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![PACIFIC CRUISE (1951) [Cook Islands and Tokelau]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121101124017im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/5Dp7qRgKCQY/default.jpg "The story of a Royal New Zealand Navy ship's cruise among New Zealand's Island Territories in the Pacificn namely the Northern and Southern Cook Islands and Tokelau. Native sports and dances, the administration services, and the present day life of the Islands' people. B&W 18 mins. 35mm 1637 ft. DV file of Beta SP telecini of 35mm film.")
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Anguilla
Anguilla ( ) is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean, one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. It consists of the main island of Anguilla itself, approximately long by wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The island's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is , with a population of approximately 13,500 (2006 estimate).
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Apia
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Apia, Samoa
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Ascension Island
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Atafu
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Austral Islands
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Bengkulu
Bengkulu (also known as Southwest Sumatra) is a province of Indonesia. It is on the southwest coast of the island of Sumatra, and borders the provinces of West Sumatra, Jambi, South Sumatra and Lampung. The capital and largest city is Bengkulu city. It was formerly the site of a British garrison, which they called Bencoolen. The province also includes Enggano Island.
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Bermuda
Bermuda (; officially, the Bermudas or Somers Islands) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Located off the east coast of the United States, its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. It is about south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and northeast of Miami, Florida. Its capital city is Hamilton but the largest municipality is the town of Saint George's.
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Bonin Islands
The Bonin Islands, known in Japan as the are an archipelago of over 30 subtropical and tropical islands, some directly south of Tokyo, Japan. Administratively, they are part of Ogasawara Municipality (mura) of Ogasawara Subprefecture, Tokyo. The total area of the islands is , with a population of 2440 (2000 on Chichijima, and 440 on Hahajima, the only two inhabited islands).
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British Ceylon
British Ceylon refers to British rule prior to 1948 of the island territory now known as Sri Lanka.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
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British Guiana
British Guiana was the name of the British colony on the northern coast of South America, now the independent nation of Guyana.
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British Hong Kong
British Hong Kong refers to Hong Kong as a Crown Colony and later, a British Dependent Territory under British administration from 1841 to 1997.
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Brunei
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Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
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Cambodia
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Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands ( or ) is a British Overseas Territory located in the western Caribbean Sea. The territory comprises the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman, located south of Cuba and northwest of Jamaica. It is considered a part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone. The territory is a major offshore financial centre in the Caribbean.
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Chile
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Christmas Island
The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. It is located northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, and ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Cook Islands
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Coral Sea Islands
The Coral Sea Islands Territory includes a group of small and mostly uninhabited tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland, Australia. The only inhabited island is Willis Island. The territory covers 780,000 km2, extending east and south from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef, and including Heralds Beacon Island, Osprey Reef, the Willis Group, and fifteen other reef/island groups.
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Cyprus
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Delhi
Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
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Demographics of Niue
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East Timor
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Easter Island
Easter Island (, ) is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeastern most point of the Polynesian triangle. A special territory of Chile annexed in 1888, Easter Island is widely famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai (), created by the early Rapanui people. It is a World Heritage Site (as determined by UNESCO) with much of the island protected within the Rapa Nui National Park. In recent times the island has served as a cautionary tale about the cultural and environmental dangers of overexploitation. Ethnographers and archaeologists now argue that the introduction of diseases carried by European colonizers and the slave raiding that devastated the population in the 1860s had a much greater social than environmental impact.
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Fakaofo
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Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; ) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located approximately from the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago, consisting of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands, is a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. The capital, Stanley, is on East Falkland.
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Federation of Malaya
The Federation of Malaya (), is the name given to a federation of 11 states that existed from 31 January 1948 until 16 September 1963. Comprising the nine Malay states and the British settlements of Penang and Malacca, it was eventually superseded by Malaysia.
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Fiji
Fiji (; ), officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (; ), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 2000 km northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its more immediate neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji has had inhabitants since the second millennium B.C. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji.Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century. Because of the abundance of forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed economies in the Pacific island realm. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports. The country's currency is the Fijian dollar.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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French Polynesia
French Polynesia (, ) is a French overseas collectivity in the southern Pacific Ocean. It is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands, the most famous island being Tahiti in the Society Islands group, which is also the most populous island and the seat of the capital of the territory (Papeete). Although not an integral part of its territory, Clipperton Island was administered from French Polynesia until 2007.
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Geography of Tokelau
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Gibraltar
Gibraltar () is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean, overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar. The territory itself is a peninsula of whose isthmus connects to the north with Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the area and gives its name to the densely populated town, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians.
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Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
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Guam
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Hawaii
: For geographic details see Geography and environment or Hawaiian Islands.
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History of Australia
Aboriginal people have lived in Australia for tens of thousands of years. During that time, oral history, some aspects dating from extreme antiquity, was passed down through the generations in the form of spoken allegories, myths, and songs.
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
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Irish Free State
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Isla Salas y Gómez
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Japan
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Johnston Atoll
Johnston Atoll is a atoll in the North Pacific Ocean about 1,400 km (750 nmi) west of Hawaii. There are four islands located on the coral reef platform, two natural islands, Johnston Island and Sand Island, which have been expanded by coral dredging, as well as North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina), an additional two artificial islands formed by coral dredging.
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Kiribati
Kiribati ( ; ), officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. It is composed of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres, (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Line at its easternmost point.
http://wn.com/Kiribati -
Lau Islands
The Lau Islands (also called the Lau Group, the Eastern Group, the Eastern Archipelago) of Fiji are situated in the southern Pacific Ocean, just east of the Koro Sea. Of this chain of about one hundred islands and islets, about thirty are inhabited. The Lau Group covers a land area of 188 square miles (487 square km), and had a population of 10,683 at the most recent census in 2007. While most of the northern Lau Group are high islands of volcanic origin, those of the south are mostly carbonate low islands.
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Line Islands
The Line Islands, or Equatorial Islands, is a chain of eleven atolls and low coral islands in the central Pacific Ocean, south of the Hawaiian Islands, that stretches for 2,350 km in a northwest-southeast direction, making it one of the longest islands chains of the world. Eight of the islands form part of Kiribati, while the remaining three are United States territories grouped with the United States Minor Outlying Islands.
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Madagascar
Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, French: ), is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world.
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Malayan Union
The Malayan Union was a federation of the Malay states and the Straits Settlements including Singapore. It was the successor to British Malaya and was conceived to unify the Malay Peninsula under a single government so as to simplify administration.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Marquesas Islands
http://wn.com/Marquesas_Islands -
Marshall Islands
The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) , is a Micronesian nation of atolls and islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, just west of the International Date Line and just north of the Equator. The population is about 62,000. In 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
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Mauritius
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Mele (island)
Mele Island also known as Hideaway Island is a Polynesian outlier and islet in Vanuatu. It is famous for having the world's only underwater post office.
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Montserrat
Montserrat () is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It measures approximately 16 km (10 miles) long and 11 km (7 miles) wide, giving of coastline. Christopher Columbus gave Montserrat its name on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, after Montserrat mountain located in Catalonia. Montserrat is nicknamed the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean, both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish descent of its inhabitants.
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Mosquito Coast
The Caribbean Mosquito Coast (or Miskito Coast) historically consisted of an area along the Atlantic coast of present-day Nicaragua and Honduras. It was named after the local Miskito Indians and long dominated by British interests. The Mosquito Coast was incorporated into Nicaragua in 1894; however, in 1960 the northern part was granted to Honduras by the International Court of Justice.
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Nauru
Nauru ( ), officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island nation in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest island nation, covering just .
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New Caledonia
http://wn.com/New_Caledonia -
New Hebrides
New Hebrides was the colonial name for an island group in the South Pacific that now forms the nation of Vanuatu. The New Hebrides were colonized by both the British and French in the 18th century shortly after Captain James Cook visited the islands. The two countries eventually signed an agreement making the islands an Anglo-French condominium, which lasted from 1906 until 1980, when the New Hebrides gained their independence as Vanuatu.
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
Niue
http://wn.com/Niue -
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (Norfuk: Norfuk Ailen ) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia, but it enjoys a large degree of self-governance. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories.
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North Borneo
North Borneo was a British protectorate under the sovereign North Borneo Chartered Company from 1882 to 1946. After the war it became a crown colony of the United Kingdom from 1946 to 1963, known in this time as British North Borneo. It is located on the northeastern end of the island of Borneo. It is now the state of Sabah, East Malaysia. The last Governor of North Borneo was William Allmond Codrington Goode who held office from 1959 to 1963.
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Northern Rhodesia
Northern Rhodesia was a territory in south central Africa, formed in 1911. It became independent in 1964 as Zambia.
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Nuguria
Nuguria or the Nuguria Islands are a Polynesian outlier and islands of Papua New Guinea. They are located nearly 200 km northeast of New Ireland and consist of two closely spaced atoll formations.
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Nukumanu Islands
Nukumanu is a medium sized atoll located in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean just 4 degrees south of the equator.
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Nukunonu
http://wn.com/Nukunonu -
Ontong Java Atoll
:Ontong Java redirects here. For the undersea plateau, see Ontong Java Plateau.
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Orchid Island
http://wn.com/Orchid_Island -
Oregon Country
The Oregon Country was a predominantly American term referring to a disputed ownership region of the Pacific Northwest of North America. The region was occupied by British and French Canadian fur traders from before 1810, and American settlers from the mid-1830s, with its coastal areas north from the Columbia River frequented by ships from all nations engaged in the maritime fur trade, most of these from the 1790s through 1810s being Boston-based. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 ended disputed joint occupancy pursuant to the Treaty of 1818 and established the British-American boundary at the 49th parallel.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
http://wn.com/Pacific_Ocean -
Palau
Palau , officially the Republic of Palau (), is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, some 500 miles (800 km) east of the Philippines and 2,000 miles (3,200 km) south of Tokyo. Having emerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States) in 1994, it is one of the world's youngest and smallest sovereign states. In English, the name is sometimes spelled Belau in accordance with the native pronunciation. It was formerly also spelled Pelew.
