title	National Hockey League (NHL)
current season	2011-12 NHL season
logo	05 NHL Shield.svg
pixels	180px
sport	Ice hockey
founded	November 22, 1917, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
inaugural	1917–18
ceo	Gary Bettman
headquarters	Manhattan, New York, United States
teams	30
country	(7 teams) (23 teams)
continent	North America
champion	Boston Bruins (6th title)
most champs	Montreal Canadiens (25 NHL titles, 24 Stanley Cups)
tv	Canada: CBC, NHL Network, RDS, RIS, TSN, TSN2 United States: NBC, NHL Network, Versus
website	NHL.com }}

The National Hockey League (NHL; ) is an unincorporated not-for-profit association which operates a major professional ice hockey league of 30 franchised member clubs, of which 7 are currently located in Canada and 23 in the United States. Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is widely considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season.

The league was organized on November 22, 1917, in Montreal, Canada, during World War I after the suspension of operations of its predecessor organization, the National Hockey Association (NHA), which had been founded in 1909. It started with four teams and, through a series of expansions, contractions, and relocations, the league is now composed of 30 active franchises. After a labour dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season, the league resumed play under a new collective bargaining agreement that included a salary cap. In 2009, the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, crowds and television audiences.

The NHL draws many highly skilled players from all over the world and currently has players from about 20 different countries. Although Canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the NHL, over the past four plus decades the percentages of American and European trained players have increased both because of the NHL's continued expansion from six to thirty clubs since 1967, and the increased availability of highly skilled European players, especially from former Eastern Bloc countries.

History

Early years

A series of disputes in the National Hockey Association (NHA) with Toronto Blueshirts owner Eddie Livingstone led the other owners, representing the Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators, and Quebec Bulldogs to meet at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal to talk about the NHA's future. Realizing the league constitution left them unable to force Livingstone out, the four teams voted instead to suspend the NHA, and on November 26, 1917, formed the National Hockey League. While a full member of the new league, the Bulldogs were unable to play, and the remaining owners created a new team in Toronto to compete with the Canadiens, Wanderers and Senators. The first games were played three weeks later on December 19. Joe Malone scored five goals in a 7–4 victory for the Canadiens over the Senators on opening night; he finished the 1917–18 season with 44 goals in 20 games. The league nearly collapsed in January 1918 when the Montreal Arena burned down, causing the Wanderers to cease operations and forcing the Canadiens to hastily find a new arena. The NHL continued on as a three-team league until Quebec returned in 1919.

Toronto won the first league title, then defeated the Pacific Coast Hockey Association's Vancouver Millionaires to win the 1918 Stanley Cup The Canadiens won the league title in 1919, however their Stanley Cup Final against the Seattle Metropolitans was abandoned with the series tied after several players became ill as a result of the Spanish Flu epidemic that resulted in Montreal defenceman Joe Hall's death. Montreal defeated the Calgary Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) in 1924 to win their first Stanley Cup in the NHL. The Hamilton Tigers, who had relocated from Quebec in 1920, won the regular season title in 1924–25 but refused to play in the championship series unless they were given a C$200 bonus. The league refused and declared the Canadiens the league champion after they defeated the Toronto St. Patricks in the semi-final. Montreal was then defeated by the Victoria Cougars for the 1925 Stanley Cup. It was the last time a non-NHL team won the trophy, as the Stanley Cup became the ''de facto'' NHL championship in 1926 after the WCHL ceased operations.

The league embarked on rapid expansion in the 1920s, adding the Montreal Maroons and Boston Bruins in 1924. The Bruins were the first American team in the NHL, while the Maroons played in the newly completed Montreal Forum that the Canadiens made famous in later decades. The New York Americans began play in 1925 after purchasing the assets of the Hamilton Tigers, and were joined by the Pittsburgh Pirates. Tex Rickard, owner of Madison Square Garden, was so impressed with the popularity of the Americans that he added the New York Rangers in 1926. The Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars (later Red Wings) were also added after the league purchased the assets of the defunct WCHL. Conn Smythe purchased the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927, immediately renamed them the Maple Leafs, and built Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931.

The Great Depression and the onset of World War II took a toll on the league. The Pirates became the Philadelphia Quakers in 1930, then folded one year later. The Senators likewise became the St. Louis Eagles in 1934, also lasting only one year. The Canadiens were nearly sold and relocated to Cleveland, Ohio in 1936 before a trio of local owners purchased the team and kept them in Montreal. The Maroons did not survive, however, as they suspended operations in 1938. The Americans were suspended in 1942 due to a lack of players, but never revived. The league was reduced to six teams for the 1942–43 NHL season: the Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs. These six teams remained constant for 25 years, a period known as the Original Six.

The first NHL All-Star Game was held in 1934 to benefit Ace Bailey, whose career ended on a vicious hit by Eddie Shore. The second was held in 1937 in support of Howie Morenz's family when he died of a coronary embolism after breaking his leg during a game. His teammate Aurel Joliat said that Morenz "died of a broken heart" when he learned he would never play hockey again. Maurice "Rocket" Richard became the first player to score 50 goals, doing so in a 50 game season. Ten years later he was suspended for the 1955 Stanley Cup playoffs for punching a linesman, an incident that led to the Richard Riot. He returned to lead the Canadiens to five consecutive titles between 1956 and 1960, a record no team has matched. Willie O'Ree broke the NHL's colour barrier on January 18, 1958 when he made his debut with the Boston Bruins and became the first black player in league history.

Expansion

By the mid 1960s, the desire for a network television contract in the U.S., and concerns that the Western Hockey League was planning to declare itself a major league and challenge for the Stanley Cup, spurred the NHL to undertake its first expansion since the 1920s. The league doubled in size for the 1967–68 season, adding the Los Angeles Kings, Minnesota North Stars, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, California Seals and St. Louis Blues. Canadians were outraged that all six teams were placed in the United States, and the league responded by adding the Vancouver Canucks in 1970 along with the Buffalo Sabres, who are located on the U.S.-Canadian border. Two years later, the emergence of the newly founded World Hockey Association (WHA) led the league to add the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames to keep the rival league out of those markets. In 1974, the Washington Capitals and Kansas City Scouts were added, bringing the league up to 18 teams.

The NHL fought the WHA for players, losing 67 to the new league in its first season of 1972–73, including Bobby Hull, who signed a ten year, $2.5 million contract with the Winnipeg Jets, the largest in hockey history at the time. The NHL attempted to block the defections in court, though a countersuit by the WHA led to a Philadelphia judge ruling the NHL's reserve clause to be illegal, eliminating the elder league's monopoly over the players. Seven years of battling for players and markets financially damaged both leagues, leading to a 1979 merger agreement that saw the WHA cease operations while the NHL absorbed the Jets, Edmonton Oilers, Hartford Whalers and Quebec Nordiques.

Wayne Gretzky played one season in the WHA before joining the NHL in 1979–80 with the Oilers. He went on to lead the Oilers to four Stanley Cup championships in 1984, 1985, 1987 and 1988, and set single season records for goals (92 in 1981–82), assists (163 in 1985–86) and points (215 in 1985–86), as well as career records for goals (894), assists (1,963) and points (2,857). He was traded to the Kings in 1988, a deal that dramatically improved the NHL's popularity in the United States, and provided the impetus for the 1990s expansion cycles that saw the addition of the San Jose Sharks, Tampa Bay Lightning, Ottawa Senators, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Florida Panthers, Nashville Predators, Atlanta Thrashers, Minnesota Wild and Columbus Blue Jackets.

Labour issues

There have been three league-wide work stoppages in NHL history, all happening between 1992 and 2005.

The first was a strike by the National Hockey League Players Association in April 1992 which lasted for 10 days, but the strike was settled quickly and all affected games were rescheduled. A lockout at the start of the 1994–95 season forced the league to reduce the schedule from 84 games to just 48, with the teams playing only intra-conference games during the reduced season. The resulting collective bargaining agreement was set for renegotiation in 1998 and extended to September 15, 2004.

With no new agreement in hand when the existing contract expired on September 15, 2004, league commissioner Gary Bettman announced a lockout of the players union and cessation of operations by the NHL head office. The lockout shut down the league for 310 days, the longest in sports history; the NHL was the first professional sports league to lose an entire season. The league vowed to install what it dubbed "cost certainty" for its teams, but the NHL Players Association countered that the move was little more than a euphemism for a salary cap, which the union initially said it would not accept. A new collective bargaining agreement was ratified in July 2005 with a term of six years with an option of extending the collective bargaining agreement for an additional year at the end of the term, allowing the NHL to resume as of the 2005–06 season.

