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![Australian PM Julia Gillard Unleashes Blistering Speech re Opposition's Sexism [Video] Gawker](http://web.archive.org./web/20121119111338im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/szTs3qNOKfM/default.jpg "www.youtube.com Australian PM Julia Gillard Unleashes Blistering Speech re Opposition's Sexism [Video] Gawker TJ Walker is the #1 rated Daily Internet-only liberal news video pundit (viewed at www.tjwalker.com and http Walker is also a regular contributor to Forbes.com, Daily Kos, and the Reuters Insider Network. Walker is also a USA Today, Wall Street Journal, Business Week best-selling author. A frequent network news analyst, Walker has made more than 1000 national TV and radio guest appearances on CBS, ABC, Fox News Channel, MSNBC, CNN, Bloomberg TV, Al Jazeera, NBC, Fox Business, Russia Today, HLN, TrueTV, Comedy Central, Sirius and NPR. In 2009, Walker entered the Guinness Book Of World Records for most talk show appearances ever in a 24 hour period. (www.mediatrainingworldwide.com) http")
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Adelaide
Adelaide (
/ˈædəleɪd/) is the capital city of South Australia and the fifth-largest city in Australia. Adelaide has an estimated population of more than 1.2 million. The demonym "Adelaidean" is used in reference to the city and its residents. Adelaide is located north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges which surround the city. Adelaide stretches 20 km (12 mi) from the coast to the foothills, and 90 km (56 mi) from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south.
Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King William IV, the city was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for a freely settled British province in Australia.Colonel William Light, one of Adelaide's founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people. Light's design set out Adelaide in a grid layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares, and entirely surrounded by parkland. Early Adelaide was shaped by religious freedom and a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties, which led to the moniker "City of Churches".
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Australia
Australia ( /əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Brunei
Bruneii/bruːˈnaɪ/, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: نڬارا بروني دارالسلام), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, and it is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. It is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo, with the remainder of the island belonging to Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was 401,890 in July 2011.
The official national history claims that Brunei can trace its beginnings to the 7th century, when it was a subject state of the Srivijayan empire under the name P'o-li. It later became a vassal state of Majapahit empire before converting to Islam in the 15th century. At the peak of its empire, the sultanate had control that extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. The thalassocracy was visited by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and fought the Castille War in 1578 against Spain. Its empire began to decline with the forced ceding of Sarawak to James Brooke and the ceding of Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. After the loss of Limbang, Brunei finally became a British protectorate in 1888, receiving a resident in 1906. In the years after the Japanese wartime occupation during World War II, it formalised a constitution and fought an armed rebellion. Brunei regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. Economic growth during the 1970s and 1990s, averaging 56% from 1999 to 2008, has transformed Brunei Darussalam into a newly industrialised country.
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Cambodia
Cambodia (i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Chile
Chile (i/ˈtʃɪliː/ or /ˈtʃɪleɪ/), officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈtʃile] (
listen)), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Along with Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America that do not border Brazil. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
Chile's distinctive shape—4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide—makes it the longest country in the world, north to south, with the fifth lengthiest coastline at over 78 thousand kilometers. The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama—through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an Oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Division of Lalor
The Division of Lalor ( /ˈlɔːlər/, locally [ˈloːlə]) is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is located in the outer western suburbs of Melbourne. It includes the suburbs of Werribee, Point Cook, Laverton, Rockbank and Melton.
The Division was proclaimed at the redistribution of 11 May 1949, and was first contested at the 1949 Federal election. It was named after Peter Lalor, the leader of the miners at the Eureka Stockade, and a former member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It is currently held by Julia Gillard, who became Prime Minister of Australia on 24 June 2010. It has previously been held by Barry Jones, former Minister for Science under Bob Hawke and Labor National President, and by Jim Cairns, former Treasurer and Deputy Prime Minister under Gough Whitlam. As Julia Gillard was Deputy Prime Minister prior to becoming Prime Minister, Lalor is therefore the only federal electorate to have been held by two Deputy Prime Ministers.
The seat is considered a very safe seat for the Australian Labor Party, which has held it for all but three years of its existence.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Hobart
Hobart ( /ˈhoʊbɑrt/) is the state capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. Founded in 1804 as a penal colony, Hobart is Australia's second oldest capital city after Sydney. In 2009, the city had a greater area population of approximately 212,019. A resident of Hobart is known as a "Hobartian". The city is located in the state's south-east on the estuary of the Derwent River. The skyline is dominated by Mount Wellington at 1,271 metres (4,170 ft) high. The city is the financial and administrative heart of Tasmania, also serving as the home port for both Australian and French Antarctic operations.
Hobart was named Australia's 6th most sustainable city, by the Australian Conservation Foundation in 2010. For economic and social innovation, Hobart was the 11th placed in Australia in 2009, and listed as an innovation influencer city in the Innovation Cities Global Index scoring equal with Reykjavik, Katowice and Casablanca by 2thinknow.
The first settlement began in 1803 as a penal colony at Risdon Cove on the eastern shores of the Derwent River, amid British concerns over the presence of French explorers. In 1804 it was moved to a better location at the present site of Hobart at Sullivans Cove. The city, initially known as Hobart Town or Hobarton, was named after Lord Hobart, the Colonial Secretary. The area's indigenous inhabitants were members of the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe. Violent conflict with the European settlers, and the effects of diseases brought by them, completely destroyed the aboriginal population, which was rapidly replaced by free settlers and the convict population. Charles Darwin visited Hobart Town in February 1836 as part of the Beagle expedition. He writes of Hobart and the Derwent estuary in his Voyage of the Beagle:
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Laos
Laos ((i/ˈlaʊs/, /ˈlɑː.ɒs/, /ˈlɑː.oʊs/, or /ˈleɪ.ɒs/) Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, pronounced [sǎː.tʰáː.laʔ.naʔ.lat páʔ.sáː.tʰiʔ.páʔ.tàj páʔ.sáː.són.láːw] Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west. Its population was estimated to be 6.5 million in 2012.
Laos traces its history to the Kingdom which existed from the 14th to the 18th century when it split into three separate kingdoms. In 1893, it became a French protectorate, with the three kingdoms, Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak, uniting to form what is now known as Laos. It briefly gained independence in 1945 after Japanese occupation, but returned to French rule until it was granted autonomy in 1949. Laos became independent in 1953, with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong. Shortly after independence, a long civil war ended the monarchy, when the Communist Pathet Lao movement came to power in 1975.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (i/məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə or i/məˈleɪsiə/ mə-LAY-see-ə) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population exceeded 27.5 million, with over 20 million living on the Peninsula.
Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. However, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism.
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Melbourne
Melbourne ([ˈmelbən, -bn̩, ˈmæl-],rhotically /ˈmɛlbərn/) is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2010, the greater geographical area had an approximate population of four million. Inhabitants of Melbourne are called Melburnians or Melbournians.
The metropolis is located on the large natural bay known as Port Phillip, with the city centre positioned at the estuary of the Yarra River (at the northernmost point of the bay). The metropolitan area then extends south from the city centre, along the eastern and western shorelines of Port Phillip, and expands into the hinterland. The city centre is situated in the municipality known as the City of Melbourne, and the metropolitan area consists of a further 30 municipalities.
Melbourne was founded in 1835 (47 years after the European settlement of Australia) by settlers from Launceston in Van Diemen's Land. It was named by governor Richard Bourke in 1837, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb—the 2nd Viscount Melbourne. Melbourne was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847. In 1851, it became the capital city of the newly created colony of Victoria. During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the world's largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it then served as the interim seat of government of the newly created nation of Australia until 1927.
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Nauru
Coordinates: 0°31′38″S 166°56′12″E / 0.527288°S 166.936724°E / -0.527288; 166.936724
Nauru (Englishi/nɑːˈuːruː/ nah-OO-roo), officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 kilometres (186 mi) to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest republic, covering just 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi). With just over 9,322 residents, it is the second least-populated country after Vatican City.
Settled by Micronesian and Polynesian people, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, who were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. After the war ended, it entered into trusteeship again. Nauru gained its independence in 1968.
Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Nauru was a "rentier state". Nauru is a phosphate rock island, with rich deposits close to the surface, which allow for simple strip mining operations; moreover, it has some phosphate reserves which are presently (as of 2011) not economically viable for extraction. Nevertheless, this island was a major exporter of phosphate starting in 1907, when the Pacific Phosphate Company began mining there, through the formation of the British Phosphate Commission in 1919, and continuing after independence. This returned to Nauru full control of its minerals under the Nauru Phosphate Corporation, until the deposits ran out during the 1980s. For this reason, Nauru briefly boasted the highest per-capita income enjoyed by any sovereign state in the world during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (PNG; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse countries on Earth. According to recent data, 841 different languages are listed for the country, although 11 of these have no known living speakers. . (A detailed series of language maps of Papua New Guinea may be found at Ethnologue) There may be at least as many traditional societies,out of a population of about 6.2 million. It is also one of the most rural, as only 18% of its people live in urban centres. The country is one of the world's least explored, culturally and geographically, and many undiscovered species of plants and animals are thought to exist in the interior of Papua New Guinea.
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Philippines
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia (i/ˌsaʊdi əˈreɪbi.ə/ or i/ˌsɔːdiː əˈreɪbi.ə/; Arabic: السعودية as-Su‘ūdīyah[citation needed] or incorrectly as-Sa‘ūdīyah, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Su‘ūdīyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab world, after Algeria. It is bordered by Jordan, and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Red Sea lies to its west, and the Persian Gulf lies to the east. Saudi Arabia has an area of approximately 2,250,000 km2 (870,000 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 27 million, of which 9 million are registered foreign expatriates and an estimated 2 million are illegal immigrants. Saudi nationals comprise an estimated 16 million people.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud (known for most of his career as Ibn Saud) in 1932, although the conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud, referred to in Arabic as the Al Saud. The Saudi Arabian government, which has been an absolute monarchy since its inception, refers to its system of government as being Islamic, though this is contested by many due to its strong basis in Salafism, a minority school of thought in Islam. The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.
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Singapore
Singapore (i/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.
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South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Tarin Kowt
Tarinkot or Tarin Kowt (Pashto: ترين کوټ) is the capital of Orūzgān (also written "Uruzgan") province in southern Afghanistan in Tarin Kowt District. It is a town of about 10,000 people, with some 200 small shops in the city's bazaar. In Tarinkot district, two Pashtun tribal confederations are represented, Tarin (Tareen) or Durrani tribes: Popolzai, Barakzai, Nurzai, Achakzai; and the Ghilzai tribes: Tokhi, Hotak, Suleiman-Khel. There are no medium- or large-scale economic enterprises in the city. The provincial governor, currently Asadullah Hamdam, lives and works in a compound adjacent to the bazaar. There is also a population of about 2000 Arabs mainly of Iraqi origin in the town.
Tarin Kowt is isolated: its only airstrip is on the military base of the NATO-ISAF-led Provincial Reconstruction Team on the outskirts of the town. Tarin Kowt's only ground access to the outside is a road to the regional center of Kandahar to the south, which can be subject to Taliban attacks and washouts.
This town in southern Afghanistan was of significant strategic value to the Taliban in 2001. On November 16, the citizens here rose up against their Taliban governor, which marked the first organized Pashtun resistance against the Taliban. Hamid Karzai, then an obscure statesman, was in the region at the time trying to build an insurgency/army while accompanied by an 11-man U.S. Special Forces team, known as ODA 574. The Taliban launched a counterattack, confronting Karzai and his militia who dug in to defend the town. With the help of U.S. air power, the U.S. and militia force drove the Taliban back from Tarin Kowt. This victory is regarded as the turning point for Karzai— the single battle which gave him credibility in Afghanistan's southern provinces, and among the Taliban opposition forces (including the Northern Alliance) as a credible war leader.[citation needed]
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Thailand
Thailand ( /ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] (
listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Victoria (Australia)
Coordinates: 37°0′S 144°0′E / 37°S 144°E / -37; 144
Victoria is a state of Australia, in the south-east of the country. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively.
Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state, and has a highly centralised population, with almost 75% of Victorians living in Melbourne, the state capital and largest city.
Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, the monarch at the time.
After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay, Victoria on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent.
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( listen), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; listen), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.
The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
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Adam Bandt
Adam Paul Bandt (born 11 March 1972) is an Australian politician, former industrial lawyer and the Deputy Leader of the Australian Greens Party. Bandt was elected to the Division of Melbourne in the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Parliament of Australia, at the 2010 federal election. He is the second member of the Australian Greens to be elected to the House of Representatives, after Michael Organ, but the first to be elected at a general election. Bandt had previously contested the seat in 2007 and narrowly lost to Lindsay Tanner.
Adam Bandt was born in Adelaide, South Australia—a descendant of German immigrants who emigrated to the Hahndorf and Barossa Valley regions in the 1800s. As a child, his family moved to Perth, Western Australia where he attended high school and university before moving to Melbourne. Prior to his election to parliament, Bandt was an industrial, labor relations and public interest lawyer living in Parkville. He was a partner at Slater and Gordon and is currently completing his PhD in law and politics from Monash University. His PhD thesis was "Work to Rule: Rethinking Marx, Pashukanis and Law". At Murdoch University, Bandt was a student activist and member of the Left Alliance. At that time he has been quoted as calling the Greens a "bourgeois" party. He was president of the student union and an active campaigner for higher living allowances for students and free education. From 1987 to 1989, he was a member of the Labor Party.
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Alfred Deakin
Alfred Deakin (3 August 1856 – 7 October 1919), Australian politician, was a leader of the movement for Australian federation and later the second Prime Minister of Australia. In the last quarter of the 19th century, Deakin was a major contributor to the establishment of liberal reforms in the colony of Victoria, including pro-worker industrial reforms. He also played a major part in establishing irrigation in Australia. It is likely that he could have been Premier of Victoria, but he chose to devote his energy to federation.
Throughout the 1890s Deakin was a participant in conferences of representatives of the Australian colonies that were established to draft a constitution for the proposed federation. He played an important role in ensuring that the draft was liberal and democratic and in achieving compromises to enable its eventual success. Between conferences, he worked to popularise the concept of federation and campaigned for its acceptance in colonial referenda. He then fought hard to ensure acceptance of the proposed constitution by the Government of the United Kingdom.
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Andrew Fisher
Andrew Fisher (29 August 1862 – 22 October 1928) was an Australian politician who served as the fifth Prime Minister on three separate occasions. Fisher's 1910-13 Labor ministry completed a vast legislative programme which made him, along with Protectionist Alfred Deakin, the founder of the statutory structure of the new nation. The Fisher government legacy of reforms and national development lasted beyond the divisions that would later occur with World War I and Billy Hughes' conscription push.
Fisher's second Prime Ministership resulting from the 1910 federal election represented a number of firsts: it was Australia's first federal majority government; Australia's first Senate majority, and the world's first Labour Party majority government at a national level. At the time, it represented the culmination of Labour's involvement in politics. Passing 113 Acts, the 1910-13 government was a period of reform unmatched in the Commonwealth until the 1940s under John Curtin and Ben Chifley. Serving a collective total of four years and ten months, Fisher is second to Bob Hawke as Australia's longest serving Labor Prime Minister.
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Andrew Robb
Andrew John Robb AO (born 20 August 1951), Australian politician and former federal Director of the Liberal Party of Australia, was elected to the House of Representatives as member for the Division of Goldstein, Victoria for the Liberal Party of Australia at the 2004 federal election.
Robb, one of nine children, was born on a dairy farm in Epping which lies 18 km north of Melbourne. He was educated at Dookie Agricultural College, Parade College and La Trobe University, and has qualifications in economics and agricultural science. He was an agricultural economist with the Victorian Department of Agriculture and a Tutor in Economics at La Trobe University before being an economist for the National Farmers' Federation, and later Executive Director of both the National Farmers' Federation and the Cattle Council of Australia.
Robb became Deputy Director of the Liberal Party before being appointed Chief of Staff to Andrew Peacock, then Leader of the Opposition, in 1989. In 1990, After Andrew Peacock's resignation after his election defeat, Robb was appointed Federal Director of the Liberal Party.
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Andrew Wilkie
Andrew Damien Wilkie (born 8 November 1961, Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian politician and independent federal member for Denison. He was formerly an army officer and then intelligence analyst.
In 2003 Wilkie resigned from his position in the Office of National Assessments, an Australian intelligence agency, over concerns that intelligence was being misrepresented for political purposes in making the case for Australia's contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq under the Howard government.
Since then he has been active in Australian politics. He was a Greens candidate for both the federal Division of Bennelong in the 2004 federal election and for the Senate in Tasmania at the 2007 federal election. In 2010 he ran as an independent candidate for the state seat of Denison at the Tasmanian state election, narrowly missing out on the final vacancy. Later in the year, again as an independent candidate, he ran for the federal seat of Denison at the federal election and won.
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Aneurin Bevan
Aneurin "Nye" Bevan (pronounced /əˈnaɪrɪn/; Welsh: [aˈnəɨ.rin]; 15 November 1897 – 6 July 1960) was a Welsh Labour Party politician who was the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1959 until his death in 1960. The son of a coal miner, Bevan was a lifelong champion of social justice and the rights of working people. He was a long-time Member of Parliament (MP), representing Ebbw Vale for 31 years, and became recognised as one of the leaders of the party’s left wing, and of left-wing British thought generally. His most famous accomplishment came when, as Minister of Health in the post-war Attlee government, he spearheaded the establishment of the National Health Service, which provides medical care free at point-of-need to all Britons.
Bevan was born in Tredegar, Monmouthshire, in the South Wales Valleys and on the northern edge of the South Wales coalfield, the son of miner David Bevan and Phoebe née Prothero, a seamstress. Both Bevan's parents were Nonconformists; his father was a Baptist and his mother a Methodist. One of ten children, Bevan did poorly at school and his academic performance was so bad that his headmaster made him repeat a year. At age 13, Bevan left school and began working in the local Tytryst Colliery. David Bevan had been a supporter of the Liberal Party in his youth, but was converted to socialism by the writings of Robert Blatchford in the Clarion and joined the Independent Labour Party.
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Angela Merkel
Angela Dorothea Merkel, German: [aŋˈɡeːla doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛʁkl̩] ( listen); née Kasner (born 17 July 1954) is the Chancellor of Germany and Chairwoman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). Merkel is the first female Chancellor of Germany.
A physical chemist by professional background, Merkel entered politics in the wake of the Revolutions of 1989 and briefly served as the deputy spokesperson for Lothar de Maizière's democratically elected East German government prior to the German reunification. Following reunification in 1990, she was elected to the Bundestag, where she has represented the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern since. She served as Federal Minister for Women and Youth 1991–1994 and as Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety 1994–1998 in Helmut Kohl's fourth and fifth cabinets. She was Secretary General of the CDU 1998–2000, and was elected chairperson in 2000. From 2002 to 2005, she was also chair of the CDU/CSU parliamentary coalition.
After her election as Chancellor following the 2005 federal election, she led a grand coalition consisting of her own CDU party, its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), until 2009. In the 2009 federal election, the CDU obtained the largest share of the votes, and formed a coalition government with the CSU and the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP).
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Arne Duncan
Arne Duncan (born November 6, 1964) is an American education administrator and currently United States Secretary of Education. Duncan previously served as CEO of the Chicago Public Schools.
Duncan was raised in Hyde Park, a Chicago neighborhood encompassing the University of Chicago. He is the son of Susan Goodrich (née Morton) and Starkey Davis Duncan, Jr. His father was a psychology professor at the university and his mother runs the Sue Duncan Children's Center, an after-school program primarily serving African-American youth in the nearby Kenwood neighborhood. His ancestry includes Norwegian, Scottish, German, Swedish, and English; his great-great-great-grandfather was U.S. Representative Milo Goodrich. While growing up, Duncan spent much of his free time at his mother's center tutoring or playing with students there. Some of his childhood friends were John W. Rogers, Jr., CEO of Ariel Capital Management (now Ariel Investments) and founder of the Ariel Community Academy, Illinois State Senator Kwame Raoul, actor Michael Clarke Duncan, singer R. Kelly and award winning martial artist Michelle Gordon.[citation needed]
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Arthur Calwell
Arthur Augustus Calwell (28 August 1896 – 8 July 1973) Australian politician, was a member of the Australian House of Representatives for 32 years from 1940 to 1972, Immigration Minister in the government of Ben Chifley from 1945 to 1949 and Leader of the Australian Labor Party from 1960 to 1967.
Calwell was born in Melbourne. His father was a police officer of Irish descent, and both father and son were active in Melbourne's Irish community (including membership of the Celtic Club). His mother was of Irish-American descent. A gifted high school student, Calwell was a devout Roman Catholic and joined the Australian Labor Party in his youth. Lacking the financial resources to pursue a university education, Calwell read very widely, acquired substantial skill in speaking to audiences, and became a clerk in the Victorian Public Service, in which he worked for the Department of Agriculture and the State Treasury. From 1927 to 1931 he served as President of the Victorian branch of the Australian Public Sector Association (the union representing himself and his colleagues).
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Arthur Fadden
Sir Arthur William Fadden, GCMG (13 April 1894 –21 April 1973) was an Australian politician and, briefly, the 13th Prime Minister of Australia.
Fadden was born in Ingham, Queensland, on 13 April 1894 the son of a Presbyterian police officer. He was educated at state schools, and later studied accountancy while working as a clerk. Once he had qualified he became assistant Town Clerk of Mackay, then Town Clerk. In 1919 Fadden helped form the North Queensland Rugby League, and served as its founding secretary. In the 1920s he established a successful accountancy firm with offices in Brisbane and Townsville. He was active in the Country Party from its foundation.
In 1932 Fadden was elected for one term to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. He was defeated in 1935. The following year, though, he won a by-election in the federal seat of Darling Downs. He was a blunt, effective debater and soon made an impression. When Archie Cameron resigned suddenly as Country Party leader in 1940, there was a deadlock between Earle Page and John McEwen in the ballot to select a new leader, and Fadden was chosen as a compromise candidate. He was appointed Minister for Supply and Development, then Minister for Air, then Treasurer (finance minister).
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Ben Chifley
Joseph Benedict Chifley (/ˈtʃɪfli/; 1885–1951), Australian politician, was the 16th Prime Minister of Australia. He took over the Australian Labor Party leadership and Prime Ministership after the death of John Curtin in 1945. Chifley Labor went on to retain a majority in both houses of Australian Parliament at the 1946 election, before his government was defeated in the lower house at the 1949 election. The radical reforming nature of Chifley's government was such that between 1946 and 1949, the Australian Parliament passed 299 Acts, a record up until then, well beyond Labor's Andrew Fisher's 113 Acts from 1910 to 1913.
Amongst the Chifley Labor Government's legislation was the post-war immigration scheme, the establishment of Australian citizenship, the Snowy Mountains Scheme, over-viewing the foundation of airlines Qantas and TAA, improvements in social services, the creation of the Commonwealth Employment Service, the introduction of federal funds to the States for public housing construction, the establishment of a Universities Commission for the expansion of university education, the introduction of a Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and free hospital ward treatment, the reorganisation and enlargement of the CSIRO, the establishment of a civilian rehabilitation service, the founding of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), and the establishment of the Australian National University.
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Benigno Aquino III
Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III (/bɛˈnɪɡnoʊ əˈkiːnoʊ/; [bɛˈniɡno aˈkino]; born February 8, 1960), also known as Noynoy Aquino or PNoy, is a Filipino politician who has been the 15th and current President of the Philippines since June 2010.
Aquino is a fourth-generation politician: his great-grandfather, Servillano "Mianong" Aquino, served as a delegate to the Malolos Congress; his grandfather, Benigno Aquino, Sr., served as Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1943 to 1944; and his parents were President Corazon Aquino and Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. Aquino is a member of the Liberal Party. In the Liberal Party, Aquino held various positions such as Secretary General and Vice President for Luzon. Aquino is currently the Chairman of the Liberal Party.
Born in Manila, Aquino graduated from Ateneo de Manila University in 1981 and joined his family in their exile in the United States shortly thereafter. He returned to the Philippines in 1983 shortly after the assassination of his father and held several positions working in the private sector. In 1998, he was elected to the House of Representatives as Representative of the 2nd district of Tarlac province. He was subsequently re-elected to the House in 2001 and 2004. In 2007, having been barred from running for re-election to the House due to term limits, he was elected to the Senate in the 14th Congress of the Philippines.
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Bill Hayden
William George "Bill" Hayden AC (born 23 January 1933) was the 21st Governor-General of Australia. Prior to this, he represented the Australian Labor Party in parliament; he was a minister in the government of Gough Whitlam, and later became Leader of the Opposition, narrowly losing the 1980 federal election to the Malcolm Fraser-led Liberal/National coalition.
Bill Hayden was born in Brisbane, the son of an Irish American sailor.[citation needed] He was educated at Brisbane State High School and served in the Queensland Police Force from 1953 to 1961. He furthered his education through private study, completing an economics degree at the University of Queensland. Prior to the 1970s he was a self-described democratic socialist.
He became active in the Labor Party, and in the 1961 federal election he surprised everyone, including himself, by winning the House of Representatives seat of Oxley, defeating Don Cameron, the Minister for Health in the Menzies Liberal government. Hayden's win was part of a 15-seat swing to Labor that nearly brought down the Menzies government.
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Bill Shorten
William Richard "Bill" Shorten (born 12 May 1967) is an Australian politician, the Member for Maribyrnong in the Australian Parliament, Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations, and Minister for Financial Services and Superannuation. He was Assistant Treasurer in the first Gillard Ministry and the Parliamentary Secretary for Disability and Children's Services in the Rudd/Gillard Government 2007–2010. He is a former Victorian State President of the Australian Labor Party, a long-time member of the right-wing Labor Unity faction, and a former Secretary of the Australian Workers' Union (AWU).
Bill Shorten was born in Melbourne, where his father was a waterside worker and union official. His mother was a lawyer and university academic. He was educated at Xavier College (a Roman Catholic school) and Monash University, where he graduated in arts and law. During his time at Monash, Shorten was a founding member of Young Labor Network, a right wing Labor youth caucus. He also holds an MBA from the Melbourne Business School, an unusual qualification for a trade union official.
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Billy Hughes
William Morris "Billy" Hughes, CH, KC, (25 September 1862 – 28 October 1952), Australian politician, was the seventh Prime Minister of Australia from 1915 to 1923.
Over the course of his 51-year federal parliamentary career (and an additional seven years prior to that in a colonial parliament), Hughes changed parties five times: from Labor (1901–16) to National Labor (1916–17) to Nationalist (1917–30) to Australian (1930–31) to United Australia (1931–44) to Liberal (1944–52). He was expelled from three parties, and represented four different electorates in two states.
Originally Prime Minister as leader of the Labor Party, his support of conscription lead him, along with 24 other pro-conscription members, to form National Labor. National Labor merged with the Commonwealth Liberal Party to form the Nationalist Party. His prime ministership came to an end when the Nationalist party was forced to form a coalition with the Country Party, who refused to serve under Hughes. He was the longest serving prime minister up to that point, and the fifth longest serving over all. He would later lead the United Australia Party to the 1943 election, though Arthur Fadden served as Coalition leader.
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Bob Brown
Robert James "Bob" Brown (born 27 December 1944) is an Australian senator and former Parliamentary Leader of the Australian Greens. He was the first openly gay member of the Parliament of Australia, and the first openly gay leader of an Australian political party. Brown was elected to the Australian Senate on the Tasmanian Greens ticket, joining with sitting Greens Western Australia senator Dee Margetts to form the first group of Australian Greens senators following the 1996 federal election. He was re-elected in 2001 and again in 2007.
