philippine Sports Ambassador of the 2005 South East Asian Games alongside some of the Philippines' greatest athletes (Allan Caidic, Rafael Nepomuceno) to promote the event throughout the country.

For 2007, he was ranked #2 in Pool & Billiard Magazine's "Fans' Top 20 Favorite Players" poll.^[12]

Other awards and honors include:

• Philippine Legion of Honor
• Philippine Order of Lakandula "Champion for Life Award"
• Outstanding Filipino Awardee of the Jaycees
• Philippine Sportswriters Association Sportsman of the Year 1999, 2001 and 2006
• One Pocket Hall of Fame (inducted in 2004)

Films and television[link]

In 2003, Reyes was featured in the Filipino movie Pakners with the late actor Fernando Poe, Jr.. Reyes also appeared in the 2007 short film Nineball.^[13]

In one episode of the TV series Magpakailanman, the story follows a young Efren Reyes (portrayed by actor Anjo Yllana) in his early pool-playing days as he progresses from a money player to a tournament contender.

Nicknames and aliases[link]

Reyes is often called by his nickname Bata" (Filipino for "Kid"), given to him by friends at his regular pool hall to distinguish him from an older Efren.

Reyes, along with the other "Filipino invasion" players revolutionized the way pool is played by their introduction to the sport of pinpoint precision kicking (going into a rail with the cue ball and then hitting an object ball). Reyes' ability to "kick safe" and to kick balls into intended pockets is legendary. This ability, coupled with his superb skill at other aspects of the game, led U.S. professionals to give him the appellation "The Magician." Before Reyes and his compatriots came over to the U.S., no one there had seen anything like their kicking skill set.^[14]

"[The] first time I came over to the states, I used an alias of Cesar Morales. Pool players in the US already knew Efren Reyes as a great shooter from the Philippines, but they [hadn't]...seen...[me]...in person." — Efren Reyes^[15]

Titles and achievements[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Efren Reyes Matches
• Efren Reyes bio at AZBilliards

v t e Cue sports biographies Yank Adams • George Balabushka • Jean Balukas • Steve Cook • Irving Crane • Steve Davis • Pat Fleming • Masako Katsura • Luther Lassiter • Walter Lindrum • Keith McCready • Cowboy Jimmy Moore • Willie Mosconi • Shaun Murphy • Ronnie O'Sullivan • Jasmin Ouschan • William A. Spinks • Rudolf "Minnesota Fats" Wanderone • Jimmy Wetch

This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article; suggestions may be found on the talk page. (February 2009)

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2010)

Richelle Ann Loyola (born 1978), known by her stagename Jessa Zaragoza is a Filipino singer and actress of Spanish Filipino descent.

 In the late 90`s she was dubbed the "Phenomenal Diva" due to her success and also joining the list of legendary Jukebox O.P.M Queens because of reaching platinum and Gold sales in just a month and decade and for her first 2 albums Just Can't Help Feelin(1997) and Phenominal (1999) for Octoarts EMI and released her final album Siya Ba Ang Dahilan?(Is She The Reason?) with Octoarts and transferred to Top Recording Company  Star Records in November 2000 for the album and carrier single "Ibigay Mo Na " In 2001 her hit single Ikakasal Ka Na was later used for the Summer blockbuster Romantic Comedy film Got 2 Believe Original Motion Picture Soundtrack she also sung the hit TV Theme Songs of the same title Recuerdo De Amor(2001) and Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas(2003) which was included in her 2004 album Kahit Na Ilang Umaga  her hit singleHindi na Bale was also revived by singer Bugoy Drilon

Personal life[link]

In 1987, Jessa ran for Miss Philipines at the age of 8 for the longest noontime variety show Eat Bulaga! the segment also launched the career of child star turned O.P.M artist, Composer, Producer, and Entrepreneur Aiza Seguerra

In the 90's she became a recurring host for That's Entertainment! for GMA-7 and then did films for Octoarts Philippines and also became a contract artist and leading female artist of the Entertainment Company in which in 1997 she got her big break with her album Just Can't Help Feelin she popularized the most famous OPM hit "Bakit Pa?" (Why Need?) which was early undergone testing and being popularized by filipino male artists such as Rockstar and Elly but failed miserably to hit the charts but with Jessa's strong female voice garnered the charts and hit No.1 and was a commrrcial success and two years later the hit single was used and was a Romantic Comedy Valentine Offering of GMA Films and Octoarts Films starring her and her leading men Troy Montero and Diether Ocampo and was directed by Jose Javier Reyes

In 1999 she dated Philippines Original Prince of Pop Dingdong Avanzado and late married In March 2001 and in April 2003 gave birth to there daughter Jayda

in 2005-2008 she decided to take a hiatus to sing abroad the U.S and Middle east with her husband and produced her new album Jessa sings The Greatest Musical Icons Vol 1

In 2012 she released her new album Jessa Zaragoza "Pag Tapos Nang Ulan" which is also her 7th and 15th Anniversary Offering

In 2005-2008 she took a hiatus from

About Her[link]