On October 5, 2005, the first post-lockout NHL season took to the ice with 15 games, and consequently all 30 teams. Of those 15 games, 11 were in front of sell-out crowds. The NHL received record attendance in the 2005–06 season. 20,854,169 fans, an average of 16,955 per game, was a 1.2% increase over the previous mark held in the 2001–02 season. Also, the Montreal Canadiens, Calgary Flames, Colorado Avalanche, Minnesota Wild, Tampa Bay Lightning, and the Vancouver Canucks sold out all of their home games; all six Canadian teams played to 98% capacity or better at every home game. 24 of the 30 clubs finished even or ahead of their 2003–04 mark. The Pittsburgh Penguins had the highest increase at 33%, mainly because of 18-year-old first overall draft pick Sidney Crosby. After losing a season to a labour dispute in 2005, attendance figures for League teams have returned to solid ground; the League's TV audience was slower to rebound because of ESPN's decision to drop the sport from its schedule. The NHL's post-lockout agreement with NBC gave the league a share of revenue from each game's advertising sales, rather than the usual lump sum paid up front for game rights. The NHL is estimated to earn annual revenue of around $2.27 billion.

The debut of the Winter Classic, an outdoor regular season NHL game held on New Year's Day 2008, was a major success for the league. The game has since become a permanent staple of the NHL schedule. This, along with the transition to a national "Game of the Week" and an annual "Hockey Day in America" regional coverage, has helped increase the NHL's regular season television viewership, which is now carried by NBC and Versus. These improvements led NBC and Versus to sign a ten-year broadcast deal paying $200 million per year for both cable and broadcast rights; the deal will lead to further increases in television coverage on both outlets.

Organizational structure

The NHL Board of Governors is the ruling and governing body of the NHL. In this context, each NHL team is a member of the NHL, and each member appoints a Governor (usually the owner of the club), and two alternates to the Board. The current chairman of the Board is Boston Bruins owner, Jeremy Jacobs. The previous chairman was Harley Hotchkiss, owner of the Calgary Flames. The current vice-chairman of the Board is Tom Hicks, owner of the Dallas Stars. The NHL Board of Governors exists to establish the policies of the NHL, and to uphold its constitution. Some of the responsibilities of the NHL Board of Governors include :

review and approve any rule changes to the game

hiring and firing of the NHL commissioner

review and approve the purchase, sale, or relocation of any member club.

review and approve the salary caps for member clubs.

review and approve any changes to the structure of the game schedule

The Board of Governors meets twice per year, in June and December, with the exact date and place to be fixed by the NHL Commissioner.

Executives

The chief executive of the NHL is the commissioner. Some of the principal decision makers who serve under the authority of the NHL commissioner include:

Deputy Commissioner & Chief Legal Officer – Bill Daly

Executive VP & CFO – Craig Harnett

Chief Operating Officer – John Collins

Executive VP & Director of Hockey Operations – Colin Campbell

NHL Enterprises – Ed Horne

Game

Each National Hockey League regulation game is played between two teams and is 60 minutes long. The game is composed of three 20-minute periods with an intermission of either 15½ or 17 minutes (if nationally televised) between periods. Television timeouts are taken at the first stoppage of play after 6, 10, and 14 minutes of elapsed time unless there is a power play or the first stoppage is the result of a goal scored. In these cases, the timeout will occur at the first stoppage after the penalty expires or the next stoppage after the goal, respectively. A new rule was introduced for the 2007–08 season that if the first stoppage of play is an icing, the TV timeout does not occur. This is to prevent players from getting a break despite not being allowed to change. At the end of the 60-minute regulation time, the team with the most goals wins the game. If a game is tied after regulation time, overtime ensues. During the regular season, overtime is a five-minute, four-player on four-player sudden-death period, in which the first team to score a goal wins the game. Until the 2005–06 season, if no team was able to score in the five-minute overtime, the game ended in a tie.

Beginning in the 2005–06 season, if the game is still tied at the end of overtime, the game enters a shootout. Three players for each team in turn take a penalty shot. The team with the most goals during the three-round shootout wins the game. If the game is still tied after the three shootout rounds, the shootout continues but becomes sudden death. Whichever team ultimately wins the shootout is awarded a goal in the game score and thus awarded two points in the standings. The losing team in overtime or shootout is awarded only one. Shootout goals and saves are not tracked in hockey statistics; shootout statistics are tracked separately.

Shootouts do not occur during the playoffs. In the playoffs, sudden-death 20-minute five-on-five periods are played until one team scores. While in theory a game could continue indefinitely, only four games have reached five overtime periods, two have reached six, and none have gone beyond six. There are no television timeouts during playoff overtime periods; the only break is to clean the loose ice at the first stoppage after the period is halfway finished.

Hockey rink

National Hockey League games are played on a rectangular hockey rink with rounded corners surrounded by walls and plexiglass. It measures 25.91 by 60.92 metres (85 by 200 ft) in the NHL, while international standards call for a rink measuring 29–30 metres by 60–61 metres (95.14–98.43 ft by 196.85–200.13 ft). The center line divides the ice in half, and is used to judge icing violations. There are two blue lines that divide the rink roughly into thirds, which divide the ice into two attacking and one neutral zone. Near the end of both ends of the rink, there is a thin red ''goal line'' spanning the width of the ice, which is used to judge goals and icing calls.

Starting in the 2005–2006 season, after testing in the American Hockey League, a trapezoidal area behind each goal net has been introduced. The goaltender can only play the puck within that area or in front of the goal line; if the goaltender plays the puck behind the goal line and not in the trapezoidal area, a two minute minor penalty for delay of game is assessed by the referees.

Rules

: ''Main articles: National Hockey League rules'' While the National Hockey League follows the general rules of ice hockey, it differs slightly from those used in international games organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) such as the Olympics. Infractions of the rules can lead to either the stoppage of play in the case of offside and icing calls, or a penalty call for more serious infractions.

During the 2004–05 lockout, the league changed some of the rules regarding being offside. First, the league removed the "offside pass" or "two-line pass" rule, which required a stoppage in play if a pass originating from inside a team's defending zone was completed on the offensive side of the center line, unless the puck crossed the line before the player. Furthermore, the league reinstated the "tag-up offside" which allows an attacking player a chance to get back onside by returning to the neutral zone. The changes to the offside rule were among several rule changes intended to increase overall scoring, which had been in decline since the expansion years of the mid-nineties and the increased prevalence of the neutral zone trap.

Another rule difference between the NHL and the IIHF rules concerns how icings are called. In the NHL, a linesman stops play due to icing if a defending player (other than the goaltender) touches the puck before an attacking player is able to, in contrast to the IIHF rules where play is stopped the moment the puck crosses the goal line. As a result of the rule changes following the 2004–05 lockout, when a team is guilty of icing the puck they are not allowed to make a line change, or skater substitution of any sort (except for a clearly injured player) before the following faceoff.

The NHL and IIHF differ also in penalty rules. The NHL, in addition to the minor and double minor penalties called in IIHF games, calls ''major penalties'' which are more dangerous infractions of the rules, such as fighting, and have a duration of five minutes. This is in contrast to the IIHF rule, in which players who fight are ejected from the game. Usually a penalized team cannot replace a player that is penalized on the ice and is thus shorthanded for the duration of the penalty, but if the penalties are coincidental, for example when two players fight, both teams remain at full strength. Also, unlike minor penalties, major penalties must be served to their full completion, regardless of number of goals scored during the power play.

The NHL and the NHLPA created a stringent anti-doping policy in the new CBA of September 2005. The policy provides for a 20 game suspension for a first positive test, a 60 game suspension for a second positive test, and a lifetime suspension for a third positive test.

Teams

The National Hockey League originated in 1917 with four Canadian teams, which after a tumultous first quarter century, found stability in the Original Six era spanning 1942 – 1967 with four franchises in the United States joining two Canadian clubs. Through a sequence of team expansions, reductions, and relocations the NHL currently consists of 30 teams, 23 of which are based in the United States and seven in Canada. The Montreal Canadiens are the most successful franchise with 24 Stanley Cup championships (23 as an NHL team, 1 as an NHA team); in the four major professional sports leagues the Montreal Canadiens are only surpassed in the number of championships by the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball, who have three more. The next most successful franchise is the Toronto Maple Leafs with 13 Stanley Cup championships, but they have not won one since 1967. The Detroit Red Wings, with 11 Stanley Cup championships, are the most successful American franchise. The longest streak of winning the Stanley Cup in consecutive years is five, held by the Montreal Canadiens from 1955–56 to 1959–60; the New York Islanders (1980–1983) and the Montreal Canadiens (1976–1979) have four-year championship streaks. The 1977 edition of the Montreal Canadiens, the second of four straight Stanley Cup champions, was named by ESPN as the second greatest sports team of all-time.

Of all the major leagues in North America, the NHL is the only league to field teams that play in two countries' capital cities, Ottawa, Ontario and Washington, D.C.

The current league organization divides the teams into two conferences: the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference. Each conference has three divisions, and each division has five teams. The current organization has roots in the 1998–99 season when a league realignment added two divisions to bring the total number of divisions to six; the current team alignment began with the 2000–01 season when the Minnesota Wild and the Columbus Blue Jackets joined the league as expansion teams.

