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Apache Wave is a software framework for real-time collaborative editing online. Google Inc. originally developed it as Google Wave.^[1] It was announced at the Google I/O conference on May 27, 2009.^{[2] [3]} Google Wave is a web-based computing platform and communications protocol designed to merge key features of communications media such as email, instant messaging, wikis, and social networking.^[4] Communications using the system can be synchronous or asynchronous. Software extensions provide contextual spelling and grammar checking, automated language translation,^[3] and other features.^[5]

Initially released only to developers, a preview release of Google Wave was extended to 100,000 users in September 2009, each allowed to invite additional users. Google accepted most requests submitted starting November 29, 2009, soon after the September extended release of the technical preview. On May 19, 2010, Google Wave was released to the general public.^[6]

On August 4, 2010, Google announced the suspension of stand-alone Wave development and the intent of maintaining the web site at least for the remainder of the year,^[7] and on November 22, 2011, Google announced that existing Waves would become read-only in January 2012 and all Waves would be deleted in April 2012^[8]. Development was handed over to the Apache Software Foundation which started to develop a server based product called Wave in a box (WIAB).^[9][10][11]

History[link]

Origin of name[link]

The science fiction television series Firefly provided the inspiration for the project's name.^[12] In the series, a wave is an electronic communication, often consisting of a video call or video message.^[12] During the developer preview, a number of references were made to the series, such as Lars Rasmussen replying to a message with "shiny", a word commonly used in the series to mean cool or good, and the crash message of Wave being a popular quotation from the series: "Curse your sudden but inevitable betrayal!"^[3][13] Another common error message, "Everything's shiny, Cap'n. Not to fret!" is a quote from Kaylee Frye in the 2005 motion-picture Firefly continuation, Serenity, and it is matched with a sign declaring that "This wave is experiencing some turbulence and might explode. If you don't want to explode..." which is another reference to the opening of the film.

During an event in Amsterdam, Netherlands,^[14] it became apparent that the 60-strong team that was currently working on Wave in Sydney, Australia, use Joss Whedon-related references to describe, among others, the sandbox version of Wave, called Dollhouse after the TV-series by Firefly producer Joss Whedon, which was aired on Fox in the U.S. The development of external extensions is codenamed "Serenity", after the spaceship used in Firefly and Serenity.

Open source[link]

Google released most of the source code as open source software,^[3] allowing the public to develop its features through extensions.^[3] Google allowed third-parties to build their own Wave services (be it private or commercial) because it wanted the Wave protocol to replace the e-mail protocol.^[3][15][16] Initially, Google was the only Wave service provider, but it was hoped that other service providers would launch their own Wave services, possibly designing their own unique web-based clients as is common with many email service providers. The possibility also existed for native Wave clients to be made, as demonstrated by Google with their CLI-based console client.^[17]

Google released initial open-source components of Wave:^[18]

1. the operational transformation (OT) code,
2. the underlying wave model, and
3. a basic client/server prototype that uses the wave protocol

In addition, Google provided some detail about later phases of the open-source release:^[17]

1. wave model code that is a simplified version of Google's production code and is tied to the OT code; this code will evolve into the shared code base that Google will use and expects that others will too
2. a testing and verification suite for people who want to do their own implementation (for example, for porting the code to other languages)

Reception[link]

Wikinews has related news: Google to discontinue social networking application Google Wave

During the initial launch of Google Wave, invitations were widely sought by users and were sold on auction sites.^[19] Those who received invitations and decided to test Google Wave could not communicate with their contacts on their regular email accounts. The initial spread of Wave was very restricted.

[edit] End of development of original Google Wave under Google in 2010

Google Wave initially received positive press coverage for its design^[20] and potential uses.^[21][22] On August 4, 2010, Google announced Wave would no longer be developed as a stand-alone product due to a lack of interest.^[23] Google's statement surprised many in the industry and user community.