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Palmyra Atoll
Palmyra Atoll () is an essentially unoccupied equatorial Northern Pacific atoll administered as a unorganized incorporated territory by the United States federal government. The variable temporary population of 4–20 'non-occupants' are essentially staff and scientists employed by various departments of the U.S. federal government and The Nature Conservancy, as well as a rotating mix of Palymra Atoll Research Consortium scholars pursuing research.
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea ( , also or ; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
http://wn.com/Papua_New_Guinea -
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines -
Pileni
Pileni is a culturally important island in the Reef Islands, in the northern part of the Solomon Islands province of Temotu. Despite its location in Melanesia, the population of the islands is Polynesian. The name of the island, Pileni, has also been given to the Samoic-Outlier language spoken there. The Pileni language is also spoken on Nupani, Nukapu, Nifiloli, Aua and Matema Island of the Reef Islands, as well as in the Taumako Islands (also known as the Duff Islands), some 200 miles to the east. Speakers are thought to be descendants of people from Tuvalu.
http://wn.com/Pileni -
Pitcairn Islands
http://wn.com/Pitcairn_Islands -
Rotuma
Rotuma is a Fijian dependency, consisting of Rotuma Island and nearby islets. The island group is home to a small but unique indigenous ethnic group which constitutes a recognizable minority within the population of Fiji, known as "Rotumans". Its population at the 2007 census was 2,002, although many Rotumans live on mainland Fijian islands, totaling 10,000.
http://wn.com/Rotuma -
Rupert's Land
'''Rupert's Land''', also sometimes called "Prince Rupert's Land", was a territory in British North America, consisting of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, that was nominally owned by the Hudson's Bay Company for 200 years from 1670 to 1870, although numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The area once known as Rupert's Land is now mainly a part of Canada, but a small portion is now in the United States of America. It was named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine, a nephew of Charles I and the first Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company.
http://wn.com/Rupert's_Land -
Saint Helena
http://wn.com/Saint_Helena -
Samoa
Samoa , officially the Independent State of Samoa, formerly known as Western Samoa and German Samoa, is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in Polynesia, Savai'i. The capital city Apia and Faleolo International Airport are situated on the island of Upolu.
http://wn.com/Samoa -
Samoan Islands
The Samoan Islands or Samoa Islands is an archipelago covering in the central South Pacific, forming part of Polynesia and the wider region of Oceania. The population of the Samoa Islands is approximately 250,000, sharing a common language, Samoan, culture, known as ''fa'a Samoa and an indigenous form of governance called fa'amatai''.
http://wn.com/Samoan_Islands -
Seychelles
Seychelles ( ; French: ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
http://wn.com/Seychelles -
Sikaiana
:Stewart Islands redirects here. For the New Zealand island see Stewart Island.
http://wn.com/Sikaiana -
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands ) is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands. It covers a land mass of 28,400 square kilometres (10,965 sq mi). The capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The nation of the Solomon Islands is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
http://wn.com/Solomon_Islands -
Southern Rhodesia
Southern Rhodesia was the name of the British colony situated north of the Limpopo River and the Union of South Africa. Since its independence and the institution of a majority African government, the area has been re-named Zimbabwe.
http://wn.com/Southern_Rhodesia -
Southland Region
Southland () is New Zealand's southernmost region and is also a district within that region. It consists mainly of the southwestern portion of the South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura. The region covers over 3.1 million hectares and spans over 3,400 km of coastal stretch.
http://wn.com/Southland_Region -
Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
http://wn.com/Sri_Lanka -
Straits Settlements
The Straits Settlements were a group of British territories located in Southeast Asia.
http://wn.com/Straits_Settlements -
Sultanate of Egypt
The Sultanate of Egypt () is the name of the short-lived protectorate that the United Kingdom imposed over Egypt between 1914 and 1922.
http://wn.com/Sultanate_of_Egypt -
Sultanate of Sulu
:For the province, see Sulu Province.
http://wn.com/Sultanate_of_Sulu -
Suriname
http://wn.com/Suriname -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Thailand -
Three Kings Islands
http://wn.com/Three_Kings_Islands -
Tikopia
http://wn.com/Tikopia -
Tokelau
Tokelau () is a territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral atolls with a combined land area of 10 km2 and a population of approximately 1,400 in the South Pacific Ocean. The atolls lie north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands (both islands groups belonging to Kiribati) and northwest of the Cook Islands.
http://wn.com/Tokelau -
Tonga
http://wn.com/Tonga -
Transvaal Colony
The Transvaal (Afrikaans, lit. beyond the Vaal River) is the name of an area of northern South Africa. Originally the bulk of the independent Boer South African Republic, which had existed since 1856, despite two previous attempts by the British of varying success to establish supremacy; after the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 it became the Transvaal Colony, and eventually one of the founding provinces of the Union of South Africa.
http://wn.com/Transvaal_Colony -
Tristan da Cunha
Tristan da Cunha () is a remote volcanic group of islands in the south Atlantic Ocean, and also the name of the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying from the nearest land, South Africa, and from South America. It is part of the British overseas territory of which also includes Saint Helena to its north, and equatorial Ascension Island even farther removed, grouping the British South Atlantic islands into one far-flung centrally administered aggregate. Tristan da Cunha is said to be the "most remote inhabited location on Earth." It has a population of 275 (2009 figures).
http://wn.com/Tristan_da_Cunha -
Tuamotus
The Tuamotus or the Tuamotu Archipelago ( officially Archipel des Tuamotu) are a chain of atolls in French Polynesia and the largest chain of atolls in the world, spanning an area of the Pacific Ocean roughly the size of Western Europe.
http://wn.com/Tuamotus -
Tuvalu
Tuvalu ( or ), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls. Its population of 12,373 makes it the second-least populous sovereign state in the world, with only Vatican City having fewer inhabitants. In terms of physical land size, at just Tuvalu is the fourth smallest country in the world, larger only than the Vatican City at , Monaco at and Nauru at .
http://wn.com/Tuvalu -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Vanuatu
Vanuatu ( or ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is some east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, west of Fiji, and southeast of the Solomon Islands, near New Guinea.
http://wn.com/Vanuatu -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
http://wn.com/Vietnam -
Wallis and Futuna
http://wn.com/Wallis_and_Futuna -
Weihai
Weihai ({{zh|c=|p=) is a prefecture-level city in eastern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is the easternmost prefecture-level city in the province and a major seaport. Between 1898-1930, the town was a British colony known as Weihaiwei or the Weihai Garrison ({{zh|s=|t=|p=), and sometimes as Port Edward. Weihai was not developed in the way that Hong Kong, the other British colony in China, was developed, because Weihai was inside Germany's sphere of influence and had only been obtained as a counterbalance to the Russian presence at Port Arthur. It was largely used as a naval station and a sanatorium. Weihai borders Yantai to the west and the Yellow Sea to the east.
http://wn.com/Weihai -
West Florida
:For information about the region as part of the U.S. territory and state of Florida from 1821 to the present, see Florida Panhandle
http://wn.com/West_Florida -
West Jersey
West Jersey and East Jersey were two distinct parts of the Province of New Jersey. The political division existed for 28 years, between 1674 and 1702. Determination of an exact location for a border between West Jersey and East Jersey was often a matter of dispute.
http://wn.com/West_Jersey -
Zanzibar
http://wn.com/Zanzibar -
Zulu Kingdom
The Zulu Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or, rather imprecisely, Zululand, was a monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.
http://wn.com/Zulu_Kingdom
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Ban Ki-moon
http://wn.com/Ban_Ki-moon -
Foua Toloa
Foua Toloa is a Tokelauan politician who has served as the Head of the Government of Tokelau, or Ulu, since February 21, 2009. He is a member of the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau, and is a faipule on Fakaofo.
http://wn.com/Foua_Toloa -
French people
French people can refer to:
http://wn.com/French_people -
German people
http://wn.com/German_people -
John Byron
http://wn.com/John_Byron -
John Key
John Phillip Key (born 9 August 1961) is the 38th and current Prime Minister of New Zealand and leader of the New Zealand National Party.
http://wn.com/John_Key -
Nathaniel Bowditch
Nathaniel Bowditch (March 26, 1773 – March 16, 1838) was an early American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation. He is often credited as the founder of modern maritime navigation; his book The New American Practical Navigator, first published in 1802, is still carried on board every commissioned U.S. Naval vessel.
http://wn.com/Nathaniel_Bowditch -
Orange River Colony
The Orange River Colony was the British colony created after this nation first occupied (1900) and then annexed (1902) the independent Orange Free State in the Second Boer War. The colony ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as Orange Free State Province.
http://wn.com/Orange_River_Colony -
Portuguese people
The Portuguese () are an ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.
http://wn.com/Portuguese_people -
Scottish people
The Scottish people (Scots Gaelic: Albannaich), or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically they emerged from an amalgamation of the Celtic Picts (east) and the Gaels (west), incorporating neighbouring Britons as well as Germanic peoples such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse.
http://wn.com/Scottish_people -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Violina Linda Pedro
Violina Linda Pedro (* 1951 or 1952) is a bowls player from Tokelau.