Sixteen of the NHL's thirty teams are located in the Eastern Time Zone. As of the 2011–12 season, the Detroit Red Wings and Columbus Blue Jackets are the only Eastern Time teams in the Western Conference, and Winnipeg is the only non-Eastern Time team in the Eastern Conference (an alignment resulting from the franchise's late move out of Atlanta). Realignment is widely expected at some point subsequent to the 2011–12 season.

List of teams

; Notes

Defunct and relocated teams

There have been 19 NHL teams that either folded or relocated. The first team to disband was the Montreal Wanderers in 1918, due to a lack of players. The first team to relocate was the Quebec Athletic Club, who relocated to Hamilton, Ontario in 1920 to become the Hamilton Tigers. NHL president Frank Calder stripped the franchise from owner Mike Quinn and sold it to a Hamilton-based company. Three franchises became defunct due to the Great Depression: the Philadelphia Quakers, the St. Louis Eagles, and the Montreal Maroons. The Brooklyn Americans were the last team to fold in the NHL. In the early 1940s, the franchise was struggling financially, and was suspended prior to the due to a lack of players during World War II. The franchise formally ceased operations in 1946, and their demise began a period in the league's history known as the "Original Six".

The 1967 NHL expansion added six teams, but one of those teams, the Oakland Seals moved to become the Cleveland Barons before merging with the Minnesota North Stars. With six more expansion teams, and the NHL–WHA merger, the league expanded to 21 teams by 1979. Three of the four teams from the merger have since relocated to other cities: the Quebec Nordiques, the original Winnipeg Jets, and the Hartford Whalers. The Nordiques became the Colorado Avalanche in 1995, while the Jets became the Phoenix Coyotes in 1996, with the Whalers becoming the Carolina Hurricanes a year later.

During the 2010-11 playoffs, the Atlanta Thrashers franchise was contingently acquired by True North Sports and Entertainment with the intent to move the team to Winnipeg, Manitoba for 2011–12. The purchase and relocation were unanimously approved by the NHL Board of Governors on June 21.

Season structure

The National Hockey League season is divided into an exhibition season (September), a regular season (from the first week in October through early to mid April) and a postseason (the Stanley Cup playoffs). During the exhibition season, teams may play other teams from the NHL. They also often compete against European clubs, such as clubs from the Russian KHL. During the regular season, clubs play each other in a predefined schedule. The Stanley Cup playoffs, which go from April to the beginning of June, is an elimination tournament where two teams play against each other to win a best-of-seven series in order to advance to the next round. The final remaining team is crowned the Stanley Cup champion. Beginning in 2007, the NHL regular season has begun in Europe while teams not involved complete their exhibition schedule.

In the regular season, each team plays 82 games; 41 games at home and 41 on the road. Each team plays 24 games in its division (6 against each divisional opponent), and 40 games against non-divisional intra-conference opponents. That is, 4 games against each team in its conference, but not in its own division. Each team plays every team in the other conference at least once (one game each against 12 teams and two games against the remaining 3 teams). Prior to the 2008–2009 season, teams played 32 games within their division (8 games against each team in the division) and 10 inter-conference games (1 game against each team in two of the three divisions in the opposite conference). The two divisions from the opposite conference which each team plays against were rotated every year, much like interleague play in Major League Baseball. As with the current system, each team played 4 games against the other 10 teams in its conference, but not in its own division.

Unlike a majority of other North American sports leagues, the NHL's regular season standings are based on a point system instead of pure win-loss-tie percentages. Points are awarded for each game, where two points are awarded for a win, one point for losing in overtime or a shootout, and zero points for a loss in regulation. Among major professional sports leagues, the NHL is the only one to award a team points for losing in overtime.

At the end of the regular season, the team that finishes with the most points in each division is crowned the division champion. The league's overall leader is awarded the Presidents' Trophy. The three division champions along with the five other teams in each conference with the next highest number of points, for a total of 8 teams in each conference, qualify for the playoffs. The division winners are seeded one through three (even if a non-division winner has a higher point total), and the next five teams with the best records in the conference are seeded four through eight. The Stanley Cup playoffs is an elimination tournament, where two teams battle to win a best-of-seven series in order to advance to the next round. The first round of the playoffs, or conference quarterfinals, consists of the first seed playing the eighth seed, the second playing the seventh, third playing the sixth, and the fourth playing the fifth. In the second round, or conference semifinals, the NHL re-seeds the teams, with the top remaining conference seed playing against the lowest remaining seed, and the other two remaining conference teams pairing off. In the third round, the conference finals, the two remaining teams in each conference play each other, with the conference champions proceeding to the Stanley Cup Finals.

In each round the higher-ranked team is said to be the team with the home-ice advantage. Four of the seven games are played at this team's home venue—the first and second, and, when necessary, the fifth and seventh games—with the other games played at the lower-ranked team's home venue. In the Stanley Cup Finals, the team with the most points during the regular season is given home-ice advantage, regardless of where each team ranks in their own conference.

Trophies and awards

+ Total Stanley Cup championshipsList of defunct NHL teams	Defunct teams not included.	Team	! Titles
Montreal Canadiens	24*
Toronto Maple Leafs	13
Detroit Red Wings	11
Boston Bruins	6
Edmonton Oilers	5
Chicago Blackhawks	4
New York Islanders	4
New York Rangers	4
New Jersey Devils	3
Pittsburgh Penguins	3
Colorado Avalanche	2
Philadelphia Flyers	2
Anaheim Ducks	1
Calgary Flames	1
Carolina Hurricanes	1
Dallas Stars	1
Tampa Bay Lightning	1

The National Hockey League presents a number of trophies each year. The most prestigious team award is the Stanley Cup, which is awarded to the league champion at the end of the Stanley Cup playoffs. The team that has the most points in the regular season is awarded the Presidents' Trophy. There are also numerous trophies that are awarded to players based on their statistics during the regular season; they include, among others, the Art Ross Trophy for the league scoring champion (goals and assists), the Maurice 'Rocket' Richard Trophy for the goal-scoring leader, and the William M. Jennings Trophy for the goalkeeper(s) for the team with the fewest goals against them. For the 2010–11 season these statistics-based trophies were awarded to Daniel Sedin of the Vancouver Canucks, Corey Perry of the Anaheim Ducks, and, dually, Roberto Luongo and Cory Schneider of the Vancouver Canucks respectively.

The other player trophies are voted on by the Professional Hockey Writers' Association or the team general managers. These individual awards are presented at a formal ceremony held in late June after the playoffs have concluded. The most prestigious individual award is the Hart Memorial Trophy which is awarded annually to the Most Valuable Player; the voting is conducted by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association to judge the player who is the most valuable to his team during the regular season. The Vezina Trophy is awarded annually to the person deemed the best goalkeeper as voted on by the general managers of the teams in the NHL. The James Norris Memorial Trophy is awarded annually to the National Hockey League's top defenceman, the Calder Memorial Trophy is awarded annually to the top rookie, and the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy is awarded to the player deemed to combine the highest degree of skill and sportsmanship; all three of these awards are voted on by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association.

In addition to the regular season awards, the Conn Smythe Trophy is awarded annually to the most valuable player during the NHL's Stanley Cup playoffs. Furthermore, the top coach in the league wins the Jack Adams Award as selected by a poll of the National Hockey League Broadcasters Association. The National Hockey League publishes the names of the top three vote getters for all awards, and then names the award winner during the NHL Awards Ceremony.

One interesting aspect for the trophies in the NHL is that the same trophy is reused every year for each of its awards. The Stanley Cup, much like its CFL counterpart, is unique in this aspect, as opposed to the Vince Lombardi Trophy, Larry O'Brien Trophy, and Commissioner's Trophy, which have new ones made every year for that year's champion. Despite only one trophy being used, the names of the teams winning and the players are engraved every year on the Stanley Cup. The same can also be said for the other trophies reissued every year.

Players, coaches, officials, and team builders who have had notable careers are eligible to be voted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Players cannot enter until three years have passed since their last professional game, the shortest such time period of any major sport. One unique consequence has been Hall of Fame members (specifically, Gordie Howe, Guy Lafleur, and Mario Lemieux) coming out of retirement to play once more. If a player was deemed significant enough, the three-year wait would be waived; only ten individuals have been honoured in this manner. In 1999, Wayne Gretzky joined the Hall and became the last player to have the three-year restriction waived. After his induction, the Hall of Fame announced that Gretzky would be the last to have the waiting period waived.

Notable active players

The top five point scorers in the 2010–11 season were Daniel Sedin (104), Martin St. Louis (99), Corey Perry (98), Henrik Sedin (94), and Steven Stamkos (91). The top goal scorers were Corey Perry (50), Steven Stamkos (45), Jarome Iginla (43), Daniel Sedin (41), and Ryan Kesler (41). The top four scoring defencemen were Lubomir Visnovsky, Nicklas Lidstrom, Keith Yandle, and Dustin Byfuglien. The top goaltenders (by wins) were Roberto Luongo (38), Carey Price (38), Miikka Kiprusoff (37), Cam Ward (37), and Jimmy Howard (37).

