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Cuisine (from French cuisine, "cooking; culinary art; kitchen"; ultimately from Latin coquere, "to cook") is a characteristic style of cooking practices and traditions,^[1] often associated with a specific culture. Cuisines are often named after the geographic areas or regions that they originate from.^[2] A cuisine is primarily influenced by the ingredients that are available locally or through trade. Religious food laws, such as Islamic dietary laws and Jewish dietary laws, can also exercise a strong influence on cuisine. Regional food preparation traditions, customs and ingredients often combine to create dishes unique to a particular region.^[3]

History[link]

A book frontispiece (decorative illustration facing a book's title page) for Apicius, a collection of Roman cookery recipes, circa the late 4th or early 5th century CE.

Nature provides all foods^[4]

This section requires expansion.

There have been many significant improvements during the last century in food preservation, storage, shipping and production.^[5] Today, most countries, cities and regions have access to their traditional cuisines and many other global cuisines,^[5] and new cuisines continue to evolve in contemporary times. An example is fusion cuisine, which combines elements of various culinary traditions while not being categorized per any one cuisine style, and generally refers to the innovations in many contemporary restaurant cuisines since the 1970s.^[6]

Cuisine can be stated as the foods and methods of food preparation traditional to a region or population.^[2] The major factors shaping a cuisine are climate, which in large measure determines the native raw materials that are available, economic conditions, which affect trade and can affect food distribution, imports and exports, and religious or sumptuary laws, under which certain foods are required or proscribed.

Climate also affects the supply of fuel for cooking; a common Chinese food preparation method was cutting food into small pieces to cook foods quickly and conserve scarce firewood and charcoal. Foods preserved for winter consumption by smoking, curing, and pickling have remained significant in world cuisines for their altered gustatory properties even when these preserving techniques are no longer strictly necessary to the maintenance of an adequate food supply.

Global and regional cuisines[link]

Turkish cuisine

Global cuisines can be categorized by various regions according to the common use of major foodstuffs, including grains, produce and cooking fats. Regional cuisines may vary based upon food availability and trade, cooking traditions and practices, and cultural differences.^[2] For example, in Central and South America, corn (maize), both fresh and dried, is a staple food. In northern Europe, wheat, rye, and fats of animal origin predominate, while in southern Europe olive oil is ubiquitous and rice is more prevalent. In Italy the cuisine of the north, featuring butter and rice, stands in contrast to that of the south, with its wheat pasta and olive oil. China likewise can be divided into rice regions and noodle & bread regions. Throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean there is a common thread marking the use of lamb, olive oil, lemons, peppers, and rice. The vegetarianism practiced in much of India has made pulses (crops harvested solely for the dry seed) such as chickpeas and lentils as significant as wheat or rice. From India to Indonesia the use of spices is characteristic; coconuts and seafood are used throughout the region both as foodstuffs and as seasonings.

See also[link]

	Food portal
	Drink portal
	Wine portal
	Beer portal

References[link]

Filipino cuisine

• MacVeigh, Jeremy (2008). International Cuisine. Delmar Cengage Learning; 1st edition. ISBN 1-4180-4965-4.
• Nenes, Michael F; Robbins, Joe (2008). International Cuisine. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, John & Sons; 1st edition. ISBN 0-470-05240-6.
• Zobel, Myron (1962.) "Global cuisine: being the unique recipes of the 84 top restaurants of the world." Patron Press.
• California Culinary Academy (2001). In the World Kitchen: Global Cuisine from California Culinary Academy. Bay Books (CA). ISBN 1-57959-506-5.
• Scarparto, Rosario (2000.) "New global cuisine: the perspective of postmodern gastronomy studies." Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.
• Albala, Ken (2011.) Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-37626-9

External links[link]

Find more about Cuisine on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

• Wikibooks Cookbook

Valérie Lemercier
Born	(1964-03-09) 9 March 1964 (age 48) Dieppe, France
Years active	1988–present

Valérie Lemercier (French pronunciation: [va.le.ʁi lə.mɛʁ.sje]) (born 9 March 1964 in Dieppe, Seine-Maritime) is a French actress, scriptwriter, director and singer.

Biography[link]

Born in Dieppe, Seine-Maritime as the daughter of farmers, she grew up in Gonzeville and then studied at the Rouen Conservatoire - a dance, music and drama school. Lemercier made her screen debut in 1988, in the television series Palace. Lemercier has won two César Awards for her supporting roles in Les Visiteurs (1994) and Fauteuils d'orchestre (2007), and hosted the award ceremony in 2006 and 2007.

She released her first music album, Valérie Lemercier chante, in 1996, and has subsequently recorded three singles with other singers.

Filmography[link]

• Milou en mai (1990)
• Après après-demain (1990)
• L'Opération Corned-Beef (1991)
• Le Bal des casse-pieds (1992)
• Sexes faibles! (1992)
• Les Visiteurs (1993)^[1]
• La Cité de la peur (1994)
• Casque bleu (1994)
• Sabrina (1995)
• Quadrille (1997)
• Le Derrière (1999)
• Tarzan (1999)
• Vendredi soir (2002)^[2]
• RRRrrrr!!! (2004)
• Narco (2004)
• Palais Royal! (2005)^[3]
• Fauteuils d'orchestre (2006)^[4]
• Arthur et les Minimoys (2006)
• Le Héros de la famille (2006)
• L'Invité (2007)
• Musée haut, musée bas (2008)
• Agathe Cléry (2008)
• Le Petit Nicolas (2009)
• Monte Carlo (2011) (2011)
• Granny's Funeral (2012)

Television[link]

• Palace (1988)
• Samedi soir en direct (1 episode, 2003)

Theatre[link]

• Valérie Lemercier au Splendid, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (1989)
• Un fil à la patte, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (1989)
• Valérie Lemercier au Théâtre de Paris (1995–1996)
• Folies Bergère (2000)
• Valérie Lemercier au Le Palace (Paris) (2008)

Discography[link]

• Valérie Lemercier chante (1996)
• Comme beaucoup de messieurs - duet with The Divine Comedy (band) (1996)
• J'ai un mari - duet with Pascale Borel (2006)
• Pourquoi tu t'en vas? - duet with Christophe Willem (2007)
• Peter and the Wolf (Narrator) (2007)
• Le Coup de soleil - duet with Vincent Delerm (2007)

Awards[link]

• César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Les Visiteurs (1994)
• César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Fauteuils d'orchestre (2007)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Valérie Lemercier

• Valérie Lemercier at the Internet Movie Database
• Valérie Lemercier at AlloCiné (French)