Google later clarified the Wave service would be available until Google Docs was capable of accessing saved waves.^[24]

Response to the news of the end of development came from Wave users in the form of a website.^[25] Since Google's announcement in early August, the website has recorded over 49,000 supporter registrations urging Google Wave's continuation.^[26]

In retrospect, the lack of success of Google Wave was attributed among other things to its complicated user interface resulting in a product that was a bit like email, a bit like an instant messenger and a bit like a wiki but ultimately couldn't do any of the things really better than the existing solutions.^[27]

Google Wave was the type of application that would appeal to relatively select user base, mostly in business, science, education, politics and community groups and was unlikely to see the widespread use Google expected of it.^{[citation needed]}

Chris Dawson of online technology magazine Zdnet.com discussed inconsistencies in the reasoning of Google in deciding to end support for Wave,^[28] mentioning Google's "deep involvement" in developing social media networks, to which many of Wave's capabilities are ideally suited. Perhaps Google Wave was ended to clear the stage for their new social network Google Plus, a potential challenger to Facebook.^[29]

Apache Wave[link]

Google Wave was accepted by the Apache Foundation's Incubator program under the project name Apache Wave. The Google Wave Developer blog was updated with news of the change on December 6, 2010.^[30] A Wave Proposal page with details on the projects goals was created on the Apache Foundation's Incubator Wiki.^[31]

Features[link]

Google Wave was a new Internet communications platform. It was written in Java using OpenJDK and its web interface used the Google Web Toolkit. Google Wave works like previous messaging systems such as email and Usenet, but instead of sending a message along with its entire thread of previous messages, or requiring all responses to be stored in each user's inbox for context, message documents (referred to as waves) that contain complete threads of multimedia messages (blips) are perpetually stored on a central server. Waves are shared with collaborators who can be added or removed from the wave at any point during a wave's existence.

Waves, described by Google as "equal parts conversation and document", are hosted XML documents that allow seamless and low latency concurrent modifications.^[32] Any participant of a wave can reply anywhere within the message, edit any part of the wave, and add participants at any point in the process. Each edit/reply is a blip and users can reply to individual blips within waves. Recipients are notified of changes/replies in all waves in which they are active and, upon opening a wave, may review those changes in chronological order. In addition, waves are live. All replies/edits are visible in real-time, letter-by-letter, as they are typed by the other collaborators. Multiple participants may edit a single wave simultaneously in Google Wave. Thus, waves can function not only as e-mails and threaded conversations but also as an instant messaging service when many participants are online at the same time. A wave may repeatedly shift roles between e-mail and instant messaging depending on the number of users editing it concurrently. The ability to show messages as they are typed can be disabled, similar to conventional instant messaging.^[4]

The ability to modify a wave at any location lets users create collaborative documents, edited in a manner akin to wikis. Waves can easily link to other waves. It is in many respects a more advanced forum.^[33] A wave can be read and known to exist by only one person, or by two or more. It can also be public, available for reading and writing to everyone on the Wave.

The history of each wave is stored within it. Collaborators may use a playback feature in Google Wave to observe the order in which a wave was edited, blips that were added, and who was responsible for what in the wave.^[4][5] The history may also be searched by a user to view and/or modify specific changes, such as specific kinds of changes or messages from a single user.^[3]

Google will stop wave services soon; it has already put an end to the development activities."Wave has not seen the user adoption we would have liked," Senior Vice President Urs Hölzle said in the blog post. "We don't plan to continue developing Wave as a standalone product, but we will maintain the site, at least through the end of the year, and extend the technology for use in other Google projects."^[34]

Extension programming interface[link]

Google Wave is extensible through an application programming interface (API). It provides extensions in the form of Gadgets and Robots, and is embeddable by dropping interactive windows into a given wave on external sites, such as blog sites.^[3][35]

The last version of robots API is 2.0.^[36]

Google Wave also supports extension installers, which bundle back-end elements (robots and gadgets) and front-end user interface elements into an integrated package. Users may install extensions directly within the Wave client using an extension installer.

Extensions[link]

Google Wave extensions are add-ins that may be installed on Google Wave to enhance its functionality. They may be Internet bots (robots) to automate common tasks, or gadgets to extend or change user interaction features, e.g., posting blips on microblog feeds or providing RSVP recording mechanisms.^[3][4][35]

Over 150 Google Wave extensions have been developed either in the form of Gadgets or Robots.^[37]

Robots[link]

A robot is an automated participant on a wave. They read the contents of a wave in which it participates, modify the wave's contents, add or remove participants, and create new blips and new waves. Robots perform actions in response to events. For example, a robot might publish the contents of a wave to a public blog site and update the wave with user comments.

Robots may be added as participants to the Wave itself (they may appear as a contact person in the wave). In theory, a robot can be added anywhere a human participant can be involved.