While serving in the Tasmanian parliament, Brown successfully campaigned for a large increase in the protected wilderness areas. Brown led the Australian Greens from the party's foundation in 1992 until April 2012, a period in which polls grew to around 10% at state and federal levels (13.9% of the primary vote in 2010). From 2002 to 2004 when minor parties held the balance of power in the Senate, Brown became a well-recognised politician. In October 2003 Brown was the subject of international media interest when he was suspended from the parliament for interjecting during an address by United States president George W. Bush.
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Bob Carr
Robert John "Bob" Carr (born 28 September 1947) is an Australian politician. He has been a Labor member of the Australian Senate representing the state of New South Wales and Minister for Foreign Affairs since 2012. He previously served as the Premier of New South Wales from 4 April 1995 to 3 August 2005. He holds the record for the longest continuous service as Premier of NSW. Only Sir Henry Parkes served longer, although Parkes held the office on five separate occasions.
Carr was born in the Sydney suburb of Matraville, to Edward and Phyllis Carr. He was educated at Matraville High School from which he graduated as dux in 1964. He was the first person in his family to finish high school, and became interested in a career in politics in his teenage years. While still a 15 year old student at school, he joined the local branch of the Australian Labor Party. He would go on to become the President of the New South Wales branch and then the national President of Young Labor in 1970 and 1972 respectively. He completed his tertiary education at the University of New South Wales, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with honours in history.
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Bob Hawke
Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke AC GCL (born 9 December 1929) is a former Australian politician who served as the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991.
After a decade as president of the Australian Council of Trade Unions, he entered parliament as a Labor MP at the 1980 federal election and became Prime Minister within three years, leading Labor to victory at four consecutive federal elections: 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1990. Hawke was defeated as Labor leader in a 1991 spill against Paul Keating. He is Labor's longest-serving Prime Minister and Australia's third-longest-serving Prime Minister.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Chris Bowen
Christopher Eyles "Chris" Bowen (born 17 January 1973), an Australian federal politician, is a member of the Australian House of Representatives, initially elected to represent the seat of Prospect in western Sydney for the Australian Labor Party at the 2004 federal election. Bowen was re-elected at the 2007 federal election and, at the 2010 federal election, elected to represent the seat of McMahon, following the abolition of the seat of Prospect.
Bowen was educated at Smithfield Public School, St Johns Park High School and the University of Sydney, where he graduated with an undergraduate degree in Economics. He was elected to Fairfield City Council in 1995 and was Mayor of Fairfield in 1998 and 1999. He was elected President of the Western Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils (WSROC) in 1999 and served as President until 2001.
In 2004, Bowen was elected to the House of Representatives replacing Janice Crosio after she retired after 25 years in both state and federal politics.
In 2006, Bowen was appointed to the Labor front bench as Shadow Assistant Treasurer and Shadow Minister for Revenue and Competition Policy. In December 2007 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd appointed him Assistant Treasurer and Minister for Competition Policy and Consumer Affairs. In June 2009 Bowen was promoted to cabinet as Minister for Financial Services, Superannuation and Corporate Law and Minister for Human Services.
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Chris Watson
John Christian Watson (9 April 1867 – 18 November 1941), commonly known as Chris Watson, Australian politician, was the third Prime Minister of Australia. He was the first prime minister from the Australian Labour Party (the spelling of 'Labour' was changed to 'Labor' in 1912), and the first Labour Party prime minister in the world. He was of Chilean descent with German ancestry.
Previously serving in state parliament for seven years, Watson was elected to federal parliament at the inaugural 1901 election, where the state Labour parties received a combined 15.8 percent of the first past the post primary vote against two more dominant parties. The Caucus chose Watson as the inaugural parliamentary leader of the Labour Party on 8 May 1901, just in time for the first meeting of parliament. Labour led by Watson increased their vote to 31 percent at the 1903 election and 36.6 percent at the 1906 election. From the first election, Labour held the balance of power, giving support to Protectionist Party legislation in exchange for concessions to enact the Labour Party policy platform. Watson's term as Prime Minister was brief – only four months, between 27 April and 18 August 1904. He retired from Parliament in 1907. Labour led by Andrew Fisher would go on to win the 1910 election with 50 percent of the primary vote, ushering in Australia's first majority government, and also the first Senate majority.
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Darren Cheeseman
Darren Leicester Cheeseman (born 8 June 1976), Australian politician, was the successful Australian Labor Party candidate for the federal seat of Corangamite at the federal of election of 24 November 2007.
Cheeseman was born in Christchurch, New Zealand. He grew up in Ballarat and attended Mount Clear Secondary College. He later studied for a Bachelor of Applied Science in Geology at the University of Ballarat. He worked for the Association for the Blind, and during that time also served as a Councillor for the City of Ballarat. Later he worked for the Community and Public Sector Union.
In 2006 Cheeseman contested Labor preselection for Corangamite against the Labor candidate in 2004, former Geelong mayor Peter McMullin. Having secured preselection, he went on to win the seat with a 6.6% swing. McArthur had held the seat since 1984. Cheeseman attributed his win to opposition to the Liberal government's industrial relations laws, WorkChoices. Labor had not won Corangamite since 1929.
Mr. Cheeseman and his wife, Kirsty, live in the Surf Coast town of Torquay with their young son Isaac.
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Darren Chester
Darren Jeffrey Chester (born 13 September 1967) is an Australian politician. He is the National Party member of the Australian House of Representatives for the electoral division of Gippsland in Victoria. He was elected at the 2008 by-election caused by the resignation of Peter McGauran.
Chester was born in the Victorian town of Sale. He lives in Lakes Entrance with his wife and four children.
Prior to entering federal politics, Chester was chief of staff to Peter Ryan, the leader of the Nationals in the Victorian state parliament. Chester contested Gippsland East as the National Party candidate at the 2002 Victorian state election, losing to independent Craig Ingram. In 2004, Chester unsuccessfully stood for National Party preselection for the Senate position held by Julian McGauran. McGauran retained his party endorsement and was re-elected later that year, only to defect to the Liberal Party in 2006.
Chester was re-elected at the 2010 election and appointed Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Roads and Regional Transport in September 2010.
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David Cameron
David William Donald Cameron (pronunciation: /ˈkæmərən/; born 9 October 1966) is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service and Leader of the Conservative Party. He represents Witney as its Member of Parliament (MP).
Cameron studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) at Oxford, gaining a first class honours degree. He then joined the Conservative Research Department and became Special Adviser to Norman Lamont, and then to Michael Howard. He was Director of Corporate Affairs at Carlton Communications for seven years.
He was defeated in his first candidacy for Parliament at Stafford in 1997, but was elected in 2001 as the Member of Parliament for the Oxfordshire constituency of Witney. He was promoted to the Opposition front bench two years later, and rose rapidly to become head of policy co-ordination during the 2005 general election campaign. With a public image of a youthful, moderate candidate who would appeal to young voters, he won the Conservative leadership election in 2005.
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David Petraeus
David Howell Petraeus (pronunciation: /pɨˈtreɪ.əs/; born November 7, 1952) is the current Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. He was sworn in on September 6, 2011. Prior to his assuming the directorship of the CIA, Petraeus was a four-star general serving over 37 years in the United States Army. His last assignments in the Army were as commander of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and Commander, U.S. Forces Afghanistan (USFOR-A) from July 4, 2010 to July 18, 2011. His other four-star assignments include serving as the 10th Commander, U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) from October 13, 2008, to June 30, 2010, and as Commanding General, Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I) from February 10, 2007, to September 16, 2008. As commander of MNF-I, Petraeus oversaw all coalition forces in Iraq.
Petraeus has a B.S. degree from the United States Military Academy from which he graduated in 1974 as a distinguished cadet (top 5% of his class). He was the General George C. Marshall Award winner as the top graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College class of 1983. He subsequently earned an M.P.A. in 1985 and a Ph.D. degree in International Relations in 1987 from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. He later served as Assistant Professor of International Relations at the United States Military Academy and also completed a fellowship at Georgetown University.
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Dilma Rousseff
Dilma Vana Rousseff (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈdʒiwmɐ χuˈsɛf] born 14 December 1947) is the 36th and current President of Brazil. She is the first woman to hold the office. Prior to that, in 2005, she was also the first woman to become Chief of Staff to the President of Brazil, appointed by then President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
The daughter of a Bulgarian entrepreneur, Rousseff was raised in an upper middle class household in Belo Horizonte. She became a socialist during her youth, and following the 1964 coup d'état joined various left-wing and Marxist urban guerrilla groups that fought against the military dictatorship. Rousseff was captured and jailed between 1970 and 1972 and reportedly tortured.
After her release, Rousseff rebuilt her life in Porto Alegre with Carlos Araújo, who would be her partner for 30 years. Both helped found the Democratic Labour Party (PDT) in Rio Grande do Sul, participating in several of the party's electoral campaigns. She became the Secretary of the Treasury of the city of Porto Alegre in the Alceu Collares administration, and later the Secretary of Energy of the State of Rio Grande do Sul under both Collares and Olívio Dutra administrations. In 2000, after an internal dispute in the Dutra cabinet, she left PDT and joined the Workers' Party (PT).
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Donald Tsang
Sir Donald Tsang Yam-kuen GBM, KBE (born 7 October 1944) is the current Chief Executive and President of the Executive Council of Hong Kong.
Tsang began his civil service career in 1967, occupying various positions in finance and trade in the Hong Kong Civil Service, and was appointed Financial Secretary of Hong Kong in 1995, becoming the first ethnic Chinese to hold the position under British administration. He remained in that position after the transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong before being appointed Chief Secretary for Administration after the resignation of Anson Chan. Tsang has won praise for his handling of the Hong Kong economy both as Chief Executive in the mid-2000s and as Financial Secretary in the late 1990s.
He assumed the office of Chief Executive of Hong Kong in 2005. Since his appointment, he has been criticised for the government's mishandling of a number of incidents, most notably the demolition of Queen's Pier, Political Appointments System, the Leung Chin-man appointment controversy, and the Employee Retraining Levy waiver controversy.
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Earle Page
Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page, GCMG, CH (8 August 1880 – 20 December 1961) was the 11th Prime Minister of Australia, and is to date the second-longest serving federal parliamentarian in Australian history, with 41 years, 361 days in Parliament.
Born in Grafton, New South Wales, Page was educated at Sydney Boys High School and the University of Sydney, where he graduated in medicine at the top of his year in 1901. He worked at Sydney's Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, where he met Ethel Blunt, a nurse, whom he married in 1906. In 1903 he joined a private practice in Grafton and in 1904 he became one of the first people in the country to own a car. He practised in Sydney and Grafton before joining the Australian Army as a medical officer in the First World War, serving in Egypt. After the war he went into farming and was elected Mayor of Grafton.
In 1919 Page was elected to the House of Representatives from Cowper in northeastern New South Wales. He ran as a candidate of the Farmers and Settlers Association of New South Wales, which in 1920 merged with several other rural-based parties to form the Country Party. He became the party's leader in 1921, ousting William McWilliams. Dislike of the Hughes government's rural policies was one of the reasons the Country Party was formed, and when the party won the balance of power in the House at the 1922 election, Page demanded and got Hughes's resignation as the price for supporting the Nationalist government.
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Edmund Barton
Sir Edmund Barton, GCMG, KC (18 January 1849 – 7 January 1920), Australian politician and judge, served as the first Prime Minister of Australia and became a founding justice of the High Court of Australia.
Barton first became an MP in 1879, in the Parliament of New South Wales. He contributed solidly to the federation movement through the 1890s, eventually contesting the inaugural 1901 federal election as head of a caretaker Protectionist Party federal government. No party won a majority, however the government was supported by the Australian Labor Party, against the opposition Free Trade Party.
Barton resigned from the position of Prime Minister of Australia in 1903. He is one of only three Australian prime ministers who left the position at a time of their own choosing.[citation needed] Barton became a judge of Australia's High Court, serving for 17 years until his death in 1920.
He was born in the city of Glebe, the ninth child of English parents William Barton, a stockbroker, and Mary Louise Barton. He was educated at Fort Street High School and Sydney Grammar School, where he was twice dux and School Captain and met his life-long friend and later fellow Justice of the High Court of Australia, Richard O'Connor. He graduated with first class honours and the University Medal in classics from the University of Sydney, where he also demonstrated considerable skill at batting (but not in fielding) in cricket. Barton became a barrister in 1871. On a cricket trip to Newcastle in 1870, he met Jane Mason Ross, whom he married in 1877.
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Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, and head of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations. She is also head of state of the Crown Dependencies.
Elizabeth was born in London, and educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne as George VI in 1936 on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, in which she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. On the death of her father in 1952, she became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Her coronation service in 1953 was the first to be televised. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. Today, in addition to the first four aforementioned countries, Elizabeth is Queen of Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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Frank Forde
Francis Michael Forde PC (18 July 1890 – 28 January 1983) was an Australian politician and the 15th Prime Minister of Australia. He was the shortest serving Prime Minister in Australia's history, being in office for only eight days.
Forde was born at Mitchell, Queensland, and was the second of six children of Irish immigrant parents. His father was working as a grazier at the time of his birth, and Forde was educated at St. Mary's College, Toowoomba, a Catholic school, and became a teacher. Settling in Rockhampton, he became active in the Labor Party and in workers' education groups.
In 1917 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland as Labor MP for Rockhampton. In 1922 he resigned and was elected to the Australian House of Representatives for Capricornia.
Forde soon advanced in the Labor ranks. When Labor won the 1929 election, he became Assistant Minister for Trade and Customs in the Scullin government. In the last days of the government he became Minister for Trade and Customs. As one of the few senior Labor MPs to survive defeat at the 1931 election, Forde became Deputy Opposition Leader in 1932. When Scullin retired in 1935, Forde contested the leadership ballot but was defeated by one vote by John Curtin, mainly because he had supported Scullin's economic policies.
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Frank Tudor
Francis Gwynne "Frank" Tudor (29 January 1866 – 10 January 1922) was an Australian-born felt hatter and politician. He was the leader of the Australian Labor Party from 1916 till his death.
Tudor was born to John Llewellyn Tudor, a ballastman, and Ellen Charlotte Tudor, née Burt, both of Welsh origin, on 29 January 1866 at Williamstown, Victoria. However, the family soon moved to the Melbourne suburb of Richmond, where Tudor lived all his life.
Upon leaving Richmond Central State School, and after short spells in a sawmill and a boot factory, Tudor entered the felt hat industry. Tudor apprenticed in Abbotsford and then travelled across Victoria in the hat trade. Tudor went to England, working in London, Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester, marrying Alice Smale in Denton, Lancashire in 1894. Smale died the same year, but Tudor continued in the felt hat trade by moving to London and becoming vice-president of the local branch of the Felt Hatters' Union. In 1897 Tudor remarried to Fanny Jane Mead.
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Gough Whitlam
Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916), known as Gough Whitlam ( /ˈɡɒf ˈwɪtləm/ GOFF WIT-ləm), served as the 21st Prime Minister of Australia. Whitlam led the Australian Labor Party (ALP) to power at the 1972 election and retained government at the 1974 election, before being dismissed by Governor-General Sir John Kerr at the climax of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. Whitlam remains the only Prime Minister to have his commission terminated in that manner.
Whitlam entered Parliament in 1952, as an ALP member of the House of Representatives. In 1960 he was elected deputy leader of the ALP and in 1967, after party leader Arthur Calwell retired, he assumed the leadership and became Leader of the Opposition. After narrowly losing the 1969 election, Whitlam led Labor to victory at the 1972 election after 23 years of Liberal-Country Coalition government.
In his time in office, Whitlam and his government implemented a large number of new programs and policy changes, including the elimination of military conscription and criminal execution, institution of universal health care and fee-free tertiary schooling (university), and the implementation of legal aid programs. He won the 1974 election with a reduced majority. Subsequently, the Opposition, which controlled the Senate, was emboldened by government scandals and a flagging economy to challenge Whitlam. In late 1975, there was a weeks-long deadlock over the passage of appropriation bills, which was resolved by Kerr's dismissal of Whitlam and commissioning of Opposition leader Malcolm Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister. Labor lost the subsequent 1975 election in a landslide.
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Greg Combet
Gregory Ivan Combet AM MP (born 28 April 1958) is an Australian politician and trade unionist. He was Secretary of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) between 2000 and 2007. He was elected member for the New South Wales seat of Charlton for the Australian Labor Party at the 2007 election and was immediately appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Defence Procurement in the First Rudd Ministry on 3 December 2007. Combet is currently the Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency and the Minister for Innovation and Industry in the Second Gillard Ministry. He previously served as Parliamentary Secretary of the Department of Climate Change, when Penny Wong was the Minister.
Greg Combet was born in Sydney and attended Eastern Creek Primary school, then Rooty Hill High School from years 7 to 10. He completed his secondary education at Baulkham Hills High School. He was later educated at the University of New South Wales where he studied mining engineering, and then graduated from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Economics, and a Graduate Diploma in Labour Relations and the Law. He was a project officer for the New South Wales Tenants' Union before working for the Lidcombe Workers' Health Centre. In 1987, he was employed by the Waterside Workers' Federation, now part of the Maritime Union of Australia.
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H. V. Evatt
Herbert Vere Evatt, QC KStJ (30 April 1894 – 2 November 1965), was an Australian jurist, politician and writer. He was President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1948–49 and helped draft the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). He was Leader of the Australian Labor Party (and thus Leader of the Opposition) from 1951 to 1960.
Evatt was formally referred to as Dr H. V. Evatt, but was informally known as "Bert" or "Doc" Evatt.
Evatt was born in Maitland, New South Wales, son of John and Jeanie Evatt, and elder brother of Clive Evatt. The family was working-class of British and Irish origin. He was never called Herbert: his family called him Bert, everyone else called him Doc.
After attending Fort Street High School in Sydney, Evatt won scholarships to the University of Sydney, whilst there he was a resident of St Andrew's College, where he graduated in 1919 with two University Medals, in Philosophy and Law. He was President of the University of Sydney Union from 1916–17.
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Hamid Karzai
Hamid Karzai, GCMG (Pashto: حامد کرزی, Hāmid Karzay; born 24 December 1957) is the 12th and current President of Afghanistan, taking office on 7 December 2004. He became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001. During the December 2001 International Conference on Afghanistan in Germany, Karzai was selected by prominent Afghan political figures to serve a six month term as Chairman of the Interim Administration.
He was then chosen for a two year term as Interim President during the 2002 loya jirga (grand assembly) that was held in Kabul, Afghanistan. After the 2004 presidential election, Karzai was declared winner and became President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. He won a second five-year-term in the 2009 presidential election.
Karzai was born on 24 December 1957 in the Karz area of Kandahar City in southern Afghanistan. He is an ethnic Pashtun of the Popalzai tribe. His father, Abdul Ahad Karzai, served as the Deputy Speaker of the Parliament during the 1960s. His grandfather, Khair Mohammad Khan, had served in the 1919 Afghanistan's war of independence and as the Deputy Speaker of the Senate. Karzai's family were strong supporters of Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan. His uncle, Habibullah Karzai, served as representative of Afghanistan at the UN and is said to have accompanied King Zahir Shah in the early 1960s to the United States for a special meeting with U.S. President John F. Kennedy.
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Harold Holt
Harold Edward Holt, CH (5 August 1908 – 17 December 1967) was an Australian politician and the 17th Prime Minister of Australia.
His term as Prime Minister was brought to an early and dramatic end in December 1967 when he disappeared while swimming at Cheviot Beach near Portsea, Victoria, and was presumed drowned.
Holt spent 32 years in Parliament, including many years as a senior Cabinet Minister, but was Prime Minister for only 22 months. This necessarily limited his personal and political impact, especially when compared to his immediate predecessor Sir Robert Menzies, who was Prime Minister for a total of 18 years.
Today, Holt is mainly remembered for his somewhat controversial role in expanding Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War, for his famous "All the way with LBJ" quote, and for the sensational circumstances of his death. In the opinion of his biographer Tom Frame, these have tended to obscure the many achievements of Holt's long and distinguished political career.
As Minister for Immigration (1949–1956), Holt was responsible for the relaxation of the White Australia policy and as Treasurer under Menzies he initiated major fiscal reforms including the establishment of the Reserve Bank of Australia and launched and guided the process to convert Australia to decimal currency. As Prime Minister, he oversaw landmark changes including the historic decision not to devalue the Australian dollar in line with the British pound, and the 1967 constitutional referendum in which an overwhelming majority of Australians voted in favour of giving the Commonwealth power to legislate specifically for indigenous Australians.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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Hu Jintao
Hu Jintao (Pinyin: Hú Jǐntāo, pronounced [xǔ tɕìntʰɑ́ʊ]; born 21 December 1942) is the current Paramount leader of the People's Republic of China. He has held the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the People's Republic of China since 2003, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 2004, succeeding Jiang Zemin as the chief of the fourth generation of leadership of the Communist Party of China.
Hu has been involved in the Communist party bureaucracy for most of his adult life, notably as Party secretary for Guizhou province and the Tibet Autonomous Region, and then later first Secretary of the CPC Secretariat and Vice-President under former leader Jiang Zemin. Hu is the first leader of the Communist Party without any significant revolutionary credentials. As such, his rise to the presidency represented China's transition of leadership from establishment communists to younger, more pragmatic technocrats.
During his term in office, Hu has reintroduced state control in some sectors of the economy that were relaxed by the previous administration, and has been conservative with political reforms. Along with his colleague, Premier Wen Jiabao, Hu presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and development that cemented China as a major world power. He sought to improve socio-economic equality domestically through the Scientific Development Concept, which aimed to build a "Harmonious Society" that was prosperous and free of social conflict. Meanwhile, Hu kept a tight lid on China politically, cracking down on social disturbances, ethnic minority protests, and dissident figures. In foreign policy, Hu advocated for "China's peaceful development", pursuing soft power in international relations and a business-oriented approach to diplomacy. Through Hu's tenure, China's influence in Africa, Latin America, and other developing countries has increased.
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Hun Sen
Hun Sen (Khmer: ហ៊ុន សែន; born 5 August 1952) is the current Prime Minister of Cambodia and leader of the Cambodian People's Party (CPP), which has governed Cambodia since the Vietnamese-backed overthrow of the Khmer Rouge in 1979. Since the restoration of multi-party democracy in 1993, the CPP has been in a coalition with the royalist Funcinpec party.
His current, full, honorary title is Samdech Akeak Moha Sena Padei Techo Hun Sen (Khmer: សម្តេចអគ្គមហាសេនាបតីតេជោ ហ៊ុន សែន). The title "Samdech" was attached to his name in 1993 by King Norodom Sihanouk. It is only an honorary title and does not give him further powers. He has a glass eye, the result of a wound sustained during the Khmer Rouge offensive against Phnom Penh in April 1975. Hun Sen is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and is one of the longest serving prime ministers in the world, having been in power through various coalitions since 1985.
Hun Sen came to power with the Khmer Rouge and served as a Battalion Commander in the Eastern Region of Democratic Kampuchea (previous name of Cambodia). After falling out with the Khmer Rouge Hun Sen fled to Vietnam. Hun Sen was selected by the Vietnamese for a leadership role in the rebel army and government they were creating for Cambodia. When the Khmer Rouge regime was overthrown, Hun Sen was appointed as Foreign Minister of the Vietnamese-installed People's Republic of Kampuchea/State of Cambodia (PRK/SOC) in 1979 and in 1985 he was made Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Prime Minister, after the death of Chairman Chan Sy until 1990, (with a brief interruption from 1986 until 1987). As Foreign Minister, Hun Sen was a key figure in the Paris Peace Talks, which brokered peace in Cambodia.
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Jacob Zuma
Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (born 12 April 1942) is the President of South Africa,elected by parliament following his party's victory in the 2009 general election.
Zuma is the President of the African National Congress (ANC), the governing political party, and was Deputy President of South Africa from 1999 to 2005. Zuma is also referred to by his initials JZ and his clan name Msholozi. Zuma became the President of the ANC on 18 December 2007 after defeating incumbent Thabo Mbeki at the ANC conference in Polokwane. Zuma was also a member of the South African Communist Party (SACP), briefly serving on the party's Politburo until he left the party in 1990. On 20 September 2008, Thabo Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee, following a conclusion by Judge Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption.
Zuma has faced significant legal challenges. He was charged with rape in 2005, but was acquitted. In addition, he fought a long legal battle over allegations of racketeering and corruption, resulting from his financial advisor Schabir Shaik's conviction for corruption and fraud. On 6 April 2009, the National Prosecuting Authority decided to drop the charges, citing political interference.
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Jason Clare
Jason Dean Clare (born 22 March 1972) is the Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives for the seat of Blaxland in the western suburbs of Sydney. He won election in the 2007 Australian federal election.
Clare was born and raised in western Sydney and attended Cabramatta Primary School and Canley Vale High School. He was the dux of Canley Vale High School in 1989. When he left school he joined the Labor Party and was the secretary of the Cabramatta Branch for 10 years (1992 to 2002). He has a BA (Hons) and an LLB (law degree) from the University of New South Wales. He was a senior adviser to former NSW Premier Bob Carr and an executive at Transurban, one of Australia's Top 100 companies.
Blaxland was the electorate of Prime Minister Paul Keating from 1969 to 1996. From 1996 to 2007 it was held by Michael Hatton, who lost his Labor preselection for the 2007 election in May of that year and was replaced by Clare. Clare also competed for preselection against George Williams who had been "anointed by the ALP executive", had the "blessing of [former Prime Minister] Gough Whitlam" and whose chances had been "talked up" by ABC news reports. Since Blaxland is regarded as a safe Labor seat, Clare was almost certain to be elected in the 2007 federal election. Although the seat had a redistribution in 2006, it is likely that the redistribution has made the seat safer for Labor.
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Jeff Bleich
Jeffrey Laurence "Jeff" Bleich is an American lawyer from California who is the United States Ambassador to Australia. Formerly a partner at the firm of Munger, Tolles & Olson, Bleich is a longtime friend of President Barack Obama. He joined the White House staff in March 2009, holding the title of Special Counsel to the President, and on September 11, 2009 was nominated by Obama to become United States Ambassador to Australia. The United States Senate confirmed Bleich on November 10, 2009.
Bleich was born on a U.S. Army base in Germany and grew up in the U.S. state of Connecticut. He graduated from Hall High School in West Hartford, Connecticut. Bleich graduated from Amherst College magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1983. Bleich was admitted to study at Harvard University but deferred for a year to take a public policy fellowship at the Coro Foundation in St. Louis, Missouri, where he became involved in juvenile justice issues. At Harvard Bleich went to the John F. Kennedy School of Government as a 1986 John F. Kennedy Fellow, graduated with a Master of Arts in Public Policy.
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John Curtin
John Joseph Curtin (8 January 1885 – 5 July 1945), Australian politician, served as the 14th Prime Minister of Australia. Labor under Curtin formed a minority government in 1941 after the crossbench consisting of two independent MPs crossed the floor in the House of Representatives, bringing down the Coalition minority government of Robert Menzies which resulted from the 1940 election – aside from the formulative early parliaments, the only other hung parliament has resulted from the 2010 election. Curtin led federal Labor to its greatest win with two thirds of seats in the lower house and over 58 percent of the two-party preferred vote, and 55 percent of the primary vote and a majority of seats in the Senate at the 1943 election. Curtin died in 1945 and was succeeded by Ben Chifley, who retained government at the 1946 election with over 54 percent of the two-party vote and a continued Senate majority.
Curtin led Australia when the Australian mainland came under direct military threat during the Japanese advance in World War II. He is widely regarded as one of the country's greatest Prime Ministers. General Douglas MacArthur said that Curtin was "one of the greatest of the wartime statesmen". His Prime Ministerial predecessor and 1943 election Coalition leader, Arthur Fadden of the Country Party wrote: "I do not care who knows it but in my opinion there was no greater figure in Australian public life in my lifetime than Curtin."