Origin of players

In addition to Canadian and American born and trained players, who have historically composed a large majority of NHL rosters, the NHL also draws players from an expanding pool of other nations where organized and professional hockey is played. A steady stream of European players began entering the league in the 1970s, continuing into the 1980s. Most of the first wave of Europeans came from Sweden and Finland, with a small number of defectors from the Soviet Bloc. Since the collapse of the Soviet Bloc, political/ideological restrictions on the movement of hockey players from this region have disappeared, leading to a large influx of players mostly from Czech Republic, Slovakia and Russia into the NHL. Swedes, Finns, and other Western Europeans, who were always free to move to North America, came to the league in greater numbers than before. Many of the league's top players today come from these European countries, including: Ilya Kovalchuk, Henrik Sedin, Daniel Sedin, Henrik Zetterberg, Marian Hossa, Nicklas Lidstrom, Miikka Kiprusoff, Teemu Selanne, Zdeno Chara, Pavel Datsyuk, Evgeni Malkin, and Alexander Ovechkin. European players were drafted and signed by NHL teams in an effort to bring in more "skilled offensive players", although recently there has been a decline in European players as more American players enter the league. The addition of European players changed the style of play in the NHL and European style hockey has been integrated in to the NHL game. Conversely Canadian coaches and the Canadian style of play have been embraced by many European countries. Because of the continued success of Canadian teams in world tournaments many other countries are trying to model their development programs after Hockey Canada's. In the 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympic years, the league voluntarily suspended its all star game and expanded the traditional all star break to allow NHL players an opportunity to represent their respective countries. The 2010 Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver, an NHL city. Currently, as of late 2010 there is no agreement in place between the NHL and the IOC regarding the 2014 Winter Olympic games in Russia. The NHL has players from 18 different countries, with the majority (52.0 percent during the 2007–08 NHL season) coming from Canada.

The following table shows the origins of every player (skaters and goaltenders) who played an NHL regular season game in the given year. The table follows the Hockey Hall of Fame convention of classifying players by the currently existing countries in which their birthplaces are located, without regard to their citizenship or where they were trained.

style="background:lightgrey; width:8.5em"	Country	! style="background:lightgrey; width:5.2em"	%	! style="background:lightgrey; width:5.2em"	%	! style="background:lightgrey; width:5.2em"	%	! style="background:lightgrey; width:5.2em"	%	! style="background:lightgrey; width:5.2em"	%	! style="background:lightgrey; width:5.2em"	%	! style="background:lightgrey; width:5.2em"	%
Austria	1	0.1	3	0.3	3	0.3	2	0.2	2	0.2	3	0.3	3	0.3
Bahamas						1	0.1	1	0.1
Belarus	2	0.2	2	0.2	3	0.3	2	0.2	3	0.3	3	0.3	3	0.3
Brazil	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1
Brunei	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1
Canada	488	49.8	548	54.3	517	53.8	495	52.7	489	52.0	509	52.3	520	53.9
Croatia		1	0.1
Czech Republic	73	7.4	74	7.3	65	6.8	65	6.9	59	6.3	57	5.9	48	5.0
Denmark				1	0.1	2	0.2	6	0.6	6	0.6
England	England, United Kingdom	2	0.2	2	0.2			1	0.1
Finland	38	3.9	38	3.8	39	4.1	42	4.5	40	4.3	42	4.3	39	4.0
France	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1
Germany	6	0.6	6	0.6	8	0.8	8	0.8	9	1.0	9	0.9	10	1.0
Indonesia			1	0.1	1	0.1
Italy						1	0.1	1	0.1
Japan				1	0.1			1	0.1
Kazakhstan	2	0.2	3	0.3	6	0.6	4	0.4	3	0.3	2	0.2	3	0.3
Latvia	5	0.5	4	0.4	3	0.3	4	0.4	3	0.3	5	0.5	5	0.5
Lithuania	2	0.2	2	0.2	2	0.2	2	0.2	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1
Northern Ireland	Northern Ireland, United Kingdom	1	0.1	1	0.1		1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1
Norway	1	0.1	2	0.2	1	0.1	2	0.2	2	0.2	1	0.1	1	0.1
Poland	2	0.2	2	0.2	3	0.3	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1
Russia	57	5.8	57	5.6	40	4.2	35	3.7	30	3.2	32	3.3	33	3.4
Slovakia	35	3.6	37	3.7	31	3.2	25	2.7	23	2.4	18	1.8	18	1.9
Slovenia				1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1
South Africa	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1
South Korea	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1	1	0.1
Sweden	58	5.9	52	5.1	45	4.7	49	5.2	52	5.5	53	5.4	52	5.4
Switzerland	2	0.2	3	0.3	4	0.4	5	0.5	6	0.6	5	0.5	3	0.3
Ukraine	8	0.8	8	0.8	8	0.8	9	1.0	5	0.5	4	0.4	2	0.2
United States	140	14.3	160	15.8	177	18.4	182	19.3	203	21.6	216	22.2	207	21.5
Total	980	100.0	1010	100.0	961	100.0	942	100.0	941	100.0	974	100.0	965	100.0

Television and radio

Canada

In Canada, National Hockey League games are aired nationally by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and The Sports Network (TSN). CBC airs ''Hockey Night in Canada'', a long-standing Canadian tradition dating to 1952, and even prior to that on radio since the 1920s. The current incarnation of ''Hockey Night in Canada'' airs a weekly Saturday night double-header during the regular season, with the first game usually featuring at least one Eastern Canadian team, and the second game at least one Western Canadian team. TSN usually televises three or four games per week during the regular season, with their primary night being Wednesdays. Coverage of the first three rounds of the playoffs is split between CBC and TSN, with the former primarily televising any series involving Canadian teams. CBC also broadcasts the Stanley Cup Finals.

French language games are broadcast by the Réseau des sports (RDS) and Réseau Info-Sports (RIS), including all Montreal Canadiens games, selected Ottawa Senator games, and the playoffs.

Several regional broadcasters air local team games, primarily regional networks owned by Rogers Sportsnet (RSN), and Leafs TV for selected Toronto Maple Leafs games. TSN also airs a regional "TSN Habs" feed for selected Canadiens games.

United States

Historically, the NHL has never fared well on American television in comparison to the other major leagues in North America. While CBC's aforementioned ''Hockey Night in Canada'' has been a tradition since the 1950s, the league's American broadcast partners have been in constant flux for decades, ranging from such networks as CBS, SportsChannel America, the USA Network, Fox, ABC, and ESPN.

Since the 2005-06 season however, NHL games have aired nationally by the cable channel Versus (previously the "Outdoor Life Network" and to become "NBC Sports Network" in 2012) and by the broadcast network NBC. Originally, NBC had a revenue-sharing agreement with the league to broadcast games, with no money paid up front by the network. Versus had about 20 million fewer subscribers than ESPN when the NHL started on Versus, but its owner Comcast switched Versus from a digital tier to basic cable to make NHL games available to more cable subscribers as well as re-branded the network as a sports network. For Versus, the NHL coverage was a good addition as Versus' ratings grew by about 275% when it showed an NHL game.

In January 2011, Comcast officially acquired NBC Universal, and then in April of that year the league negotiated a new 10-year deal with the merged media company, worth nearly $2 billion dollars. Comcast/NBC also announced that Versus would become NBC Sports Network, and both the cable channel and NBC would increase its number of games.

XM Satellite Radio is the official satellite radio broadcaster of the NHL, as of July 1, 2007. Between September 2005 and June 2007, the NHL's broadcasting rights were shared with both XM and Sirius Satellite Radio and were broadcast on just Sirius before the NHL lockout. XM used to broadcast more than 80% of NHL games, including all the play-offs and finals. Starting with the 2007–08 season, XM broadcasts every game.

International

Outside of Canada and the United States, NHL games are broadcast across Europe on ESPN America which takes feeds from Versus, FSN, TSN and CBC (including Hockey Night in Canada), and MSG. Games can also be seen in the UK on ESPN, on Fox Sports in Australia, on SKY Sport in Italy, on Viasat Sport in Russia, Norway, Finland, and Denmark on Viasat Hockey in Sweden and in Portugal on SportTV. In the Americas, NHL games are broadcast across Mexico, Central America and Dominican Republic on SKY México. Stanley Cup games can also be viewed in New Zealand on Sky Sport. In Brazil, the games will be broadcast on ESPN International.

Popularity

The NHL is considered one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America, along with Major League Baseball, the National Football League, and the National Basketball Association. The league is very prominent in Canada, where hockey is the most popular of these four major sports as well as the CFL. Overall, hockey has the smallest total fan base of the four leagues, the smallest revenue from television, and the least sponsorship.

While the NHL does not hold one of the largest fan bases in North America, it does hold one of the most affluent fan bases. Studies by the Sports Marketing Group conducted from 1998 to 2004 show that the NHL's fan base is much more affluent than that of the PGA Tour. A study done by the Stanford Graduate School of Business in 2004, found that NHL fans in America were the most educated and affluent of the four major leagues. They were also found to be substantially more computer literate than the other fans. Further it noted that season-ticket sales were more prominent in the NHL than the other three because of the ability of the NHL fan to purchase them, something more out of reach for fans of the other leagues. According to Reuters in 2010, the largest demographic of NHL fans was highly sought after group males aged 18–34, who were also shown to be more "tech savvy" than most fans.