Gadgets[link]

Gadget extensions are applications that run within the wave, and to which all participants have access. Robots and Gadgets can be used together, but they generally serve different purposes. A gadget is an application users could participate with, many of which are built on Google’s OpenSocial platform. A good comparison would be iGoogle gadgets or Facebook applications.

The gadget is triggered based on the user action. They can be best described as applications installed on a mobile phone. For example, a wave might include a sudoku gadget that lets the wave participants compete to see who can solve the puzzle first.

Gadgets may be added to individual waves and all the participants share and interact with the gadget.

Federation Protocol[link]

Google Wave provides federation using an extension of XMPP, the open Wave Federation Protocol. Being an open protocol, anyone can use it to build a custom Wave system and become a wave provider.^[38] The use of an open protocol is intended to parallel the openness and ease of adoption of the e-mail protocol and, like e-mail, allow communication regardless of provider. Google hoped that waves would replace e-mail as the dominant form of Internet communication.^[3][15][16] In this way, Google intended to be only one of many wave providers^[3][15][16] and to also be used as a supplement to e-mail, instant messaging, FTP, etc.

A key feature of the protocol is that waves are stored on the service provider's servers instead of being sent between users. Waves are federated; copies of waves and wavelets are distributed by the wave provider of the originating user to the providers of all other participants in a particular wave or wavelet so all participants have immediate access to up-to-date content. The originating wave server is responsible for hosting, processing, and concurrency control of waves.^[15][16] The protocol allows private reply wavelets within parent waves, where other participants have no access or knowledge of them.^[15][16]

Security for the communications is provided via Transport Layer Security authentication, and encrypted connections and waves/wavelets are identified uniquely by a service provider's domain name and ID strings. User-data is not federated, that is, not shared with other wave providers.

Adoption of Wave Protocol and Wave Federation Protocol[link]

Besides Apache Wave itself, there are other open-source variants of servers and clients with different percentage of Wave Federation and Wave Protocol support. Wave has been adopted for corporate applications by Novell for Novell Pulse,^[39] or by SAP for Cloudave.^[40], and community projects such as PyOfWave or Kune.

Compatible third-party servers[link]

The following servers are compatible with the Google Wave protocol:

• Kune ^[41] is a free/open source platform for social networking, collaborative work and web publishing, focusing on workgroups and organizations rather than in individuals. It provides lists, tasks, documents, galleries, etc., while using waves underneath. It focuses on free culture and social movements needs.
• Novell Vibe formerly known as Novell Pulse^[42]
• PyOfWave formerly known as PyGoWave. Is an ongoing open-source initiative in creating easy customizable and independent Wave Protocol server and clients written with help of Python, JavaScript and last HTML5 technologies^[43]
• PyGoWave is a first open-source implementation of Wave Protocol server and web client, first released before Google Wave became open-sourced, written mainly in Python. Now seems to be obsolete.^[44][45]
• SAP StreamWork is a collaboration decision making service^[46][47]
• Rizzoma ^[48] is a free/open source platform for collaborative work in real time. It allows communication within a certain context permitting a chat to instantly become a document where topics of a discussion organized into branches of mind-map diagram and minor details are collapsed to avoid distraction. You are able to sign in using a Google account and choose whether your topics are private or public.

See also[link]

• Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)
• Real-time text
• Opera Unite
• Microsoft Sharepoint Workspace

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Google Wave

• Apache Wave - Project Page
• Google Wave
• Google Wave API
• Google Wave Developer Blog
• Full Video of the Developer Preview at Google IO (80mins) on YouTube
• Google Wave overview video (7:52 mins) on YouTube
• Google Wave Federation Protocol Home Page

Bronze Tiger (Ben Turner) is a fictional character, a superhero in the DC Universe. He is a martial artist who first appeared in Dragon's Fists, a novel by Dennis O'Neil and Jim Berry, starring Richard Dragon. His first DC Comics appearance was in Richard Dragon, Kung Fu Fighter.^[1]

Fictional character biography[link]

Early years[link]

Ben Turner comes from an upper middle class black neighborhood in Central City. When he was only 10 years old, he saw a burglar attacking his parents, and he proceeded to kill the man with a kitchen knife. In an effort to control the rage inside him, Turner turns to martial arts (and eventually, crime). After some time, Turner decides to travel to the far East in order to finally come to terms with his demons.^[2] There, he meets the O-Sensei, and studies under him, together with later recruit Richard Dragon. The meeting between Turner and Dragon serves as the start of the series Richard Dragon, Kung Fu Fighter. Some time after they are approached by Barney Ling, from the organization known as G.O.O.D. (Global Organization of Organized Defense), and their (reluctant) working for Ling served as the basis for the Kung Fu Fighter series.