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John Faulkner
John Philip Faulkner (born 12 April 1954) is an Australian politician. He has been a Labor member of the Australian Senate since 1989, representing the state of New South Wales. Following a period serving on various Senate Committees and as Deputy Whip, he was a Minister in the Keating Labor government 1993-96. Following several years in opposition as a Shadow Minister, he was appointed in 2007 as Vice-President of the Executive Council and Special Minister of State in the Rudd Government. He was Minister for Defence from June 2009 to September 2010.
He announced in July 2010 that he would return to the backbench after the 2010 election, and subsequently was replaced as Defence Minister by Stephen Smith on 13 September 2010.
Within Labor circles, Faulkner's elder statesman status is virtually unrivalled by any presently active politician.
Faulkner was born in Leeton, New South Wales on 12 April 1954, and was educated at Macquarie University, Sydney, where he graduated in Arts and Education (BA, DipEd). He worked as a Special Education teacher in government schools before entering politics from 1977 to 1979. In 1980 he was employed as a Research officer to the New South Wales Minister for Sport and Recreation, Ken Booth. Gaining prominence within the ALP, he was made Assistant General Secretary of the NSW party in 1980, serving for nine years and became a member of the ALP National Executive in 1989.
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John Gorton
Sir John Grey Gorton, GCMG, AC, CH (9 September 1911 – 19 May 2002), Australian politician, was the 19th Prime Minister of Australia.
Sir John Grey Gorton was born in Melbourne, Victoria, the illegitimate son of Alice Sinn, the daughter of a railway worker, and English orange orchardist John Rose Gorton. The older Gorton and his wife Kathleen had emigrated to Australia by way of South Africa, where they had prospered during the Boer War. They separated in Australia, and Gorton established a de facto relationship with Sinn, who died of tuberculosis in 1920. Gorton the younger went to live with his father's estranged wife and his half-sister Ruth, in Sydney.
He was educated at Sydney Church of England Grammar School (where he was a class mate of Errol Flynn) and Geelong Grammar School, and then traveled to England to attend Brasenose College, Oxford. While in England, he undertook flying lessons and was awarded a British pilots' licence in 1932. He studied history, politics and economics at Oxford and graduated with an upper second undergraduate degree.
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John Howard
John Winston Howard, OM, AC, SSI, (born 26 July 1939) was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. He was the second-longest serving Australian Prime Minister after Sir Robert Menzies.
Howard was a member of the House of Representatives from 1974 to 2007, representing the Division of Bennelong, New South Wales. He served as Treasurer in the Fraser government of from 1977 to 1983. He was Leader of the Liberal Party and Coalition Opposition from 1985 to 1989, which included the 1987 federal election against Bob Hawke. He was re-elected as Leader of the Opposition in 1995.
Howard led the Liberal-National coalition to victory at the 1996 federal election, defeating Paul Keating's Labor government and ending a record 13 years of Coalition opposition. The Howard Government was re-elected at the 1998, 2001 and 2004 elections, presiding over a period of strong economic growth and prosperity. Major issues for the Howard Government included taxation, industrial relations, immigration, the Iraq war, and Aboriginal relations. Howard's coalition government was defeated at the 2007 election by the Labor Party led by Kevin Rudd. Howard also lost his own parliamentary seat at the election; he was the second Australian Prime Minister, after Stanley Bruce in 1929, to do so.
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John Key
John Phillip Key (born 9 August 1961) is the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand, in office since 2008. He has led the New Zealand National Party since 2006.
Born in Auckland before moving to Christchurch when he was a child, Key attended the University of Canterbury and graduated in 1981 with a bachelor of commerce, also later undertaking management studies at Harvard University in Boston. He began a career in the foreign exchange market in New Zealand before moving overseas to work for Merrill Lynch, in which he became head of global foreign exchange in 1995, a position he would hold for six years. In 1999 he was appointed a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York until leaving in 2001.
Key entered the New Zealand Parliament representing the Auckland electorate of Helensville as one of the few new National members of parliament in the election of 2002 following National's significant defeat of that year. He has held the seat since then. In 2004, he was appointed Finance Spokesman for National and eventually succeeded Don Brash as the National Party leader in 2006. After two years as Leader of the Opposition, Key led his party to victory in both the November 2008 and the November 2011 general elections.
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John McEwen
Sir John "Black Jack" McEwen, GCMG, CH (29 March 1900 – 20 November 1980), was an Australian politician and the 18th Prime Minister of Australia. He is the last member of the Country Party to serve as prime minister.
McEwen's stern demeanour earned him the nickname "Black Jack" (Sir Robert Menzies called him "Le Noir").
McEwen was born at Chiltern, Victoria, where his father was a pharmacist. He was educated at state schools and at 15 became a junior public service clerk. He enlisted in the Army immediately upon turning 18 but the First World War ended while he was still in training. He commenced dairy farming at Stanhope, Victoria, near Shepparton.
McEwen was active in farmer organisations and in the Country Party. In 1934 he was elected to the House of Representatives for the electorate of Echuca, switching to Indi in 1937 and Murray in 1949. Between 1937 and 1941 he was successively Minister for the Interior, Minister for External Affairs and simultaneously Minister for Air and Minister for Civil Aviation. In 1940 when Archie Cameron resigned as Country Party leader he contested the leadership ballot against Sir Earle Page: the ballot was tied and Arthur Fadden was chosen as a compromise.
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Joseph Cook
Sir Joseph Cook, GCMG (7 December 1860 – 30 July 1947) was an Australian politician and the sixth Prime Minister of Australia. Born as Joseph Cooke and working in the coal mines of Silverdale, Staffordshire during his early life, he emigrated to Lithgow, New South Wales during the late 1880s, and became General-Secretary of the Western Miners Association in 1887.
A founding member of the Australian Labor Party, Cook was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as Member for Hartley in 1891. Later Cook switched to the Free Trade Party, and was a minister in the cabinet of Premier George Reid from 1894 to 1899. During Australia's first federal election in 1901, Cook was elected unopposed to the federal seat of Parramatta, and served as the deputy to Reid, then Alfred Deakin, following the creation of the Commonwealth Liberal Party from Cook's and Deakin's parties.
As leader of the Liberal Party, Cook became Prime Minister following the 1913 elections; but he only had a one-seat majority in the lower house and no majority at all in the upper house, so he repeatedly sought to obtain a double dissolution. The outbreak of World War I just before the September 1914 election led to a Labor victory. Following a split in the Labor party in 1916, Cook joined William Morris Hughes' Nationalist Party of Australia, and following the Nationalist victory in the 1917 election, served as Minister for the Navy, then Treasurer under Hughes.
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Joseph Lyons
Joseph Aloysius Lyons, CH (15 September 1879 – 7 April 1939) was an Australian politician. He was Labor Premier of Tasmania from 1923 to 1928 and a Minister in the James Scullin government from 1929 until his resignation from the Labor Party in March 1931. He subsequently led the United Australia Party and was the tenth Prime Minister of Australia from January 1932 until his death.
Lyons was born in Circular Head, at Stanley, Tasmania, the grandson of Irish immigrants. His father, Michael Lyons, was a successful farmer who afterwards engaged in a butchery and bakery business, but lost this on account of bad health, and subsequently was forced to work as a labourer. His mother did much to keep the family of eight children together, but Joseph had to leave school at nine to work as a messenger and printer's devil. But with the assistance of two aunts, he was able to resume his education at the Philip Smith Teachers' Training College, Hobart, and became a teacher.[1] He also became an active trade unionist and was an early member of the Australian Labor Party in Tasmania.
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Josh Frydenberg
Joshua Anthony "Josh" Frydenberg (born 17 July 1971) is an Australian banker and politician. He has been the Liberal member for Kooyong in the Australian House of Representatives since August 2010.
Frydenberg was born in Melbourne and educated at Bialik and Mount Scopus Colleges. His mother is a psychologist and University of Melbourne Professor, and his father is a general surgeon. He studied law and economics at Monash University, earning honours in both degrees, before working at Mallesons Stephen Jaques, a large Australian commercial law firm. He attended the University of Oxford on a Commonwealth scholarship, where he attained a Master of International Relations degree in 1998 and was a student at University College. He also attained the degree of Master of Public Administration at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government.
In 1999 he worked as an assistant adviser to Attorney-General Daryl Williams before becoming an adviser to Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer, a post he held until 2003. From 2003 to 2005 he was a policy adviser to Prime Minister John Howard, specialising in domestic security issues, border protection, justice and industrial relations. In 2005 he took up a position as a Director of Global Banking with Deutsche Bank in the company's Melbourne office.
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José Manuel Barroso
José Manuel Durão Barroso (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈzɛ mɐnuˈɛɫ duˈɾɐ̃w bɐˈʁozu]; born 23 March 1956) is the 11th and current President of the European Commission and a Portuguese politician. He served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 6 April 2002 to 17 July 2004.
Durão Barroso (as he is known in Portugal) graduated in Law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon and has an MSc in Economic and Social Sciences from the University of Geneva (Institut Européen de l'Université de Genève) in Switzerland. His academic career continued as an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon. He did research for a PhD at Georgetown University and Georgetown's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. but his CV does not list any doctoral degree (except honorary). He is a 1998 graduate of the Georgetown Leadership Seminar. Back in Lisbon, Barroso became Director of the Department for International Relations at Lusíada University (Universidade Lusíada). He received honorary degrees from many Universities listed under honorary degrees.
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Julia Gillard
Julia Eileen Gillard (born 29 September 1961) is the 27th and current Prime Minister of Australia, in office since 24 June 2010.
Gillard was born in Barry, Wales and migrated with her family to Adelaide, Australia in 1966, attending Mitcham Demonstration School and Unley High School. In 1982 Gillard moved to Melbourne. She graduated from the University of Melbourne with Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees in 1986. In 1987, Gillard joined the law firm Slater & Gordon working in industrial law, before entering politics.
Gillard was elected at the 1998 federal election to the House of Representatives seat of Lalor, Victoria, for the Australian Labor Party. Following the 2001 federal election, Gillard was elected to the shadow cabinet with the portfolios of Population and Immigration. The Reconciliation and Indigenous Affairs and the Health portfolios were added in 2003. In December 2006, Kevin Rudd was elected Labor leader and Leader of the Opposition, with Gillard as deputy leader.
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Julian Assange
Julian Paul Assange ( /əˈsɒnʒ/ ə-SONZH; born 3 July 1971) is an Australian computer programmer, political/internet activist, publisher, and journalist. He is best known as the editor in chief and founder of WikiLeaks, a media website which publishes information from whistleblowers. The site acts as a conduit for worldwide news leaks, with a stated purpose of creating open governance.
WikiLeaks has published material about extrajudicial killings in Kenya, toxic waste dumping in Côte d'Ivoire, Church of Scientology manuals, Guantanamo Bay procedures, and banks such as Kaupthing and Julius Baer. In 2010, WikiLeaks published Iraq War documents and Afghan War documents about American involvement in the wars, some of which was classified material. On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks and its five international print media partners (Der Spiegel, The New York Times, Le Monde, The Guardian and El País) began publishing U.S. diplomatic cables.
Assange was a hacker-activist in his youth, before becoming a computer programmer and then becoming internationally renowned for his work with WikiLeaks. He has lived in several countries and has made public appearances in many parts of the world to speak about freedom of the press, censorship, and investigative journalism. He has received numerous awards and nominations, including the 2009 Amnesty International Media Award, Readers' Choice for TIME magazine's 2010 Person of the Year, the 2011 Sydney Peace Foundation gold medal and the 2011 Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism.Snorre Valen, a Norwegian parliamentarian, nominated him for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize.
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Julie Collins
Julie Maree Collins (born 3 July 1971) is an Australian politician. She was elected in the 2007 Federal Election as an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives in the Division of Franklin in Tasmania.
Collins was born in Hobart, Tasmania. She is married with three children.
Ms Collins was State Secretary of the Tasmanian Labor Party 2006-07.
She previously stood unsuccessfully for the state division of Denison in the 2006 state election.
She successfully held her seat in the 2010 election and was promoted into the executive of the Gillard Government when sworn in as Parliamentary Secretary for Community Services on 14 September 2010.
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Kelly O'Dwyer
Kelly Megan O'Dwyer (born 31 March 1977) is an Australian politician, and member for the Division of Higgins in the Australian House of Representatives. On 5 December 2009, at the 2009 Higgins by-election, O'Dwyer was elected to succeed former Treasurer Peter Costello.
O'Dwyer attended Presbyterian Ladies' College and the University of Melbourne, where she studied Law and Arts. After working as a solicitor for Freehills in Melbourne, O'Dwyer spent four years as an advisor to Peter Costello, then the member for the federal division of Higgins and the Federal Treasurer, later becoming an executive at the National Australia Bank.
Costello decided in 2009 not to seek another term of office at the next federal election. On 17 September 2009, O'Dwyer was pre-selected to stand as the Liberal Party candidate for Higgins at the next election. Peter Costello then announced his resignation from Parliament in October 2009. He stated that he chose to retire ahead of the next federal election as a contribution to renewal of the Liberal Party and that O'Dwyer would contribute to this process. A by-election was held on 5 December 2009. O'Dwyer was considered a "shoo-in", especially since the Labor Party did not contest the seat.
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Kevin Rudd
Kevin Michael Rudd (born 21 September 1957) is an Australian politician who was the 26th Prime Minister of Australia from 2007 to 2010. He also served as the Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2010 to 2012. A member of the Australian Labor Party, Rudd has served in the House of Representatives since the 1998 federal election, representing Griffith, Queensland.
Rudd was born in Queensland and grew up on a dairy farm. He joined the Australian Labor Party at the age of 15 and was dux of Nambour State High School in 1974. He studied an arts degree in Asian studies at the Australian National University, majoring in Chinese language and Chinese history. In 1981, he married Thérèse Rein and they have three children. He worked for the Department of Foreign Affairs from 1981 and from 1988 he was Chief of Staff to the Queensland Labor Opposition Leader and later Premier, Wayne Goss. After the Goss government lost office in 1995, Rudd was hired as a Senior China Consultant by the accounting firm KPMG Australia.
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Kim Beazley
Kim Christian Beazley AC (born 14 December 1948) is a former Australian politician and academic and a current diplomat. He is currently the Australian Ambassador to the United States.
Beazley previously served in the Australian House of Representatives from 1980 to 2007. He was leader of the Australian Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition from 1996–2001 and from 2005–2006. He led Labor during its 1998 and 2001 election defeats. He was a minister under Prime Ministers Bob Hawke and Paul Keating and served as the Deputy Prime Minister to Keating from 1995 to 1996. He retired from Parliament at the 2007 election when Labor won government under his successor, Kevin Rudd.
Beazley was born in Perth, Western Australia. His father, Kim Beazley Snr, was the Labor MP for Fremantle from 1945 to 1977 and education minister in the Whitlam Government (1972–75). His mother, Betty Judge, is a former Australian athletics champion and record-holder.
Beazley was educated at Hollywood Senior High School and later at the University of Western Australia and Balliol College, Oxford (having been a 1973 Rhodes Scholar), where he gained a Master of Philosophy degree. At Oxford, he befriended Tony Blair, who would become a British prime minister, and Geoff Gallop, later to be a premier of Western Australia. After he returned to Australia, he tutored and lectured in politics at Perth's Murdoch University, recruited to Labor's right-wing faction by Graham Richardson and John Ducker, before being elected MP for the seat of Swan at the 1980 election.
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Kim Carr
Kim John Carr (born 2 July 1955) is an Australian politician. He has been an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian Senate since April 1993, representing the state of Victoria. He was elected to the Senate at the March 1993 election, and was due to take his seat on 1 July. When retiring Senator John Button resigned before the expiry of his term, however, Carr was appointed to the resulting casual vacancy in April.[citation needed]
Carr was born in Tumut, New South Wales. He was educated at the University of Melbourne where he obtained a Master of Arts degree and a Diploma of Education. He joined the Labor Party in 1975. He was a secondary school teacher for nine years before becoming a political staffer for Victorian government ministers Joan Kirner and Andrew McCutcheon.
Carr became a Shadow Parliamentary Secretary in March 1996 in addition to being the Manager of Opposition Business in the Senate until his election to the Opposition Shadow Ministry in November 2001. He was Shadow Minister for Science and Research from then until October 2004. He was also Shadow Minister for Industry and Innovation from July 2003 to October 2004. He has been Shadow Minister for Public Administration and Open Government, Shadow Minister for Indigenous Affairs and Reconciliation and Shadow Minister for the Arts October 2004 to June 2005, when he was appointed Shadow Minister for Housing, Urban Development, Local Government and Territories. He is one of five voting Victorian members of the party's National Executive.
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Lee Hsien Loong
Lee Hsien Loong (born 10 February 1952) is the third and current Prime Minister of Singapore, and the eldest son of Singapore's first Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew.
As a member of the People's Action Party (PAP), Lee became Prime Minister in August 2004, succeeding Goh Chok Tong. He has been a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1984 and a member of the Cabinet since 1987, and was one of the key leaders in Singapore's political transition in the 1980s and 1990s. Before becoming Prime Minister he served as the Minister for Trade and Industry, Minister for Finance and Deputy Prime Minister. Prior to his election to Parliament, he served as an officer in the Singapore Armed Forces, rising to the rank of Brigadier-General.
The eldest child of former prime minister Lee Kuan Yew and the late Madam Kwa Geok Choo, Lee Hsien Loong was born in Singapore on 10 February 1952. His paternal grandmother, Chua Jim Neo, was a Hokkien Nyonya, and his mother has ancestry from Tong'an District, Xiamen, in the Fujian province of China. According to Lee Kuan Yew's biography, the young Lee had learned Jawi script from the age of five, and has always been interested in the affairs of Singapore, often following his father to the rally grounds since 1963.
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Lee Myung-bak
Lee Myung-bak (Hangul: 이명박; Hanja: 李明博; /ˌliː ˌmjʌŋ ˈbɑːk/; Korean: [i mjʌŋbak̚]; born 19 December 1941) is the President of South Korea. Prior to his presidency, he was the CEO of Hyundai Engineering and Construction and the mayor of Seoul. He is married to Kim Yoon-ok and has three daughters and one son. His older brother is Lee Sang-deuk, a South Korean politician. He attends the Somang Presbyterian Church. Lee is a graduate of Korea University and also received an honorary degree from Paris Diderot University on May 13, 2011.
Lee altered the South Korean government's approach to North Korea, preferring a more hardline strategy in the wake of increased provocation from the North, but is also supportive of regional dialogue with Russia, China, and Japan. Under Lee, South Korea has been increasing its visibility and influence in the global scene, resulting in the hosting of the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit. However, there remains significant controversy in Korea in regards to high profile government initiatives which have caused some factions to engage in civil opposition and protests against the incumbent government and President Lee's Saenuri Party (formerly the Grand National Party). The reformist faction within the Saenuri Party is at odds against Lee Myung-bak.
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Ma Ying-jeou
Ma Ying-jeou (traditional Chinese: 馬英九; simplified Chinese: 马英九; pinyin: Mǎ Yīngjiǔ; born July 13, 1950) is the 12th and 13th term President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), and the Chairman of the Kuomintang Party, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party. Previous roles include Justice Minister (1993–96) and Mayor of Taipei (1998-06). He is also the current Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) having served in that role since 2005 stepping down for a period between 2007 and 2009. Ma first won the presidency by 58.45% of the popular vote in the presidential election of 2008, and was re-elected in 2012 with 51.6% of the vote. He was sworn into office as president on May 20, 2008, and sworn in as the Chairman of the Kuomintang on October 17, 2009.
Ma Ying-jeou was born in Kwong Wah Hospital in Kowloon, Hong Kong on 13 July 1950. He is of Hakka ancestry, originating from Hunan Province of China. In a family of five children, Ma was the only son.
Ma earned his LL.B. from National Taiwan University in 1972. He pursued further studies in the United States, first earning an LL.M. from New York University Law School in 1976 and then an S.J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1981.
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Malcolm Fraser
John Malcolm Fraser AC, CH, GCL, PC ( /ˈfreɪzə/; born 21 May 1930) is a former Australian Liberal Party politician who was the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia. He came to power in 1975 through the dismissal of the Whitlam Labor government, in which he played a key role. After three election victories, he was defeated by Bob Hawke in the 1983 election and ended his career alienated from his own party.
Malcolm Fraser was born in Toorak to a family with a history of involvement in politics and the pastoral/grazing industry. His grandfather, Simon Fraser, emigrated from Nova Scotia in 1853, becoming a successful pastoralist and speculator, as well as a member of the Victorian Parliament, the Federation Conventions of 1897–98 and the Australian Senate. Malcolm Fraser's father, John Neville Fraser, was a pastoralist at Deniliquin in the Riverina region of New South Wales and later at a property called "Nareen", near Hamilton in the Western District of Victoria. Malcolm Fraser's mother, Una Woolf, was of Jewish descent on her own father's side.
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Malcolm Turnbull
Malcolm Bligh Turnbull (born 24 October 1954) is an Australian politician. He has been a member of the Australian House of Representatives since 2004, and was Leader of the Opposition and parliamentary leader of the Liberal Party from 16 September 2008 to 1 December 2009. He currently serves as the Shadow Minister for Communications and Broadband.
Turnbull has represented the Division of Wentworth in Sydney's eastern suburbs since his election in October 2004. He served as the federal Minister for Environment and Water Resources in 2007. Before entering parliamentary politics he practised as a journalist, barrister, company legal counsel, and merchant banker, and was leader of the Australian Republican Movement.
In September 2008, Turnbull was chosen Liberal Party leader and Leader of the Opposition. He served for a little over a year. In November 2009, he ordered the Liberal Party to support the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme proposed by the Labor government. This prompted substantial opposition in the party, and Turnbull was voted out of his leadership post on 1 December.
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Mark Butler
Mark Christopher Butler (born 8 July 1970) has been the Australian Labor Party representative for the electoral division of Port Adelaide in north-western Adelaide, South Australia since the 2007 federal election, succeeding prior Labor MP Rod Sawford.
In a 2009 Rudd Ministry reshuffle, Butler was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Health. On 14 September 2010, he was sworn in as Minister for Mental Health and Ageing in the Second Gillard Ministry.
On 12 September 2011 he was given the added responsibility of Minister Assisting the Prime Minister on Mental Health Reform.
On 14 December 2011, Butler's ministry was renamed Mental Health and Aged Care, and he became a member of Cabinet.
Butler was head of the left Labor faction in South Australia, until federal responsibilities saw him step back from the role to be replaced by David Gray, a staffer of Butler's, and an advisor to the Miscellaneous Workers Union.
Butler is a great-grandson and grandson respectively of conservative former Premiers Sir Richard B. Butler and Sir Richard L. Butler.
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Mark Dreyfus
Mark Alfred Dreyfus QC (born 3 October 1956), Australian lawyer and politician, is the Australian Labor Party member for the House of Representatives seat of Isaacs, Victoria. He was elected in the 2007 federal election.
Dreyfus was born in Perth, the son of George Dreyfus, a noted composer who came to Australia as a refugee from Nazi Germany. Dreyfus was educated at the University of Melbourne and holds degrees in Arts and Law, becoming a lawyer in 1982 and a barrister in 1987.
He was a ministerial staffer, advising Jim Kennan the Victorian Attorney-General and Planning Minister, for two years in the 1980s.
An expert in planning law, Dreyfus was the Legal Editor of the Victorian Planning Reports and was a member of the Victorian Planning and Environmental Law Association. He was also the co-author of the Contract chapter in Butterworths' Court Forms, Precedents and Pleadings, Victoria, He was one of the top defamation lawyers in Victoria, representing some of the state's large media businesses. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1999 by Attorney-General Rob Hulls on recommendation from the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria. He was a director of the Law Council of Australia and the Vice-Chair of the Victorian Bar.
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Mark Latham
Mark William Latham (born 28 February 1961), an author and former Australian politician, was leader of the Federal Parliamentary Australian Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition from December 2003 to January 2005.
Latham captured national attention and, initially, high levels of public approval with his policies and unconventional approach, but also attracted controversy surrounding his past. In the October 2004 federal election, Latham was defeated by then-incumbent Prime Minister John Howard. Deteriorating relations with his party and ill health saw him resign as Leader on 18 January 2005.
In September 2005, Latham released The Latham Diaries, in which he attacked many of his former colleagues and members of the media, as well as condemning the general state of political life in Australia. He has since published A Conga Line of Suckholes, a regular column in the Australian Financial Review and Spectator Australia and an essay for The Monthly.
Latham was born in Ashcroft, a suburb of south-western Sydney in New South Wales. He was educated at the Hurlstone Agricultural High School, where he was dux, and at the University of Sydney, where he graduated with a degree in economics. He worked at the Green Valley Hotel for 2 years. He was also a research assistant to the former Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam, which included working on the latter's book The Whitlam Government.
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Matthew Charlton
Matthew Charlton (15 March 1866 – 8 December 1948) was an Australian Labor Party politician.
Charlton was born at Linton in rural Victoria but moved to Lambton, New South Wales at the age of five. He worked as a coal miner after only a primary education and then married Martha Rollings in 1889. Charlton had an interest in politics from his early middle age, and joined union strikes against wage reductions in 1896.
After a two-year stint in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Charlton returned to Lambton and rejoined the local colliery workers' union, becoming its treasurer in 1901. He won a by-election for the NSW seat of Waratah in 1903 and transferred to Northumberland in 1904.
In 1910 Charlton won the seat of Hunter and rose through the ranks of Andrew Fisher's government, then staying with the Australian Labor Party during its period in opposition. Charlton rose through the ranks to become party leader in 1922. He lost his first election campaign, partly because he was hospitalised with illness during its course. In 1924 Charlton was invited to a meeting of the League of Nations (now United Nations) but was unsuccessful in getting Australia to adopt the Geneva Protocol, established during the meeting.
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Michael Danby
Michael David Danby (born 16 February 1955) is an Australian politician and has been an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives since October 1998, representing the Division of Melbourne Ports, Victoria. Since July 2011 he has been chairman of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, a role which saw him represent the Prime Minister at the inauguration of the new nation of South Sudan in 2011. He is also a member of the World Movement for Democracy's Steering Committee.
Danby was born in Melbourne, Victoria and lives in Elwood, in his electorate. Danby attended Mount Scopus Memorial College and then studied Arts at Melbourne University but left without graduating. He was President of the Melbourne University Student Union as well as President of the Australasian Union of Jewish Students. From 1980 to 1983 he was an Australian Army Reserve officer cadet with Officer Cadet Training Unit, 3 Training Group, based at Albert Park and Puckapunyal.
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Mike Symon
Michael Stuart "Mike" Symon (born 21 February 1965), Australian politician, was elected as the new Australian Labor Party member for the federal seat of Deakin in the Australian House of Representatives at the 2007 federal election. He was previously an electrician and Occupational Health and Safety Officer of the Electrical Trades Union. He defeated the sitting Liberal member, Phil Barresi, who had held the seat since 1996.
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Najib Tun Razak
Dato' Sri Haji Mohammad Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak (born 23 July 1953) is a Malaysian politician who has been the sixth Prime Minister of Malaysia since 2009. He previously held the post of Deputy Prime Minister from 7 January 2004 until he succeeded Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi as Prime Minister on 3 April 2009. Najib is President of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). He is the son of Malaysia's second prime minister, Tun Abdul Razak and the nephew of Malaysia's third prime minister, Tun Hussein Onn. Najib is also the Minister of Finance.
Najib succeeded Abdullah at a time after his ruling coalition, the Barisan Nasional, lost its long held two-thirds majority in parliament to the opposition led by former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in the 2008 parliamentary election. Since then Najib has tried to build a moderate image for himself and the UMNO through the 1Malaysia campaign.