http://wn.com/Violina_Linda_Pedro
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Tokelau: Living by The Sun. Part One.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
The first of three short films showing the conversion of the nation of Tokelau into the first country in the World to generate all of its electricity via solar power.
http://wn.com/Tokelau_Living_by_The_Sun_Part_One
2012-06-23 - ONE NEWS - TOKELAU TO BE ENTIRELY SOLAR POWERED
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Tokelau to be entirely solar powered (1.45) Added: 6.48PM Saturday June 23, 2012 Source: ONE News Tokelau is about to become the first country in the world to be entirely powered by solar energy. SOURCE: tvnz.co.nz
http://wn.com/2012-06-23_ONE_NEWS_TOKELAU_TO_BE_ENTIRELY_SOLAR_POWERED
Rebuilding Tokelau
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
While the isolated islands of Tokelau struggle with a dwindling population some of its people are relocating back from New Zealand in a bid to help their nation The challenges they face are not easy but it's about making a difference
http://wn.com/Rebuilding_Tokelau
Tokelau-1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:00
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
Tokelau is a territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean that consists of three tropical coral atolls with a combined land area of 10 km2 and a population of approximately 1400. The atolls lie north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands (both island groups belonging to Kiribati) and northwest of the Cook Islands. The United Nations General Assembly designated Tokelau a Non-Self-Governing Territory.Until 1976 the official name was Tokelau Islands. Tokelau is sometimes referred to by the older, colonial name of The Union Islands.
http://wn.com/Tokelau-1
Tokelau International Festival Rugby League Finals Photo Montage.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
A selection of photos from the League Finals.Tatou toe fetaui 2014 in Rotorua!! Photos and Montage produced by Hei Perez.
http://wn.com/Tokelau_International_Festival_Rugby_League_Finals_Photo_Montagewmv
PACIFIC CRUISE (1951) [Cook Islands and Tokelau]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:00
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
The story of a Royal New Zealand Navy ship's cruise among New Zealand's Island Territories in the Pacificn namely the Northern and Southern Cook Islands and Tokelau. Native sports and dances, the administration services, and the present day life of the Islands' people. B&W; 18 mins. 35mm 1637 ft. DV file of Beta SP telecini of 35mm film.
http://wn.com/PACIFIC_CRUISE_1951_Cook_Islands_and_Tokelau_
Tokelau Fatele. Nonu'12 Highlight1.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Nukunonu community in Wellington NZ annual gathering 21-Jan-12. Fatele dancing between Egelani and Amelika.
http://wn.com/Tokelau_Fatele_Nonu'12_Highlight1wmv
Tokelau: Still Afloat on the High Seas (part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:05
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Scoop Documentary: For the people inhabiting Tokelau - one of the most remote and beautiful islands of the Pacific -- their want, their determination, is to be a living breathing example of climate change adaptation rather than become a case-study of catastrophe. Produced by Selwyn Manning.
http://wn.com/Tokelau_Still_Afloat_on_the_High_Seas_part_1
18August 2012 Opening Tokelau song Girls .AVI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
sing dance hiva
http://wn.com/18August_2012_Opening_Tokelau_song_Girls_AVI
Tokelau song mandolin playing 9Sep2011.AVI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:32
- Updated: 11 Mar 2012
The band plays
http://wn.com/Tokelau_song_mandolin_playing_9Sep2011AVI
Journey to Tokelau
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Journey to Tokelau Islands
http://wn.com/Journey_to_Tokelau
Tokelau community is keeping traditional knowledge alive by building a vaka from scratch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Tokelau community is keeping traditional knowledge alive by building a vaka from scratch Tagata Pasifika TVNZ 17 May 2012
http://wn.com/Tokelau_community_is_keeping_traditional_knowledge_alive_by_building_a_vaka_from_scratch
When Did People Find Tokelau
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Visit: webtravelmap.com Hello You Tube users! Thank you for watching this video! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Description* The video speaks for itself Enjoy! About Tokelau: Like any other country, Tokelau has a unique sights which makes this country unique travel destination in the world! We sincerely hope this wonderful video will help people to recognize beauty of this country and encourage them to explore as much as possible. Selecting and watching this video is just beginning of your journey. For more information on tourism and travel in Tokelau, you can visit our Tokelau web page: www.webtravelmap.com --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Disclaimer* We do not own this video, it is posted only for promotion and presentation of the country and all rights belong to their respective owners. Thank you for reading this.
http://wn.com/When_Did_People_Find_Tokelau
Tokelau-2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:56
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Tokelau is a territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean that consists of three tropical coral atolls with a combined land area of 10 km2 and a population of approximately 1400. The atolls lie north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands (both island groups belonging to Kiribati) and northwest of the Cook Islands. The United Nations General Assembly designated Tokelau a Non-Self-Governing Territory.Until 1976 the official name was Tokelau Islands. Tokelau is sometimes referred to by the older, colonial name of The Union Islands.
http://wn.com/Tokelau-2
Townsville-Tokelau easter tour 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:34
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
Townsville-Tokelau dance group
http://wn.com/Townsville-Tokelau_easter_tour_2012
Governor-General visits the Tokelau
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 12 Aug 2012
the Governor-General visits the Tokelau
http://wn.com/Governor-General_visits_the_Tokelau
2012-06-24 - ONE NEWS - TOKELAU TEACHER TROUBLES
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
Tokelau teacher troubles (2.00) Added: 4.23PM Sunday June 24, 2012 Source: ONE News Schools in Tokelau are struggling to keep qualified teachers. SOURCE: tvnz.co.nz
http://wn.com/2012-06-24_ONE_NEWS_TOKELAU_TEACHER_TROUBLES
Tonga, Tokelau aiming for 100 per cent solar power
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
A new age of electricity generation is dawning in the South Pacific. The Kingdom of Tonga and the New Zealand territory of Tokelau are going solar - reducing not only their carbon footprints, but also their multi-million-dollar diesel bills. The switch to solar is part of a global trend which could offer lucrative opportunities for those quick enough, and smart enough, to act. New Zealand correspondent Dominique Schwartz reports.
http://wn.com/Tonga,_Tokelau_aiming_for_100_per_cent_solar_power
Tokelau Ta Kupega
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:49
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Tokelau_Ta_Kupega
Tokelau Warrior Dance for Climate Change Awareness at Smithsonian
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
The inhabited coral atolls of Kiribati, Tokelau, and Tuvalu are already experiencing rising sea levels as a result of climate change. In front of the Giant Squid exhibit, dancers from Tokelau provided an impromptu Warrior Dance. The dancers and musicians were in the US to demonstrate their deep connection to nature and their ancestral past and raise awareness about climate change. They come to inspire us all to be better stewards of our shared planet. See: waterisrising.org and http
http://wn.com/Tokelau_Warrior_Dance_for_Climate_Change_Awareness_at_Smithsonian
Tokelau; Fakaofo Wellington, NZ, Event Centre Opening.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:49
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
Opening of Fakaofo's Hall & event centre; 23 Jan 2012
http://wn.com/Tokelau;_Fakaofo_Wellington,_NZ,_Event_Centre_Openingwmv
Tokelau: un paradiso "green"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
3 bellissimi atolli nel Pacifico si avviano a diventare completamente dipendenti dall'energia solare. guarda il video originale su classmeteo.weather.com
http://wn.com/Tokelau_un_paradiso_green
Beautiful Tokelau 2011...(Last Days)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
HAGO ent
http://wn.com/Beautiful_Tokelau_2011Last_Days
Photo: AP / Mike Groll
31 Oct 2012
TEHRAN — Iranian rescuers and aid workers are on standby to fly to New York City to provide assistance to those affected by Hurricane Sandy, the head of Iran’s Red Crescent Organization...
Photo: AP / John Minchillo
30 Oct 2012
At least 13 people have been killed in the US and millions are without power after Superstorm Sandy slammed into the New Jersey coastline and hurled a record-breaking 13ft surge of seawater at New...
Photo: AP / DigitalGlobe via Satellite Sentinel Project
31 Oct 2012
Cairo: A suspected Israeli airstrike on a weapons factory in Khartoum last week points to a possible escalation in a hidden front of the rivalry between Israel and Iran: The arms pipeline through...
Photo: AP / Brynn Anderson
30 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling When Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton assumed complete responsibility for the disastrous and deadly attacks on the U.S. diplomatic mission in...
Photo: AP / Bebeto Matthews
31 Oct 2012
WASHINGTON â Residents along most of the East Coast on Tuesday began cleaning up the wreckage left behind by Hurricane Sandy, and it was immediately clear that all Americans will get slapped with...