A flashback in DC Comics Presents #39 (1981) shows Richard Dragon discovering that Turner has been brainwashed into becoming the Bronze Tiger by Professor Ojo, then used by Barney Ling (who turns out to be a traitor). Dragon and Turner prove to be equals in the fight, which only ends when Ling is accidentally knocked out a window.

League of Assassins[link]

Later, in Suicide Squad #38, Turner's further career is shown, wherein he and Dragon are hired by King Faraday to work for the C.B.I. (Central Bureau of Intelligence). If this was meant as a retcon or an addition to their history is not made clear. Assigned to take down the League of Assassins, Dragon and Turner are discovered by the League, who kill Turner's fianceé, Myoshi, and proceeded to brainwash Turner. Turner was rid of his demons by channeling them into the identity of the Bronze Tiger, a masked assassin working for the League.^[1][2]

During this time, he also trains the assassin David Cain's daughter, Cassandra, together with other members of the League. As the Bronze Tiger, Turner developed a fearsome reputation in the world, his identity remaining a secret to everyone but the League.

As the Bronze Tiger, Ben was feared around the world, and the Sensei was smart enough to ensure that Ben hardly ever took off the mask, sending him on a new mission as soon as he finished another. For a time, his identity was secret and he became one of the most wanted criminals, the Bronze Tiger being a professional assassin, killing on three continents.

The Bronze Tiger is eventually sent to murder Kathy Kane (the superheroine Batwoman), a friend of Batman. While fighting Batman (and defeating him), another assassin kills Kane.^[3] After Crisis on Infinite Earths (known as post-Crisis) it was initially determined that Kathy Kane had never become Batwoman, and had merely been a friend of Batman's. Another character named Kathy Kane became Batwoman in 2006, and seems to be a completely different character. Subsequently, it was retconned that Kathy Kane was originally recruited to infiltrate Batman's inner circle, but instead fell in love with Batman. It has been hinted that she did not die after the Bronze Tiger kidnapped her.

Learning of Bronze Tiger's true identity, King Faraday set up a rescue squad of Rick Flag and Nightshade. They retrieved the Tiger, and he was deprogrammed by Amanda Waller, who would later run the Suicide Squad.

[edit] Suicide Squad

Waller later recruits Turner for the Suicide Squad, setting him up to become the team's leader, but he ends up the team's second-in-command under Rick Flag.^[1] On the team's first mission the Tiger faces Ravan, who he brutally cripples but refuses to kill. Turner develops a relationship with Vixen, while a member of the Squad's support crew, Flo Crawley, nurses a crush on him. Meeting Ravan again later, Turner convinces him to join the Squad, and the two become an effective fighting duo.

The Suicide Squad was mostly populated by villains, but the Tiger is one of the Squad's 'good' members, meant to balance out the cast of characters. He often enforces Waller's rules, such as forcing various Squad members to wear devices designed to force good behavior.

The nigh corrupting nature of the Squad eventually leads to Rick Flag's departure and seeming death in a nuclear explosion. Turner becomes the leader of the team, a role in which he excels, often disobeying direct orders to save the lives of his team (even if they were "expendable"). The Squad member Duchess, in reality the Apokoliptian soldier Lashina, betrays the team and takes many, including Flo, to Apokolips. Flo does not survive the kidnapping.

Turner is eventually confronted by his superiors about his actions, and in the ensuing meeting Turner's mind snaps.^[4] He flees, traveling back to the East (leaving Vixen in the process), where he spends some time as a janissary. Shortly afterwards, the Suicide Squad is disbanded and Amanda Waller is sent to jail.^{[volume & issue needed]}

Eventually Amanda Waller reforms the Squad and again recruits Turner. In the interim Turner has become a deeply troubled man, one who distances himself from Vixen and was constantly egging on Ravan to confront him. In a mission shortly after the team had reformed Vixen is hurt, which unlocks Turner's feelings for her once more. He mostly returns to his old state of mind. Vixen laters leaves the team, and she and Turner part on good terms.