Born 23 July 1953, in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Najib is the eldest of Prime Minister Abdul Razak's six sons, and the nephew of Hussein Onn, Malaysia’s third Prime Minister. His younger brother, Dato' Seri Mohd Nazir Abdul Razak, runs the country's second-largest lender, Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings Bhd. Najib is also one of the Four Noblemen of the Pahang Darul Makmur (Royal Court) by virtue of his inherited title as the Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar. He received his primary and secondary education at St. John's Institution, Kuala Lumpur. He later attended Malvern College in Worcestershire, England, and subsequently went to the University of Nottingham, where he received a bachelor's degree in industrial economics in 1974. Najib Razak returned to Malaysia in 1974 and entered the business world, serving briefly in Bank Negara (Central Bank) and later with Petronas (Malaysia's national oil company) as a public affairs manager.
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Nguyen Tan Dung
Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (born 17 November 1949) is the Prime Minister of Vietnam. He was confirmed by the National Assembly on 27 June 2006, having been nominated by his predecessor, Phan Van Khai, who retired from office. Since a party congress in January 2011, Dung has been ranked third in the hierarchy of the Communist Party of Vietnam, after State President Truong Tan Sang and Defense Minister Phung Quang Thanh.
Dung was born in Ca Mau Province in southern Vietnam. On his 12th birthday, the young Dung is said to have voluntarily joined the Vietcong, doing first-aid, and communication tasks; he also worked as a nurse, and a physician. Dung was four times wounded in the Vietnam War, and was later ranked as a level 2/4 wounded veteran. As a Senior Lieutenant he was Chief Political Commissar of Infantry Battalion 207; as a Captain, he was Political Chief of Infantry Regiment 152, defending the southwestern border; and as Major, he was Head of the Personnel Board of Kien Giang Province's Military Command.
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Nick Xenophon
Nicholas "Nick" Xenophon (born Nicholas Xenophou 29 January 1959) is a South Australian barrister, anti-gambling campaigner and politician. He attended Prince Alfred College, and studied law at the University of Adelaide, attaining his Bachelor of Laws in 1981. Xenophon established and became principal of his own law firm, Xenophon & Co. in 1984. Between 1994 and 1997 he served as president of the South Australian branch of the Australian Plaintiff Lawyers' Association.
No Pokies, the name of his independent ticket in the South Australian Legislative Council, garnered 2.9 percent of the statewide vote at the 1997 state election electing himself on preferences, and 20.5 percent at the 2006 election (or 2.5 quotas), which was unexpected by political commentators. He was elected to the Australian Senate at the 2007 federal election, receiving 14.8 percent. This was still over one full Senate quota, gaining election without the need for preferences. Xenophon shared the balance of power with the Greens and Family First during the 2008–11 Senate parliamentary session, with the Greens holding the sole balance of power since July 2011. Whilst his original 1997 platform centred on anti-pokies, he has since become an advocate in many other areas. Xenophon has been reported in the media as "left-of-centre", while Hansard reveals that Xenophon and the Greens have found common ground on a number of issues.
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Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky (/ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski/; born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher,cognitive scientist, historian, and activist. He is an Institute Professor and Professor (Emeritus) in the Department of Linguistics & Philosophy at MIT, where he has worked for over 50 years. Chomsky has been described as the "father of modern linguistics" and a major figure of analytic philosophy. His work has influenced fields such as computer science, mathematics, and psychology.
Ideologically identifying with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism, Chomsky is known for his critiques of U.S. foreign policy and contemporary capitalism, and he has been described as a prominent cultural figure. His media criticism has included Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988), co-written with Edward S. Herman, an analysis articulating the propaganda model theory for examining the media.
According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index in 1992, Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any other living scholar from 1980 to 1992, and was the eighth most cited source overall. Chomsky is the author of over 100 books. He is credited as the creator or co-creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, the universal grammar theory, and the Chomsky–Schützenberger theorem.
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Ollanta Humala
Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso (Spanish pronunciation: [oˈʎanta mojˈses uˈmala ˈtaso]) (born June 27, 1962) is a Peruvian politician and the President of Peru. Humala, who previously served as an army officer, lost the presidential election in 2006 but won the 2011 presidential election in a run-off vote. He was elected as President of Peru in the second round, defeating Keiko Fujimori.
The son of Isaac Humala, a labour lawyer, Humala entered the Peruvian Army in 1982. In the military he achieved the rank of Lieutenant Colonel; in 1992 he fought in the internal conflict against the Shining Path and three years later he participated in the Cenepa War against Ecuador. In October 2000, Humala led an unsuccessful military revolt by 39 soldiers in the southern city of Tacna against President Alberto Fujimori; he was pardoned by the Peruvian Congress after the downfall of the Fujimori regime.
In 2005 he founded the Peruvian Nationalist Party and registered to run in the 2006 presidential election. The nomination was made under the Union for Peru ticket as the Nationalist party did not achieve its electoral inscription on time. He passed the first round of the elections, held on April 9, 2006, with 30.62% of the valid votes. A runoff was held on June 4 between Humala and Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party. Humala lost this round with 47.47% of the valid votes versus 52.62% for García. After his defeat, Humala remained as an important figure within Peruvian politics.
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Olusegun Obasanjo
Oluṣẹgun Mathew Okikiọla Arẹmu Ọbasanjọ, GCFR (/oʊˈbɑːsəndʒoʊ/; Yoruba: [olúʃɛ̙́ɡũ ɒ̙básandʒɒ̙́]; born circa 5 March 1937) is a former Nigerian Army general and former President of Nigeria. A Nigerian of Yoruba descent, Obasanjo was a career soldier before serving twice as his nation's head of state, as a military ruler between 13 February 1976 to 1 October 1979; and as elected President from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007.
His current home is Abeokuta, the Capital City of Ogun State, where he is a nobleman as the holder of the titles of the Balogun of the Owu Lineage and the Ekerin Balogun of the Egba clan of Yorubaland.
Ọbasanjọ was born in Ogun State; and grew up in Owu (Abeokuta). His first name, Olusegun, means "The Lord is victorious".
As a young man of 21, he enlisted in the Nigerian Army in 1958. He trained at Aldershot, and was commissioned as an officer in the Nigerian Army. He served at 1 Area Command in Kaduna. Promoted to Chief Army Engineer, he was made commander of 2 Area Command from July 1967, which was redesignated 2 Division Rear, and then the Ibadan Garrison Organisation. He was also trained in DSSC, Wellington. During the Nigerian Civil War, he commanded the Army's 3 Marine Commando Division that took Owerri, effectively bringing an end to the civil war.
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Patrick Manning
Patrick Augustus Mervyn Manning (born 17 August 1946) was the fourth and sixth Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, as well as the former Political Leader of the People's National Movement (PNM). He served as Prime Minister from 17 December 1991 to 9 November 1995 and held that office again from 24 December 2001 until 26 May 2010. He was also the Leader of the Opposition from 1986 to 1990 and from 1995 to 2001. He was the Political Leader of the PNM from 1987 to 2010. A geologist by training, Manning has served as Member of Parliament for the San Fernando East constituency since 1971 and is currently the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives.
Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College, San Fernando, and his Bachelor's Degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona, in 1969. After graduation he returned to Trinidad where he worked as a geologist for Texaco. He entered Parliament in 1971 representing the San Fernando East constituency.
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Paul Keating
Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944) is a former Australian politician who served as the 24th Prime Minister of Australia from 1991 to 1996.
Keating was first elected to the House of Representatives at the 1969 election as the Labor member for Blaxland in New South Wales. He came to prominence as the reformist Treasurer of the government of Bob Hawke, which came to power at the 1983 election. In 1991, Keating defeated Hawke for the Labor leadership in a partyroom ballot and became prime minister. He went on to lead Labor to a record fifth consecutive victory at the 1993 election against the Liberal-National coalition led by John Hewson. Many had considered this election unwinnable for Labor due to poor polls for the 10-year-incumbent federal Labor government, and the effects of the early 1990s recession on Australia. Keating Labor lost the subsequent 1996 election to the Liberal/National Coalition led by John Howard.
Keating grew up in Bankstown, a working-class suburb of Sydney. He was one of four children of Matthew Keating, a boilermaker and trade-union representative of Irish Catholic descent, and his wife, Minnie. Keating was educated at Catholic schools; he was the first practising Catholic Labor prime minister since James Scullin left office in 1932. Leaving De La Salle College Bankstown (now LaSalle Catholic College) at 15, Keating decided not to pursue higher education, and worked as a clerk at the Electricity Commission of New South Wales and then as a trade union research assistant. He joined the Labor Party as soon as he was eligible. In 1966, he became president of the ALP’s Youth Council. In the 1960s Keating managed ‘The Ramrods’ rock band.
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Penny Wong
Penelope "Penny" Ying-yen Wong (born 5 November 1968), an Australian senator representing South Australia, is the Commonwealth Minister for Finance and Deregulation. Wong is a member of the Labor Party and member of the Australian federal cabinet.
Wong was the first Australian Minister for Climate Change and Water. Her appointment was amended on 26 February 2010, by the Prime Minister, to the Minister for Climate Change, Energy Efficiency and Water. This change in the Government's cabinet was brought about by the controversy of the Home Insulation Program (HIP). On 13 September 2010, she was sworn in as Minister for Finance and Deregulation in the Gillard Labor cabinet. She has been a member of the Australian Senate since 2002, representing South Australia.
Wong is the first openly lesbian member of the cabinet, and the first Asian-born federal minister. Before entering Parliament, Penny Wong was a barrister and solicitor in Adelaide and an adviser to the Carr Government in New South Wales.
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Peter Garrett
Peter Robert Garrett AM, MP (born 16 April 1953) is an Australian musician, environmentalist, activist and politician.
Garrett was lead singer of the rock band Midnight Oil from 1973 until its disbanding in 2002. He served as President of the Australian Conservation Foundation for a total of 10 years and, in 2003, was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for his contribution to the environment and music industry.
He has been an Australian Labor Party member of the House of Representatives for the seat of Kingsford Smith, New South Wales, since October 2004. After the Labor Party won in the November 2007 election, Garrett was appointed Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. On 8 March 2010, his portfolio title was changed to Environment Protection, Heritage and the Arts. He continued in this role in Julia Gillard's first Ministry. He was re-elected at the 2010 election and was appointed Minister for School Education, Early Childhood and Youth by Prime Minister Julia Gillard. He was sworn into this portfolio on 14 September 2010 as a member of the Second Gillard Ministry. In 2009, the French Government appointed Garrett an Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters. In 2010, WWF Australia and International presented him with their Leaders for a Living Planet award.
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Peter O'Neill
Peter Charles Paire O'Neill, CMG (born 13 February 1965) is the current Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, although this office is disputed. He is the leader of the People's National Congress and represents the constituency of Ialibu-Pangia. Former Prime Minister Michael Somare disputes O'Neill's office; he and his supporters say Somare is the current Prime Minister.
O'Neill's father, Brian O'Neill, was an Australian-born magistrate of partial Irish descent. His mother, Awambo Yari, a Papua New Guinean, came from the Southern Highlands. His father moved to Papua New Guinea in 1949 as an Australian government field officer, known in Tok Pisin as a kiap, later serving as a magistrate in Goroka until his death in 1982.
O'Neill was educated at the Pangia Primary School, Ialibu High School and Goroka High School. After leaving school he was educated at the University of Papua New Guinea, graduating with a Bachelor of Accountancy and Commerce in 1986.
O'Neill was a businessman before entering politics. As of 2011[update] he lives in Port Moresby with his partner and has five children; two daughters (Loris and Joanne O'Neill) and three sons (Travis, Brian and Patrick O'Neill), all of whom are currently attending boarding school in Australia (except his eldest and youngest sons).
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Peter van Onselen
Professor Peter van Onselen (born 1976 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian academic, author and political journalist.
Van Onselen grew up in Vaucluse and Coogee in the eastern surbubs of Sydney. He was educated at The Scots College in Bellevue Hill.
Van Onselen is the Contributing Editor at The Australian newspaper. He also writes a weekly column in the Sunday Telegraph. Dr van Onselen is a presenter for Sky News Australia, hosting The Contrarians on Fridays and Showdown on Tuesday evenings. He also hosts Australian Agenda on Sunday mornings, a joint production between Sky News and The Australian newspaper, interviewing politicians such as Julia Gillard, Kevin Rudd, Tony Abbott, Barry O'Farrell and Malaysian opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim.
In addition to his journalistic roles, in early 2011 Dr van Onselen became a Winthrop Professor and Chair of Journalism at the University of Western Australia. He was an associate professor in politics and government at Edith Cowan University from 2004-2011, having previously taught political science at the University of New South Wales and before that briefly worked on the staff of Tony Abbott when he was Minister for Workplace Relations in the Howard government ahead of the 2001 election.
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Quentin Bryce
Quentin Bryce, AC, CVO (born 23 December 1942) is the 25th and current Governor-General of Australia (the first woman to hold the position) and former Governor of Queensland.
Born in Brisbane, Queensland as Quentin Alice Louise Strachan, she spent her first years in Ilfracombe, with her family subsequently living in a number of country towns around Australia. She attended the University of Queensland, where she completed a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws, becoming one of the first women accepted to the Queensland bar.
In 1968 she became the first woman to be a faculty member of the law school where she had studied, and in 1978 she joined the new National Women's Advisory Council. This was followed by a number of positions, including the first director of the Queensland Women's Information Service, the Queensland director of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission and the Federal Sex Discrimination Commissioner in 1988. Her services to the community saw her appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1988, and a Companion of the Order of Australia and Dame of the Order of St John of Jerusalem in 2003. On 26 October 2011, The Queen of Australia invested Bryce as a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) at Government House in Canberra.
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Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (IPA: [ɾeˈd͡ʒep tajˈjip ˈæɾdoan]; born 26 February 1954) has been Prime Minister of Turkey since 2003 and is chairman of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AK Party), which holds a majority of the seats in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Erdoğan served as Mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998. He graduated in 1981 from Marmara University's Faculty of Economics and Commercial Sciences. Erdoğan was also a semi-professional footballer from 1969 to 1982.
Erdoğan was elected Mayor of Istanbul in the local elections of 27 March 1994. He was banned from office and sentenced to a prison term for reciting a poem during a public address in the province of Siirt on 12 December 1997. The poem was allegedly quoted from a book published by a state enterprise and one that had been recommended to teachers by the Ministry of Education. After six months in prison, Erdoğan established the Justice and Development Party (AK Party) on August 14, 2001. From its first year, the AK Party became the largest publicly-supported political movement in Turkey. In the general election of 2002 the AK Party won nearly two-thirds of the seats in parliament, forming the first single-party government for 9 years.
wn.com/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan -
Richard Marles
Richard Donald Marles (born 13 July 1967) is the Australian Labor Party member for the Victorian federal seat of Corio, based on Geelong. Marles is the son of Donald Marles, a former headmaster of Trinity Grammar School, and Faye Marles, Victoria's first Equal Opportunity Commissioner and later Chancellor of the University of Melbourne. He was educated at Geelong Grammar School, and has an honours degree in Law and a Bachelor of Science from the University of Melbourne. He started his career as a solicitor with Melbourne industrial law firm Slater and Gordon. In 1994, he became legal officer for the national office of the Transport Workers' Union (TWU). He was elected TWU National Assistant Secretary four years later. In 2000 he joined Australia's peak national union body, the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), as Assistant Secretary. In March 2006 Marles nominated for Labor preselection against the sitting member for Corio, Gavan O'Connor, as part of a challenge to several sitting members organised by the Labor Unity faction of the party. In the local ballot Marles polled 57% of the vote, and his endorsement was then confirmed by the party's public office selection committee.
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Rob Oakeshott
Robert James Murray "Rob" Oakeshott (born 14 December 1969) is an Australian politician. He is the independent Member of the House of Representatives for the Division of Lyne in New South Wales, which he won in the 2008 by-election following the resignation of former Nationals leader and Howard minister Mark Vaile. Elected as the Nationals candidate for the state seat of Port Macquarie in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1996, he left the party to become an independent in 2002, and retained the seat until 2008, when he resigned to run as an independent candidate in the Lyne by-election. Oakeshott describes his views as economically conservative and socially progressive.
Oakeshott was born in Lismore. His father, also named Rob Oakeshott, is still a doctor in the area and his grandfather Captain John Oakeshott was a prisoner of war and survived the Sandakan Death Marches.
Oakeshott attended Barker College as a high school student and was a boarder in his latter years there. He then studied at the University of Sydney. He was a resident of St. Andrew's College when the Principal, Peter Cameron, was convicted of heresy by the Presbyterian Church of Australia. Oakeshott describes Cameron as an influence on his thinking:
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Robert Menzies
Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, FAA, FRS,QC (20 December 1894 – 15 May 1978) was an Australian politician and the 12th Prime Minister of Australia. Serving a collective total of over 18 years, he was Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister.
Menzies' first term as Prime Minister commenced in 1939, after the death in office of the United Australia Party leader Joseph Lyons and a short-term interim premiership by Sir Earle Page. His party narrowly won the 1940 election, which produced a hung parliament, with the support of independent MPs in the House. A year later, his government was brought down by those same MPs crossing the floor. He spent eight years in opposition, during which he founded the Liberal Party of Australia. He again became Prime Minister at the 1949 election, and he then dominated Australian politics until his retirement in 1966.
Menzies was renowned as a brilliant speaker, both on the floor of Parliament and on the hustings; his speech "The Forgotten People" is an example of his oratorical skills. Throughout his life and career, Menzies held strong beliefs in the Monarchy and in traditional ties with Britain. In 1963 Menzies was invested as the first and only Australian Knight of the Order of the Thistle. Menzies is regarded highly in Prime Ministerial opinion polls and is very highly regarded in Australian society for his tenures as Prime Minister.
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Russell Broadbent
Russell Evan Broadbent (born 25 December 1950), Australian politician, was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as member for the Division of McMillan, Victoria for the Liberal Party of Australia at the 2004 federal election. He previously represented the Division of Corinella 1990-93 and McMillan 1996-98. He was a company director and self-employed retailer before entering politics.
Broadbent came to national prominence after siding with Liberal dissident Petro Georgiou and advocating better treatment of detainees. He has upheld his position of not charging long-term detainees for their detainment.
Broadbent has said that Global Warming is "an issue for Australia and an issue for the world." He is also an advocate for bike paths as a benefit to community health, transport and the environment. Broadbent has expressed interest in improving funding for Landcare Australia.
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Stephen Conroy
Stephen Michael Conroy (born 18 January 1963 in Ely, Cambridgeshire, England) is an Australian politician and the current Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy in the Gillard Ministry. He has been an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian Senate since May 1996, representing the state of Victoria.
Conroy's parents worked at an air-force base, where his mother Jean monitored radar and his father Bill was a sergeant. In December 1973 the Conroys moved to Canberra, where he attended Daramalan College. He obtained a Bachelor of Economics at the Australian National University in Canberra. His involvement in student politics was minimal, although he helped organise a rally against student fees.
After university, Conroy worked as an advisor to Ros Kelly and Barry Jones. He moved to Melbourne to pursue a political career where he met Robert Ray, and served for a time as Superannuation Officer with the Transport Workers Union and as a City of Footscray councillor.
He was appointed to the Senate in 1996 when Gareth Evans resigned to contest a seat in the Lower House. In October 1998, Conroy joined the Opposition Shadow Ministry and became Deputy Opposition Leader in the Senate. He was Shadow Minister for Trade, Corporate Governance and Financial Services from 2003 to 2004, and became Shadow Minister for Communications and Information Technology in October 2004.
wn.com/Stephen_Conroy -
Stephen Harper
Stephen Joseph Harper, PC MP (born April 30, 1959) is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Conservative Party. Harper became prime minister when his party formed a minority government after the 2006 federal election. He is the first prime minister from the newly reconstituted Conservative Party, following a merger of the Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance parties.
Harper has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Calgary Southwest in Alberta since 2002. Earlier, from 1993 to 1997, he was the MP for Calgary West. He was one of the founding members of the Reform Party, but did not seek re-election, and instead joined, and shortly thereafter led, the National Citizens Coalition. In 2002, he succeeded Stockwell Day as leader of the Canadian Alliance (the successor to the Reform Party) and returned to parliament as Leader of the Opposition. In 2003, he reached an agreement with Progressive Conservative leader Peter MacKay for the merger of their two parties to form the Conservative Party of Canada. He was elected as the party's first non-interim leader in March 2004.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Thabo Mbeki
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (pronunciation: [tʰaɓɔ mbɛːkʼi]; born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician who served two terms as the second post-apartheid President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008. He is also the brother of Moeletsi Mbeki. On 20 September 2008, he announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee, following a conclusion by Judge Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption. On 12 January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal unanimously overturned Judge Nicholson’s judgment but the resignation stood.
Thabo Mbeki was the executive face of government in South Africa from 1994. During his time in office the economy grew at an average rate of 4.5% per annum. Mbeki created employment in the middle sectors of the economy and oversaw a fast growing black middle class with the implementation of BEE. This growth exacerbated the demand for trained professionals strained by emigration due to violent crime, but failed to address unemployment amongst the unskilled bulk of the population. He attracted the bulk of Africa’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and made South Africa the focal point of African growth. He was the architect of NEPAD whose aim is to develop an integrated socio-economic development framework for Africa. He also oversaw the successful building of economic bridges to BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) nations with the eventual formation of the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum to "further political consultation and co-ordination as well as strengthening sectoral co-operation, and economic relations".
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Thein Sein
Thein Sein (Burmese: သိန်းစိန် [θéɪɴ zèɪɴ]; born 20 April 1945) is a Burmese politician and former military figure who has been president of Burma (Myanmar) since March 2011. Previously, he was Prime Minister from 2007 until 2011. He is generally considered to be a moderate and reformist in the new government.
Thein Sein was born in Kyonku, British Burma (now Myanmar), a small village in what is now Ngapudaw Township in the Irrawaddy delta to parents Maung Phyo (father) and Khin Nyunt (mother). He was the youngest of three children. His parents were landless, and his father made a living carrying cargo at the river jetty and weaving bamboo mats.
Thein Sein graduated from the 9th intake of the Defense Services Academy in 1968.
Throughout Thein Sein's four-decade-long military career, he was considered a bureaucrat, not a combat soldier. In 1988, he served as a major for Sagaing Division's 55th Light Infantry Division and later served as a commander for Sagaing Division's 89th Infantry Battalion in Kalay Township. The following year, he studied at the Command and General Staff College in Kalaw, Shan State.
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Tony Burke
Anthony Stephen 'Tony' Burke (born (1969-11-04)4 November 1969) is an Australian politician representing the Labor Party, and the current Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (Australia). He first entered public office in 2003 as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. In October 2004 Burke moved from state to federal parliament on being elected to the federal seat of Watson, New South Wales.
Tony Burke was educated at Regina Coeli, then at St Patrick's College, Strathfield, where he was Vice-Captain, and the University of Sydney, where he graduated in arts and law. An accomplished debater, he was awarded the Martin Sorensen award for best speaker at the Australasian Intervarsity Debating Championships in 1995.
He was a founding director of Aticus Pty Ltd, an advocacy training business across Australia and Asia.
From 1997 until 2003, Burke worked as an organiser for the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association.
On 22 March 2003, he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council. He chaired the NSW State Development Committee, conducting inquiries into ports infrastructure, and science and its commercialisation. Burke resigned from the NSW state parliament on 24 June 2004 to campaign for the federal parliament division of Watson. He successfully gained the seat at the 2004 federal election.
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Truong Tan Sang
Trương Tấn Sang ([tʂɨəŋ tə̌n ʂaːŋ]; born on 21 January 1949) is the president of Vietnam and the senior member of the Politburo, the executive committee of the ruling Communist Party. He was ranked as the party's number one leader following the 11th National Congress held in Hanoi in January 2011. He became state president following a vote of the National Assembly in July. Sang has been a member of the Politburo since 1996. He was party secretary for Ho Chi Minh City from 1996 to 2000. He was promoted to the national party’s number two slot, just behind the party general secretary, in October 2009. To attain the top slot, he had to outmaneuver Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng.
Sang was born on January 21, 1949, in Mỹ Hạnh, Đức Hòa, Long An. His nickname is “Tư Sang”. He joined the Communist Party on December 20, 1969. He was jailed by the South Vietnamese government in 1971 and held in Phú Quốc Prison. He was released under the Paris Peace Treaty in 1973. He holds a bachelor of law degree.
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Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин; IPA: [vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn] ( listen); born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician who has been the President of Russia since 7 May 2012. Putin previously served as President from 2000 to 2008 and as Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000, and again from 2008 to 2012. Putin also serves as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move. Putin won the 2000 presidential election; in 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
Because of constitutionally mandated term limits, Putin was ineligible to run for a third consecutive presidential term. After his successor Dmitry Medvedev won the 2008 presidential election, Putin was nominated by Medvedev to be Russia's Prime Minister; Putin took office on 8 May 2008 and a period of so-called "tandemocracy" followed. In September 2011, Putin and Medvedev agreed he should seek a third, non-consecutive term in the 2012 presidential election, which he won in the first round on 4 March 2012.
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Wen Jiabao
Wen Jiabao (born 19 September 1942) is the sixth and current Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, serving as China's head of government and leading its cabinet. In his capacity as Premier, Wen is regarded as the leading figure behind China's economic policy. He also holds membership in the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, the country's de facto top power organ, where he is ranked third out of nine members.
Wen has a professional background in geology and engineering. He holds a postgraduate degree from the Beijing Institute of Geology, where he graduated in 1968. He was subsequently sent to Gansu province for geological work, and remained in China's hinterland regions during his climb up the bureaucratic ladder. He was transferred to Beijing to work as the Chief of the Party General Office between 1986 and 1993, and accompanied General Secretary Zhao Ziyang to Tiananmen Square during the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests. In 1998, he was promoted to the post of Vice Premier under Zhu Rongji, his mentor, and oversaw the broad portfolios of agriculture and finance.
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William McMahon
Sir William "Billy" McMahon, GCMG, CH (23 February 1908 – 31 March 1988), was an Australian Liberal politician and the 20th Prime Minister of Australia. He was the longest continuously serving government minister in Australian history (21 years and 6 months) and the longest serving Prime Minister never to have won an election.
William McMahon was born in Sydney, where his father was a lawyer. He was of Irish ancestry[citation needed]. McMahon's mother died when he was 9 and his father when he was 18.[citation needed] He was educated at Sydney Grammar School and at the University of Sydney, where he graduated in law. He practised in Sydney with Allen, Allen & Hemsley (now Allens Arthur Robinson), the oldest law firm in Australia. In 1940 he joined the Army, but because of a hearing loss, he was confined to staff work. After World War II, he travelled in Europe and completed an economics degree.[where?]
Billy McMahon was elected to the House of Representatives for the Sydney seat of Lowe in 1949, one of the flood of new Liberal MPs known as the "forty-niners". He was capable and ambitious, and in 1951 Prime Minister Robert Menzies made him Minister for Air and Minister for the Navy. Over the next 15 years he held the portfolios of Social Services, Primary Industry and Labour and National Service, and he was also Vice-President of the Executive Council. In 1966, when Harold Holt became Prime Minister, McMahon succeeded him as Treasurer and as Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party.
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Yingluck Shinawatra
Yingluck Shinawatra (Thai: ยิ่งลักษณ์ ชินวัตร, RTGS: Yinglak Chinnawat, Thai pronunciation: [jîŋ.lák tɕʰīn.nā.wát]; born 21 June 1967), or nickname Pu (Thai: ปู; Thai pronunciation: [pūː ]; "crab"), is a Thai businesswoman and politician, member of the Pheu Thai Party, who became the 28th and current Prime Minister of Thailand following the 2011 general election. Yingluck is Thailand's first female Prime Minister and at 44 is the youngest Prime Minister of Thailand in over 60 years.