The NHL estimates that fully half of its fan base roots for teams in outside markets. Beginning in 2008, under the direction of Chief Operating Officer John Collins, the NHL began a shift toward using digital technology to market to fans to capitalize on this.

This has boosted viewership metrics for the NHL. The 2010 Stanley Cup play-offs saw the largest audience in the history of the sport "after a regular season that saw record-breaking business success, propelled in large part by the NHL's strategy of engaging fans through big events and robust digital offerings." This success has resulted in a 66 percent rise in NHL advertising and sponsorship revenue. Collins said "It was a great Stanley Cup run, really across every possible metric .... Our fans are consuming more hockey." Merchandise sales were up 22 percent and the number of unique visitors on the NHL.com website were up 17 percent during the playoffs after rising 29 percent in the regular season.

Causes

The NHL advocates for a number of causes throughout the season. During the days leading up to Remembrance Day (November 11), in respect of the day, coaches and other NHL officials wear red poppy lapel pins. Hockey Fights Cancer is a joint initiative founded in December 1998 by the National Hockey League and the National Hockey League Players' Association to raise money and awareness for hockey's most important fight. It is supported by NHL Member Clubs, NHL Alumni, the NHL Officials' Association, Professional Hockey Trainers and Equipment Managers, corporate marketing partners, broadcast partners and fans.

See also

Heritage Classic

List of defunct NHL teams

List of NHL records (individual)

History of the National Hockey League

List of NHL records (team)

List of professional sports teams in the United States and Canada

List of TV markets and major sports teams

List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises

Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada

NHL Winter Classic

Professional Hockey Writers Association

Footnotes

Citations

;Bibliography

Further reading

}}

External links

NHL Player's Association (NHLPA)

NHL Officials Association website

Category:Organizations established in 1917 Category:Professional sports leagues 1 1

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birth date	October 03, 1976
birth place	Cottage Grove, Minnesota, U.S.
othername	Seann W. Scott
occupation	Actor/Comedian
yearsactive	1997–present
website	}}

Seann William Scott (born October 3, 1976) is an American actor and comedian. He is most widely known for having played Steve Stifler in the ''American Pie'' series of teen sex comedy films. He is also known for his roles in the films ''Final Destination'', ''Road Trip'', ''Dude, Where's My Car?'', ''Evolution'', ''The Rundown'', ''The Dukes of Hazzard'', ''Role Models'', and ''Cop Out''.

Early life

Scott, the youngest of seven children, was born in Cottage Grove, Minnesota, the son of Patricia Anne (''née'' Simons), a homemaker, and William Frank Scott, a factory worker. His oldest brother Daniel, while at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, helped found ''The Onion'', and was among the earliest writers for it. He was inspired to become an actor while working at the local movie theater and seeing all the movies he could watch free. He graduated from Crestview Elementary School and Park High School. After he graduated from high school, he attended Glendale Community College. His first professional gig was on television in the music video for "Hole in My Soul" by Aerosmith. Soon after the video, he appeared in ''Chad's World'', a gay-themed TV show broadcast on the Web by the short-lived Digital Entertainment Network.

Career

Scott's first commercial success came with the 1999 movie ''American Pie'' as Steve Stifler, a role he reprised in two sequels, ''American Pie 2'' and ''American Wedding''. For his supporting role in the first film, Scott was reportedly paid $8,000. Though the character of "Steve Stifler" propelled Scott into the public consciousness, the actor has mentioned in a variety of interviews his fear of typecasting, which has led him to choose to play different types of characters post-''American Pie'' such as hapless nerd role in the film ''Final Destination'' and a harmless stoner character in ''Dude, Where's My Car?'' alongside Ashton Kutcher. He made an appearance in Kevin Smith's ''Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back'' as a guitar-playing animal rights activist and has a starring part as a police officer in ''Southland Tales'', where he re-unites with fellow actor Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, with whom he had previously worked in ''The Rundown''. Scott hosted the MTV Movie Awards 2003 alongside Justin Timberlake. The two performed several skits, including scenes from ''The Matrix Reloaded'', which are on ''The Matrix Reloaded'' DVD. He has also hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' and appeared as a guest co-host on ''Live with Regis and Kelly''. He co-starred in ''Cop Out'', Kevin Smith's action comedy, alongside Bruce Willis and Tracy Morgan.

He is set to reprise his role as Steve Stifler in the upcoming sequel of the ''American Pie'' primary film series titled ''American Reunion'' set to be released on April 6, 2012.

Personal life

On March 16, 2011, Sean William Scott was admitted to rehab, citing “health and personal issues.” His reps neglected to confirm any details about the decision, including the location of the facility. But they did say, “He appreciates the support of his many fans at this time.”

On April 13, 2011, it was reported that Scott had successfully completed a treatment program.

Filmography

''American Pie (film) ''Nox (video game) ''Evolution (film) ''Stark Raving Mad (film) ''Old School (movie) Steve Stifler ''The Dukes of Hazzard (film) ''Ice Age: The Meltdown'' ''Trainwreck: My Life as an Idoit'' ''The Promotion'' ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' ''Cop Out (2010 film) ''Ice Age: Continental Drift''

Year	! Film	! Role	! Other notes
1997	''Born Into Exile''	Derek
1999	American Pie'' ||	Steve Stifler	Teen Choice Awards>Teen Choice Award for Choice Sleazebag
rowspan=4	2000	Nox'' ||	Jack Mower	Voice actor>voice)
''Final Destination''	Billy Hitchcock
''Road Trip (film)	Road Trip''	E.L.
''Dude, Where's My Car?''	Chester
rowspan=3	2001	Evolution'' ||	Wayne Grey
''Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back''	Brent
''American Pie 2''
2002	Stark Raving Mad'' ||	Ben McGewan
rowspan=4	2003	Old School'' ||	Peppers
''Bulletproof Monk''	Kar
''American Wedding''	| Nominated — Teen Choice Awards (Choice Movie Blush, Choice Movie Actor - Comedy)Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie SleazebagMTV Movie Award for Best Dance Sequence
''The Rundown''	Travis Alfred Walker
2005	The Dukes of Hazzard'' ||	Bo Duke	MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo>MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Team (shared with Jessica Simpson and Johnny Knoxville)
2006	|	Crash	Voice actor>Voice
rowspan=3	2007	|	Jeff
''Southland Tales''	Roland Taverner / Ronald Taverner
''Mr. Woodcock''	John Farley
rowspan=2	2008	|	Doug Stauber
''Role Models''	Anson Wheeler
rowspan=3	2009	|	Crash	Voice
''Balls Out: Gary the Tennis Coach''	Gary Houseman
''Planet 51''	Skiff (Voice)
rowspan=2	2010	Cop Out'' ||	Dave
''Jackass 3D''	Himself
rowspan=1	2011	''Goon''
rowspan=2	2012	|	Crash and Eddie (Ice Age)>Crash	Voice
''American Reunion''

References

External links

Seann William Scott Interview at UGR

Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from Minnesota Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:People from Washington County, Minnesota Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni

ar:شون ويليام سكوت cs:Seann William Scott da:Seann William Scott de:Seann William Scott et:Seann William Scott es:Seann William Scott fa:شون ویلیام اسکات fr:Seann William Scott it:Seann William Scott he:שון ויליאם סקוט ka:შონ უილიამ სკოტი lv:Šons Viljams Skots hu:Seann William Scott nl:Seann William Scott ja:ショーン・ウィリアム・スコット no:Seann William Scott pl:Seann William Scott pt:Seann William Scott ru:Скотт, Шон Уильям sr:Шон Вилијам Скот fi:Seann William Scott sv:Seann William Scott th:ฌอนน์ วิลเลียม สก็อตต์ tr:Seann William Scott uk:Шон Вільям Скотт zh:西恩·威廉·史考特

name	Terry Scott
bgcolour	silver
occupation	actor, comedian
birth name	Owen John Scott
birth date	4 May 1927
birth place	Watford, Hertfordshire, England, UK
death date	July 26, 1994
death place	Godalming, Surrey, England, UK
other names	}}

Owen John "Terry" Scott (4 May 1927 – 26 July 1994) was an English actor and comedian who appeared in seven ''Carry On films''. He also appeared in BBC1's popular domestic sitcom ''Terry and June'' with June Whitfield. As a regular comedy performer, he went on to become one of Britain's top stars.

Scott was born in Watford and educated at Watford Field Junior School and Watford Grammar School for Boys. He studied accounting and served in the Navy during World War II. With Bill Maynard he appeared at Butlins Holiday Camp in Skegness and partnered him in the TV series ''Great Scott, It's Maynard!''. During the early 1960s, he became well known to television audiences for his role alongside Hugh Lloyd in ''Hugh and I''. Scott later appeared with Lloyd as gnomes in the 1969 sitcom ''The Gnomes of Dulwich''.