In the team's last mission, the Squad struggles to free a small island nation from the tyranny of its seemingly immortal ruler. The team must pass through a forest known for causing hallucinations. While the others experience their own mind-trips, Bronze Tiger faces himself. Defeating himself, and thereby exorcising his demons, Turner once again becomes a complete person. The tyrant is later defeated by Waller.^[5]

Shortly after leaving the Squad, Turner is part of Bruce Wayne's search for Jack Drake (father of Tim Drake, the most recent Robin) and Shondra Kinsolving, who had been kidnapped.^[6] He teams up with Green Arrow and Gypsy, a member of the short lived Justice League Task Force. Gypsy becomes romantically involved with Tiger. He later becomes her mentor in the martial arts.

In a story arc of the Batgirl title in 2005 Cassandra Cain begins a search for her birth mother, who she believes is Lady Shiva. She tracks down Turner in Detroit where he has opened the "Tiger Dojo". Both are able to come to terms with Turner's involvement in Cassandra's training and he expresses his pride at her becoming a hero. Bronze Tiger meets with Batman shortly afterwards. He has to stop a group of villans and avenge his master.

World War III and beyond[link]

In the World War III event, Bronze Tiger is shown to have retired, but is coaxed back into action by Amanda Waller.

In Checkmate (vol. 2) Bronze Tiger rescues Rick Flag from a secret Quraci prison, where Flag had been imprisoned for four years. Notably he is seen wearing a variant on the costume he wore while with the League of Assassins, complete with a tiger head mask (according to writer Nunzio DeFilippis he wears the mask to prove it no longer has any power over him^[7]). Afterwards, Amanda Waller appears at the Tiger Dojo, revealing to Ben that she leaked the information about Flag's whereabouts. She then enlists their aid in tracking down a supposedly rogue Suicide Squad team, a team which in reality was being run by Flag and Turner at Waller's behest.

In Countdown #39, Bronze Tiger is among the Suicide Squad members trying to bring in Pied Piper and The Trickster.

In a recent appearance in the mini-series Gotham Underground, Bronze Tiger is among the members of the Suicide Squad arresting Two-Face, Mad Hatter, Hugo Strange, and Scarecrow. While frisking Scarecrow, he is gassed by the escaping villain, revealing an intense fear of insects.

Bronze Tiger appears in a Blackest Night-related one-shot entitled Blackest Night: Suicide Squad #67 (part of a series of one-shots operating as extra issues to long-since canceled ongoing series). He works with fellow Suicide Squad members Count Vertigo and Rick Flag to bring down a Mexican drug lord. When the Secret Six attempt to break into Belle Reve prison, Bronze Tiger squares off with Catman to see who is the superior feline-themed martial artist.

Powers and abilities[link]

The Bronze Tiger possesses no metahuman powers, but is a superb martial artist. Many consider him one of the top 10 martial artists in the DC Universe, if not in the top 5.^[who?] He has bested notable martial artists such as Batman^[8] and fought Richard Dragon to a standstill.

In other media[link]

Television[link]

• Bronze Tiger appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Return of the Fearsome Fangs!" voiced by Gary Sturgis. Formerly Master Wong Fei's best student and protector of a small village, he holds much pride as a Martial Artist. He helps Batman battle the Terrible Trio in a reluctant partnership after they killed their sensei of whom both he, the Caped Crusader, and the trio trained under. He takes in the power of the Wudang Totem (taking it using with what Batman called Wong Fei's most important lesson: "When outmatched, cheat.") during a fight with the empowered threesome, turning into a tiger. He is reverted to normal after the fight, deciding to reopen Wong Fei's school, and having a rematch with Batman. Additionally, Bronze Tiger appearsin a non-speaking cameo in part two of the two part episode "The Siege of Starro!", as one of the heroes possessed by Starro, and later, Bronze Tiger reappears once he has broken free of Starro's mind control. Finally, he appears briefly in the opening sequence of the series, among several other well-known heroes.

Toys[link]

• Bronze Tiger is part of wave 18 of DC Universe Classics in 2011, including both his human and tiger mask heads.^[9]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Unofficial Guide to DC Comics entry

Black Vulcan is a fictional superhero on the animated series Super Friends created by Hanna-Barbera. He was voiced by Buster Jones.