Born in Chiang Mai province, Yingluck Shinawatra earned bachelor's degree from Chiang Mai University and master's degree from Kentucky State University, both in public administration. She became an executive in the businesses founded by her elder brother, Thaksin Shinawatra, and later became the president of property developer SC Asset and managing director of Advanced Info Service. Meanwhile, her brother Thaksin became Prime Minister, was overthrown in a military coup, and went into self-imposed exile after a tribunal convicted him of abuse of power.
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Yoshihiko Noda
Yoshihiko Noda (野田 佳彦, Noda Yoshihiko?, born 20 May 1957) is the current Prime Minister of Japan, a member of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), and a member of the House of Representatives (lower house) in the Diet (national legislature). He was named to succeed outgoing Prime Minister Naoto Kan as a result of a runoff vote against Banri Kaieda in his party, and was formally appointed by the Emperor on 2 September 2011.
Noda was born in Funabashi, Chiba, as a son of a member of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. Unlike many prominent Japanese politicians, Noda has no family connections to Nagatachō. His parents were too poor to pay for a wedding reception.
Noda graduated from Chiba Prefectural Funabashi Senior High School in 1975. Then, Noda graduated from Waseda University School of Political Sciences and Economics in 1980 and was later accepted into the prestigious Matsushita Institute, an institution founded by Panasonic founder Konosuke Matsushita that grooms future civic leaders of Japan. While attending the Matsushita Institute, Noda read household gas meters as a part-time job in his native Chiba Prefecture, partially in order to get to know his future constituents better in preparation for a run for office. He was elected to the assembly of Chiba Prefecture for the first time in 1987 at the age of 29.
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Yoweri Museveni
Yoweri Kaguta Museveni ( pronunciation (help·info); born c. 1944) is a Ugandan politician who has been President of Uganda since 26 January 1986.
Museveni was involved in the war that deposed Idi Amin Dada, ending his rule in 1979, and in the rebellion that subsequently led to the demise of the Milton Obote regime in 1985. With the notable exception of northern areas, Museveni has brought relative stability and economic growth to a country that has endured decades of government mismanagement, rebel activity and civil war. His tenure has also witnessed one of the most effective national responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa.
In the mid-to-late 1990s, Museveni was lauded by the West as part of a new generation of African leaders. His presidency has been marred, however, by invading and occupying Congo during the Second Congo War (the war in the Democratic Republic of Congo which has resulted in an estimated 5.4 million deaths since 1998) and other conflicts in the Great Lakes region. Recent developments, including the abolition of presidential term limits before the 2006 elections and the harassment of democratic opposition, have attracted concern from domestic commentators and the international community.
wn.com/Yoweri_Museveni
Julia
Cast
- Diahann Carroll
- Lloyd Nolan
- Marc Copage
- Michael Link
- Betty Beaird
- Lurene Tuttle
- Hank Brandt
- Fred Williamson
- Ned Glass
- Eddie Quillan
- Janear Hines
- Alison Mills Newman
- Stephanie James
- Paul Winfield
- Ketty Lester
- Cesar Romero
- Season 1
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Episode 1: Mama's Man
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 2: The Interview
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Episode 3: Sorry, Right Number
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Episode 4: Homework Isn't Housework
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Episode 5: Unloneliest Night of the Week
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Episode 6: Who's a Freud of Ginger Wolfe?
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Episode 7: Am I, Pardon the Expression, Blacklisted?
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Episode 8: The Champ is No Chump
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 9: Too Good to Be Too Bad
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Episode 10: Paint Your Waggedorn
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 11: Farewell, My Friends, Hello
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 12: The Solid Brass Snow Job
20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 13: Designers Don't Always Have Designs
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Episode 14: I'm Dreaming of a Black Christmas
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Episode 15: The One and Only, Genuine, Original, Family Uncle
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Episode 16: How Sharper Than a Baby's Tooth
The title is based upon a quote from 'William Shakespeare (I)' (qv)'s play "King Lear" (Act I, Scene...
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Episode 17: Matchmaker, Break Me a Match
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Episode 18: Dancer in the Dark
This was Fred Williamson's first appearance on The Julia show. According to Fred Williamson himself,...
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Episode 19: How to Keep Your Wig Warm
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Episode 20: Sticks and Stones Can Break My Pizza
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Episode 21: A Little Chicken Soup Never Hurt Anybody
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Episode 22: Wanda Means Well
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Episode 23: Cupid's No Computer
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Episode 24: I Thought I Saw a Two-Timer
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Episode 25: It Takes Two to Tangle
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Episode 26: Home of the Braves
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Episode 27: A Baby's a Nice Nuisance
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Episode 28: Gone with the Draft
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Episode 29: The Doctor's Dilemma
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Episode 30: Love is a Many Sighted Thing
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
- Season 2
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Episode 1: A Tale of Two Sitters
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 2: The Wheel Deal
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 3: The Undergraduate
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 4: Two's a Family, Three's a Crowd
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Episode 5: Tank's for the Memory
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 6: For Whom the Wedding Bell Tolls
20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 7: You Can't Beat Drums
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 8: Tie Wolf
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 9: Romeo and Julia
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 10: The Grass Is Sometimes Greener
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Episode 11: The Eve of Adam
20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 12: So's Your Old Uncle
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 13: Hilda's No Help
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 14: Temper Also Fugits
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 15: The Prisoner of Brenda
20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 16: The Dates of Wrath
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 17: The Jolly Green Midget
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Episode 18: Sioux Me, Don't Woo Me
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Episode 19: Charity Begins with Chegley
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Episode 20: Father of the Bribe
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Episode 21: Call Me by My Rightful Number
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Episode 22: Gone with the Whim
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Episode 23: Charlie's Chance
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Episode 24: I'll Be Yours
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Episode 25: The Divine Devine
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Episode 26: Sara's Second Part
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Episode 27: Corey for President
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 28: The Switch Sitters
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 29: Absence Makes the Heart Glow
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 30: Bunny Hug
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
- Season 3
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Episode 1: Ready, Aim, Fired
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 2: Half Past Sick
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 3: Little Boys Lost
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 4: Altar Ego
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 5: Thanks Again
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 6: Kim an' Horror
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 7: Magna Cum Lover
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 8: Bowled Over
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 9: Long Time No Ski
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 10: Smoke Scream
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 11: Parents Can Be Pains
20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 12: Essay Can You See?
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 13: That New Black Magic
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 14: Two for the Toad
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 15: Kids Is a Four-Letter Word
20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 16: Cousin of the Bride
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 17: Cool Hand Bruce
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 18: Toast Melba
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 19: Courting Time
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 20: Strictly for the Birds
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 21: Corey's High-Q
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 22: Paper Tigers
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 23: Swing Low, Sweet Charity
20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 24: Anniversary Faults
20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 25: The Gender Trap
Stage 20, 20th Century Fox Studios - 10201 Pico Blvd., Century City, Los Angeles, California, USA...
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Episode 26: Anyone for Tenants?
Last show of the series....
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Gillard labels Abbott a misogynist
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:03
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard has hit back at Opposition Leader Tony Abbott's call for Peter Slipper to be removed as Speaker, attacking Mr Abbott as a misogynist.
http://wn.com/Gillard_labels_Abbott_a_misogynist
Full Speech Australia PM Julia 'badass' Gillard SLAMS Tony Abbott Misogynist Sexist Women's Rights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:03
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Prime Minister Julia Gillard: a "badass" champion for women around the world. "No matter what you think of her politics, there's much to admire in the manner in which Julia Gillard, the prime minister, sets about Tony Abbott, the leader of the opposition." The Prime Minister's 15-minute speech condemning misogyny and attacking Opposition Leader Tony Abbott's history of comments about abortion, women's roles in the home and their ability to wield authority has impressed political pundits in the US and Britain. The most enthusiastic praise came from US women's site Jezebel, which described Ms Gillard as "one badass mother----er". Advertisement "In an impassioned 15-minute smackdown in front of the House of Representatives, the country's first female leader gave a scathing speech calling out opposition leader Tony Abbott's extremely misogynistic comments, actions, views on abortion and single women, all while pointing in his face." Jezebel also highlighted some of her "choice quotes" including: - "I will not be lectured about sexism and misogyny by this man, I will not. And the government will not be lectured about sexism and misogyny by this man. Not now, not ever. The leader of the opposition says that people who hold sexist views and who are misogynists are not appropriate for high office. Well, I hope the leader of the opposition has got a piece of paper and he is writing out his resignation. Because if he wants to know what misogyny looks like in modern Australia, he ...
http://wn.com/Full_Speech_Australia_PM_Julia_'badass'_Gillard_SLAMS_Tony_Abbott_Misogynist_Sexist_Women's_Rights
Gillard grills Abbott on his misogyny
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:03
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
www.facebook.com For a transcript: www.smh.com.au
http://wn.com/Gillard_grills_Abbott_on_his_misogyny
The Hamster Wheel: Julia Gillard standby obituary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Moving forward with the original, unaired pre-prepared obituary for the 27th Prime Minister of Australia Julia Gillard. From Season 2, Episode 8 of The Hamster Wheel (aired November 14 2012)
http://wn.com/The_Hamster_Wheel_Julia_Gillard_standby_obituary
Q&A; - Julia Gillard Still Opposed to Gay Marriage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:04
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Q&A;_Julia_Gillard_Still_Opposed_to_Gay_Marriage
Australian PM Julia Gillard Unleashes Blistering Speech re Opposition's Sexism [Video] Gawker
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
www.youtube.com Australian PM Julia Gillard Unleashes Blistering Speech re Opposition's Sexism [Video] Gawker TJ Walker is the #1 rated Daily Internet-only liberal news video pundit (viewed at www.tjwalker.com and http Walker is also a regular contributor to Forbes.com, Daily Kos, and the Reuters Insider Network. Walker is also a USA Today, Wall Street Journal, Business Week best-selling author. A frequent network news analyst, Walker has made more than 1000 national TV and radio guest appearances on CBS, ABC, Fox News Channel, MSNBC, CNN, Bloomberg TV, Al Jazeera, NBC, Fox Business, Russia Today, HLN, TrueTV, Comedy Central, Sirius and NPR. In 2009, Walker entered the Guinness Book Of World Records for most talk show appearances ever in a 24 hour period. (www.mediatrainingworldwide.com) http
http://wn.com/Australian_PM_Julia_Gillard_Unleashes_Blistering_Speech_re_Opposition's_Sexism_Video_Gawker
Julia Gillard - AWU - Shame & Scandal in the ALP
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Shame & Scandal in the ALP In gillards past was a fraternity With much curruption as you will see There was a fella who was looking for a legal soubrette To help him ensure his members funds he could get He found him a partner who's young & naive Abandoned her ethics when he gave her a squeeze She assisted his cause, he collected the dough They call it a slush fund, but the union don't know." Woe is me! Shame and scandal in the alp. [ Chorus ] Woe is me! Shame and scandal in the alp. The months went by and the firm found out, And gillard's integrity's surrounded by doubt She went to her partners, tried to explain They shook their heads cos too much doubt still remains You can't practice here - we're letting you go The greek may be bullshitting, but it takes one to know." Woe is me! Shame and scandal in the alp. [ Chorus ] Woe is me! Shame and scandal in the alp. She called on her cronies to cover her tracks, No shortage of hangers-on to massage the facts Says there's nothing to see and LOOK over there! But there's questions still to answer and we're going nowhere Woe is me! Shame and scandal in the alp. [ Chorus ] Woe is me! Shame and scandal in the alp.
http://wn.com/Julia_Gillard_AWU_Shame_Scandal_in_the_ALP
Australian PM Julia Gillard's anti-sexism tirade goes viral
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
A fiery speech in which the Australian PM accused Opposition leader Tony Abbott of being sexist has attracted global interest. . Report by Sophie Foster. Like us on Facebook at www.facebook.com and follow us on Twitter at twitter.com . Subscribe to ITN News! www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Australian_PM_Julia_Gillard's_anti-sexism_tirade_goes_viral
Julia Gillard to boost trade partnership with Asia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Australia's Prime minister Julia Gillard has released an ambitious plan aimed at boosting trade. The plan targets China and other growing Asian economies, with the aim of making Australia one of the world's ten wealthiest countries by 2025. Al Jazeera's Dominic Kane reports. Source, credit to Aljazeera- www.aljazeera.com FAIR USE NOTICE: This video has been posted to further advance our understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, Technological, democratic, scientific, and social justice issues which constitutes a "fair use" of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 USC Section 107 for research and educational purposes.
http://wn.com/Julia_Gillard_to_boost_trade_partnership_with_Asia
Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard's High-Heel Fall Caught on Tape
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
Julia Gillard faces the all-too-common hazard of wearing the popular shoe. For more GMA, click here: gma.yahoo.com
http://wn.com/Australian_Prime_Minister_Julia_Gillard's_High-Heel_Fall_Caught_on_Tape
Julia Gillard - MISOGYNY (The Song)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
With apologies to Mr Joel - Apologies also for the audio - it was always really about the lyrics ($2 mics not recommended)!
http://wn.com/Julia_Gillard_MISOGYNY_The_Song
Jizz TV (Ep1) - Julia Gillard #1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Rated M: Mature audiences only. America crosses live to cover the Australian Prime-minister's speech regarding minority groups who refuse to respect the culture Down Under. Rouge members (adult and minors) of religious groups have been advocating death in the streets of Sydney provoking more racial tension among an already fed up and intolerant nation. NB: The racial humor in this episode pokes fun at the individuals who are the cause of the racial tension only.
http://wn.com/Jizz_TV_Ep1_Julia_Gillard_1
Gillard: Abbott 'sexist, misogynistic'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Julia Gillard expresses outrage at Tony Abbott after he said the government had 'died of shame', while a motion to oust speaker Peter Slipper falls short. Read more: 'Gillard fires back at Abbott' yhoo.it
http://wn.com/Gillard_Abbott_'sexist,_misogynistic'
JULIA GILLARD A Temple to Evil TO 666.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
JULIA GILLARD EVIL MOLE TO THE NWO.
http://wn.com/JULIA_GILLARD_A_Temple_to_Evil_TO_666
Julia Gillard and her involvement in the AWU fraud discussed by Alan Jones and Mike Smith
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:14
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Mike Smith talks to Alan Jones about the evidence linking Julia Gillard to the $1 million fraud and theft at the AWU in the mid 1990's. For further information go to: kangaroocourtofaustralia.com
http://wn.com/Julia_Gillard_and_her_involvement_in_the_AWU_fraud_discussed_by_Alan_Jones_and_Mike_Smith
PM Julia Gillard Cries Must See
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:23
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Prime Minister Julia Gillard has broken down in parliament giving an emotional speech praising her father, who died earlier this month. In her first appearance since John Gillard, 83, died, the Prime Minister said she would not have entered parliament and won the top job if it was not for him. Ms Gillard struggled to fight back tears while quoting her father's John Gillard's favourite poet Dylan Thomas, who wrote "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" about his own father's death. "The last thing my father taught me, was in the life of a man, there is a moment to go gentle into that good night, and so it was," Ms Gillard said as her voice broke up. Some of Ms Gillard's fellow ministers were seen fighting back tears alongside her as she recalled her father's words. The Prime Minister said her father followed her political career with keen interest and felt some of the personal attacks against her more deeply than she did. "He felt more deeply than me, in many ways, some of the personal attacks, that we face in the business of politics, but I was always able to reassure him that he had raised a daughter with sufficient strength not to let that get her down." Ms Gillard said she and her family had been "overwhelmed by people's kindness" since her father's passing, noting that he had led a very full and happy life. She talked of his humble beginnings in Wales, where he grew up in a coal mining village "in a state of hardship". While he was forced to leave school at 14, Mr ...
http://wn.com/PM_Julia_Gillard_Cries_Must_See
Julian Assange Confronts Australian PM Julia Gillard on Live Television.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
In a "surprise" video question, Julian Assange questions Julia Gillard over her involvement with the US government and the freedom of speech she prefers to disturb.
http://wn.com/Julian_Assange_Confronts_Australian_PM_Julia_Gillard_on_Live_Television
Julia Gillard falls over during India visit 17/10/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:55
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh shakes hands with Julia Gillard at the presidential palace It was one small step for woman -- and it wasn't very successful as Australian Prime Minister fell flat on her face when her heel became stuck in the grass in India. Julia Gillard was on a goodwill visit to India when she took the tumble in what was her third faux pas involving her shoes this year. She famously lost a blue suede shoe during an Aboriginal demonstration in Canberra in January and just two months ago she slipped out of one of her high heels while walking on stage at a function at Sydney's Custom House. Now she's gone down again, this time following a visit to the Gandhi Memorial in New Delhi on the final day of her three-day state visit to India. She was being escorted to the Presidential Palace by a group of officials when she suddenly fell forward heavily onto the grass, landing on her hands and knees. As aides turned to help her up she told them: 'I'm fine. My heel got stuck in grass.' Later she laughed off the incident, explaining that unlike men who wore flat shoes, it was an occupational hazard for women wearing modest heels. 'I'm fine,' she repeated. 'For men who get to wear flat shoes all day every day, if you wear a heel it can get embedded in soft grass and when you pull your foot out the shoe doesn't come and the rest of it is as you saw.' When someone suggested that perhaps she could wear boots to prevent similar mishaps she brushed the idea aside ...
http://wn.com/Julia_Gillard_falls_over_during_India_visit_17_10_2012
Julia Gillard Destroying The Joint 'Misogyny Speech'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:03
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Julia Gillard Destroying The Joint 'Misogyny Speech' Question Time 9th October 2012
http://wn.com/Julia_Gillard_Destroying_The_Joint_'Misogyny_Speech'
Defining Moment For FEMINISM: JULIA GILLARD Calls ABBOTT a MISOGYNIST & a HYPOCRITE.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Defining Moment For FEMINISM: JULIA GILLARD Calls ABBOTT a MISOGYNIST & a HYPOCRITE. When Australia's prime minister, Julia Gillard, told the opposition leader, Tony Abbott, this week that if he wanted to know what misogyny looked like he should pick up a mirror, it was seen by many women as a defining moment for feminism in the country. "I almost had shivers down my spine," said Sara Charlesworth, an associate professor at the University of South Australia. "I was so relieved that she had actually named what was happening. She was so angry, so coherent and able to register that enough is enough." Gillard's denunciation of sexism in politics came during a debate about whether the speaker of the house should resign for sending text messages that denigrated women. Abbott told Gillard that unless she sacked Peter Slipper over the texts, she was just as bad as him. "I will not be lectured about sexism and misogyny by this man. Not now, not ever," she fired back across the dispatch box. "The leader of the opposition says that people who hold sexist views and who are misogynists are not appropriate for high office. Well I hope the leader of the opposition has got a piece of paper and is writing out his resignation." It was the first time an Australian leader -- and possibly any world leader -- had delivered such a forthright attack on misogyny in public life. Gillard cited Abbott's past description of abortion as "the easy way out"; his characterisation of Australian women as ...
http://wn.com/Defining_Moment_For_FEMINISM_JULIA_GILLARD_Calls_ABBOTT_a_MISOGYNIST_a_HYPOCRITE
Julia Gillard Peter Slipper - The SMS Texts Our Prime Minister Could Ignore! Language Warning
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Contains The Texts that the Member for Fisher sent to his young male employee. The Federal Labor Party Voted To Retain Him As The Speaker! ***Caution - Offensive language Warning
http://wn.com/Julia_Gillard_Peter_Slipper_The_SMS_Texts_Our_Prime_Minister_Could_Ignore!_Language_Warning
JULIA GILLARD TRIPS AND FALLS OVER (DUBSTEP REMIX)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:25
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Song: Foreign Beggars Ft. Noisia - No Holds Barred (Excision Remix) JULIA GILLARD TRIPS DUBSTEP JULIA GILLARD TRIPS DUBSTEP JULIA GILLARD TRIPS DUBSTEP JULIA GILLARD TRIP JULIA GILLARD TRIP JULIA GILLARD TRIP JULIA GILLARD TRIP JULIA GILLARD TRIP JULIA GILLARD TRIP JULIA GILLARD TRIP JULIA...
http://wn.com/JULIA_GILLARD_TRIPS_AND_FALLS_OVER_DUBSTEP_REMIX
FALL Julia Gillard Australian Prime Minister Falls on Face In India (VIDEO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Julia Gillard, Australian Prime Minister, Falls Over In India (VIDEO) Poor Julia Gillard. Fresh from her misogynist-bashing tirade against the formerly smug but still very sexist, Tony Abbott, that saw her become a viral internet sensation, Gillard has fallen back to Earth with a bump. Literally. On a visit to the Gandhi Memorial in New Delhi, Gillard had a minor balance issue and ended up smooching grass, or, as the Aussies call it "stacking it". She later blamed the incident on "the logistics" of wearing heels. ------------------------------ AUSTRALIA's prime minister Julia Gillard had a nightmare trip in India - falling flat on her face when her high heel got stuck in the ground. The Wales-born politician had a spectacular tumble in front of TV cameras after laying a wreath at the Gandhi Memorial in New Delhi. Ms Gillard was helped up by her Indian hosts and immediately declared she was "fine". Laughing off the incident, she told reporters: "For men who get to wear flat shoes all day every day, if you wear a heel it can get embedded in soft grass. "And then when you pull your foot out, the shoe doesn't come -- and the rest of it is as you saw." Australian PM falls at Gandhi memorial News NIGHTMARE trip for Oz Prime Minister Julia Gillard as stuck heel sends her tumbling in New Delhi Ms Gillard, Australia's first female prime minister, has become notorious for her footwear mishaps. She slipped out of a high heel two months ago in Sydney while walking onstage to launch a ...
http://wn.com/FALL_Julia_Gillard_Australian_Prime_Minister_Falls_on_Face_In_India_VIDEO
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
18 Nov 2012
Israeli air strikes killed 16 Palestinians in Gaza on Saturday, prompting the Arab League to announce a visit to the battered enclave and a review of its Middle East peace policy. Egypt’s President...
Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
18 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Israel's ongoing uprooting of hundreds of Palestinian olive trees in the West Bank, including possibly sabotaging Palestine's recent bid for state...
Photo: UN / UN
17 Nov 2012
GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) — Israel's new offensive against the Gaza Strip has turned into a political bonanza for the territory's Hamas rulers, while sidelining Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas,...
Photo: AP / Eyad Baba
17 Nov 2012
Israel's defence minister Ehud Barak more than doubled his call-up of army reservists last night (Friday night) as its cabinet and military chiefs convened to discuss a ground invasion of Gaza. With...
Photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
17 Nov 2012
Iran is set to double its uranium enrichment after completing a second underground facility, according to UN report. The move is likely to increase concern from Western nations over Iranian nuclear...
The politics of point-scoring
19 Nov 2012
Canberra Times
Imagine a line running from left to right. Let's call it the ''policy line'', because it runs the complete gamut of all our foreign policy options. On the extreme right is total and complete alignment with Washington and, if you look carefully, you can see that Tony Abbott's over there. His head...(size: 6.1Kb)
Perchance for Labor to dream
19 Nov 2012
Canberra Times
Federal Labor's electoral stocks have been on a steady if slow rise since May and June, when a Fairfax-Nielsen poll had its primary vote at a disastrous 26 per cent. The Coalition is still on the inside track to comfortably win the next election, but Labor has at least looked more competitive since...(size: 4.6Kb)
Matt Redman "Sing Like Never Before"
19 Nov 2012
The Examiner
Related topics Christian MusicMatt RedmanMusic10 Advertisement "Sing like never before, oh my soul. I worship Your holy name." Matt Redman has worked with Newfrontiers, Passion Conferences, Hillsong London, Soul Survivor, is an artist for Sixstepsrecords. Matt releases a new album in a few short...(size: 6.4Kb)
Golf Channel
Olympic Gold...(size: 0.1Kb)
UNB ditches plan for $17K accessibility ramp
19 Nov 2012
CBC
The University of New Brunswick cut $17,000 in additional costs to its porch renovation project this summer by postponing the construction of a permanent accessibility ramp to the president’s official residence, according to documents obtained by CBC News. Somerville House, the official home of the...(size: 3.0Kb)
The Independent
I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! star Helen Flanagan called upon her newly-found bravery to secure more food for her fellow campers last night when she took part in the first live Bushtucker Trial. The former Coronation Street actress was chosen by the British public to face her seventh trial...(size: 4.1Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
Award honors companies providing job applicants with outstanding candidate experience. Lima, Ohio (PRWEB) November 19, 2012 myStaffingPro, a leading applicant tracking system, congratulates its customer, Midmark Corporation for their recognition at the North American Candidate Experience Awards...(size: 9.7Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics 2012 AMAsAmerican Music Awards 2012PsyMC Hammer Advertisement There have been many Awards Shows that have great closing acts. HOWEVER, last night the American Music Awards closed with a BANG. The Korean sensation PSY closed out the show with a performance of his hit 'Gangnam Style'....(size: 6.7Kb)
French cuisine gets a Khool twist
19 Nov 2012
Independent online (SA)
A fresh crop of chefs are navigating their way to stardom in TV land. One such talent is British food writer and pastry chef Rachel Khoo, who will soon be seen in The Little Paris Kitchen: Cooking with Rachel Khoo on BBC Lifestyle. Debashine Thangevelo enjoyed a chat with this culinary rebel who,...(size: 3.7Kb)
York Press
Julia Mulligan NORTH Yorkshire’s new Police and Crime Commissioner will meet the group set up to scrutinise her for the first time this week after she won the race to head policing in the region....(size: 1.6Kb)
Marathon Results
19 Nov 2012
Tulsa World
1Curtis Huffman 2:39:24 2 Adam Cohen 2:40:23 3 Jason Cook 2:41:58 4 Janusz Sarnicki 2:45:45 5 Camille "Spider-woman" Herron 2:48:51 6 Jason Collins 2:50:41 7 Jeffrey Beck 2:51:29 8 Brian Weiss 2:52:16 9 Janusz Malski 2:53:07 10 D.j. Naylor 2:53:20 11 Jenny Graef 2:55:32 12 Tony Phillippi 2:58:17 13...(size: 43.0Kb)
Joseph Mallen, 86, an executive at Boeing
19 Nov 2012
Philadelphia Daily News
Joe Trinacria, Inquirer Staff Writer Posted: Monday, November 19, 2012, 3:00 AM...(size: 9.5Kb)
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Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota recognizes the special sacrifices made by members of the military with policies and resources designed to welcome and encourage them. For these efforts, G.I. Jobs has included the University on its 2013 list of Military Friendly Schools. Minneapolis, Minn....(size: 9.8Kb)
| The Honourable Julia Gillard MP |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| 27th Prime Minister of Australia | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 24 June 2010 |
|
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Governor General | Quentin Bryce |
| Deputy | Wayne Swan |
| Preceded by | Kevin Rudd |
| Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 28 October 2011 |
|
| Preceded by | Kamla Persad-Bissessar |
| Leader of the Labor Party | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 24 June 2010 |
|
| Deputy | Wayne Swan |
| Preceded by | Kevin Rudd |
| 13th Deputy Prime Minister of Australia | |
| In office 3 December 2007 – 24 June 2010 |
|
| Prime Minister | Kevin Rudd |
| Preceded by | Mark Vaile |
| Succeeded by | Wayne Swan |
| Minister for Education | |
| In office 3 December 2007 – 28 June 2010 |
|
| Prime Minister | Kevin Rudd |
| Succeeded by | Simon Crean |
| Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations | |
| In office 3 December 2007 – 28 June 2010 |
|
| Prime Minister | Kevin Rudd |
| Preceded by | Joe Hockey |
| Succeeded by | Simon Crean |
| Minister for Social Inclusion | |
| In office 3 December 2007 – 28 June 2010 |
|
| Prime Minister | Kevin Rudd |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Simon Crean |
| Member of the Australian Parliament for Lalor |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 3 October 1998 |
|
| Preceded by | Barry Jones |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1961-09-29) 29 September 1961 (age 50) Barry, United Kingdom |
| Political party | Labor Party |
| Domestic partner | Tim Mathieson |
| Residence | The Lodge[1] |
| Alma mater | University of Adelaide University of Melbourne |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Prime Minister's website Parliamentary website ALP website |
Julia Eileen Gillard (born 29 September 1961) is the 27th and current Prime Minister of Australia, in office since 24 June 2010.