Newsvine
Solar power plants and coconut biofuel-powered generators will be...(size: 0.5Kb)
Share your Jack-o-Lantern photos
29 Oct 2012
Newsday
We want to see your Jack-o-Lanterns. Upload photos of your most creative carved-pumpkin creations and show the world your masterpieces! User name Email address Phone number (required) Ex. 631-123-4567 If any of this information is incorrect, please update your profile. Edit Photo upload guidelines...(size: 6.2Kb)
Scoop
Monday, 29 October 2012, 9:40 am Press Release: Powersmart FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: POWER TO THE PEOPLE! PowerSmart finishes world first project to make Tokelau 100% Solar Powered Tokelau – 29 October 2012 Today PowerSmart completed their award winning ‘Tokelau Renewable Energy...(size: 8.4Kb)
Minister welcomes national Tokelau Language Week
28 Oct 2012
Scoop
Monday, 29 October 2012, 9:12 am Press Release: New Zealand Government Hon Hekia Parata Minister of Pacific Island Affairs 29 October 2012 Media Statement Minister welcomes national Tokelau Language Week Taloha Ni. Pacific Island Minister Hekia Parata welcomes the inaugural Tokelau Language Week...(size: 2.2Kb)
MSNBC
Watching someone else yawn can be a one-way ticket to doing the same. Now, research finds that the same is true for dogs — but not puppies. In fact, dogs become more susceptible to the contagion of yawning as they age, a pattern that holds true for human children, as well. Kids begin to yawn in...(size: 17.2Kb)
MSNBC
NEW YORK — A judge released a Florida man charged with smuggling dinosaur fossils into the U.S. from home detention Monday even after a prosecutor argued for tougher bail conditions. Assistant U.S. Attorney Martin S. Bell told U.S. Magistrate Judge Henry Pitman that the suspect could flee...(size: 16.7Kb)
CNTV
SUVA, Oct. 23 (Xinhua) -- Over 100 actors from the Pacific Islands region have gathered for the 5th Annual Pacific Humanitarian Team Regional Workshop in Fiji's western tourist town of Nadi. The organizer, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said in a statement that the...(size: 6.8Kb)
Sky Sports News
22 Oct 2012
Sky Sports
Home News Presenters + Meet the Presenters Millie Clode View Bio Rob Wotton View Bio Charlotte Jackson View Bio Simon Thomas View Bio Alex Hammond...(size: 16.7Kb)
Scoop
Friday, 26 October 2012, 4:10 pm Press Release: OCHA Pacific’s Biggest Humanitarian Response Forum Begins (Nadi, Fiji, 22 October 2012): Over 100 humanitarian actors from the Pacific Island region have gathered for the 5th Annual Pacific Humanitarian Team Regional Workshop in Nadi, Fiji. The...(size: 2.6Kb)
Scoop
Thursday, 18 October 2012, 10:43 am Speech: New Zealand Government Hon Murray McCully Minister of Foreign Affairs 18 October 2012 Speech to Democracy in the Pacific Conference University of Canterbury Heads of State and Government, Ministers, members of the diplomatic community, colleagues, ladies...(size: 11.5Kb)
MSNBC
LONDON — An international consortium of scientists has published a high-resolution draft of the barley genome in a move that could not only improve yields and disease resistance but may also hold the key to better beer. "This research will streamline efforts to improve barley production...(size: 14.6Kb)
Houston Chronicle
By Patrick Thibodeau October 16, 2012 06:00 AM ET...(size: 44.0Kb)
PowerSmart wins NZ Innovators Award
15 Oct 2012
Scoop
Monday, 15 October 2012, 7:21 pm Press Release: Powersmart FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: PowerSmart wins NZ Innovators Award for the Tokelau Renewable Energy Project. On Friday night PowerSmart, a solar electricity company from Mount Maunganui, took out the award for innovation in Clean-tech and...(size: 5.6Kb)
For other uses, see Tokelau (disambiguation).
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Tokelau
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| Motto: "Tokelau mo te Atua" (Tokelauan) "Tokelau for the Almighty" |
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| Anthem: God Save The Queen |
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| Capital | Nukunonu (main settlement, although each atoll has its own administrative centre.) | |||||
| Largest city | Nukunonu (Officially) | |||||
| Official language(s) | Tokelauan,[1] English | |||||
| Demonym | Tokelauan | |||||
| Government | Constitutional monarchy | |||||
| - | Head of State | Queen Elizabeth II | ||||
| - | Administrator | Jonathan Kings (February 2011-) | ||||
| - | Head of Government | Keli Hiano Kalolo (2012-) | ||||
| New Zealand territory | ||||||
| - | Tokelau Act | 1948 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 10 km2 (233rd) 5 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | negligible | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | October 2011 census | 1,4111 (237th) | ||||
| - | Density | 115/km2 (86th) 298/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 1993 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.5 million (227th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $1,035 (not ranked) | ||||
| Currency | New Zealand dollar (NZD) |
|||||
| Time zone | (UTC+14) | |||||
| Drives on the | left | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | TK | |||||
| Internet TLD | .tk | |||||
| Calling code | 690 | |||||
| Some data from the World Factbook (2004). 1. Final count for 2011 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Statistics New Zealand. The Census population figure of 1,411 includes 268 usual residents of Tokelau who were absent on census night. |
||||||
Tokelau (
/ˈtoʊkəlaʊ/) is a territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean that consists of three tropical coral atolls with a combined land area of 10 km2 and a population of approximately 1,400. [2] The atolls lie north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands (both island groups belonging to Kiribati) and northwest of the Cook Islands.
The United Nations General Assembly designated Tokelau a Non-Self-Governing Territory.[3] Until 1976 the official name was Tokelau Islands. Tokelau is sometimes referred to by the older, colonial name of The Union Islands.
Contents |
Etymology and consequences of name usage[link]
The name Tokelau is a Polynesian word meaning "North Wind". The islands were named the Union Islands and Union Group by European explorers at an unknown time. Tokelau Islands was adopted as the name in 1946, and was contracted to Tokelau on 9 December 1976.
The change from Tokelau Islands to Tokelau marked a slight shift in emphasis, with consequences in regional diplomacy, in that the term Tokelau Islands clearly and substantially referred to a geographical expression, that is, a range of islands, whatever else it may connote. It is not necessarily controversial to refer by name to a range of islands, even though they may come under two or more political jurisdictions. Tokelau, on the other hand, can be taken to refer more immediately to some concept of nationhood, arguably infusing increased meaning to the draft 2006 independence constitution of Tokelau (which somewhat controversially claims Tokelauan inhabited Olohega (or Swains Island), currently part of American Samoa, as part of its national territory).[citation needed]
Geography[link]
Tokelau includes three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean between longitudes 171° and 173° W and between latitudes 8° and 10° S, about midway between Hawaii and New Zealand. They lie about 500 km (311 mi) north of Samoa. The atolls are Atafu, Nukunonu, both in a group of islands once called the Duke of Clarence Group, and Fakaofo, once Bowditch Island. Their combined land area is 10.8 km². There are no ports or harbours. Tokelau lies in the Pacific typhoon belt. A fourth island that is culturally, historically, and geographically, but not politically, part of the Tokelau chain is Swains Island (Olohega), under United States control since about 1900 and administered as part of American Samoa since 1925.
Swains Island was claimed by the United States pursuant to the Guano Islands Act, as were the other three islands of Tokelau, which claims were ceded to Tokelau by treaty in 1979. In the draft constitution of Tokelau subject to the Tokelauan self-determination referendum in 2006, Olohega is claimed as part of Tokelau, a claim surrendered in the same 1979 treaty which established a boundary between American Samoa and Tokelau.
Tokelau's claim to Swains is generally comparable to the Marshall Islands' claim to US-administered Wake Island, but the re-emergence of this somewhat dormant issue has been an unintended result of the United Nations' recent efforts to promote decolonization in Tokelau. Tokelauans have proved somewhat reluctant to push their national identity in the political realm: recent decolonization moves have mainly been driven from outside for ideological reasons. But at the same time, Tokelauans are reluctant to disown their common cultural identity with Swains Islanders who speak their language.
Environment[link]
See also: List of birds of Tokelau and List of mammals of Tokelau
Tokelau is located in the Western Polynesian tropical moist forests ecoregion. Most of the original vegetation has been replaced by coconut plantations some of which have been abandoned and became scrubby forests. The atolls of Tokelau provide habitat for 38 indigenous plant species, over 150 insect species and 10 land crab species. One of the greatest threats to biodiversity is posed by introduced mammalian predators such as the Polynesian Rat.[4]
In 2011 Tokelau declared its entire exclusive economic zone of 319,031 km² a shark sanctuary.[5]
History[link]
Archaeological evidence indicates that the atolls of Tokelau — Atafu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo — were settled about 1,000 years ago and may have been a "nexus" into Eastern Polynesia.[6] Inhabitants followed Polynesian mythology with the local god Tui Tokelau; and developed forms of music (see Music of Tokelau) and art. The three atolls functioned largely independently while maintaining social and linguistic cohesion. Tokelauan society was governed by chiefly clans, and there were occasional inter-atoll skirmishes and wars as well as inter-marriage. Fakaofo, the "chiefly island",[7] held some dominance over Atafu and Nukunonu after the dispersal of Atafu. Life on the atolls was subsistence-based, with reliance on fish and coconut.[8]
Western discovery and contact[link]
Commodore John Byron discovered Atafu on 24 June 1765 and named it "Duke of York's Island". Parties onshore reported that there were no signs of current or previous inhabitants.[9][10] Captain Edward Edwards, in knowledge of Byron's discovery, visited Atafu on 6 June 1791[citation needed] in search of the Bounty mutineers. There were no permanent inhabitants, but houses contained canoes and fishing gear, suggesting the island was used as a temporary residence by fishing parties.[10] On 12 June 1791, Edwards sailed southward and discovered Nukunonu, naming it "Duke of Clarence's Island".[11] A landing party could not make contact with the people but saw "morais", burying places, and canoes with "stages in their middle" sailing across the lagoons.[10]
On 29 October 1825 August R. Strong of the U.S.N Dolphin wrote of his crew's arrival at the atoll Nukunonu, "Upon examination, we found they had removed all the women and children from the settlement, which was quite small, and put them in canoes lying off a rock in the lagoon. They would frequently come near the shore, but when we approached they would pull off with great noise and precipitation." (The Journal of the South Pacific, 110 (3), pp. 296).