Scott is best remembered for starring alongside June Whitfield in several series of the comedy ''Happy Ever After'' and its successor, ''Terry and June''. They also starred together in the film version of ''Bless This House''.

Scott had played a small role in the very first of the ''Carry On'' series of movies, ''Carry On Sergeant'' in 1958. In 1968 he returned to the series with a role in ''Carry On Up the Khyber'' (1968), playing main roles in six of the films.

In the 1970s, he had a memorable role in TV commercials for a chocolate coated caramel bar called Curly Wurly, in which he appeared dressed as a schoolboy, complete with short trousers and cap.

Scott's novelty record "My Brother" (written by Mitch Murray) was based on this schoolboy character (he dressed in the uniform to sing it on TV) and received regular airplay on BBC radio (in particular Ed 'Stewpot' Stewart's Saturday and Sunday morning programme ''Junior Choice'' which was simulcast on BBC Radio 1 and 2) for many years. In the 1980s, with his distinctive speaking voice, Scott was the voice of Penfold the hamster in the animated series ''Danger Mouse''.

Scott suffered from ill-health for many years. In 1979, he had a life-saving operation after a haemorrhage. He also suffered from creeping paralysis and had to wear a neck brace, even on television. When ''Terry and June'' was axed in 1987, Scott suffered a nervous breakdown. The attack was in part brought on by his public confession that he had had a series of affairs during his marriage to former dancer Maggie Pollen. He was also diagnosed with cancer that same year. Scott had married Pollen in 1957 and they had four daughters.

Scott died from the cancer he had battled for 7 years at the family home in Witley near Godalming in Surrey, on 26 July 1994, aged 67.

Selected films

''Blue Murder at St Trinian's'' (1957)

''Carry On Sergeant'' (1958)

''The Bridal Path'' (1959)

''I'm All Right Jack'' (1959)

''And the Same to You'' (1960)

''Nearly a Nasty Accident'' (1961)

''The Night We Got the Bird'' (1961)

''What a Whopper'' (1961)

''Nothing Barred'' (1961)

''Mary Had a Little...'' (1961)

''Father Came Too!'' (1963)

''Murder Most Foul'' (1964)

''Gonks Go Beat'' (1965)

''Doctor in Clover'' (1966)

''The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery'' (1966)

''Carry On up the Khyber'' (1968)

''Carry On Camping'' (1969)

''Carry On Loving'' (1970)

''Carry On Henry'' (1970)

''Carry On up the Jungle'' (1970)

External links

Category:1927 births Category:1994 deaths Category:English film actors Category:English television actors Category:English comedians Category:English voice actors Category:Old Fullerians Category:People from Watford Category:Cancer deaths in England Category:Carry On films Category:Butlins Redcoats

cy:Terry Scott de:Terry Scott es:Terry Scott fr:Terry Scott

position	Right wing
played for	''USHL'' Omaha Knights''NHL'' Detroit Red Wings Hartford Whalers''WHA'' Houston Aeros New England Whalers''IHL'' Detroit Vipers
shot	Ambidextrous
height ft	6
height in	1
weight lb	205
ntl team	Canada
birth date	March 31, 1928
birth place	Floral, SK, CAN
career start	1946
career end	19711973–19801997
halloffame	1972
spouse	Colleen Howe }}

Gordon "Gordie" Howe, OC (born March 31, 1928) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played for the Detroit Red Wings and Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the Houston Aeros and New England Whalers in the World Hockey Association (WHA). Howe is often referred to as Mr. Hockey, and is generally regarded as one of the greatest hockey players of all time.

Howe is most famous for his scoring prowess, physical strength, and career longevity. He is the only player to have competed in the NHL in five (1940s through 1980s) different decades. A four-time Stanley Cup champion with the Red Wings, he won six Hart Trophies as the league's most valuable player and six Art Ross Trophies as the leading scorer. He was the recipient of the first NHL Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008.

Howe was also referred to during his career as Power, Mr. Everything, Mr. All-Star, The Most, The Great Gordie, The King of Hockey, The Legend, The Man, No. 9, and "Mr. Elbows" (for his tough physical play). His name and nickname, "Mr. Hockey," as well as his wife's nickname as "Mrs. Hockey," are registered trademarks.

Early life

Howe was born to parents Ab and Kate Howe in a farmhouse in Floral, Saskatchewan – one of nine children. When Gordie was nine days old, the Howes moved to Saskatoon, where his father worked as a labourer during the Depression. In the summers, Howe would work construction with his father. Howe was mildly dyslexic growing up, but was physically beyond his years at an early age. Already six feet tall in his mid-teens, doctors feared a calcium deficiency and encouraged him to strengthen his spine with chin-ups. He began playing organized hockey at 8 years old, then left Saskatoon at 16 to pursue his hockey career.

Playing career

Howe was an ambidextrous player, one of a handful of skaters able to use the straight sticks of his era to shoot either left- or right-handed. He received his first taste of professional hockey at fifteen years old when he was invited to a tryout for the New York Rangers in Brooklyn, but he did not make the team. A year later, he was noticed by Detroit Red Wings scout Fred Pinckney; he was signed by the Red Wings and assigned to their junior team, the Galt Red Wings. However, due to a maximum amount of Western players allowed by the league and the Red Wings' preference to develop older players, Howe's playing time with the team was initially limited. In 1945, however, he was promoted to the Omaha Knights of the minor professional United States Hockey League (USHL), where he scored 48 points in 51 games as a seventeen-year-old. While playing in Omaha, Frank Selke of the Toronto Maple Leafs organization noticed that Howe was not properly listed as Red Wings property. Having a good relationship with Detroit coach Jack Adams, he notified Adams of the clerical error and Howe was quickly put on the team's protected list.

Howe made his NHL debut in 1946 at the age of 18, playing right wing for the Detroit Red Wings, for which he wore #17 as a rookie. When Roy Conacher moved on to the Chicago Black Hawks after the 1946–47 season, however, Howe was offered Conacher's #9, which he would wear for the rest of his career (although he had not requested the change, Howe accepted it when he was informed that "9" would entitle him to a lower Pullman berth on road trips). He quickly established himself as a great goal scorer and a gifted playmaker with a willingness to fight. In fact, Howe fought so often in his rookie season that coach Jack Adams told him, "I know you can fight. Now can you show me you can play hockey?" The term Gordie Howe hat trick (consisting of a goal, an assist, and a fight) was coined in reference to his penchant for fighting. It should be noted, however, that Howe himself only recorded two Gordie Howe hat tricks in his career, on October 10, 1953 and March 21, 1954. Using his great physical strength, he was able to dominate the opposition in a career that spanned five decades. In a feat unsurpassed by any hockey player, he finished in the top five in scoring for twenty straight seasons. Howe also scored 20 or more goals in 22 consecutive seasons between 1949 and 1971, an NHL record.

Howe led Detroit to four Stanley Cups and to first place in regular season play for seven consecutive years (1948–49 to 1955–56), a feat never equaled in NHL history. During this time Howe and his linemates, Sid Abel and Ted Lindsay, were known collectively as "The Production Line", both for their scoring and as an allusion to Detroit auto factories. The trio dominated the league in such a fashion that in 1949–50, they finished one-two-three in league scoring. Howe had been in his prime during a defensive era, the 1940s and 1950s, when scoring was difficult and checking was tight.

As his career just started going, however, Howe sustained the worst injury of his career, fracturing his skull after an attempt to check Toronto Maple Leafs captain Ted Kennedy into the boards went awry during the 1950 playoffs. The severity of the fracture was such that he was taken to the hospital for emergency surgery in order to relieve building pressure on his brain. The next season, he returned to record 86 points, winning the scoring title by 20 points.

As Howe emerged as one of the game's superstars, he was frequently compared to the Montreal Canadiens' Maurice "Rocket" Richard. Both were right wingers who wore the same sweater number (9), were frequently contenders for the league scoring title, and could also play rough if needed. During their first encounter in the Montreal Forum, when Howe was a rookie, he knocked Richard out cold with a punch after being shoved. The Red Wings and Canadiens faced off in four Stanley Cup finals during the 1950s. When Richard retired in 1960, he paid tribute to Howe, saying "Gordie could do everything."

The Red Wings were consistent contenders throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, but began to slump in the late 1960s. When Howe turned 40 in 1967–68, the league expanded from six to twelve teams and the number of scoring opportunities grew as the game schedule increased. Howe played the 1968–69 season on a line with Alex Delvecchio and Frank Mahovlich. Mahovlich was big, fast, and skilled, and Delvecchio was a gifted playmaker. The three were dubbed "The Production Line 3" and at forty-years-old, Howe reached new scoring heights, topping 100 points for the only time of his NHL career with 44 goals and a career-high 59 assists.

Following his personal best 103-point season, however, conflict with the Red Wings organization arose after Howe discovered he was just the third-highest paid player on the team with a $45,000 salary. Furthermore, while owner Bruce Norris increased Howe's salary to $100,000, he blamed Howe's wife, Colleen, for the demand. Howe remained with the Red Wings for two more seasons, but after twenty-five years, a chronic wrist problem forced him to retire after the 1970–71 season and he took a job in the Red Wings front office. At the beginning of 1972, he was offered the job as first head coach of the New York Islanders, but turned it down.