Gillard was born in Barry, Wales and migrated with her family to Adelaide, Australia in 1966, attending Mitcham Demonstration School and Unley High School. In 1982 Gillard moved to Melbourne. She graduated from the University of Melbourne with Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees in 1986. In 1987, Gillard joined the law firm Slater & Gordon working in industrial law, before entering politics.[2][3]
Gillard was elected at the 1998 federal election to the House of Representatives seat of Lalor, Victoria, for the Australian Labor Party. Following the 2001 federal election, Gillard was elected to the shadow cabinet with the portfolios of Population and Immigration. The Reconciliation and Indigenous Affairs and the Health portfolios were added in 2003. In December 2006, Kevin Rudd was elected Labor leader and Leader of the Opposition, with Gillard as deputy leader.[2]
Gillard became the Deputy Prime Minister upon Labor's victory in the 2007 federal election, also serving as Minister for Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. On 24 June 2010, after Rudd lost the support of his party and stood aside, Gillard became federal leader of the Australian Labor Party and thus the Prime Minister, the first female holder of the office.[4]
The 2010 federal election saw the first hung parliament since the 1940 federal election. The incumbent Gillard Labor government was able to form a minority government with the support of an Australian Greens Member of Parliament (MP) and three independent MPs on a 76–74 margin, defeating the Liberal/National Coalition opposition led by Tony Abbott. Labor received 50.12 percent of the two-party-preferred vote.[5][6]
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Early life[link]
Gillard was born in 1961 in Barry, Wales.[2] After she suffered from bronchopneumonia as a child, her parents were advised it would aid her recovery if they were to live in a warmer climate.[7] The family migrated to Australia in 1966, settling in Adelaide.[8] Her parents, John and Moira, live in Pasadena, South Australia.[9] She has a sister, Alison, who is three years older.[7]
Gillard's father worked as a psychiatric nurse, while her mother worked at the local Salvation Army nursing home.[7] She and her sister attended Mitcham Demonstration School, and Julia went on to attend Unley High School.[10] She then studied at the University of Adelaide but cut short her courses in 1982 and moved to Melbourne to work with the Australian Union of Students.[11] She graduated from the University of Melbourne with Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees in 1986.[12]
In 1987, Gillard joined the law firm Slater & Gordon at Werribee, Melbourne, working in industrial law.[3] In 1990, at the age of 29, she was admitted as a partner.[13]
Politics[link]
Introduced to politics in her second year at the University of Adelaide by the daughter of a State Labor Minister, Gillard joined the Labor Club and became involved in a campaign to fight federal education budget cuts.[7][8]
After moving to Melbourne, in 1983 Gillard became the second woman to lead the Australian Union of Students. She was also formerly the secretary of the left-wing organisation, Socialist Forum.[14]
From 1996 to 1998, Gillard served as Chief of Staff to John Brumby, at that time the Victorian opposition leader.[2] She was responsible for drafting the affirmative-action rules within the Labor Party in Victoria that set the target of preselecting women for 35 per cent of "winnable seats".[8][15] She also played a role in the foundation of EMILY's List, the pro-choice fund-raising and support network for Labor women.[16]
The Welsh Labour politician Aneurin "Nye" Bevan remains one of her political heroes.[13]
Opposition member[link]
Gillard was elected as Member for Lalor, a safe Labor seat near Melbourne, in the House of Representatives at the 1998 election, replacing Barry Jones, who had retired. She made her first speech to the house on 11 November 1998.[17]
Shadow Minister for Population and Immigration: 2001–2003[link]
After Labor's defeat at the 2001 election, Gillard was elected to the shadow cabinet, with the portfolio of population and immigration. In February 2003, she was given the additional portfolios of reconciliation and Indigenous affairs.[18]
In the wake of the Tampa and Children Overboard affairs, which were partly credited with Labor's 2001 election loss, Gillard developed a new immigration policy for the Labor Party.[8]
Shadow Minister for Health: 2003–06[link]
Gillard was promoted to the position of Shadow Health Minister in July 2003.[19] Shortly after this, the government moved Workplace Relations Minister Tony Abbott to the health portfolio.[20] The rivalry between Abbott and Gillard often attracted attention from the media. She gained additional responsibility for managing opposition business in the House of Representatives.[21]
In the aftermath of the Labor loss at the October 2004 election, it was speculated that Gillard might challenge Jenny Macklin for the deputy leadership, but she did not do so.[22]
Gillard had been spoken of as a potential future leader of the party for some years but, until 2005, she stayed out of leadership contests. After Mark Latham resigned as leader in January 2005, however, she emerged as a possible successor along with Kim Beazley and Kevin Rudd.
After appearing on the ABC's Australian Story program in March 2006,[7][23] an Ipsos Mackay poll in April 2006, conducted for Network Ten's Meet the Press program, found that respondents would prefer Gillard to be Labor leader. She polled 32% compared with Beazley's 25% and Kevin Rudd's 18%.[24]
Although she had significant cross-factional support, she announced on 25 January 2005 that she would not contest the leadership, allowing Beazley to be elected unopposed.[25]
Deputy Leader of the Opposition[link]
On 1 December 2006, in a cross-factional political partnership with Kevin Rudd, Gillard launched a challenge for the deputy leadership of the ALP.[26] Once Rudd was elected as leader, the incumbent deputy leader and Kim Beazley's deputy, Jenny Macklin, chose not to contest the position and on 4 December 2006 she was elected unopposed.[27] In the frontbench reshuffle following the leadership change, Gillard was allocated the Employment, Workplace Relations and Social Inclusion portfolios.[28]
Deputy Prime Minister: 2007–10[link]
The Labor Party won the 2007 federal election and, on 3 December 2007, Gillard was sworn in as the first female Deputy Prime Minister of Australia.[29]
In addition to the deputy prime ministership, Gillard was given responsibility for a so-called "super ministry", the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. She had three distinct portfolios: Minister for Education; Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations; and Minister for Social Inclusion. In her role as Minister for Education, Gillard travelled to Washington, DC, where she signed a deal with the US Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan, to encourage improved policy collaboration in education reform between both countries.[30]
On 11 December 2007, she became the first woman in Australia's history to be in the prime ministerial role, by assuming the role of acting prime minister while Kevin Rudd attended the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali.[31] In the first year of government, she served as acting prime minister for 69 days during Rudd's overseas travel engagements.[32]
Gillard is a highly regarded debater, and her performances during parliamentary question time have prompted Peter van Onselen to call her "the best parliamentary performer on the Labor side".[33]
Minister for Education, Employment and Workplace Relations[link]
Gillard removed the WorkChoices industrial relations regime introduced by the Howard government, and replaced it with the Fair Work Bill.[34] This established a single industrial relations bureaucracy called Fair Work Australia.[35]
In 2009 Gillard oversaw the government's "Building the Education Revolution" program, which allocated $16 billion to build new school accommodation including classrooms, libraries and assembly halls.[36][37]
Prime Minister[link]
Main article: Gillard Government
On 23 June 2010, after meetings throughout the evening between Gillard and Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, as well as factional leaders, Rudd addressed the waiting media at 10:30 pm AEST and announced that Gillard had asked him to hold a leadership ballot in the 115-member caucus the following day to determine the leadership of the Labor Party and hence the prime ministership of Australia.[38]
Rudd initially said he would challenge Gillard at the caucus. However, it soon became apparent that he didn't have enough support to fend off Gillard's challenge. Hours before the vote, he stood aside as leader and ended his candidacy, leaving Gillard to take the leadership unopposed. At the same caucus meeting, Treasurer Wayne Swan was elected unopposed to succeed Gillard as Labor's deputy leader, and hence Deputy Prime Minister.[39]
Shortly afterward, Gillard was sworn in as the 27th Prime Minister of Australia by the Governor-General, Quentin Bryce, and Wayne Swan was sworn in as her deputy. The other members of Kevin Rudd's ministry, except Rudd himself, became the remaining members of the First Gillard Ministry.
Later that day, in her first press conference as Prime Minister, she said that at times the Rudd Government "went off the tracks", and "I came to the view that a good Government was losing its way".[40] She also said that she wouldn't move into The Lodge unless she was elected Prime Minister in her own right, preferring to divide her time between a flat in Canberra and her home in Altona, a western suburb of Melbourne.[41] She eventually moved into The Lodge on 26 September 2010.[1]
As well as being the first woman and the first who has never been married, Gillard is the first Prime Minister since Billy Hughes (1915–1923) to have been born overseas.[39]
In the aftermath of the leadership challenge, Bill Shorten, former trade union leader, and key Parliamentary member of the ALP Right Faction, nominated the government's handling of the insulation program; the sudden announcement of change of policy on the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme; and the way in which they had "introduced the debate" about the Resource Super Profits Tax as the key considerations which had led to a shift in support from Kevin Rudd to Julia Gillard as leader of the party.[42]
Election 2010[link]
Main article: Australian federal election, 2010
On 17 July 2010, 23 days after becoming prime minister and after receiving the agreement of the Governor-General Quentin Bryce, Gillard announced the next federal election would be held on 21 August 2010.[43] Gillard began campaigning with a speech utilising the slogan "moving forward".[44] In the early stages of the campaign, a series of leaks were released by purported Labor Party sources, indicating apparent divisions within Cabinet over the replacement of Kevin Rudd by Gillard.[45] Mid-way through the campaign, Gillard offered journalists a self-assessment of her campaign by saying that she had been paying too much attention to advisers in her strategy team, and she wanted to run a less "stage-managed" campaign:[46]
“ I think it's time for me to make sure that the real Julia is well and truly on display, so I'm going to step up and take personal charge of what we do in the campaign from this point. ”
Gillard met Opposition leader Tony Abbott for one official debate during the campaign. Studio audience surveys by Channel 9 and the Seven Network suggested a win to Gillard.[47] Unable to agree on further debates, the leaders went on to appear separately on stage for questioning at community forums in Sydney and Brisbane. An audience exit poll of the Rooty Hill RSL audience indicated an Abbott victory.[48] Gillard won the audience poll at the Broncos Leagues Club meeting in Brisbane on 18 August.[49] Gillard also appeared on the ABC's Q&A program on 9 August.[50] On 7 August, Gillard was questioned by former Labor leader turned Channel Nine reporter Mark Latham.[51]
Gillard officially "launched" Labor's campaign in Brisbane five days before polling day, outlining Labor policies and utilising the slogan: "Yes we will move forward together".[52]
Labor and the Coalition each won 72 seats[nb 1] in the 150-seat House of Representatives,[53] four short of the requirement for majority government, resulting in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.[54][55] Both major party leaders sought to form a minority government.[56][57][58][59][60][61]
Six crossbench MPs held the balance of power.[62][63] Four crossbench MPs, Greens Adam Bandt and independents Andrew Wilkie, Rob Oakeshott and Tony Windsor declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply,[64][65] allowing Gillard and Labor to remain in power with a 76–74 minority government.[66] Governor-General Bryce swore in the Second Gillard Ministry on 14 September 2010.[67] On 24 November 2011, the Coalition's Peter Slipper replaced Labor's Harry Jenkins as Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives, increasing Labor's parliamentary majority from 75–74 to 76–73.
Foreign affairs[link]
During her first major international tour as Prime Minister, Julia Gillard told ABC TV's 7.30 Report:[68]
“ [F]oreign policy is not my passion. It's not what I've spent my life doing. You know, I came into politics predominantly to make a difference to opportunity questions, particularly make a difference in education. So, yes, if I had a choice I'd probably more be in a school watching kids learn to read in Australia than here in Brussels at international meetings. ”
Following her 2010 election victory, Gillard selected her former leader Kevin Rudd (a career diplomat) as Foreign Minister. Gillard travelled to the United States in March 2011 to mark the 60th Anniversary of the ANZUS Alliance and was invited to address the United States Congress.
In a 2008 speech in Washington, Gillard endorsed the ANZUS Aliance and described the United States as a civilising global influence.[69] Her former colleague and leader Mark Latham wrote in a 2009 article for the Australian Financial Review that these comments were "hypocritical", given past private communications Gillard had exchanged with him which apparently mocked elements of American foreign policy: "One of them concerned her study tour of the US, sponsored by the American Government in 2006—or to use her moniker—'a CIA re-education course'. She asked me to 'stand by for emails explaining George Bush is a great statesman, torture is justified in many circumstances and those Iraqi insurgents should just get over it'."[70]
War in Afghanistan[link]
During her first day as Prime Minister, Gillard reassured US President Barack Obama of Australia's continuing support for the military campaign in Afghanistan.[71] She visited Afghanistan on 2 October 2010 and met with Australian forces in Tarin Kowt and President Hamid Karzai in Kabul. The visit formed part of her first overseas trip as prime minister.[72]
A parliamentary debate was conducted for four sitting weeks of parliament, with the agreement between Gillard and Abbott that it is necessary to stay in Afghanistan and prevent it from becoming a safe haven for terrorists.[73]
Domestic policies[link]
Health[link]
Like her predecessor Rudd, Gillard has said that health is a priority in her agenda. She announced during the 2010 election, that there would be an increase of 270 placements for emergency doctors and nurses and 3,000 extra nursing scholarships over the following 10 years.[74] She also said mental health would be a priority in her second term, with a $277 million suicide-prevention package which would target high-risk groups.[75] As the election delivered a hung parliament, a $1.8 billion package was given to rural hospitals, which was agreed to by the independents to support her re-election.[76]
In October 2010, her government introduced legislation to reform funding arrangements for the health system, with the intention of giving the Commonwealth responsibility for providing the majority of funding to public hospitals and 100 per cent of funding for primary care and GP services.[citation needed] In February 2011, Gillard announced extensive revision of the original health funding reforms proposed by the Rudd Government, which had been unable to secure the support of all state governments. The revised Gillard government plan proposed that the federal government move towards providing 50% of new health funding (and not 60 per cent as originally agreed) and removed the requirement of the states to cede a proportion of their GST revenue to the Federal Government in order to fund the new arrangement.[77] The new agreement was supported by all state premiers and chief ministers[78]and signed on 2 August.[79]
Immigration[link]
In relation to population targets for Australia, Gillard told Fairfax Media in August 2010 that while skilled migration is important: "I don't support the idea of a big Australia". Gillard also altered the nomenclature of Tony Burke's role as "Minister for Population" to that of "Minister for Sustainable Population".[80]
Asylum seekers[link]
File:BoatArrivals.gif
Unauthorised persons arriving by boat to Australia by calendar year
After winning leadership of the Labor Party, Gillard identified addressing the issue of unauthorised arrivals of asylum seekers as a priority of her government. She announced that negotiations were underway for a return to "offshore processing" of asylum seeker claims. Gillard ruled out a return to processing at Nauru and named East Timor as a preferred location for new detention and processing facilities.[81][82] The East Timorese Government rejected the plan.[83]
In October 2010, her government announced that it would open two detention centres for 2000 immigrants, due to the pressures in allowing women and children to be released into the community. One to be opened in Inverbrackie, South Australia and one in Northam, Western Australia.[84] She said it would be a short-term solution to the problem and that temporary detention centres will be closed.
On 15 December 2010 a ship containing 89 asylum seekers crashed on the shore of Christmas Island, killing up to fifty people.[85][86] Refugee and migrant advocates condemned government policy as responsible for the tragedy,[87][88] and ALP Party President Anna Bligh called for a complete review of ALP asylum seeker policy.[89] Gillard returned early from holidays in response to the crash, and to review asylum seeker policy.[89] Some months later Gillard would announce "The Malaysia Solution" in response.[90]
In April 2011 the Federal Government confirmed that a detention centre for single men will be built at the old army barracks at Pontville, 45 minutes north of Hobart. This immigration detention centre will house up to 400 refugees.[91] Also in April 2011 immigration detainees at the Villawood detention centre rioted in protest of their treatment, setting fire to several buildings.[92]
In May 2011 Gillard announced that Australia and Malaysia were finalising an arrangement to exchange asylum seekers. Gillard and Immigration Minister Chris Bowen said they were close to signing a bilateral agreement which would result in 800 asylum seekers who arrive in Australia by boat being taken to Malaysia instead. Australia will take 4,000 people from Malaysia who have previously been assessed as being refugees.[93][94]
On 31 August the High Court ruled that the agreement to transfer refugees from Australia to Malaysia was invalid, and ordered that it not proceed. Australia will still accept 4,000 people who have been assessed as refugees in Malaysia.[95][96]
Education[link]
When she became Prime Minister, she gave her Education portfolio to Simon Crean. She has promised to "make education central to my economic agenda."[97] After her re-election, she extended tax-cuts to parents to help pay for school uniforms for people struggling to cover the costs of education under the Education Tax Refund scheme.[98] Gillard continued to put the My School website centre of her education agenda, which was controversial when she implemented when she was the Minister for Education. Although it was popular amongst parents, the website helped parents view statistics of the school their children attended. She has unveiled the revamped version, My School 2.0, promising better information to parents.[99]
Universities also placed highly on her education agenda. Legislation due to be voted on in November 2010 that would see the introduction of a national universities regulator was delayed till 2011 following criticisms from the higher education sector. It was also announced by her government that legislation to establish the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency would also be introduced early 2011.[100]
Climate change[link]
Both the incumbent Howard Coalition government and the Rudd Labor opposition promised to implement an emissions trading scheme (ETS) before the 2007 federal election. Labor won the election, with the new government proceeding to implement an ETS. The government introduced the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which the Liberals supported with Malcolm Turnbull as leader. Tony Abbott questioned an ETS, saying the best way to reduce emissions is with a "simple tax".[101] Shortly before the carbon vote, Abbott defeated Turnbull in a leadership challenge, and from there on the Liberals opposed the ETS. This left the government unable to secure passage of the bill and it was subsequently withdrawn.
Gillard defeated Rudd in a leadership challenge and from there on said no carbon tax would be introduced under a government she led when taking the government to the 2010 election. In the first hung parliament result in 70 years, the government required the support of crossbenchers including the Greens. One requirement for Green support was a carbon tax, which Gillard proceeded with in forming a minority government. A fixed-price carbon tax would proceed to a floating-price ETS within a few years under the plans. The government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011,[102] which the opposition claimed to be a broken election promise.[103] The Liberal Party vowed to overturn the bill if it is elected.[104]
The bill was passed by the Lower House in October 2011[105] and the Upper House in November 2011.[106]
2012 leadership vote[link]
Main article: Australian Labor Party leadership election, 2012
Weeks of speculation, in the light of poor polling results for the Gillard government, that Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd wished to regain the Labor Party leadership culminated with Rudd resigning from cabinet on 22 February 2012. Rudd told the media "I can only serve as Foreign Minister if I have the confidence of Prime Minister Gillard and her senior ministers" after Gillard failed to repudiate cabinet ministers who publicly criticised Rudd and his tenure as prime minister.[107][108] The situation had been further exacerbated by the revelation on Four Corners that Gillard's staff wrote her victory speech for the 2010 leadership spill two weeks prior to her challenge, contradicting Gillard's earlier claims that she had only decided to challenge Rudd the day before the vote. The revelation caused conflict between Labor factions to surface with Labor MP Darren Cheeseman calling on Gillard to resign, while his colleague Steve Gibbons called Rudd a "psychopath with a giant ego".[109]
After resigning, Rudd said that he did not think Gillard could defeat the Coalition in the next election and that, since his resignation, he had received encouragement from Labor members and cabinet ministers to contest the leadership.[110]
Gillard responded to the developments by announcing a leadership ballot for the morning of 27 February 2012 and that she would renominate for the Labor Party leadership. She announced that if she lost the vote she would go to the backbench and renounce any claims on the leadership. She asked that Rudd make the same commitment.[111]
At the leadership ballot, Gillard won by a vote of 71 to 31.[112]
Political positions[link]
Abortion[link]
Gillard has expressed a pro-choice position on abortion saying that "Women without money would be left without that choice or in the hands of backyard abortion providers" and that she understood "the various moral positions" regarding abortions.[113]
Euthanasia[link]
Concerning euthanasia Gillard warned that it may "open the door to exploitation and perhaps callousness towards people in the end stage of life" and that she is not convinced that the policy of pro-euthanasia advocates contain "sufficient safeguards".[114]
Factional position[link]
Although nominally a member of the Victorian Left faction of the Labor Party,[115] her election to Prime Minister occurred because of support from the Right factions of the party, with the hard Left planning to support Rudd in the Caucus vote had there actually been one.[116] Analyses of Jacqueline Kent's 2009 biography of Gillard suggest that her membership in the Left faction is "more organisational than ideological".[3][115] In July 2010, historian Ross Fitzgerald said, "... at least since last year Gillard has sought to reposition herself more towards the Labor Right."[117]
Internet controls[link]
Soon after Gillard first took over from Kevin Rudd as Prime Minister, she put herself on record as being in favour of a mandatory internet filter for Australia and justified her stance by saying images of child abuse and child pornography should not be legally available on the internet.[118]
Poker machines and problem gambling[link]
In 2010 Gillard agreed with Nick Xenophon, Andrew Wilkie and the Australian Greens to introduce poker machine reform legislation, to curb problem gambling, into the parliament by May 2012. After members of the cross bench advised that they would not support this bill in the House of Representatives, Gillard withdrew her support. Wilkie said that many Australians felt "very let down by the PM", and fellow anti-gambling campaigner Xenophon accused the Prime Minister of "backstabbing the person who put her in office".[119]
Population growth[link]
Gillard claimed, as the first policy announcement of her government, to be against a "big Australia", as opposed to predecessor Kevin Rudd who was in favour of population growth.[120] She emphasised the need for sustainability, saying "Australia should not hurtle down the track towards a big population".[120][121] A government report on the issue eleven months later failed to set any limits or targets, called for increased population in regional Australia and was criticised by Monash University's Dr Bob Birrell for maintaining the same growth settings as those endorsed by Kevin Rudd.[122] Gillard defended the lack of detail, saying "It's not about figures, it's about working with communities."[123]
Republic[link]
Gillard supports Australia becoming a republic and has suggested that the end of Queen Elizabeth II's reign would be "probably the appropriate point for a transition".[124]
Same-sex marriage[link]
Gillard does not support the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Australia,[125] saying that she believes "the Marriage Act is appropriate in its current form, that is recognising that marriage is between a man and a woman" and that marriage being between a man and woman "has a special status".[126] The triennial Labor conference held in December 2011 saw Gillard successfully negotiate an amendment on same-sex marriage which will see the party introduce a conscience vote to parliament through a private members bill, rather than a binding vote.[127]
Wikileaks[link]
Following the November 2010 release of secret United States diplomatic cables, high-profile people in various countries condemned the whistleblower website, WikiLeaks; some called for the founder Julian Assange, an Australian citizen, to be killed.[128][129] Julia Gillard stated, "I absolutely condemn the placement of this information on the WikiLeaks website. It's a grossly irresponsible thing to do and an illegal thing to do".[130][131][132] After an Australian Federal Police investigation failed to find WikiLeaks had broken any Australian laws by publishing the US diplomatic documents, Gillard maintained her stance that the release of the documents was "grossly irresponsible".[133] Open letters signed by many news editors, lawyers and other prominent individuals including Noam Chomsky have asked Gillard to condemn the calls for physical harm to Assange and to ensure that his legal rights be protected.[134]
Personal life[link]
Gillard's partner since 2006[135] is Tim Mathieson.[136] She has had previous relationships with union officials Michael O'Connor and Bruce Wilson and fellow Federal Labor MP Craig Emerson.[137] She has never married and has no children.[138][139]
She owns a home in the south-western Melbourne suburb of Altona[140] which she occupied prior to The Lodge and is a public supporter of the Western Bulldogs AFL club.[141] As for the NRL, she is a supporter of the Melbourne Storm.[142]
Gillard was brought up in the Baptist tradition, but is not religious. In a 2010 interview when asked if she believed in God, Gillard stated: "No I don't ... I'm not a religious person ... [I'm] a great respecter of religious beliefs but they're not my beliefs."[143][144]
See also[link]
- Next Australian federal election
- Australian federal election, 2010
- Rudd Ministry
- First Gillard Ministry
- Second Gillard Ministry
- At Home with Julia
Notes[link]
- ^ The National Party of Western Australia is not a part of the Liberal/National Coalition. Therefore, its figures, including MP Tony Crook, are counted separately from the Coalition totals. See Australian federal election, 2010 for more details.
References[link]
- ^ a b "Gillard moves into The Lodge". Sydney Morning Herald. 26 September 2010. http://www.smh.com.au/national/gillard-moves-into-the-lodge-20100926-15s2x.html. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d "The Hon Julia Gillard MP, Member for Lalor (Vic)". Australian House of Representatives. http://www.aph.gov.au/house/members/biography.asp?id=83L. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ a b c "The Other Biography: Jacqueline Kent's "The Making of Julia Gillard" by Christine Wallace". The Monthly. Schwartz Publishing. October 2009. http://www.themonthly.com.au/books-christine-wallace-other-biography-jacqueline-kent039s-quotthe-making-julia-gillardquot-2015?page=0%2C0. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
- ^ Curtis, L.; Hall, E. (24 June 2010). "Gillard becomes first female PM". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2010/s2935655.htm. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
- ^ Coorey, Phillip (17 July 2010). "Gillard seeks mandate to take Australia forward". Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Media). http://www.smh.com.au/national/gillard-seeks-mandate-to-take-australia-forward-20100717-10er7.html. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ "Wait finally over as Independent Tony Windsor chooses Julia Gillard as Prime Minister". The Australian (News Limited). 7 September 2010. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/wait-finally-over-as-independent-tony-windsor-choose-julia-gillard-as-prime-minister/story-e6frg6o6-1225915374245. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Australian Story – Julia Gillard Interview Transcript". ABC Television. 6 March 2006. http://www.abc.net.au/austory/content/2006/s1585300.htm. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Julia Gillard in Person". Counterpoint. yes. 20 September 2004. Radio National.
- ^ Wills, Daniel (24 June 2010). "Julia Gillard's parents 'elated'". Daily Telegraph (News Limited). http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/julia-gillards-parents-elated/story-e6freuy9-1225883750188. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "Gillard addresses students at former high school". ABC News. 14 December 2006. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2006/12/14/1811877.htm. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
- ^ Simons, Margaret (16 February 1983). "Room at the top on the campus". The Age (Fairfax Media). http://news.google.com.au/newspapers?id=1YUQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z5QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3459,193745&dq=julia-gillard&hl=en. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ "Julia Gillard". History of the Melbourne Law School. University of Melbourne. 24 June 2010. http://history.law.unimelb.edu.au/go/people/politicians/julia-gillard/index.cfm. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ a b Davis, Mark (24 June 2010). "Focus and ambition drive her success". The Age (Melbourne: Fairfax Media). http://www.theage.com.au/national/focus-and-ambition-drive-her-success-20100624-yzgi.html. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Wright, Lincoln (7 August 2007). "Will Julia Gillard's past cause red faces?". Sunday Herald Sun (News Limited). http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/will-julias-past-cause-red-faces/story-e6frf7l6-1111114587478. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
- ^ Gillard, Julia (2003). "Personal Perspectives on Parliament Lower House: Lower House". One Hundred Years of Women's Suffrage in Australia, Centenary Issue. Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 34–36. http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/pubs/pops/pop41/gillard.pdf. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- ^ Summers, Anne (25 June 2010). "Historic moment, but barriers remain for half the population". The Age (Melbourne: Fairfax Media). http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/politics/historic-moment-but-barriers-remain-for-half-the-population-20100624-z3bp.html. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ^ "Ms Julia Gillard MP, Member for Labor (Vic), First speech to Parliament". Australian House of Representatives. 11 November 1998. http://www.aph.gov.au/house/members/firstspeech.asp?id=83L. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
- ^ "Crean names new team". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 18 February 2003. http://www.abc.net.au/news/politics/2003/02/item20030218083501_1.htm. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Hudson, Phillip (2 July 2003). "ALP rising star for key health role". The Age (Melbourne: Fairfax). http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/07/01/1056825394336.html. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Wroe, David (30 September 2003). "Doctor groups hail promotion of 'head kicker'". The Age (Melbourne: Fairfax). http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/29/1064819869888.html. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Banham, Cynthia (3 December 2003). "Gillard's loyalty pays off". The Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax). http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/02/1070351584392.html. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Grattan, Michelle (22 January 2005). "Beazley no to Gillard as deputy". The Age (Melbourne: Fairfax). http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Beazley-no-to-Gillard-as-deputy/2005/01/21/1106110948133.html. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "The Gillard Diaries". Australian Story. yes. 6 March 2006. ABC1.