On 14 February 1835 Captain Smith of the United States whaler General Jackson records discovering Fakaofo, calling it "D'Wolf's Island".[12][13] On 25 January 1841, the United States Exploring Expedition visited Atafu and discovered a small population living on the island. The residents appeared to be temporary, evidenced by the lack of a chief and the possession of double canoes (used for inter-island travel). They desired to barter, and possessed blue beads and a plane-iron, indicating previous interaction with foreigners. The expedition reached Nukunonu on 28 January 1841 but did not record any information about inhabitants. On 29 January 1841, the expedition discovered Fakaofo and named it "Bowditch".[14] The islanders were found to be similar in appearance and nature to those in Atafu.[15]
Missionaries preached Christianity in Tokelau from 1845 to the 1860s. French Catholic missionaries on Wallis Island (also known as 'Uvea) and missionaries of the Protestant London Missionary Society in Samoa used native teachers to convert the Tokelauans. Atafu was converted to Protestantism by the London Missionary Society, Nukunonu was converted to Catholicism and Fakaofo was converted to both denominations.[16]
Peruvian slave traders arrived in 1863 and took nearly all (253) of the able-bodied men to work as labourers. The men died of dysentery and smallpox, and very few returned to Tokelau. With this loss, the system of governance became based on the "Taupulega", or "Councils of Elders", where individual families on each atoll were represented.[8][13] During this time, Polynesian immigrants and American, Scottish, French, Portuguese and German beachcombers settled, marrying local women and repopulating the atolls.[13]
21st Century[link]
Until December 2011, Tokelau was almost a day behind New Zealand, being 10 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). [17][18] At midnight 29 December 2011 Tokelau shifted to UTC+14:00 in response to Samoa's decision to do the same. This brought Tokelau closer to New Zealand time (and in the process omitted 30 December).[19]
Government[link]
In 1877 the islands were included under the protection of the United Kingdom by an Order in Council which claimed jurisdiction over all unclaimed Pacific Islands. Commander C. F. Oldham on HMS Egeria landed at each of the three atolls in June 1889[20] and officially raised the Union Flag, declaring the group a British protectorate. In 1920, Tokelauans became recognised as British subjects.[21]
The British government annexed Tokelau to the colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands and transferred Tokelau to New Zealand administration in 1926, abolishing the islands' chiefdoms. By the Tokelau Act of 1948, sovereignty over Tokelau was transferred to New Zealand. Defence is also the responsibility of New Zealand. When the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect on 1 January 1949, Tokelauans who were British subjects gained New Zealand citizenship - a status which they still hold today.[21]
At the moment, Tokelauans are drafting a constitution and developing institutions and patterns of self-government as Tokelau moves towards free association with New Zealand, similar to Niue and the Cook Islands.[citation needed]
Villages are entitled to enact their own laws regulating their daily lives and New Zealand law only applies where it has been extended by specific enactment. Serious crime is rare and there are no prisons - offenders are publicly rebuked, fined or made to work.[22]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Tokelau
The head of state is Elizabeth II, the Queen in right of New Zealand, who also reigns over the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen is represented in the territory by acting Administrator Jonathan Kings. The current head of government is Foua Toloa, who presides over the Council for the Ongoing Governance of Tokelau, which functions as a cabinet. The Council consists of the Faipule (leader) and Pulenuku (village mayor) of each of the three atolls.[23] The monarch is hereditary, the administrator appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand, and the office of head of government rotates between the three Faipule for a one-year term.[23]
The Tokelau Amendment Act of 1996 confers legislative power on the General Fono, a unicameral body. The number of seats each atoll receives in the Fono is determined by population — at present, Fakaofo and Atafu each have seven and Nukunonu has six.[23] Faipule and Pukenuku (atoll leaders and village mayors) also sit in the Fono.[23]
On 11 November 2004, Tokelau and New Zealand took steps to formulate a treaty that would turn Tokelau from a non-self-governing territory to a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand. Besides the treaty, a UN-sponsored referendum on self-determination took place, with the three islands voting on successive days starting 13 February 2006. (Tokelauans based in Apia, Samoa, voted on 11 February.)[24] Out of 581 votes cast, 349 were for Free Association, being short of the two-thirds majority required for the measure to pass.[25] The referendum was profiled (somewhat light-heartedly) in the 1 May 2006 issue of The New Yorker magazine.[26] A repeat referendum took place on 20–24 October 2007, again narrowly failing to approve self-government. This time the vote was short by just 16 votes or 3%.[27]
In May 2008, the United Nations' Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged colonial powers "to complete the decolonization process in every one of the remaining 16 Non-Self-Governing Territories", including Tokelau.[28] This led the New Zealand Herald to comment that the United Nations was "apparently frustrated by two failed attempts to get Tokelau to vote for independence".[29] In April 2008, speaking as leader of the National Party, future New Zealand Prime Minister John Key stated that New Zealand had "imposed two referenda on the people of the Tokelau Islands", and questioned "the accepted wisdom that small states should undergo a de-colonisation process".[30]
Economy[link]
According to the US Central Intelligence Agency's list of countries by GDP (PPP) Tokelau has the smallest economy of any country in the world. Tokelau has an annual purchasing power of about US$1,000 (€674) per capita. The government is almost entirely dependent on subsidies from New Zealand. It has annual revenues of less than US$500,000 (€336,995) against expenditures of some US$2.8 million (€1.9 million). The deficit is made up by aid from New Zealand.
Tokelau annually exports around US$100,000 (€67,000) of stamps, copra and woven and carved handicrafts and imports over US$300,000 (€202,000) of foodstuffs, building materials, and fuel to, and from, New Zealand. New Zealand also pays directly for the cost of medical and education services. Local industries include small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft goods, stamps, coins, and fishing. Agriculture and livestock produces coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papayas, bananas, figs, pigs, poultry and few goats. Many Tokelauans live in New Zealand and support their families in Tokelau through remittances.
Tokelau has plans to only use renewable energy. If this is achieved it will be the only nation to have achieved this goal.[31] It is expected that by mid 2012 Tokelau's electricity supply will be 93% generated by photovoltaics, with the remainder generated from coconut oil.[32]
Internet domain names[link]
Main article: .tk
Tokelau has increased its GDP by more than 10% through registrations of domain names under its top-level domain, .tk.[33] Registrations can be either free, in which case the user owns only usage rights and not the domain itself, or paid, which grants full rights. Free domains are pointed to Tokelau name servers, which redirects the domain via HTML frames to a specified address or to a specified A or NS record, and the redirection of up to 250 email addresses to an external address (not at a .tk domain). Free domains have no requirements for third party advertisements but have a minimum traffic limit of 25 unique visitors in any 90 day period. If this limit is not reached, the domain is suspended and the owner has either 10 days to convert the domain to a paid domain or have the domain deregistered.[34]
In September 2003 Fakaofo became the first part of Tokelau with a high-speed Internet connection. Foundation Tokelau financed the project. Tokelau gives most domain names under its authority away to anyone for free to gain publicity for the territory. This has allowed the nation to gain enhanced telecommunications technologies, such as more computers and Internet access for Tokelauan residents.[citation needed]
Demographics[link]
According to the 2011 Tokelau Census, Tokelau has a de jure usually resident population of 1,411 people. The census shows a 3.8% decrease in the de jure usually resident population between 2006 and 2011.[35]
The nationals of Tokelau are called Tokelauans, and the major ethnic group is Polynesian. The country has no minorities. The major religion is the Congregational Christian Church and the main language is Tokelauan, but English is also spoken.
Tokelau has fewer than 1,500 Polynesian inhabitants in three villages who speak Tokelauan and English. Their isolation and lack of resources greatly limits economic development and confines agriculture to the subsistence level. The very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand and Samoa, resulting in a population decline of about 0.9% per year.[citation needed] Depletion of tuna has made fishing for food more difficult.
On the island of Atafu almost all inhabitants are members of the Congregational Christian Church of Samoa. On Nukunonu almost all are Roman Catholic. On Fakaofo both denominations are present with the Congregational Christian Church predominant. The total proportions are: Congregational Christian Church 62%, Roman Catholic 34%, other 5%.[36]
While slightly more females than males live on Atafu and Fakaofo, males make up 57% of Nukunonu residents.[37] Only 9% of Tokelauans aged 40 or more have never been married.[38] One quarter of the population were born overseas; almost all the rest live on the same atoll they were born on.[39] Most households own 5 or more pigs.[40]
Despite its low income, Tokelau has a life expectancy of 69 years, comparable with parts of Europe.[41]
Sport[link]
See also: Rugby union in Tokelau and Rugby league in Tokelau
Due to its small size, Tokelau is unaffiliated to most international sports organisations, and rarely takes part in international events. The only significant international competition the country takes part in is the Pacific Games. Tokelau won its first ever gold medals at the 2007 Pacific Games in Apia, winning a total of five medals (three gold, a silver and a bronze), all in lawn bowls, and finishing twelfth (out of twenty-two) on the overall medal table. This included two gold medals for Violina Linda Pedro (in the women's pairs and the women's singles), making her Tokelau's most successful individual athlete to date.[42]
In October 2010, table tennis became "the first sport in Tokelau to be granted membership at a Continental or World level", when the Tokelau Table Tennis Association was formally established and became the 23rd member of the Oceania Table Tennis Federation.[43]
Tokelau was due to take part, for the first time, in the 2010 Commonwealth Games, in Delhi,[44] but, for unknown reasons, ultimately did not do so.[45]
Tokelau does have a National Sports Federation, and the most important sports event within the country is arguably the Tokelau Games, which are held yearly. When they are held, "all of Tokelau virtually stands still", as "[i]n excess of 50% of the population take part and all work and school stops at the time". The 2010 Games included competitions in rugby sevens, netball and kilikiti, alongside "a cultural evening [...] where each atoll showcases their traditional songs and dances".[43]
Netball is thought to have been introduced to Tokelau by the British, but became more popular when New Zealand's government took over the territory. The sport is often played during inter-island sport competitions, alongside other sports like rugby league and volleyball.[46]
Healthcare and education[link]
Main article: Healthcare in Tokelau
Each atoll has a school and hospital. The health services have a Director of Health based in Apia and a Chief Clinical Advisor who moves from atoll to atoll as required to assist the doctors attached to each hospital. In 2007 there was not always a doctor on each island and locums were appointed to fill the gaps. Upcoming Tokelaun medical graduates should alleviate this shortage in the coming years.