A year later, Howe was offered a contract to play with the Houston Aeros of the newly formed World Hockey Association (WHA), who had also signed his sons Mark and Marty to contracts. Dissatisfied with not having any meaningful influence in the Red Wings' office, he underwent an operation to improve his wrist and make a return to hockey possible, and he led his new team to consecutive championships. In 1974, at the age of 46, Howe won the Gary L. Davidson Trophy, awarded to the WHA's most valuable player (the trophy was renamed the Gordie Howe Trophy the following year). Howe played with the Aeros until 1977, when he and his sons joined the New England Whalers.

In the final season of the WHA, Gordie had the opportunity to play with Wayne Gretzky in the 1979 WHA All-Star Game. The format of the game was a three-game series between the WHA All-Stars against HC Moscow Dynamo. The WHA All-Stars were coached by Jacques Demers, and Demers asked Howe if it was okay to put him on a line with Gretzky and his son Mark Howe. In Game One, the line scored seven points, as the WHA All-Stars won by a score of 4–2. In Game Two, Gretzky and Mark Howe each scored a goal and Gordie Howe picked up an assist as the WHA won 4–2. The line did not score in the final game but the WHA won by a score of 4–3.

When the WHA folded in 1979, the renamed Hartford Whalers joined the NHL. While the Red Wings still held his NHL rights even though he had retired eight years earlier, the Whalers and Red Wings reached a gentleman's agreement in which the Red Wings agreed not to reclaim him. The 51-year-old Howe signed on for one final season playing in all 80 games of the schedule, helping his team to make the playoffs with fifteen goals. One particular honor was when Howe, Phil Esposito, and Jean Ratelle were selected to the mid-season all-star game by coach Scotty Bowman, as a nod to their storied careers before they retired. Howe had played in five decades of All-Star Games and he would skate alongside the second-youngest to ever play in the game, 19-year-old Wayne Gretzky. The Joe Louis Arena crowd gave him a standing ovation twice, lasting so long that he had to skate to the bench to stop people from cheering. He had one assist in the Whalers' 6–3 win.

Over the years Howe became good friends with Gretzky, who had idolized Howe as a young player, and who would later break many of Howe's scoring records and milestones.

Another milestone in a remarkable career was reached in 1997 when Howe played professional hockey in a sixth decade. He was signed to a one-game contract by the Detroit Vipers of the IHL and, almost 70-years-old, made a return to the ice for one shift. In doing so, he became the only player in hockey history to compete in six different decades at the professional level, having played in the NHL, WHA and IHL from the 1940s to 1990s.

His most productive seasons came during an era when scoring was difficult and checking was tight, yet Howe ranks third in NHL history with 1,850 total points, including 801 goals and 1,049 assists. When career regular season goals from both the NHL and the WHA are combined, he ranks first in goals with 975.

At the time of his retirement, Howe's professional totals, including playoffs, for the NHL and WHA combined, were first. He finished with 2,421 games played, 1,071 goals, 1,518 assists, and 2,589 points. Wayne Gretzky has since passed him in goals (1,072), assists (2,297), and points (3,369), but not games played (1,767) or games played with one team (1,687). It is unlikely that anyone will surpass Howe's total professional games played. Mark Messier retired only 11 NHL games behind Howe at 1,756 (and counting minor league action and playoffs, 2,048 total professional games), but this is over five seasons away from 2,478 total professional games (including minor league action).

Retirement

In 1998, ''The Hockey News'' released their List of Top 100 NHL Players of All Time and listed Howe third overall, ahead of Mario Lemieux, but behind Wayne Gretzky and Bobby Orr. Of the list, Orr was quoted as regarding Howe as the greatest player.

On April 10, 2007, Howe was honoured with the unveiling of a new bronze statue in Joe Louis Arena. The statue is 12 feet tall and weighs about 4,500 pounds. The man who was commissioned to create the art was Omri Amrany. The statue contains all of Howe's stats and history. Another statue of Howe was erected in downtown Saskatoon, Saskatchewan on the corner of 20th Street and 1st Ave. He is depicted wearing a Detroit Red Wings sweater. The statue has since been relocated to the Credit Union Centre.

In February 2011, various groups have proposed naming the Detroit River International Crossing bridge, a proposed bridge that will connect Detroit and Windsor by linking Highway 401 in Ontario with Interstate 75 and Interstate 94 in Michigan, in honor of Gordie Howe. Gordie Howe is a prime choice, because he is a native Canadian and his long affiliation with Detroit. This name is backed by Canadian politicians and Michigan governor Rick Snyder.

Personal life

Howe met his wife, Colleen, at a bowling alley when she was 17 years old and they were married four years later on April 15, 1953. A middle school in Abbotsford, British Columbia is named after Gordie and Colleen Howe, and a campground and football stadium are named after Gordie Howe in his hometown of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Two of their sons, Marty and Mark, were his teammates on the WHA Houston Aeros and the Hartford Whalers. Mark would go on to have a long NHL career, playing 16 seasons for the Hartford Whalers, Philadelphia Flyers and the Red Wings and was one of the dominant two-way defensemen of the 1980s. He followed his father by being elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2011.

Colleen was one of the founders of the Detroit Junior Red Wings and represented both Gordie and Mark financially during their careers. Their third son, Murray, is a medical doctor, and his oldest son Gordon, named after Howe, is a well-known figure in barbershop music and won an International collegiate quartet championship in 2011 . His wife, Colleen J. Howe died in 2009, aged 76, from Pick's disease. His grandson, Sean Howe, is also a legend in his own area of expertise: he is known as one of the best male dancers in the Toledo, Ohio area and attends Toledo School for the Arts as a dance major.

Awards and achievements

NHL/WHA

23-time NHL All-Star

12-time NHL First All-Star Team

9-time NHL Second All-Star Team

4-time Stanley Cup champion (1950, 1952, 1954, 1955)

6-time Art Ross Memorial Trophy winner (1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1963)

6-time Hart Memorial Trophy – 1952, 1953, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1963

Lester B. Patrick Award winner (1967)

Lionel Conacher Award (1963)

Hockey Hall of Fame (1972)

2-time Avco World Trophy winner (1974, 1975)

Gary L. Davidson Trophy winner (1974)

2-time WHA All-Star.

Top 5 in NHL scoring for 20 consecutive seasons

Most games played for a single franchise (1687, Detroit Red Wings)

Most goals and points with a single franchise (786 and 1809, respectively, Detroit)

Most NHL games played (1767)

Oldest NHL player at time of retirement (52), and oldest player to play in an NHL game,, also only player to play in the NHL after age 50

Only player to play in the NHL in five different decades (1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s)

NHL Lifetime Achievement Award winner (2008)

His #9 has been honored or retired by these teams:

* Detroit Red Wings (retired; played from 1946–1971)

* New England/Hartford Whalers/Carolina Hurricanes (retired, played from 1977–1980 while franchise was in Hartford; Hurricanes honor his number but no banner hangs in the RBC Center, as Howe never played there)

* Houston Aeros (AHL) (retired; Howe played for the Houston Aeros (WHA) from 1973–1977)

In 1998, he was ranked #3 on ''The Hockey News''' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players, the highest-ranking right wing on the list.

Other

Order of Canada (1971)

Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (1975)

Canada's Walk of Fame (2000)

Records

Most NHL regular season games played: 1,767

Most NHL regular season games played with a single team: 1,687

Most NHL and WHA regular season games played: 2,186

Most NHL and WHA regular season and playoff games played: 2,421

Most NHL seasons played: 26

Most NHL and WHA seasons played: 32

Most NHL regular season goals by a right winger: 801

Most NHL regular season assists by a right winger: 1,049

Most NHL regular season points by a right winger: 1,850

Most NHL regular season points by a father/son combo (with son Mark): 2,592

Most consecutive NHL 20-goal seasons: 22 (1949–1971)

First player to score over 1000 goals (WHA and NHL, regular season and playoff combined)

First player to reach 1,500 games played in NHL history.