Fictional character biography[link]

Unlike most of the Super Friends, Black Vulcan was not a pre-existing DC Comics character. This is particularly notable since DC Comics' roster did include an African American superhero with electricity-based powers, Black Lightning, who could not be used on the show due to disputes between DC and Black Lightning's creator Tony Isabella.^{[1][dead link]}

Originally introduced as a way to add a more culturally diverse roster to the team in the All-New Super Friends Hour series^{[citation needed]}, Black Vulcan was the Super Friends' resident black superhero, although his character mostly refrains from being seen as a harsh stereotype. As originally depicted, Black Vulcan's costume had the super-hero equivalent of pants, but in later episodes his legs are bare.

His powers include the ability to emit electricity from his hands, as well as fly by charging his lower body with energy.

On a few occasions, he exhibited powers he had not shown before, such as the ability to assume a form of pure energy and travel at the speed of light (Challenge of the Superfriends: The World's Deadliest Game, September 23, 1978) (in an unsuccessful attempt to escape a black hole,^[2] which, according to theory, is a feat not even light is able to accomplish once it has passed inside the event horizon). He was even able to travel back in time^[3] by fluctuating his body's energy in such a way that it opened a rift in space-time (Challenge of the Superfriends: Secret Origins of the Superfriends, October 28, 1978). Finally, Black Vulcan is able to spot-weld microelectronics (World's Greatest Superfriends Episodes: Dive to Disaster).^[4]

In the final incarnation of the series, The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians, he was replaced with Cyborg, another black superhero that was already well established in the DC Comics lineup and possessed a more developed personality.

Other versions[link]

Juice is a fictional character featured in the animated series Justice League Unlimited and is a member of the Ultimen. He has the ability to emit electricity from his body, which he can use to create small electric bursts or even fly by charging his lower body with energy. He can even assume an electric form which he can use to travel quickly and discreetly. Undoubtedly the most softspoken member of the Ultimen, Juice rarely speaks, but when he does his voice sounds raspy and broken up, like a low-quality speaker or radio.^[5] He was voiced by an uncredited CCH Pounder.

After discovering their true origins and short life expectancies, the Ultimen battled the Justice League in a desperate plan by Wind Dragon. Juice battled Batman and was defeated when Batman knocked him into some water pipes that shorted out his power supply. Juice is now locked up like most of the other Ultimen, with their bodies still deteriorating.^[5]

An army of Ultimen clones were later created by Project Cadmus in an attempt to finish off the Justice League once and for all. They were eventually defeated.^[6]

In other media[link]

[edit] Harvey Birdman

Black Vulcan has made several appearances on the show Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law voiced by Phil LaMarr. He debuted in the season one episode, "Very Personal Injury". In the episode, he describes his power as "Pure electricity…in my pants". This becomes a running gag: whenever someone makes a double entendre, he will often appear to utter some variation on "...in my pants." He also gives advice to the character Peanut as he goes through superhero puberty and acquires his powers. In the episode "Booty Noir" he has a menage a trois with his ex-girlfriend Norlissa and Reducto. It is said that he used to go by the name of Super Volt before Aquaman suggested his present name, which Black Vulcan believes is due to racism; Black Vulcan responds that maybe they should just call Aquaman "White Fish".

Toys[link]

Black Vulcan has been released in a Justice League Unlimited three-pack, accompanied by his Super Friends teammates Apache Chief and Samurai. A 6" Black Vulcan action figure was released in Mattel's DC Universe Classics Wave 18, which was primarily dedicated to Super Friends characters.^[7]

[edit] Static Shock

In the first episode of the series Static Shock, one of the outfits Virgil tries on when he's picking out his superhero costume is a copy of Black Vulcan's with pants. (Richie rejects it, saying the outfit makes him look like a battery commercial.)

Comics[link]

Noted comic book artist and self-professed Super Friends fan Alex Ross intended to create a modernized version of Black Vulcan for his rejected Captain Marvel series. The title would have had the character reimagined as Vulcan, an African American child who could become an adult superhero after accidentally gaining some of the powers of the wizard Shazam.^[8]

Black Vulcan made a cameo appearance in the DC One Million 80-Page Giant special as part of one of the many alternate Justice Leagues that accidentally ended up in the headquarters of the Justice Legion Alpha.

See also[link]

• Tuvok

References[link]