Many Tokelauan youth travel to New Zealand to further their education and the ship is full around Christmas time with students returning home and then heading off for another year of study.
Communications and transportation[link]
Tokelau has a radio telephone service between the islands and to Samoa. In 1997, a government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok) with three satellite earth stations was established. Each atoll has a radio-broadcast station that broadcasts shipping and weather reports and every household has a radio or access to one.
Tokelau is served by the MV Tokelau, owned by the country, with the trip from Apia in Samoa taking a little over a day. Ships load and unload cargo by motoring up to the down-wind (leeward) side of the islet where the people live and maintaining station, by intermittent use of engines, close to the reef edge so that a landing barge can be motored out to transfer cargo to or from the shore. On returning to shore, the barge negotiates a narrow channel through the reef to the beach. Usually this landing is subject to ocean swell and beaching requires considerable skill and, often, coral abrasions to bodies.
When bad weather prevents the barge making the trip, the ship stands off to wait suitable weather or goes off to one of the other atolls to attempt to load or unload its passengers or cargo, or both.
There is no airport in Tokelau, so boats are the only means of travel and transport.
Cyclone Percy[link]
Cyclone Percy struck and severely damaged Tokelau in late February and early March 2005. Forecasters underestimated the cyclone's strength and the length of time it would be in vicinity to Tokelau. It coincided with a spring tide which put most of the area of the two villages on Fakaofo and Nukunonu under a metre of seawater. The cyclone also caused major erosion on several islets of all three atolls, damaging roads and bridges and disrupting electric power and telecommunications systems. The cyclone did significant and widespread damage to food crops including bananas, coconuts and pandanus. It did not seriously injure anyone but villagers lost significant amounts of property. The geographic future of Tokelau depends on the height of the ocean. No significant land is more than two metres above high water of ordinary tides. This means Tokelau is particularly vulnerable to any possible sea level rises.
Books and publications[link]
- Tokelau: a historical ethnography by Judith Huntsman & Antony Hooper (1996, Auckland University Press) ISBN 1-86940-153-0
- The Future of Tokelau: decolonising agendas by Judith Huntsman with Kelihiano Kalolo (2007, Auckland University Press) ISBN 978-1-86940-398-0
- Tokelau: People, atolls, and history by Peter McQuarrie (2007, Peter McQuarrie Press) ISBN 978-1-877449-41-3
- Where on Earth is Tokelau? by Dr Maxwell H. Heller (2005) ISBN 0-901100-58-7
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Tokelau Info". Tokelau-info.tk. http://www.tokelau-info.tk/. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ "Welcome to sunny Tokelau, an untouched Pacific Paradise.". http://www.tokelau.org.nz/.
- ^ "Official site for the Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government". http://www.tokelau.org.nz/. Retrieved 2007-11-04. "The basis of Tokelau's legislative, administrative and judicial systems is the Tokelau Islands Act 1948 and its amendments. (See the link "LAW") In November 1974 the administration of Tokelau was transferred from the Mäori and Island Affairs Department to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From then until September 1980, when the Tokelau administration regulations were amended, the New Zealand Secretary of Foreign Affairs was the administrator of Tokelau. New regulations then came into force whereby the Minister of Foreign Affairs was empowered to appoint a suitable person to be the Administrator of Tokelau. The New Zealand flag is used and the anthem is God Save the Queen."
- ^ "WWF - WildFinder". Worldwildlife.org. http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/oc/oc0117_full.html. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
- ^ PEW: Tokelau Declares Shark Sanctuary, 7 September 2011
- ^ "Archeology of Atafu, Tokelau: Some Initial Results 2008". http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz//handle/10289/2891. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ http://www.fakaofo.tk/page001.html
- ^ a b "Tokelau". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/Tokelau.php. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- ^ John Byron, John Samuel Wallis, Philip Carteret, James Cook, Joseph Banks (1773). An Account of the Voyages Undertaken by the Order of His Present Majesty for making discoveries in the southern hemisphere and successfully performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Carteret, Captain Wallis and Captain Cook in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavour. pp. 132–133. http://books.google.com/books?id=8lgBAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- ^ a b c MacGregor, 30
- ^ Sharp, Andrew (1960). The Discovery of the Pacific Islands. p. 164. http://books.google.com/books?id=HJYhAAAAMAAJ&q=%2212+June%22&pgis=1. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
- ^ Polynesian Society (N. Z.) (1961). The Journal of the Polynesian Society. p. 102. http://books.google.com/books?id=oWQLAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Smith+placed+Fakaofo+correctly%22. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
- ^ a b c "Information Bulletin on Tokelau". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Pacific/Tokelau/0-tokelaubooklet.php. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- ^ Nathaniel Bowditch (1773–1838) was an American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation.
- ^ Charles Wilkes (1849). Voyage Round the World. p. 538. http://books.google.com/books?id=NyQcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA538. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
- ^ People[dead link]
- ^ "Current local time in Fakaofo, Tokelau". http://www.worldtimezone.com/time/wtzresult.php?CiID=42135. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
- ^ "World Time Zones map". Victoria University of Wellington website. http://www.vuw.ac.nz/~caplabtb/m302w07/time_zones.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
- ^ "Tokelau to join Samoa and leap forward over dateline". BBC News. 6 October 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15197275. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1965). The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 43. http://books.google.com/books?id=agAaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22June,%201889,%20and%20on%22&dq=oldham+june+1889+egeria&as_brr=0&pgis=1. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
- ^ a b "3. Aliens and citizens - Citizenship - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 2009-03-04. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/citizenship/3. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
- ^ "Official site for the Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government". http://www.tokelau.org.nz/. Retrieved 2007-11-04. "The legislation and judicial systems are based on the Tokelau Act, 1948, and its amendments. A major law reform project is continuing; its purpose is to ensure that Tokelau has a coherent body of law which responds to current needs and gives due recognition to local custom. Unless it is expressly extended to Tokelau, New Zealand statute law does not apply to the territory. In practice, no New Zealand legislation is extended to Tokelau without Tokelauan consent. The villages have the statutory power to enact their own laws covering village affairs. International covenants on economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights, ratified by New Zealand in December 1978, apply in Tokelau. Civil and criminal jurisdiction is exercised by commissioners and the New Zealand high court."
- ^ a b c d "How Tokelau is Governed". Tokelauan Council of Ongoing Governance. http://www.tokelau.org.nz/Tokelau+Government/Government/HOW+TOKELAU+IS+GOVERNED.html. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- ^ "Fono decisions". Archived from the original on 2007-08-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20070822073325/http://www.tokelau.org.nz/english/gfdecisions/gfnov05.html. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- ^ "Tokelau rejects self-rule". Television New Zealand. http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411366/661377. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- ^ Parker, Ian (1 May 2006). "Letter from Polynesia: Birth of a nation?". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/05/01/060501fa_fact_parker. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- ^ "Tokelau stays as NZ's last colony". Television New Zealand. http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/1318360/1415741. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
- ^ "Colonialism has no place in today's world," says Secretary General in message to Decolonization Seminar in Indonesia", United Nations press release, 14 May 2008
- ^ "Tokelau decolonisation high on agenda". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. 17 May 2008. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10510595. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- ^ John Key's speech to the NZ Institute of International Affairs, 8 April 2008
- ^ "ABC Pacific News reports Tokelau target of 100% renewable energy". Abcasiapacificnews.com. 2011-12-09. http://abcasiapacificnews.com/stories/201112/3387536.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ Coconuts and sunshine will power South Pacific islands New Scientist, published 2011-09-13, accessed 2011-09-14
- ^ "Net gains for tiny Pacific nation". BBC News. 14 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6991719.stm. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
- ^ "Free Domain Terms and Conditions". http://www.dot.tk/en/doc_tcfree_v350.pdf. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
- ^ "Final count for 2011 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings". 2011 Tokelau Census. Statistics New Zealand. http://stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/pacific_peoples/2011-tokelau-census-landing-page/final-count-2011-tokelau-census.aspx. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "2006 Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings" (PDF). 20 December 2006. pp. Table 2.5. http://www.spc.int/prism/country/tk/stats/Reports/2006censusrpts/2006%20Census%20Tabular%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-119.
- ^ Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 1.3.1.
- ^ Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 1.5.
- ^ Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 3.2.
- ^ Tokelau Census of Population and Dwellings, Table 6.13.
- ^ "Regions and territories: Tokelau". BBC News. 16 June 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/4712096.stm#facts. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- ^ Medals at the 2007 Pacific Games, official website
- ^ a b "Tokelau, a Speck in the Ocean but an Important New Member for Oceania", International Table Tennis Federation, 7 October 2010
- ^ "SPORT: OUR QUEST FOR GOLD", Islands Business
- ^ Participants, website of the 2010 Commonwealth Games
- ^ McQuarrie, Peter (2007). Tokelau: People, Atolls and History. Wellington, New Zealand: Publications Committee of MacMillan Browne Centre for Pacific Studies. ISBN 978-1-877449-41-3.