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- ^ Kelly, Joe (23 April 2010). "Melbourne Storm fan Gillard saddened by salary cap scandal". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/politics/melbourne-storm-fan-gillard-saddened-by-salary-cap-scandal/story-e6frgczf-1225857266193. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
- ^ Wright, Tony (30 June 2010). "PM tells it as she sees it on the God issue". The Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax). http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/pm-tells-it-as-she-sees-it-on-the-god-issue-20100629-zjad.html. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
- ^ "Prime Minister Julia Gillard speaks to Jon Faine". Melbourne. 29 June 2010. ABC. 774. http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2010/06/29/2939565.htm?site=melbourne.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Julia Gillard |
- Official prime ministerial website
- Official Federal HOR webpages for Julia Gillard
- Official ALP webpage for Julia Gillard
- Official Facebook page of Julia Gillard
- Search or browse Hansard for Julia Gillard at OpenAustralia.org
| Parliament of Australia | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Barry Jones |
Member of Parliament for Lalor 1998–present |
Incumbent |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Jenny Macklin |
Deputy Leader of the Labor Party 2006–2010 |
Succeeded by Wayne Swan |
| Preceded by Kevin Rudd |
Leader of the Labor Party 2010–present |
Incumbent |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Mark Vaile |
Deputy Prime Minister of Australia 2007–2010 |
Succeeded by Wayne Swan |
| Preceded by Julie Bishop as Minister for Education, Science and Training |
Minister for Education 2007–2010 |
Succeeded by Simon Crean |
| Preceded by Joe Hockey |
Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations 2007–2010 |
|
| New office | Minister for Social Inclusion 2007–2010 |
|
| Preceded by Kevin Rudd |
Prime Minister of Australia 2010–present |
Incumbent |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by Kamla Persad-Bissessar |
Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office 2011–present |
Incumbent |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gillard, Julia |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Australian politician |
| Date of birth | 1961-09-29 |
| Place of birth | Barry, Wales, UK |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| The Hamsters | |
|---|---|
| File:Hamsters-moon-300.jpg | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Southend on Sea, England |
| Genres | Blues rock, rhythm and blues, Americana, rockabilly |
| Years active | 1987–2012 |
| Website | www.thehamsters.co.uk |
| Members | |
| Snail's-Pace Slim Rev Otis Elevator Ms Zsa Zsa Poltergeist |
|
The Hamsters were a band from Southend-on-Sea, Essex, England.
They performed their first live show at the Cliffs Pavilion, Southend-on-Sea, on 1 April 1987, and their last at The Half Moon, Putney on 1 April 2012, exactly 25 years later. They initially played in local pubs with no ambitions to take themselves seriously or to turn professional.[1] As the band ethos is to combine humour with music[2] two members of the original band (now all three) use light-hearted and parodying pseudonyms as stage names.[3] The original line-up was Snail's-Pace Slim on vocals and guitar, Rev Otis Elevator on drums and Andy Farrell on bass. Andy Billups, aka Ms Zsa Zsa Poltergeist, replaced Farrell on bass in 1988.
The band's name was based on a pseudonym used by the Sex Pistols.[4]
Contents |
History[link]
Their first performances were in local pubs in and around Southend as a part of the area's well-known R&B scene which had begun in the 1960s; they initially formed for their own amusement[5] and didn't take themselves too seriously.[6] Their bookings quickly started to increase as an increasing number of local music fans requested venues to book them.[7] Eventually it was decided to turn pro and slowly they started getting bookings from venues further afield. During 1988–1990 they released a limited run of four cassette releases of their music until they released their first CD in 1990, titled "Electric Hamsterland" as a parody of the Hendrix "Electric Ladyland" album. There was also a limited run of vinyl LPs of the album.
Influences[link]
The Hamsters were called Britain's leading interpreters of the music of Jimi Hendrix and ZZ Top.[8][9] and so were called a blues rock band, although they were not a tribute band "they take the music and push it a little further in the direction originally intended".[10] These covers only made up a small part of their playlist, the majority being Americana.[11]
Work schedule[link]
As of March 2009, the Hamsters are in their 21st year and claim to have performed more than 4,000 shows.[1] They have constantly toured throughout UK and occasionally mainland Europe.[12] In 1991 they performed a small tour in the US. The group has been described as "the hardest working band in the UK".[13] In 2000, the Hamsters were runners-up in the best blues rock band category, voted on by the readers of Blueprint.[14] They contributed a track for the BBC Radio 2 series "Bright Lights, Big City" documenting the story of British Rhythm and Blues from the fifties to the modern day and presented by former Rolling Stone Bill Wyman, and was broadcast in late 2001. They performed at the 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 London Guitar Shows at the Wembley entertainment complex.
In 2003 the Hamsters performed two live sessions on Paul Jones' BBC Radio 2 blues show. The track "Taxi Driver" from their Open All Hours album was included in Classic Rock magazine's (August 2006 issue) '100 Blues Anthems'.
They have supported such artists as Albert Collins and Status Quo.[15][16] During 2006 and 2007 they joined Wilko Johnson and John Otway to perform The Mad, The Bad & The Dangerous tour.
The band have been Whispering Bob Harris' featured band on his BBC Radio 2 radio show on several occasions.[17]
In October 2008 the band announced that their track "Route 666" (from the Route 666 album) was selected by producer/director Neil Jones to be played over the end credits of a low budget British horror film titled Stag Night of the Dead.[18]
Retirement[link]
On 13 March 2011, via their website and Facebook, the band announced that on their 25th anniversary they would be splitting the band so the individual members could retire from the music business. They also announced that their last show would be performed on 31 March 2012.[19] Their final two shows, were actually on 1 April 2012, at The Half Moon, Putney.
Personnel[link]
Snail's-Pace Slim[link]
The Hamsters' lead singer and guitar player, Snail's-Pace Slim (Barry Martin) has been part of the Southend music scene for many years. He formerly played in various Essex-based bands including Dr Feelgood, the Kursaal Flyers and the Old Pals Act (with bassist Dave Bronze and Robin Trower's brother Brad). He was voted one of the top 100 guitarists of all time in a radio poll on LBC.[20]
Slim also contributes technical articles to guitar magazines, and was featured in the September 1994 edition of Guitar Techniques. Slim was asked by the magazine to contribute a monthly recorded lesson on how to play the blues for inclusion on the CD which accompanied every issue. He was also included in the Guitarist Magazine Book of Guitar Players, published in 1994.[21] In 2007 Slim was interviewed as part of a 3-hour video documentary about the Fender Stratocaster titled Stratmasters,[22] and in August 2008 he was interviewed by Guitarist for their October 2008 issue.[23]
File:Zcolne1.jpg
Zsa Zsa playing at Colne Municipal Hall
Rev Otis Elevator[link]
Rev Otis Elevator (Alan Parish) is the drummer of the Hamsters. He was born in Edmonton in 1951 and is largely self-taught as a musician.[24] Before joining the Hamsters, worked with various Top 40 bands, as well as playing radio and TV jingles.[25] He also provides back-up vocals and plays bass during the traditional Hamsters' finale.[26]
Ms Zsa Zsa Poltergeist[link]
Ms Zsa Zsa Poltergeist (Andy Billups) is the current bass player. He replaced original member Andy Farrell in 1988. In 1992 he left the band, after he was diagnosed with focal dystonia, affecting his right hand. He was replaced by Dave Bronze. In 1994, after having re-learned the bass using a custom-designed thumb-pick,[27] he rejoined the band when Bronze left to join Eric Clapton's band.
In 2011 Billups released a solo album Afton Down, in a more "folky" style than The Hamsters material, which does not credit any contributions by Martin or Parish.[28]
Pseudonyms[link]
As the band always intended to combine humour and music and wanted to remain relatively anonymous, they decided to adopt light-hearted stage names:[29]
- Snail's-Pace Slim's stage name was selected as a parody of old time blues players such as Lightnin' Slim.[30]
- Otis Elevator's came about after seeing a manufacturer's name plate at the base of an escalator in a local shopping mall.
- Ms Zsa Zsa Poltergeist's is based on the name of an incidental character from the BBC Radio comedy show Round The Horne.
Discography[link]
|
||||
Cassette[link]
- Live At Kent Custom Bike Show (1988)
- Revenge of the Killer Hamsters (1989)
- The Night of the Rocking Rodents (1989)
- Flasher Hamsters From Hell (1990)
- Rodent Rock (1990)
- Condensed Hamsters (1990)
Albums[link]
- Electric Hamsterland (1990)
- Hamster Jam (1991)
- The Hamsters (1993)
- Route 666 (1995)
- The Jimi Hendrix Memorial Concerts: 1995 (1996)
- Pet Sounds: 10 Years Of Rodent Rock (1998)
- Condensed Hamsters (2000)
- They Live By Night (2002)
- Open All Hours (2004)
Videos[link]
- Burnin Vermin' (1991)
- Band of Gerbils (1996)
- Verminator! (1997)
- Rodents Rock The Reich! (1998)
- To Infirmity, And Beyond! (2004)
- The Mad, The Bad & The Dangerous (2007) with Wilko Johnson and John Otway)
- Curse of the Killer Hamsters! (2008)
References[link]
- ^ a b "The Hamsters' 'Biography'". http://www.thehamsters.co.uk/biography.php.
- ^ Shane Homan, Access All Eras: Tribute Bands and Global Pop Culture, McGraw-Hill International, 2006, ISBN 0-335-21690-0, p.112. "Elements of self-mockery in [The Hamsters'] presentation [...] are persistent, strongly marking their distance from what they typically refer to as 'muso' culture."
- ^ Homan p.112: "lead guitarist and singer [...] known as Snail's Pace Slim, [...] Zsa Zsa Poltergeist plays bass. Alan Parish plays drums and is also known primarily by a facetious pseudonym, The Reverend Otis Elevator."
- ^ Homan p.118 "Slim further explains the reasoning behind the band's name; 'The Hamsters was a name [the Sex Pistols] used on one gig. I just liked the irony of it – vicious group, cuddly name.'"
- ^ Friend, Doreen (30 November 2007). "Catch the Hamsters". Waltham Forest Guardian. http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/freetime/whatson/1872797.catch_the_hamsters/. Retrieved 2009-08-29. [dead link]
- ^ "The Hamsters in Tavistock (preview)". What's On southwest.co.uk. http://www.whatsonsouthwest.co.uk/article.php?id=10979. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
- ^ Homan p.113: "The successful growth of the audience for the Hamsters in the early 1990s is substantially attributed to their inclusion of an increasing proportion of material from Hendrix."
- ^ BBC Warwickshire review
- ^ Digital Blues website
- ^ Leonard, Deke (2012). The Twang Dynasty. Bordon, Hants: Northdown Publishing. pp. 116. ISBN 978-1-900711-18-0.
- ^ "Hamsters special at Bridgwater Arts Centre". Bridgewater Mercury. http://www.bridgwatermercury.co.uk/leisure/whats_on/4160640.Hamsters_special_at_Bridgwater_Arts_Centre/. Retrieved 2009-03-11. "....playing their own brand of rootsy Rock, Blues and Americana"
- ^ Homan p.111: "They play regular sets [...] largely on a pub rock and beer, biker and blues festival circuit in England and to some extent in Holland and Germany."
- ^ Frame, Pete: Pete Frame's Rockin' around Britain, Music Sales Group Ltd, 1999; ISBN 0-7119-6973-6, p.36: "Britain's most popular and hardworking pub-rock band, The Hamsters"
- ^ The results of the poll are reproduced at [1]. The overall winner of the category was Nine Below Zero, with the Hamsters listed as runners-up.
- ^ "The 2004 Quo Annual". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/dr_lee_hawkins/NoFrames/Reviews/jul04.htm%23ipswitch&date=2009-10-25+21:04:56. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ^ "The Hamsters wheel into town". Crawley News. http://www.thisissussex.co.uk/crawley/entertainment/arts/Hamsters-wheel-townarticle-341378-details/article.html. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ^ Bob Harris. "Bob Harris' Artist Pages". http://www.bobharris.org/pages/artistpage.asp?searchterm=Hamsters. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
- ^ "Preview: The Hamsters, The Boardwalk, Friday". The Star. http://www.thestar.co.uk/music/PREVIEW-The-Hamsters-The-Boardwalk.4760542.jp. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ^ Retirement announcement
- ^ Mid-Sussex District Council website
- ^ Douse, Cliff (1994-04-10). The Guitarist Book of Guitar Players. Music Maker Books. ISBN 978-1-870951-22-7.
- ^ "Stratmasters DVD". http://www.stratmasters.com/thedvd.html. Retrieved 2009-03-11. [dead link]
- ^ Heroes: Slim Hamster Guitarist issue 308, October 2008
- ^ Gregory, Andy: International Who's Who in Popular Music, 2002, Routledge, 2002; ISBN 1-85743-161-8, p.394
- ^ Gregory, p.394
- ^ Homan p.114: "They routinely end their performances walking among the audience, swapping guitars while playing a ZZ Top track."
- ^ Dystonia Debilitation in Musicians A case study of musician Andy Billups from The Hamsters by Marc Sallis.
- ^ CD booklet to Afton Down
- ^ "Heroes: Slim Hamster". Guitarist magazine (308): pp. 35–37. October.
- ^ Marten, Neville (June 1991). Guitarist.
External links[link]
- Official website
- The Hamsters on Myspace
- The Hamsters Interview 2010 – iTalkGuitar
- The Mad, The Bad & The Dangerous website
- The Hamsters at Allmusic
- The Hamsters discography at MusicBrainz
- Andy Billups' official website
- Andy Billups on Myspace
|
||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/The_Hamsters
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hamsters
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Julian Assange | |
|---|---|
 Assange in Copenhagen |
|
| Born | (1971-07-03) 3 July 1971 (age 40)[1][2][3] Townsville, Queensland, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Occupation | Editor-in-chief and spokesperson for WikiLeaks, talk show host |
| Awards | Economist Freedom of Expression Award (2008) Amnesty International UK Media Award (2009) Sam Adams Award (2010) Le Monde Person of the Year (2010) Sydney Peace Foundation gold medal (2011) Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism (2011) Voltaire Award of the Victorian Council for Civil Liberties (2011) Walkleys Award for Outstanding Contribution to Journalism (2011) |
Julian Paul Assange ( /əˈsɒnʒ/ ə-SONZH; born 3 July 1971) is an Australian computer programmer, political/internet activist, publisher, and[4][5] journalist.[6][7][8] He is best known as the editor in chief and founder of WikiLeaks, a media website which publishes information from whistleblowers. The site acts as a conduit for worldwide news leaks, with a stated purpose of creating open governance.
WikiLeaks has published material about extrajudicial killings in Kenya, toxic waste dumping in Côte d'Ivoire, Church of Scientology manuals, Guantanamo Bay procedures, and banks such as Kaupthing and Julius Baer.[9] In 2010, WikiLeaks published Iraq War documents and Afghan War documents about American involvement in the wars, some of which was classified material. On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks and its five international print media partners (Der Spiegel, The New York Times, Le Monde, The Guardian and El País) began publishing U.S. diplomatic cables.[10]
Assange was a hacker-activist in his youth, before becoming a computer programmer and then becoming internationally renowned for his work with WikiLeaks.[11] He has lived in several countries and has made public appearances in many parts of the world to speak about freedom of the press, censorship, and investigative journalism. He has received numerous awards and nominations, including the 2009 Amnesty International Media Award, Readers' Choice for TIME magazine's 2010 Person of the Year, the 2011 Sydney Peace Foundation gold medal and the 2011 Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism.[12] Snorre Valen, a Norwegian parliamentarian, nominated him for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize.[13]
In 2010, a European Arrest Warrant was issued for Assange in relation to allegations of rape and sexual assault by two women in Sweden. Assange was arrested and after ten days in Wandsworth prison was freed on bail. On 30 May 2012 Assange lost his final Supreme Court appeal in England to avoid extradition to Sweden.[14]
Contents
|
Early life[link]
Assange was born in Townsville, Queensland.[15][16] When Julian was one year old, his mother Christine married theatre director Brett Assange, "who gave him his surname".[2][17][18] In 1976, the family moved to Magnetic Island where Christine had previously resided. They lived in Horseshoe Bay, in an old abandoned pineapple farm".[19] Later Assange and his mother lived in a cottage at Picnic Bay. His mother, Christine Ann Assange (née Hawkins)[15], was the daughter of Australian Army Veteran, Academic and Principal of Northern Rivers College (Southern Cross University), Dr. Warren Alfred Hawkins, who was born in Sydney, New South Wales, and Norma Joan Hawkins (née Carelton), who "was a specialist in medieval literature".[20][21][22][23][24][25] Norma Hawkins, Assange's maternal grandmother, is mentioned in the book Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier (1997).[26] Assange has reportedly claimed himself that he is of Scottish, Irish, Taiwanese, Torres Strait Islander and French ancestry: he has said that "his maternal ancestors came to Australia in the mid-nineteenth century from Scotland and Ireland"; he has also said: "my mother is French", referring to her ancestry. Referring to his paternal grandfather: "my grandfather was a Taiwanese pirate".."who settled on Thursday Island where he met and married a Thursday Islander woman". He has also said that Brett Assange "was the descendant of a Chinese immigrant who had settled on Thursday Island", "his great-great-great-grandfather was a Taiwanese pirate". The name Assange is an anglicization of "Ah Sang" – Cantonese for "Mr Sang".[27][28][29][30]
In the interview for Making Trouble, he tells about who he believes is his "biological father": "he did not meet his biological father, John Shipton, until he was 25", Manne writes; "strangely and perhaps revealingly, it [WikiLeaks] was registered under the names of two fathers, his biological one, John Shipton, and his cypherpunk political one, John Young, a New York architect who ran the intelligence leak website Cryptome, which could be seen as WikiLeaks' predecessor".[22][31][32][33] John Shipton is also referred to as an "architect", and an "Australian citizen living in Kenya", who resided in Nairobi, Kenya in 2008 at the same time as Julian.[34][35][36] He "met Assange's mother, Christine, then aged 17, at an antiques shop on his way to a Vietnam war demonstration".."little is known about the relationship, except that it had ended by the time of their son's first birthday – if not earlier"; Shipton "never took up residence or if he did only took up residence for a very short time" and "had no contact with [Assange]".[37]
Youth[link]
During Assange's upbringing Brett and Christine Assange ran a touring theatre company. His stepfather, Julian's first "real dad", described Julian as "a very sharp kid" with "a keen sense of right and wrong". "He always stood up for the underdog ... he was always very angry about people ganging up on other people."[18] In the mid-70's, Assange and his parents moved to North Lismore, New South Wales, and Assange attended Goolmangar Primary School in the nearby town of Goolmangar from 1979 to 1983.[38]
In 1979, his mother remarried "Leif Meynall — or Leif Hamilton";[39] her new husband was a musician whom Assange believed belonged to a New Age group called The Family, led by Yoga teacher Anne Hamilton-Byrne. The couple had a son, but broke up in 1982 and engaged in a custody struggle for Assange's half-brother. His divorced mother fled her boyfriend and travelled across Australia, taking both children into hiding for the next five years. Assange moved thirty times before he turned 14, attending many schools, including Goolmangar Primary School, sometimes being home-schooled.[2][40][41] In an interview conducted by Hans Ulrich Obrist, Assange stated that he had lived in 50 different towns and attended 37 different schools.[42] The family "by the time he was 16 or 17" lived in "a tiny cement bungalow in the foothills of the Dandenong Ranges, east of Melbourne", Victoria, first in the town of "Emerald and then Tecoma", now in the outer eastern suburbs of Melbourne.[43][44]
Hacking and conviction[link]
In 1987, after turning 16, Assange began hacking under the name "Mendax" (derived from a phrase of Horace: "splendide mendax", or "nobly untruthful").[2] He and two other hackers joined to form a group they named the International Subversives. Assange wrote down the early rules of the subculture: "Don't damage computer systems you break into (including crashing them); don't change the information in those systems (except for altering logs to cover your tracks); and share information".[2] The Personal Democracy Forum said he was "Australia's most famous ethical computer hacker."[45] The Australian Federal Police became aware of this group and set up "Operation Weather" to investigate their hacking. In September 1991, Mendax was discovered in the act of hacking into the Melbourne master terminal of Nortel, the Canadian telecommunications company.[2] In response the Australian Federal Police tapped Assanges' phoneline and subsequently raided his Melbourne home in 1991.[46] He was also reported to have accessed computers belonging to an Australian university,[2] the USAF 7th Command Group in the Pentagon[47] and other organisations, via modem.[48] It took three years to bring the case to court, where he was charged with 31 counts of hacking and related crimes. Nortel said his incursions cost them more than $100,000. Assange's lawyers represented his hacking as a victimless crime. He pleaded guilty to 25 charges of hacking, after six charges were dropped, and was released on bond for good conduct with a fine of A$2,100.[2][49] The judge said "there is just no evidence that there was anything other than sort of intelligent inquisitiveness and the pleasure of being able to—what's the expression—surf through these various computers"[2] and stated that Assange would have gone to jail for up to 10 years if he had not had such a disrupted childhood.[47]
In 2011, court records revealed that in 1993, Assange helped the Victoria Police Child Exploitation Unit by providing technical advice and assisted in prosecuting persons.[50]
Child custody issues[link]
In 1988–1989, Assange married, then moved out and started living with his wife, Teresa, after they had a son, Daniel Assange.[22][51] They split up before the period of Assange's arrest and conviction. They subsequently engaged in a lengthy custody struggle and did not agree on a custody arrangement until 1999.[2][52]
The entire process prompted Assange and his mother to form Parent Inquiry Into Child Protection, an activist group centered on creating a "central databank" for otherwise inaccessible legal records related to child custody issues in Australia.[52] In an interview with ABC Radio, his mother explained their "most important" issue was demanding "that there be direct access to the children's court by any member of the public for an application for protection for any child that they believe is at serious risk from abuse, where the child protection agency has rejected that notification."[53]
Computer programming and other employment[link]
In 1993, Assange was involved in starting one of the first public internet service providers in Australia, Suburbia Public Access Network.[4][54][55] Starting in 1994, he lived in Melbourne as a programmer and a developer of free software.[49] In 1995, he wrote Strobe, the first free and open source port scanner.[56][57] He contributed several patches to the PostgreSQL project in 1996.[58][59] He helped to write the book Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier (1997), which credits him as a researcher and reports his history with International Subversives.[26][60] Starting around 1997, he co-invented the Rubberhose deniable encryption system, a cryptographic concept made into a software package for Linux designed to provide plausible deniability against rubber-hose cryptanalysis;[61] he originally intended the system to be used "as a tool for human rights workers who needed to protect sensitive data in the field."[62] Other free software that he has authored or co-authored includes the Usenet caching software NNTPCache[63] and Surfraw, a command-line interface for web-based search engines. In 1998, "Assange co-founded his first and only Australian company, Earthmen Technology".[19] Assange was characterised as a "cryptographer" in a Suelette Dreyfus article published in The Independent, 15 November 1999 – "This is just between us (and the spies)", and was said to have been the moderator of "the online Australian discussion forum AUCRYPTO", and during this time Assange claimed to have found a new patent relating to the US National Security Agency's technology for monitoring calls, "while investigating NSA capabilities". Assange said that "this patent should worry people. Everyone's overseas phone calls are or may soon be tapped, transcribed and archived in the bowels of an unaccountable foreign spy agency".[64] In 1999, he registered the domain leaks.org, but he says he "didn't do anything with it."[65]
University studies[link]
From 2002 to 2005, Assange attended the University of Melbourne and University of Canberra as an undergraduate student, he started a Bachelors of Science degree, studying physics, pure mathematics, and briefly philosophy and neuroscience.[40][45][66][67] In most of his maths courses, he received the minimum "pass" grade.[68] He did not graduate; the fact that his fellow students were doing research for Pentagon's DARPA was reportedly a factor in motivating him to drop out and start WikiLeaks.[2][40][67]
Career as head of WikiLeaks[link]
Main article: WikiLeaks
WikiLeaks was founded in 2006.[2][69] That year, Assange wrote two essays setting out the philosophy behind WikiLeaks: "To radically shift regime behaviour we must think clearly and boldly for if we have learned anything, it is that regimes do not want to be changed. We must think beyond those who have gone before us and discover technological changes that embolden us with ways to act in which our forebears could not."[70][71][72] In his blog he wrote, "the more secretive or unjust an organization is, the more leaks induce fear and paranoia in its leadership and planning coterie.... Since unjust systems, by their nature, induce opponents, and in many places barely have the upper hand, mass leaking leaves them exquisitely vulnerable to those who seek to replace them with more open forms of governance."[70][73]
Assange is the most prominent media spokesman on WikiLeaks' behalf. In June 2010, he was listed alongside several others as a member of the WikiLeaks advisory board.[74][75] While newspapers have described him as a "director"[76] or "founder"[46] of WikiLeaks, Assange has said, "I don't call myself a founder";[77] he does describe himself as the editor in chief of WikiLeaks,[78] and has stated that he has the final decision in the process of vetting documents submitted to the site.[79] Assange says that WikiLeaks has released more classified documents than the rest of the world press combined: "That's not something I say as a way of saying how successful we are – rather, that shows you the parlous state of the rest of the media. How is it that a team of five people has managed to release to the public more suppressed information, at that level, than the rest of the world press combined? It's disgraceful."[69] He advocates a "transparent" and "scientific" approach to journalism, saying that "you can't publish a paper on physics without the full experimental data and results; that should be the standard in journalism."[80][81] In 2006, CounterPunch called him "Australia's most infamous former computer hacker."[82] The Age has called him "one of the most intriguing people in the world" and "internet's freedom fighter."[65] Assange has called himself "extremely cynical".[65] He has been described as being largely self-taught and widely read on science and mathematics,[49] and as thriving on intellectual battle.[83]
WikiLeaks has been involved in the publication of material documenting extrajudicial killings in Kenya, a report of toxic waste dumping on the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, Church of Scientology manuals, Guantanamo Bay procedures, the 12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike video, and material involving large banks such as Kaupthing and Julius Baer among other documents.[9] In 2008, Assange published an article entitled "The Hidden Curse of Thomas Paine", in which he wrote "What does it mean when only those facts about the world with economic powers behind them can be heard, when the truth lays naked before the world and no one will be the first to speak without payment or subsidy?"[84]
Public appearances[link]
In addition to exercising great authority and editorial control within WikiLeaks, Assange acts as its public face. He has appeared at media conferences such as New Media Days '09 in Copenhagen,[85] the 2010 Logan Symposium in Investigative Reporting at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism,[86] and at hacker conferences, notably the 25th and 26th Chaos Communication Congress.[87] In the first half of 2010, he appeared on Al Jazeera English, MSNBC, Democracy Now!, RT, and The Colbert Report to discuss the release of the Baghdad airstrike video by WikiLeaks. On 3 June he appeared via videoconferencing at the Personal Democracy Forum conference with Daniel Ellsberg.[88][89] Ellsberg told MSNBC "the explanation he [Assange] used" for not appearing in person in the U.S. was that "it was not safe for him to come to this country."[90] On 11 June he was to appear on a Showcase Panel at the Investigative Reporters and Editors conference in Las Vegas,[91] but there are reports that he cancelled several days prior.[92]
On 10 June 2010, it was reported that Pentagon officials were trying to determine his whereabouts.[93][94] Based on this, there were reports that U.S. officials wanted to apprehend Assange.[95] Ellsberg said that the arrest of Bradley Manning and subsequent speculation by U.S. officials about what Assange may be about to publish "puts his well-being, his physical life, in some danger now."[90] In The Atlantic, Marc Ambinder called Ellsberg's concerns "ridiculous", and said that "Assange's tendency to believe that he is one step away from being thrown into a black hole hinders, and to some extent discredits, his work."[96] In Salon.com, Glenn Greenwald questioned "screeching media reports" that there was a "manhunt" on Assange underway, arguing that they were only based on comments by "anonymous government officials" and might even serve a campaign by the U.S. government, by intimidating possible whistleblowers.