In 1997, Jessa Zaragoza became successful doing movies and became an artist under OctoArts EMI, she did a successful album entitled Just Can't Help Feelin which all spanned No.1 with top singles and made her the rising star of OctoArts EMI her Top Singles such as Bakit Pa, Di Ba't Ikaw, Baliw Na Puso, and Panghabangbuhay, Just Can't Help Feeling, Paano Kaya in 1999, she did a Romantic Comedy movie entitled Bakit Pa? as the main character Starring Troy Montero and Diether Ocampo as her leading men Which was her carrier single the movie was released in theaters on February 3, 1999 as a Valentine's Movie Presentation of Octoarts and GMA Films she also did a soap under GMA-7 using her carrier singles in the Soap Di Ba't Ikaw which aired from May 1999-October 1999.

In 2000, she became the Madonna of the Philippines spanning New Hit singles such as Ibigay Mo Na (Give It To Me) and Siya Ba Ang Dahilan, and Kung Kailan Pa,

In 2001, she sung the Theme Song of the Hit Soap Opera and title of the song Recuerdo De Amor which ran from 2001–2002 she also got married to Dingdong Avanzado. She even made another Album entitled the best of Jessa Zaragoza under OctoArts such as Ikaw Lang Ang Iibigin, Dito Sa Aking Tabi, Nang Makapiling Ka, She also did the now Defunct Top Rating Primetime Soap Opera Bituin as Andromeda the recording producer.

In 2003 she sung the theme song of the Hit Soap Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas as the first Version for the First Book of the series and later on to Sharon Cuneta's rendition for the series.

In 2004-2006 she debuted songs such as Kahit Na Ilang Umaga, Hindi Na Bale, and even Susubukan Kong Muli, she even sung a few more television and classic Jukebox Classic Philippine Songs.

In 2007, Controversy erupted between her and Rufa Mae Quinto when the Actress allegedly interpreted and stated that Jessa was the reason of Rufa Mae, and Dingdong's break up with the former girlfriend at the time which was also known as Philippine Showbiz' Memorable Breakups Jessa kept mum about the issue also replying and defending her self on an all live interview on GMA-7's Startalk about the alleged accusations in a write up under YES Magazine with Rufa Mae as the featured Artist on the front of the cover showing her home and talking about her personal life and different men from past and current relationships.

In 2009. she came home from the U.S after doing several concerts in Las Vegas, and California, with her husband Dingdong Avonzado, she came back to Primetime Television on the 1999 remake of Rosalinda (Philippines TV series) and debuted a Anne Murray Remake of "Broken Hearted Me" with her current album Jessa sings The Musical Icons singing renditions from Madonna, Barbra Streisand, and Anne Murray, Olivia Newton John, and other featured music icons.

In 2010, she came back to ABS-CBN to be part of the short lived Primetime Television Series Idol and is currently doing several guest appearances and also renditions of songs with her husband Dingdong Avonzado she recently did a episode of Wansapanataym episode of Pablo S. Gomez' Super Kikay And The Flying Pagong with Kim Chiu as the lead role of the adapted Comic Character.

Throughout Present she is getting ready for new Projects and Shows and is said to be making a new album currently soon. She recently did a music video of the hit song "When You Tell Me That You Love Me" on her new Album the music videos features her home in California with her daughter Jayda the song is a remake of the hit song sung by Award Winning Music Artist Entertainer Dianna Ross.

In 2011, she came home to the Philippines to continue her album Jessa Sings the Great Musical Icons II which features the song "Nasaan" from the Afternoon TV Series Kung Aagawin Mo Ang Langit on GMA-7 she recently portrays Angela on the Afternoon Soap Based on the 1989 Film produced by Seiko Films Ruben Marcelino's Kokak as the mother to Title protagonist Sarah Lahbati

Discography[link]

• Just Can't Help Feelin - 1997, Octo Arts-EMI
• Phenomenal - 1999, Octo Arts-EMI
• Siya Ba Ang Dahilan?(Is She the Reason?) - July 2000, Octo Arts-EMI
• Ibigay Mo Na(Give It To Me Now) - October 2000, Star Records^[1]
• Kahit Na Ilang Umaga-Star Records-2005
• Jessa Sings the Great Musical Icons I - 2009, MCA Music
• "'Pag Tapos Na Ang Ulan"- released May 2012

Filmography[link]

Television[link]

Movies[link]

• Kadenang Bulaklak (1993)
• Anghel na Walang Langit (1994)
• Campus Girls (1995)
• Ang Tipo Kong Lalake, Maginoo Pero Medyo Bastos (1996)
• Paracale Gang (1996)
• Masamang Damo (1996)
• Kool Ka Lang (1997)
• Hawak Ko, Buhay Mo (1997)
• Frame Up (1997)
• Anting-Anting (1998)
• Armadong Hudas (1998)
• Malikot na Mundo (1999) as Pam
• Bakit Pa? (1999) as Henidina "Dina" Maranan/Nadine Moran

External links[link]

• Official Website

References[link]