External links[link]
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Tokelau entry at The World Factbook
- Tokelau from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Tokelau at the Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Tokelau
- Tokelau travel guide from Wikitravel
- Ethnology of Tokelau Islands
Governance[link]
- Tokelau Council of Ongoing Government, executive branch of the government
- The Administrator of Tokelau, Tokelau website of the NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Atolls[link]
Coordinates: 09°10′S 171°50′W / 9.167°S 171.833°W / -9.167; -171.833
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| Commonwealth realm | Realm of New Zealand | ||||||||||
| States and dependencies | New Zealand | Ross Dependency | Tokelau | Cook Islands | Niue | ||||||
| Regions | 11 non-unitary regions | 5 unitary regions | Chatham Islands | Outlying islands outside any regional authority (the Kermadec Islands, Three Kings Islands, and Sub-Antarctic Islands) |
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| Territorial authorities | 13 cities and 53 districts | ||||||||||
| Notes | Some districts lie in more than one region | These combine the regional and the territorial authority levels in one | Special territorial authority | The outlying Solander Islands form part of the Southland Region | New Zealand's Antarctic territory | Non-self-governing territory of New Zealand | States in free association with New Zealand | ||||
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Traditional knowledge (TK), indigenous knowledge (IK), traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) and local knowledge generally refer to the long-standing traditions and practices of certain regional, indigenous, or local communities. Traditional knowledge also encompasses the wisdom, knowledge, and teachings of these communities. In many cases, traditional knowledge has been orally passed for generations from person to person. Some forms of traditional knowledge are expressed through stories, legends, folklore, rituals, songs, and even laws. Other forms of traditional knowledge are expressed through different means.[1]
Contents |
Characteristics[link]
Traditional knowledge has been defined as "a cumulative body of knowledge, know-how, practices and representations maintained and developed by peoples with extended histories of interaction with the natural environment. These sophisticated sets of understandings, interpretations and meanings are part and parcel of a cultural complex that encompasses language, naming and classification systems, resource use practices, ritual, spirituality and worldview."[2]
Traditional knowledge typically distinguishes one community from another. For some communities, traditional knowledge takes on a personal and spiritual meaning. Traditional knowledge can also reflect a community's interests. Some communities depend on their traditional knowledge for survival. This is particularly true of traditional environmental knowledge, which refers to a "particular form of place-based knowledge of the diversity and interactions among plant and animal species, landforms, watercourses, and other qualities of the biophysical environment in a given place".[3] An example of a society with a wealth of TEK is the South American Kayapo people, who have developed an extensive classification system of ecological zones of the Amazonian tropical savannah (i.e., campo / cerrado) to better manage the land.[4]
Some social scientists conceptualise knowledge within a naturalistic framework, and emphasize the gradation of recent knowledge into knowledge acquired over many generations. These accounts use terms like "adaptively acquired knowledge", "socially constructed knowledge," and other terms that emphasize the social aspects of knowledge. Local knowledge and traditional knowledge may be thought of as distinguished by the length of time they have existed - decades to centuries versus millennia. A large number of scholarly studies in the naturalistic tradition demonstrate that traditional knowledge is not a natural category, and may reflect power struggles and relationships for land, resources and social control rather than adherence to a claimed ancestry or heritage.
Traditional knowledge, on the other hand, may be perceived very differently by indigenous and local communities themselves. The knowledge of indigenous and local communities is often embedded in a cosmology, and the distinction between "intangible" knowledge and physical things is often blurred. Indigenous peoples often say that "our knowledge is holistic, and cannot be separated from our lands and resources". Traditional knowledge in these cosmologies is inextricably bound to ancestors, and ancestral lands. Knowledge may not be acquired by naturalistic trial and error, but through direct revelation through conversations with "the creator", spirits, or ancestors. As Chamberlin (2003) writes of a Gitksan elder from British Columbia confronted by a government land claim: "If this is your land," he asked, "where are your stories?"
Indigenous and local communities often do not have strong traditions of ownership over knowledge that resemble the modern forms of private ownership. Many have clear traditions of custodianship over knowledge, and customary law may guide who may use different kinds of knowledge at particular times and places, and obligations that accompany the use of knowledge. From their perspective, misappropriation and misuse of knowledge may be offensive to traditions, and may have spiritual and physical repercussions in their cosmological systems. Subsequently, indigenous and local communities argue that others' use of their traditional knowledge warrants respect and sensitivity. Critics of "traditional knowledge", however, maintain that such demands for "respect" are really an attempt to prevent unsubstantiated beliefs from being subjected to the same scrutiny as other knowledge claims. This has particular significance for environmental management because the spiritual component of "traditional knowledge" can be used to justify any activity, including the unsustainable harvesting of resources.
Property rights[link]
Recently, international attention has turned to intellectual property laws to preserve, protect, and promote traditional knowledge. The reasons for this are complex. In 1992, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) recognized the value of traditional knowledge in protecting species, ecosystems and landscapes, and incorporated language regulating access to it and its use (discussed below). It was soon urged that implementing these provisions would require revision of international intellectual property agreements.
This became even more pressing with the adoption of the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), which established rules for creating and protecting intellectual property that could be interpreted to conflict with the agreements made under the CBD. In response, the states who had ratified the CBD requested the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to investigate the relationship between intellectual property rights, biodiversity and traditional knowledge. WIPO began this work with a fact-finding mission in 1999. Considering the issues involved with biodiversity and the broader issues in TRIPs (involving all forms of cultural expressions, not just those associated with biodiversity - including traditional designs, music, songs, stories, etc.), WIPO established the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC-GRTKF).
The period of the early 1990s to the Millennium was also characterized by the rapid rise in global civil society. The high-level Brundtland Report (1987) recommended a change in development policy that allowed for direct community participation and respected local rights and aspirations. Indigenous peoples and others had successfully petitioned the United Nations to establish a Working Group on Indigenous Populations that made two early surveys on treaty rights and land rights. These led to a greater public and governmental recognition of indigenous land and resource rights, and the need to address the issue of collective human rights, as distinct from the individual rights of existing human rights law.
The collective human rights of indigenous and local communities has been increasingly recognized - such as in the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention 169 (1989) and the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007). The Rio Declaration (1992), endorsed by the presidents and ministers of the majority of the countries of the world, recognized indigenous and local communities as distinct groups with special concerns that should be addressed by states.
Initial concern was over the territorial rights and traditional resource rights of these communities. Indigenous peoples soon showed concern for the misappropriation and misuse of their "intangible" knowledge and cultural heritage. Indigenous peoples and local communities have resisted, among other things: the use of traditional symbols and designs as mascots, derivative arts and crafts; the use or modification of traditional songs; the patenting of traditional uses of medicinal plants; and the copyrighting and distribution of traditional stories.
Indigenous peoples and local communities have sought to prevent the patenting of traditional knowledge and resources where they have not given express consent. They have sought for greater protection and control over traditional knowledge and resources. Certain communities have also sought to ensure that their traditional knowledge is used equitably - according to restrictions set by their traditions, or requiring benefit sharing for its use according to benefits which they define.
Three broad approaches to protect traditional knowledge have been developed. The first emphasizes protecting traditional knowledge as a form of cultural heritage. The second looks at protection of traditional knowledge as a collective human right. The third, taken by the WTO and WIPO, investigates the use of existing or novel sui generis measures to protect traditional knowledge.
Currently, only a few nations offer explicit sui generis protection for traditional knowledge. However, a number of countries are still undecided as to whether law should give traditional knowledge deference. Indigenous peoples have shown ambivalence about the intellectual property approach. Some have been willing to investigate how existing intellectual property mechanisms (primarily: patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets) can protect traditional knowledge. Others believe that an intellectual property approach may work, but will require more radical and novel forms of intellectual property law ("sui generis rights"). Others believe that the intellectual property system uses concepts and terms that are incompatible with traditional cultural concepts, and favors the commercialization of their traditions, which they generally resist. Many have argued that the form of protection should refer to collective human rights to protect their distinct identities, religions and cultural heritage.
Public domain[link]
Literary and artistic works based upon, derived from or inspired by traditional culture or folklore may incorporate new elements or expressions. Hence these works may be "new" works with a living and identifiable creator, or creators. Such contemporary works may include a new interpretation, arrangement, adaptation or collection of pre-existing cultural heritage that is in the public domain. Traditional culture or folklore may also be "repackaged" in digital formats, or restoration and colorization. Contemporary and tradition based expressions and works of traditional culture are generally protected under existing copyright law, a form of intellectual property law, as they are sufficiently original to be regarded as "new" upon publication. Once the intellectual property rights afforded to these new works of traditional knowledge expire, they fall into the public domain.[5]
The public domain, as defined in the context of intellectual property rights, is not a concept recognised by indigenous peoples. As much of traditional knowledge has never been protected under intellectual property rights, they can not be said to have entered any public domain. On this point the Tulalip Tribes of Washington state has commented that "...open sharing does not automatically confer a right to use the knowledge (of indigenous people)... traditional cultural expressions are not in the public domain because indigenous peoples have failed to take the steps necessary to protect the knowledge in the Western intellectual property system, but from a failure of governments and citizens to recognise and respect the customary laws regulating their use".[5] Equally however, the idea of restricting the use of publicly available information without clear notice and justification is regarded by many in developed nations as unethical as well as impractical[2].