On 21 June 2010, he took part at a hearing in Brussels, Belgium, appearing in public for the first time in nearly a month.[97] He was a member on a panel that discussed Internet censorship and expressed his worries over the recent filtering in countries such as Australia. He also talked about secret gag orders preventing newspapers from publishing information about specific subjects and even divulging the fact that they are being gagged. Using an example involving The Guardian, he also explained how newspapers are altering their online archives sometimes by removing entire articles.[98][99] He told The Guardian that he does not fear for his safety but is on permanent alert and will avoid travel to America, saying "[U.S.] public statements have all been reasonable. But some statements made in private are a bit more questionable." He said "politically it would be a great error for them to act. I feel perfectly safe but I have been advised by my lawyers not to travel to the U.S. during this period."[97]
On 17 July, Jacob Appelbaum spoke on behalf of WikiLeaks at the 2010 Hackers on Planet Earth (HOPE) conference in New York City, replacing Assange due to the presence of federal agents at the conference.[100][101] He announced that the WikiLeaks submission system was again up and running, after it had been temporarily suspended.[100][102] Assange was a surprise speaker at a TED conference on 19 July 2010, in Oxford, and confirmed that WikiLeaks was now accepting submissions again.[103][104][105] On 26 July, after the release of the Afghan War Diary, he appeared at the Frontline Club for a press conference.[106]
On 14 February 2011, Assange filed for the trademark "JULIAN ASSANGE" in Europe. The trademark is to be used for "public speaking services; news reporter services; journalism; publication of texts other than publicity texts; education services; entertainment services".[107] On 15 March 2011, Assange gave a speech at the Cambridge Union Society.[108][109] After initially discouraging recording, a video of this has been made available by the Society.[110]
On 19 February 2012 the 500th episode of The Simpsons' "At Long Last Leave" was aired, which features Assange guest-starring as himself in a scene written by Australian author Kathy Lette, the wife of Assange's adviser Geoffrey Robertson QC.[111][112]
Release of U.S. diplomatic cables[link]
Main article: United States diplomatic cables leak
On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks began releasing some of the 251,000 American diplomatic cables in their possession, of which over 53 percent are listed as unclassified, 40 percent are "Confidential" and just over six percent are classified "Secret". The following day, the Attorney-General of Australia, Robert McClelland, told the press that Australia would inquire into Assange's activities and WikiLeaks.[113] He said that "from Australia's point of view, we think there are potentially a number of criminal laws that could have been breached by the release of this information. The Australian Federal Police are looking at that".[114] McClelland would not rule out the possibility that Australian authorities will cancel Assange's passport, and warned him that he might face charges should he return to Australia.[115] The Federal Police inquiry found that Assange had not committed any crime.[116]
The United States Department of Justice launched a criminal investigation related to the leak. U.S. prosecutors are reportedly considering charges against Assange under several laws, but any prosecution would be difficult.[117] In relation to its ongoing investigations of WikiLeaks, on 14 December 2010, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a subpoena ordering Twitter to release information relating to Assange's account, amongst others.[118][119]
Pentagon Papers whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg said that Assange "is serving our democracy and serving our rule of law precisely by challenging the secrecy regulations, which are not laws in most cases, in this country." On the issue of national security considerations for the U.S., Ellsberg added, "He's obviously a very competent guy in many ways. I think his instincts are that most of this material deserves to be out. We are arguing over a very small fragment that doesn't. He has not yet put out anything that hurt anybody's national security."[120] Assange told London reporters that the leaked cables showed U.S. ambassadors around the world were ordered "to engage in espionage behaviour", which he said seemed to be "representative of a gradual shift to a lack of rule of law in U.S. institutions that needs to be exposed and that we have been exposing."[121]
The WikiLeaks diplomatic cable revelations have been credited by some commentators with being a factor in sparking the Tunisian Revolution, as such leaked cables revealed the degree of corruption in the then ruling government. Writing for Foreign Policy magazine, journalist Elizabeth Dickinson suggested that "Tunisians didn't need any more reasons to protest when they took to the streets these past weeks – food prices were rising, corruption was rampant, and unemployment was staggering. But we might also count Tunisia as the first time that WikiLeaks pushed people over the brink..."[122][123]
Recognition as a journalist[link]
Assange received the 2009 Media award from Amnesty International for Kenya: The Cry of Blood – Extra Judicial Killings and Disappearances,[8] and he has been recognized as a journalist by the Centre for Investigative Journalism.[7] Assange has been a member of the Australian journalist union, the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance, for several years, and in 2011, was made an honorary member.[124][125] Alex Massie wrote an article in The Spectator called "Yes, Julian Assange is a journalist", but acknowledged that "newsman" might be a better description of Assange.[6] Alan Dershowitz said "Without a doubt. He is a journalist, a new kind of journalist".[126] Assange has said that he has been publishing factual material since age 25, and that it is not necessary to debate whether or not he is a journalist. He has stated that his role is "primarily that of a publisher and editor-in-chief who organises and directs other journalists".[127]
Financial developments[link]
On 6 December 2010, the Swiss bank, PostFinance, announced that it had frozen assets of Assange's totalling 31,000 euros, because he had "provided false information regarding his place of residence" when opening the account.[128] MasterCard,[129] Visa Inc.,[130] and Bank of America[131] also halted dealings with WikiLeaks. Assange described these actions as "business McCarthyism".[132] The English-language Swedish newspaper web-site "Local" quoted Assange on 27 December 2010, as saying that legal costs for the whistleblowing website and his own defence had reached £500,000. The decisions to halt donations to WikiLeaks by Visa, MasterCard and PayPal had cost £425,000, the same amount it costs the website to publish for six months. Assange said WikiLeaks had been receiving as much as £85,000 a day at its peak, before the financial blockade[133]
"Autobiography"[link]
In December 2010, Assange sold the publishing rights[134] to his proposed autobiography for over £1 million. He told The Sunday Times that he was forced to enter the deals for an autobiography due to the financial difficulties he and the site encountered, stating "I don't want to write this book, but I have to. I have already spent £200,000 for legal costs and I need to defend myself and to keep WikiLeaks afloat."[135]
A draft of this work was published, without Assange's consent, in September 2011. The book was ghostwritten by Andrew O'Hagan and was given the title Julian Assange – The Unauthorised Autobiography (2011). Assange and the publisher, Canongate, gave differing accounts of the circumstances around the publication.[136][137]
The World Tomorrow[link]
Main article: World Tomorrow
In January 2012, WikiLeaks announced that Assange would launch "a series of in-depth conversations with key political players, thinkers and revolutionaries from around the world", titled The World Tomorrow.[138] The first of twelve completed interview programs was broadcast by the state-run[139] RT network on 17 April with other networks expected to follow. The series will be broadcast on a weekly basis, and the 26-minute episodes will also be made available online.[140][141] The show's first guest was Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah.[142][143]
Commentary[link]
Comments by the Australian government[link]
The publication of Australian government briefings after a Senate request showed the government had privately discussed charging Assange with treason, which they never mentioned publicly.[144] Julia Gillard stated that Assange's actions were "illegal", which was later retracted when a Australian Federal Police commission determined he had not broken any Australian laws. They also found no grounds to withdraw his Australian passport after an investigation by the Australian Federal Police. Since then, government representatives and the major opposition, including Craig Emerson the Minister for Trade and Helen Coonan the former minister for Communications, have made statements supportive of WikiLeaks and deprecated some threats. Emerson stated on ABC's Q&A program; "We condemn absolutely the threats that have been made by some people in the United States against Julian Assange and he deserves all of the rights of being an Australian citizen."[145]
Support from Australians[link]
Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard has come under widespread condemnation and a backlash within her own party for failing to support Assange after calling the leaks "an illegal act" and suggesting that his Australian passport should be cancelled. Hundreds of lawyers, academics and journalists came forward in his support with Attorney-General Robert McClelland, unable to explain how Assange had broken Australian law. Opposition Legal Affairs spokesman, Senator George Brandis, a Queen's Counsel, accused Gillard of being "clumsy" with her language, stating, "As far as I can see, he (Assange) hasn't broken any Australian law, nor does it appear he has broken any American laws." Former Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd, who supports Assange, stated that any decision to cancel the passport would be his, not Gillard's. Queen's Counsel Peter Faris, who acted for Assange in a hacking case 15 years ago, said that the motives of Swedish authorities in seeking Assange's extradition for alleged sex offences are suspect: "You have to say: why are they [Sweden] pursuing it? It's pretty obvious that if it was Bill Bloggs, they wouldn't be going to the trouble." Following the Swedish Embassy issuing of a "prepared and unconvincing reply" in response to letters of protest, Gillard was called on to send a message to Sweden "querying the way charges were laid, investigated and dropped, only to be picked up again by a different prosecutor."[146][147][148][149][150]
On 10 December 2010, over five hundred people rallied outside Sydney Town Hall and about three hundred and fifty people gathered in Brisbane[151] where Assange's lawyer, Rob Stary, criticised Julia Gillard's position, telling the rally that the Australian government was a "sycophant" of the U.S. A petition circulated by GetUp!, who have placed full page ads in support of Assange in The New York Times and The Washington Times, received more than 50,000 signatures.[149]
Detraction by U.S. officials[link]
 |
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Current and former U.S. government officials have accused Assange of terrorism. When asked if he saw Assange more as a high-tech terrorist or as a whistleblower, like those who released the Pentagon papers in the 1970s, U.S. Vice President Joe Biden said: "I would argue it is closer to being a high-tech terrorist than the Pentagon papers."[152] In May 2010, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell had used the phrase, calling Assange "a high-tech terrorist", and saying "he has done enormous damage to our country. I think he needs to be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law".[153] Also in May 2010, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich said: "Information terrorism, which leads to people getting killed, is terrorism, and Julian Assange is engaged in terrorism. He should be treated as an enemy combatant."[154]
In July 2010, after WikiLeaks released classified documents related to the war in Afghanistan, Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Mike Mullen, said at a Pentagon news conference, "Disagree with the war all you want, take issue with the policy, challenge me or our ground commanders on the decisions we make to accomplish the mission we've been given, but don't put those who willingly go into harm's way even further in harm's way just to satisfy your need to make a point. Mr. Assange can say whatever he likes about the greater good he thinks he and his source are doing, but the truth is, they might already have on their hands the blood of some young soldier or that of an Afghan family." Assange responded later in an interview by saying, "There is, as far as we can tell, no incident of that. So it is a speculative charge. Of course, we are treating any possible revelation of the names of innocents seriously. That is why we held back 15,000 of these documents, to review that". Assange also pointed out the irony of U.S. officials and military leaders accusing him of having blood on his hands.[155]
Support in U.S.[link]
Daniel Ellsberg, who was working in the U.S. Department of Defense when he leaked the Pentagon Papers in 1971, was a signatory to a statement by an international group of former intelligence officers and ex-government officials in support of Assange's work, which was released in late December 2010. Other signatories included David MacMichael, Ray McGovern, and five recipients of annual Sam Adams Award: Frank Grevil, Katharine Gun, Craig Murray, Coleen Rowley and Larry Wilkerson.[156] Ellsberg has said, "If I released the Pentagon Papers today, the same rhetoric and the same calls would be made about me ... I would be called not only a traitor – which I was [called] then, which was false and slanderous – but I would be called a terrorist... Assange and Bradley Manning are no more terrorists than I am."[157]
Support from other governments and U.N.[link]
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, then president of Brazil, expressed his "solidarity" with Assange following his 2010 arrest in the United Kingdom.[158][159] He further criticised the arrest of Assange as "an attack on freedom of expression".[160]
Vladimir Putin, the Prime Minister of Russia, condemned Assange's detention as "undemocratic".[146] A source within the office of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev suggested that Assange be nominated for a Nobel Prize, and said that "Public and non-governmental organisations should think of how to help him."[161]
In December 2010, the United Nations' Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Frank LaRue, said Assange or other WikiLeaks staff should not face criminal charges for any information they disseminated, noting that "if there is a responsibility by leaking information it is of, exclusively of the person that made the leak and not of the media that publish it. And this is the way that transparency works and that corruption has been confronted in many cases."[162]
Awards[link]
He won the 2009 Amnesty International UK Media Award (New Media),[163] for exposing extrajudicial assassinations in Kenya by distributing and publicizing the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR)'s investigation The Cry of Blood – Extra Judicial Killings and Disappearances.[164][165] Accepting the award, Assange said, "It is a reflection of the courage and strength of Kenyan civil society that this injustice was documented."[166]
In 2010, Assange was awarded the Sam Adams Award,[167][168] Readers' Choice in TIME magazine's Person of the Year poll,[12] and runner-up for Person of the Year.[169] In April 2011 he was listed on the Time 100 list of most influential people.[170] An informal poll of editors at Postmedia Network named him the top newsmaker for the year after six out of 10 felt Assange had "affected profoundly how information is seen and delivered".[171]
Le Monde, one of the five publications to cooperate with WikiLeaks' publication of the recent document leaks, named him person of the year with fifty six percent of the votes in their online poll.[172][173][174]
In February 2011, it was announced that Assange had been awarded the Sydney Peace Foundation gold medal by the Sydney Peace Foundation of the University of Sydney for his "exceptional courage and initiative in pursuit of human rights."[175] There have been four recipients of the award in the foundation's fourteen year history: Nelson Mandela; the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso; Daisaku Ikeda; and Assange.[175]
In June 2011, Assange was awarded the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism. The prize is awarded on an annual basis to journalists "whose work has penetrated the established version of events and told an unpalatable truth that exposes establishment propaganda, or 'official drivel'". The judges said, "WikiLeaks has been portrayed as a phenomenon of the hi-tech age, which it is. But it's much more. Its goal of justice through transparency is in the oldest and finest tradition of journalism."[176]
Allegations of sexual molestation[link]
Main article: Assange v The Swedish Judicial Authority
In 2010, a European Arrest Warrant was issued for Assange in response to a Swedish police request for questioning in relation to a sexual assault investigation. Assange voluntarily attended a police station in England on 7 December 2010, and was arrested and taken into custody. After ten days in Wandsworth prison, Assange was freed on bail with a residence requirement at Ellingham Hall in Norfolk, England, fitted with an electronic tag and ordered to report to police daily. Assange appealed a February 2011 decision by English courts to extradite him to Sweden, saying the allegations were "without basis".[177][178] On 2 November 2011 the High Court upheld the extradition decision and rejected all four grounds of appeal presented by Assange's legal representatives. Costs of £19000 were also awarded against Assange.
On 20 August 2010, Swedish police began an investigation into allegations concerning Assange's behaviour in separate sexual encounters involving two different women.[179][180] Assange has said the allegations are "without basis",[181] describing all the sexual encounters as consensual.[182][183] In December 2010, Assange, then in Britain, learned that the Swedish authorities had issued a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) to extradite him to Sweden for questioning.
According to published reports, the charges Sweden has lodged against Assange involve two different women. Their initial intention was reportedly to force Assange to take an HIV test. There are four charges: that on 14 August 2010 he committed "unlawful coercion" when he held complainant 1 down with his body weight in a sexual manner; that he "sexually molested" complainant 1 when he had condom-less sex with her after she insisted that he use one; that he had condom-less sex with complainant 2 on the morning of 17 August while she was asleep; and that he "deliberately molested" complainant 1 on 18 August 2010 by pressing his erect penis against her body.[184][185]
An extradition hearing took place on 7–8 and 11 February 2011 before the City of Westminster Magistrates' Court[186][187] when the extradition warrant was upheld.[188][189][190][191]
On 2 March 2011, his lawyers lodged papers at the High Court challenging the ruling to extradite Assange to Sweden.[192] After a hearing on 12 and 13 July 2011, the High Court reserved its judgment, and on 2 November 2011, dismissed his appeal.[193] On 5 December 2011 Assange's lawyers were granted permission to appeal to the Supreme Court, after the High Court certified that a point of law of general public importance, that ought to be considered by the Supreme Court, was involved in its decision.[194] The certified question is whether a prosecutor can be a judicial authority.[195][196] The Supreme Court heard argument in the appeal on 1 and 2 February 2012.[197] and reserved its judgment, [198] while Assange remained on conditional bail.[192][199] On 30 May 2012 the court dismissed the appeal by a majority of 5–2.[200] The court granted Assange two weeks to make an application to reopen the appeal on the basis that the judgments of the majority relied on an interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties which was not argued during the hearing.[201]
Residency[link]
Though an Australian citizen, Assange has not lived in Australia since he left after he started work on WikiLeaks.[5] In 2007 Assange moved to Kenya. Since 2007, he also spent time in Tanzania, stayed in Cairo, Egypt for a week,[202] Paris, France, Wiesbaden, Germany for two months,[203] and also Iceland.[204][205][206] He began renting a house in Iceland on 30 March 2010, from which he and other activists, including Birgitta Jónsdóttir, worked on the Collateral Murder video.[2]
Over the course of 2009–2010 he travelled around Europe, including the United Kingdom, Iceland, Sweden, Austria, Norway, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and Spain.[207][208][209] On 4 November 2010, Assange told Swiss public television TSR that he was seriously considering seeking political asylum in neutral Switzerland and moving the operation of the WikiLeaks foundation there.[210] In December 2010, it was reported that U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland Donald S. Beyer had warned the Swiss government against offering asylum to Assange, citing the arrest warrant issued by Interpol.[211]
In late November 2010, Kintto Lucas, the Deputy Foreign Minister of Ecuador, spoke about giving Assange residency with "no conditions... so he can freely present the information he possesses and all the documentation, not just over the Internet but in a variety of public forums".[212] Lucas believed that Ecuador may benefit from initiating a dialogue with Assange.[213] Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño stated on 30 November that the residency application would "have to be studied from the legal and diplomatic perspective".[214] A few hours later, President Rafael Correa stated that WikiLeaks "committed an error by breaking the laws of the United States and leaking this type of information... no official offer was [ever] made."[215][216] Correa noted that Lucas was speaking "on his own behalf"; additionally, he will launch an investigation into possible ramifications Ecuador would suffer from the release of the cables.[216]
In a hearing at the City of Westminster Magistrates' Court on 7 December 2010, Assange identified a post office box as his address. When told by the judge that this information was not acceptable, he submitted "Parkville, Victoria, Australia" on a sheet of paper. His lack of permanent address and nomadic lifestyle were cited by the judge as factors in denying bail.[217] He was ultimately released, in part because journalist Vaughan Smith offered to provide Assange with an address for bail during the extradition proceedings, Smith's Norfolk mansion, Ellingham Hall.[218] He lived there for a year, then moved out in December 2011 to a "3,000-acre estate in East Sussex" - "a lodge on Lord Abergavenny's Eridge Park estate, near Tunbridge Wells".[219][220]
Political and economic views[link]
According to Assange, "It’s not correct to put me in any one philosophical or economic camp, because I’ve learned from many. But one is American libertarianism, market libertarianism. So as far as markets are concerned I’m a libertarian, but I have enough expertise in politics and history to understand that a free market ends up as monopoly unless you force them to be free."[221]
Running for Australian Senate[link]
On 17 March 2012 WikiLeaks announced on its Twitter account that Assange plans to run for the Australian Senate in the next Australian federal election.[222] In May 2012 The Sydney Morning Herald reported that in a poll of 1,000 voters, 25% of them were likely to vote for Mr Assange if he ran, which pollster John Utting said means "a very real chance of being elected to the Senate should he run.[223]
Works[link]
- Books
- Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier (1997) (Assange is credited as "researcher" for the credited principal author, Suelette Dreyfus)
- Essays
- State and Terrorist Conspiracies (2006)
- Conspiracy as Governance (2006)
- The Hidden Curse of Thomas Paine (2008)
References[link]
- ^ "Julian Assange's mother recalls Magnetic". Australia: Magnetic Times. 7 August 2010. http://www.magnetictimes.com.au/article-3554.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Khatchadourian, Raffi (7 June 2010). "No Secrets: Julian Assange's Mission for Total Transparency". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/06/07/100607fa_fact_khatchadourian?currentPage=all. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ ASSANGE, Julian Paul. Interpol. 30 November 2010. Archived from the original on 7 December 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5unSsyDzh.
- ^ a b Greenberg, Andy. "An Interview With WikiLeaks' Julian Assange". Forbes. http://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2010/11/29/an-interview-with-wikileaks-julian-assange/6/. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
- ^ a b Harrell, Eben (27 July 2010). "Defending the Leaks: Q&A with WikiLeaks' Julian Assange". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2006789,00.html. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
- ^ a b Alex Massie (2 November 2010). "Yes, Julian Assange Is A Journalist". The Spectator. UK. http://www.spectator.co.uk/alexmassie/6437594/yes-julian-assange-is-a-journalist.thtml. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ a b "Julian Assange". Centre for investigative journalism. http://www.tcij.org/about-2/teachers-and-speakers/julian-assange. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ a b "Amnesty announces Media Awards 2009 winners". Amnesty International. 2 June 2009. http://amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18227. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ a b Ackland, Richard (9 April 2010). "Leaks pour forth from the Wiki well of information". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/leaks-pour-forth-from-the-wiki-well-of-information-20100408-ruxn.html. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ "WikiLeaks cables: Live Q&A with Julian Assange". The Guardian (London). 3 December 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2010/dec/03/wikileaks-julian-assange-online. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ Gray, Sadie (11 April 2010). "Profile: Julian Assange, the man behind Wikileaks". The Sunday Times (UK). http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/the_web/article7094231.ece. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- ^ a b Freidman, Megan (13 December 2010). "Julian Assange: Readers' Choice for TIME's Person of the Year 2010". Time Inc.. http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/12/13/julian-assange-readers-choice-for-times-person-of-the-year-2010/. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
- ^ "Julian Assange nominated for Nobel Peace Prize". RT. 2 February 2011. http://rt.com/politics/assange-nominated-nobel-prize/. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "Assange loses final appeal". Smh.com.au. May 31, 2012. http://www.smh.com.au/world/assange-loses-final-appeal-20120530-1zjfa.html. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ a b Glenda Kwek (10 December 2010). "Who is Julian Assange? – technology". Stuff.co.nz. http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/4442361/Who-is-Julian-Assange. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "Wikileaks founder Julian Assange a born and bred Queenslander". The Courier-Mail. 29 July 2010. http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/wikileaks-founder-julian-assange-a-born-and-bred-queenslander/story-e6freoof-1225898281283. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ "Assange 'Dressed as Old Woman' to Evade CIA". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 31 January 2011. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/01/31/3125742.htm. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
- ^ a b "The secret life of Julian Assange". CNN. 2 December 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/12/09/assange.profile/. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ a b Story, Inside; Parnell, Sean (11 December 2010). "Julian Assange, wild child of free speech". http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/wikileaks/julian-assange-wild-child-of-free-speech/story-fn775xjq-1225969230839.
- ^ "WW2 Nominal Roll". Australian Government - The Department of Veterans' Affairs. http://www.ww2roll.gov.au/script/veteran_certificate.asp?VeteranID=293875. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ "NSW Registry of Births Deaths & Marriages". NSW Government. http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/Index/IndexingOrder.cgi/search?event=marriages. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ a b c R. Manne, Making Trouble: Essays Against the New Australian Complacency
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- ^ Julian Assange wins Martha Gellhorn journalism prize The Guardian 2 June 2011 Retrieved 2 June 2011
Julian Assange wins Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism, journalism.co.uk at 2 June 2011 - ^ Peter Wilson (25 February 2011). "Wikileaks boss Julian Assange immediately appeals in Swedish sex case". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/wikileaks/julian-assange-faces-extradition-to-sweden-will-appeal-judgement/story-fn775xjq-1226011650037.
- ^ "Wikileaks' Julian Assange to be extradited to Sweden". The BBC. 24 February 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12564865. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ^ Nick Davies (17 December 2010). "10 days in Sweden: the full allegations against Julian Assange". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/dec/17/julian-assange-sweden.
- ^ TNN (21 August 2010). "Sex accusers boasted about their 'conquest' of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (The Times of India). http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Sex-accusers-boasted-about-their-conquest-of-WikiLeaks-founder-Julian-Assange/articleshow/7068149.cms. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
- ^ "Swedish rape warrant for Wikileaks' Assange cancelled". BBC. 21 August 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11049316.
- ^ "WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange questioned by police". The Guardian (London). 31 August 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/aug/31/wikileaks-julian-assange-questioned.
- ^ David Leigh, Luke Harding, Afua Hirsch and Ewen MacAskill (30 November 2010). "WikiLeaks: Interpol issues wanted notice for Julian Assange". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/nov/30/interpol-wanted-notice-julian-assange. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
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- ^ http://wordswithmeaning.org/julian-assanges-mother-christine-in-london-awaiting-final-verdict-from-the-supreme-court/
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- ^ http://dotsub.com/view/26cd99d1-87fa-4cf3-b56b-c8991e59e683/viewTranscript/eng
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- ^ http://wlcentral.org/node/2486
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- ^ Norman, Joshua. Just Where Is WikiLeaks Founder Julian Assange's "Mansion Arrest"?, CBS News, 16 December 2010
- ^ Cookies must be enabled | Herald Sun
- ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/diary/the-feral-beast-norfolk-too-flat-for-assange-7668390.html
- ^ Andy Greenberg An Interview With WikiLeaks' Julian Assange. Forbes. 29 November 2011
- ^ Rod McGuirk WikiLeaks' Assange Plans Bid for Australian Senate.ABC News.17 March 2012
- ^ Coorey, Phillip (19 May 2012). "Popularity of an Assange run for Senate could cost Greens". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/popularity-of-an-assange-run-for-senate-could-cost-greens-20120518-1yvzl.html. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (April 2012) |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Julian Assange |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Julian Assange |
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Wikinews has news related to: |
- Homepage of Julian Assange's web site iq.org (at the Internet Archive)
- Julian Assange at TED Conferences
- Works by or about Julian Assange in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Works by Julian Assange at Project Gutenberg
- Julian Assange collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Julian Assange collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Profile: Wikileaks founder Julian Assange at BBC News
- Interview with Julian Assange on release of Afghan war files – 1 August 2010 Russia Today via YouTube
- Frost Over the World – Julian Assange – December 2010. Al Jazeera English via YouTube
- Julian Assange interviewed by John Pilger on New Statesman January 2011
- Julian Assange: The "60 Minutes" Interview interviewed by Steve Kroft on 60 Minutes January 2011.
- Interview Julian Assange. Frontline. 4 April 2011.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Assange, Julian |
| Alternative names | Assange, Julian Paul |
| Short description | Australian journalist, programmer and Internet activist |
| Date of birth | 3 July 1971 |
| Place of birth | Townsville, Queensland, Australia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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