Most times leading NHL playoffs in scoring (six times)

Oldest player to play in NHL: 52 years, 11 days (no other player has played past the age of 48)

First in Red Wings history in points, goals and games played, second in assists

Career statistics

				! colspan="5"		Playoffs
Season (sports)>Season	! Team	! League		! GP		Goal (ice hockey)>G	Assist (hockey)>A	Point (ice hockey)>Pts	Penalty (ice hockey)>PIM	! GP	! G	! A	! Pts	! PIM
1945–46				51		22	26	48	53	6	2	1	3	15
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		58		7	15	22	52	5	0	0	0	18
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		60		16	28	44	63	10	1	1	2	11
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		40		12	25	37	57	11	8	3	11	19
	Detroit Red Wings*	NHL		70		35	33	68	69	1	0	0	0	7
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		70		43	43	86	74	6	4	3	7	4
	Detroit Red Wings*	NHL		70		47	39	86	78	8	2	5	7	2
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		70		49	46	95	57	6	2	5	7	2
	Detroit Red Wings*	NHL		70		33	48	81	109	12	4	5	9	31
	Detroit Red Wings*	NHL		64		29	33	62	68	11	9	11	20	24
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		70		38	41	79	100	10	3	9	12	8
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		70		44	45	89	72	5	2	5	7	6
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		64		33	44	77	40	4	1	1	2	0
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		70		32	46	78	57	—	—	—	—	—
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		70		28	45	73	46	6	1	5	6	4
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		64		23	49	72	30	11	4	11	15	10
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		70		33	44	77	54	—	—	—	—	—
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		70		38	48	86	100	11	7	9	16	22
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		69		26	47	73	70	14	9	10	19	16
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		70		29	47	76	104	7	4	2	6	20
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		70		29	46	75	83	12	4	6	10	12
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		69		25	40	65	53	—	—	—	—	—
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		74		39	43	82	53	—	—	—	—	—
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		76		44	59	103	58	—	—	—	—	—
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		76		31	40	71	58	4	2	0	2	2
	Detroit Red Wings	NHL		63		23	29	52	38	—	—	—	—	—
				70		31	69	100	46	13	3	14	17	34
	Houston Aeros	WHA		75		34	65	99	84	13	8	12	20	20
	Houston Aeros	WHA		78		32	70	102	76	17	4	8	12	31
	Houston Aeros	WHA		62		24	44	68	57	11	5	3	8	11
	New England Whalers	WHA		76		34	62	96	85	14	5	5	10	15
	New England Whalers	WHA		58		19	24	43	51	10	3	1	4	4
	Hartford Whalers	NHL		80		15	26	41	42	3	1	1	2	2
1997–98	Detroit Vipers			1		0	0	0	0	—	—	—	—	—
NHL totals				! 1767		! 801	! 1049	! 1850	! 1685	! 157	! 68	! 92	! 160	! 220
WHA totals				! 419		! 174	! 334	! 508	! 399	! 78	! 28	! 43	! 71	! 115
IHL totals				! 1		! 0	! 0	! 0	! 0	! -	! -	! -	! -	!-

* Stanley Cup Champion

Bolded means lead league

Popular Culture

In The Simpsons episode 8F16, "Bart the Lover", Bart uses Howe's portrait in a series of fraudulent love letters sent to his teacher, Edna Krabappel. The episode closes with the portrait and a list of Howe's stats.

In the movie Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Cameron Frye wears a Howe #9 jersey from start to finish.

See also

List of famous ice hockey linemates

List of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame

List of NHL players with 1000 games played

List of NHL players with 1000 points

List of NHL players with 500 goals

List of NHL statistical leaders

Notable families in the NHL

Power forward (ice hockey)

Gordie Howe hat trick

Billy McNeill (ice hockey)

Notes and references

Order of Canada Citation

ESPN Article

----

External links

More Career Stats

Colleen and Gordie Howe Middle School

Gordie Howe Biography

Red Wings Legends

CBC Digital Archives – Gordie Howe: Mr. Hockey

Category:1928 births Category:Art Ross Trophy winners Category:Canada's Sports Hall of Fame inductees Category:Canadian ice hockey right wingers Category:Canadian people of English descent Category:Canadian Protestants Category:Detroit Red Wings players Category:Detroit Vipers players Category:Hart Memorial Trophy winners Category:Hartford Whalers players Category:Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Category:Houston Aeros (WHA) players Category:Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan Category:Lester Patrick Trophy recipients Category:Living people Category:National Hockey League All-Stars Category:National Hockey League players with 100 point seasons Category:National Hockey League players with retired numbers Category:New England Whalers players Category:Officers of the Order of Canada Category:Omaha Knights (USHL) players Category:People from Saskatoon Category:Stanley Cup champions

cs:Gordie Howe de:Gordie Howe fr:Gordie Howe he:גורדי האו lv:Gordijs Hovs hu:Gordie Howe nl:Gordie Howe ja:ゴーディ・ハウ kk:Горди Хоу no:Gordie Howe pl:Gordie Howe ru:Хоу, Горди sl:Gordie Howe fi:Gordie Howe sv:Gordie Howe uk:Горді Хоу

team	Winnipeg Jets
prospect team	St. John's IceCaps
prospect league	AHL
league	NHL
position	Right wing
shoots	Right
height ft	6
height in	3
weight lb	219
birth date	April 24, 1989
birth place	Okene, Nigeria
draft	56th overall
draft year	2007
draft team	Chicago Blackhawks
career start	2008 }}

Akim Aliu (born April 24, 1989) is a professional ice hockey player currently playing in the Winnipeg Jets organization. Aliu was born in Okene, Nigeria. Shortly after he was born his family moved to Kiev, Ukraine. Akim's family came to Canada when he was 12. Aliu still speaks Russian with his family and is fluent.

Playing career

Aliu was drafted 56th overall during the 2007 NHL Entry Draft by the Chicago Blackhawks. During the 2006–07 season, he helped the Sudbury Wolves of the OHL reach the league championship final. Sudbury lost the series to the Plymouth Whalers.

On June 1, 2007, Aliu was traded to the London Knights in exchange for London's 2nd round pick in 2008 and a 3rd round pick in 2009. After the 2007–08 season with the Knights was completed, Aliu made his professional debut, playing in two games with Blackhawks affiliate the Rockford IceHogs of the AHL.

On August 25, 2008, Aliu signed a contract with the Chicago Blackhawks. During pre-season camps, Aliu was involved in several altercations with players on ice. On January 4, 2009, Aliu was traded back to Sudbury for the Wolves' 4th round pick in 2009 and 6th round pick in 2010

On June 23, 2010, Aliu was sent to the Atlanta Thrashers along with Dustin Byfuglien, Brent Sopel, and Ben Eager, for the 24th and 54th overall picks in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, Marty Reasoner, Joey Crabb and Jeremy Morin. He later broke his hand in a bar fight in Toronto, seriously hampering his offseason training.

Incident with Steve Downie

Early in the 2005–06 OHL season, Aliu was involved in an on-ice altercation with then teammate Steve Downie during a practice. Aliu and Downie fought during a practice that took place on September 28 after Downie hit Aliu with a vicious blindsiding crosscheck to the mouth, knocking out three of Aliu's teeth. The incident stemmed from the then 16-year-old Aliu's refusal to take part in a hazing incident, which involved rookies being forced to stand naked in a cramped bus bathroom. The team suspended Downie for five games and Aliu for one. Following the incident, Downie was told to undergo professional counseling. Head coach Moe Mantha, Jr. was suspended by the OHL and later fired by the team, and the team was fined $35,000 by the OHL. Downie was subsequently traded to the Kitchener Rangers, and Aliu to the Sudbury Wolves.

Career statistics

				Regular season						Playoffs
Season (sports)>Season	! Team	! League		! GP	Goal (ice hockey)>G	Assist (ice hockey)>A	Point (ice hockey)>Pts	Penalty (ice hockey)>PIM		! GP	! G	! A	! Pts	! PIM
2004–05	Milton Icehawks	OPJHL		2	0	2	2	0		—	—	—	—	—
	Windsor Spitfires			18	3	4	7	25		—	—	—	—	—
2005–06	Sudbury Wolves	OHL		29	7	6	13	54		6	0	1	1	7
	Sudbury Wolves	OHL		53	20	22	42	104		21	1	5	6	50
	London Knights	OHL		60	28	33	61	133		5	2	1	3	15
	Rockford IceHogs			2	0	0	0	2		—	—	—	—	—
	London Knights	OHL		16	8	10	18	30		—	—	—	—	—
2008–09	Sudbury Wolves	OHL		29	10	16	26	61		6	2	1	3	14
	Rockford IceHogs	AHL		5	2	0	2	14		1	1	0	1	0
	Rockford IceHogs	AHL		48	11	6	17	69		—	—	—	—	—
	Toledo Walleye	ECHL		13	5	9	14	18		2	1	1	2	16
	Chicago Wolves	AHL		43	4	5	9	53		—	—	—	—	—
	Gwinnett Gladiators	ECHL		16	12	8	20	22		—	—	—	—	—
2010–11	Peoria Rivermen	AHL		16	5	4	9	20		2	1	0	1	6
AHL totals				! 114	! 22	! 15	! 37	! 158		! 3	! 2	! 0	! 2	! 6

References

External links

Category:1989 births Category:Ice hockey players of Black African descent Category:Canadian ice hockey right wingers Category:Chicago Blackhawks draft picks Category:Chicago Wolves players Category:Gwinnett Gladiators players Category:Living people Category:Nigerian emigrants to Canada Category:Nigerian emigrants to Ukraine Category:People from Kogi State Category:Peoria Rivermen players Category:Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players Category:Sudbury Wolves alumni Category:Toledo Walleye players Category:Windsor Spitfires alumni

de:Akim Aliu fr:Akim Aliu fi:Akim Aliu