Indigenous intellectual property[link]
Main article: Indigenous intellectual property
Indigenous intellectual property is an umbrella legal term used in national and international forums to identify indigenous peoples' special rights to claim (from within their own laws) all that their indigenous groups know now, have known, or will know.[6] It is a concept that has developed out of a predominantly western legal tradition, and has most recently been promoted by the World Intellectual Property Organisation, as part of a more general United Nations push [7] to see the diverse wealth of this world's indigenous, intangible cultural heritage better valued and better protected against probable, ongoing misappropriation and misuse.[8]
In the lead up to and during the United Nations International Year for the World's Indigenous Peoples (1993)[9] then during the following United Nations Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples (1995–2004)[7] a number of conferences of both indigenous and non-indigenous specialists were held in different parts of the world, resulting in a number of declarations and statements identifying, explaining, refining, and defining 'indigenous intellectual property'.[10][11]
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)[link]
Article 27. 3(b) of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) sets out certain conditions under which certain biological materials or intellectual innovations may be excluded from patenting. The Article also contains a requirement that Article 27 be reviewed. In the TRIPs-related Doha Declaration of 2001, Paragraph 19 expanded the review to a review of Article 27 and the rest of the TRIPs agreement to include the relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the protection of traditional knowledge and folklore.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)[link]
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992, was the first international environmental convention to develop measures for the use and protection of traditional knowledge, related to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. By 2006, 188 had ratified the Convention and agreed to be bound by its provisions, the largest number of nations to accede to any existing treaty (the United States is one of the few countries that has signed, but not ratified, the CBD). Significant provisions include:
Article 8. In-situ Conservation Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate: (a)... (j) Subject to its national legislation, respect, preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and promote their wider application with the approval and involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovations and practices... Article 10. Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Diversity Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate: (a)... (c) Protect and encourage customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible with conservation or sustainable use requirements
The interpretation of these provisions has been elaborated through decisions by the parties (ratifiers of the Convention) (see the Convention on Biological Diversity Handbook, available free in digital format from the Secretariat).
At the Convention on Biological Diversity meeting, in Buenos Aires, in 1996, emphasis was put on local knowledge. Key players, such as local communities and indigenous peoples, should be recognized by States, and have their sovereignty recognised over the biodiversity of their territories, so that they can continue protecting it.[12]
The parties to the Convention set a 2010 target to negotiate an international legally-binding regime on access and benefit sharing (ABS) at the Eighth meeting (COP8), 20–31 March 2006 in Curitiba, Brazil. This target was met in October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, by conclusion of the Nagoya Protocol to the CBD. The agreement is now open for ratification, and will come into force when 50 signatories have ratified it. So far five have done so (Mexico is the largest to date) but many will follow. The Protocol treats of inter-governmental obligations related to genetic resources, and includes measures related to the rights of indigenous and local communities to control access to and derive benefits from the use of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge.
Commons and intellectual property[link]
Recently, traditional knowledge has been drawn into the debate related to access to medicines, access to food, the need for poverty alleviation, and related issues that affect the livelihoods and welfare of people worldwide. It has been argued that traditional knowledge is an important source of health security, food security and livelihood security for the world's poor. As such, it has been argued that the benefits of sharing and actively disseminating traditional knowledge outweigh the benefits of protection and recognition of ownership.[citation needed]
The Creative Commons, with its roots in the open software movement, the literary arts, the open access movement in science and the humanities, and in the media, arts, entertainment and communications communities, has also proposed that traditional knowledge is an essential and public source of cultural creativity. Part of the debate involves the question of whether or not traditional knowledge is part of the public sphere, national commons, or global commons as part of a "common heritage of mankind". There is no common indigenous and local community position on issues of the "common heritage of mankind" or the "global public good". Indigenous peoples and local communities have shared much of their knowledge and resources with the global community and many have traditions of sharing. Healers, in general, have spiritual obligations to heal the sick and have shared their healing knowledge. Indigenous peoples have strong traditions of reciprocity, that is people's informal exchange of goods and labour. Much of the historical appropriation and use of traditional knowledge has not occurred with reciprocity. Though traditional knowledge and resources have made contributions to the welfare of humankind as the basis of much of the world's food system and naturally-derived medicines.[citation needed]
Government of India efforts[link]
In 2001, the Government of India set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) as repository of 1200 formulations of various systems of Indian medicine, such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha and 1500 Yoga postures (asanas), translated into five languages — English, German, French, Spanish and Japanese.[13][14] India has also signed agreements with the European Patent Office (EPO), United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO) and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to prevent the grant of invalid patents by giving patent examiners at International Patent Offices access to the TKDL database for patent search and examination.[14][15][16]
IPR Policy of Kerala Govt.(India) - Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) Policy for Kerala released in 2008 [17], proposes adoption of the concepts ‘knowledge commons’ and ‘commons licence’ for the protection of traditional knowledge. The chief architects of the Policy are Prof. Prabhat Patnaik and Mr. R.S. Praveen Raj. The policy seeks to put all traditional knowledge into the realm of “knowledge commons”, distinguishing this from the public domain. While codification of TK in digital libraries and sharing the same with patent offices prevents direct misappropriation, it is feared that it may provide an opportunity for private appropriation by making cosmetic improvements to such traditional knowledge that is not readily accessible otherwise. TKDL cannot at the same time be kept confidential and treated as prior art - says R.S. Praveen Raj [18]
See also[link]
- Biopiracy
- Convention on Biological Diversity
- Ethnoastronomy
- Ethnobiology
- Ethnobotany
- Ethnoecology
- Ethnomathematics
- Ethnomedicine
- Ethnopharmacy
- Ethnoscience
- Ethnozoology
- Indigenous intellectual property
- Indigenous peoples
- Intangible Cultural Heritage
- Intellectual property
- Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (traditional knoweledge in Arctic Canada)
- Sui generis protection
- Traditional medicine
- Traditional knowledge GIS
- Traditional Ecological Knowledge
- World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
- Yoga piracy
References[link]
- ^ Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur- India. ISBN 978-81-7910-252-7. pp 440
- ^ International Council for Science / Conseil International pour la Science (March 2002). "Science and Traditional Knowledge: Report from the ICSU Study Group on Science and Traditional Knowledge". p. 3. http://www.icsu.org/publications/reports-and-reviews/science-traditional-knowledge/Science-traditional-knowledge.pdf. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ Peña, Devon G.,Mexican Americans and the Environment, The University of Arizona Press, 2005, p. 198.
- ^ Posey, Darrel Addison. "Indigenous Management of Tropical Forest Ecosystems: The case of the Kayapo Indians of the Brazilian Amazon" in Dove and Carpenter, Environmental Anthropology: a historical reader, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2008, p. 90.
- ^ a b Graber, Christoph Beat; and Mira Burri Nenova (2008). Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a digital environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 174. ISBN 1-84720-921-1, 9781847209214. http://www.google.com/books?id=gK6OI0hrANsC&dq=%22public+domain%22+intellectual+property&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
- ^ RAINFOREST ABORIGINAL NETWORK (1993) Julayinbul: Aboriginal Intellectual and Cultural Property Definitions, Ownership and Strategies for Protection. Rainforest Aboriginal Network. Cairns. Page 65
- ^ a b OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS (2007). "Indigenous peoples" (WEB PAGE). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights. Geneva. Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20071107144031/http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/indigenous/. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
- ^ DODSON, Page 12.
- ^ WATSON, Irene (1992). "1993: International Year for Indigenous Peoples". Aboriginal Law Bulletin. AustLII. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AboriginalLB/1992/52.html. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
- ^ WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANISATION (2001)
- ^ http://www.indigenouspeoplesissues.com/index.php?option=com_search&areas=content&searchphrase=all&searchword=TEK Indigenous People and Traditional Knowledge: Resources
- ^ The CBD: Local knowledge systems at the heart of international debates, B. Roussel, Synthèse, n° 2, 2003, Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations. [1]
- ^ Traditional Knowledge Digital Library website.
- ^ a b "Know Instances of Patenting on the UES of Medicinal Plants in India". PIB, Ministry of Environment and Forests. May 6, 2010. http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61511. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ^ "CSIR wing objects to Avesthagen patent claim". Live Mint. April 28, 2010. http://www.livemint.com/2010/04/28214947/CSIR-wing-objects-to-Avesthage.html.
- ^ "India Partners with US and UK to Protect Its Traditional Knowledge and Prevent Bio-Piracy". Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. April 28, 2010. http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61122. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ "IPRs policy proposes ‘knowledge commons'". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 28 June 2008. http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/28/stories/2008062856600100.htm.
- ^ http://www.businessline.in/cgi-bin/print.pl?file=2010012551041500.htm&date=2010/01/25/&prd=bl
External links[link]
 |
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (August 2010) |
- UNEP Indigenous Knowledge Website
- UNEP Indigenous People's Website
- "Traditional Knowledge" on the WIPO web site
- CBD Article 8(j): Traditional Knowledge, Innovations and Practices
- Convention on Biological Diversity Handbook, 3rd ed.
- World Bank's Indigenous Knowledge (IK) Program's website
- WTO: TRIPs Article 27.3b, traditional knowledge, biodiversity
- United Nations University's "Traditional Knowledge Bulletin"
- International Workshop on Free, Prior and Informed Consent and Indigenous Peoples
- Call of the Earth / Llamado de la Tierra
- Statement by the Tulalip Tribes of Washington on Folklore, Indigenous Knowledge, and the Public Domain, July 09, 2003
- IPRs Online: Traditional Knowledge
- Linking Science and Local Knowledge
- Intellectual Property Rights, Open Source Methods and Traditional Knowledge in Developing Countries
- Anti-colonial discourse and indigenous knowledges
- Traditional ecological knowledge handbook : a training manual and reference guide for designing, conducting, and participating in research projects using traditional ecological knowledge / prepared by Rita A. Miraglia. Hosted by Alaska State Publications Program.
- Research article by Terra Nuova on "Preservation and maintenance of biological diversity related knowledge of indigenous diversity and local communities with traditional lifestyles Bony Forest, Ijara District"
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_knowledge
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
