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Raymond Clevie Carver, Jr. (May 25, 1938 – August 2, 1988) was a short story writer and poet. Carver was a major writer of the late 20th century and a major force in the revitalization of the short story in the 1980s.

Early life[link]

Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington.^[1] His father, a skilled sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker. Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk. His one brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943.

Carver was educated at local schools in Yakima, Washington. In his spare time he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life and hunted and fished with friends and family. After graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California. In June 1957, aged 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk, who had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls. Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957. When their second child, a boy named Vance Lindsay, was born the next year, Carver was 20. Carver supported his family by working as a janitor, sawmill laborer, delivery man, and library assistant. During their marriage, Maryann worked as a waitress, salesperson, administrative assistant, and high school English teacher.

Writing career[link]

Carver became interested in writing in California, where he had moved with his family because his mother-in-law had a home in Paradise. Carver attended a creative-writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner, who became a mentor and had a major influence on Carver's life and career. Carver continued his studies first at Chico State University and then at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California, where he studied with Richard Cortez Day and received his B.A. in 1963. During this period he was first published and served as editor for Toyon, the university literary magazine, in which he included several of his own pieces under pseudonyms. He later attended the Iowa Writers' Workshop, at the University of Iowa, for one year. Maryann graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977.

His first published story appeared in 1960, titled "The Furious Seasons." More florid than his later work, the story strongly bore the influence of William Faulkner. "Furious Seasons" was later used as a title for a collection of stories published by Capra Press, and can now be found in recent collections No Heroics, Please and Call If You Need Me.^{[citation needed]}

In the mid-1960s Carver and his family lived in Sacramento, where he worked as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital. He would do all of the janitorial work in the first hour and then write at the hospital through the rest of the night. He sat in on classes at what was then Sacramento State College, including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz. Carver and Schmitz soon became friends, and Carver's first book of poems, Near Klamath, was later written and published under Schmitz's guidance.

With his appearance in the respected "Foley collection," the impending publication of Near Klamath by the English Club of Sacramento State College, and the death of his father, 1967 was a landmark year for Carver. That was also the year that he moved his family to Palo Alto, California, so that he could take a job as a textbook editor for Science Research Associates. He worked there until he was fired in 1970 for his inappropriate writing style.

His first collection, Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?, was first published in 1976; the title story had appeared in the Best American Short Stories 1976 collection. The collection itself was shortlisted for the National Book Award, though it sold fewer than 5,000 copies that year.^{[citation needed]}

In the 1970s and 1980s as his writing career began to take off, Carver taught for several years at universities throughout the United States.

During his years of working different jobs, rearing children, and trying to write, Carver started to drink heavily.^[1] By his own admission, eventually he more or less gave up writing and took to full-time drinking. In the fall semester of 1973, Carver was a teacher in the Iowa Writers' Workshop with John Cheever, but Carver stated that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing. The next year, after leaving Iowa City, Cheever went to a treatment center to attempt to overcome his alcoholism, but Carver continued drinking for three years. After being hospitalized three times (between June 1976 and February or March 1977), Carver began his 'second life' and stopped drinking on June 2, 1977, with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous.^[1] Carver believed he would have died of alcoholism at the age of 40 if he hadn't found a way to stop drinking. When he knew the cancer would kill him, he wrote a poem about that bonus of 10 years, called "Gravy."^[2]

Carver was nominated again in 1984 for his third major-press collection, Cathedral, the volume generally perceived as his best. Included in the collection are the award-winning stories "A Small, Good Thing", and "Where I'm Calling From." John Updike selected the latter for inclusion in The Best American Short Stories of the Century. For his part, Carver saw Cathedral as a watershed in his career, in its shift towards a more optimistic and confidently poetic style ^[3]

Personal life and death[link]

Carver met the poet Tess Gallagher at a writers' conference in Dallas, Texas in November, 1977. Beginning in January, 1979, Carver and Gallagher lived together in El Paso, Texas, in a borrowed cabin near Port Angeles, in western Washington state, and in Tucson, Arizona. In 1980, the two moved to Syracuse, where Gallagher had been appointed the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University; Carver taught as a professor in the English department. He and Gallagher jointly purchased a house in Syracuse, at 832 Maryland Avenue. In ensuing years, the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read "Writers At Work" in order to be left alone. In 1982, Carver and first wife, Maryann, were divorced.^[4] He married Gallagher in 1988 in Reno, Nevada. Six weeks later, on August 2, 1988, Carver died in Port Angeles, Washington, from lung cancer at the age of 50. In the same year, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Carver is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles. The inscription on his tombstone reads:

LATE FRAGMENT

And did you get what

you wanted from this life, even so?

I did.

And what did you want?

To call myself beloved, to feel myself

beloved on the earth.

His poem Gravy is also inscribed.

As Carver's will directed, Tess Gallagher assumed the management of his literary estate.

(In Carver's birth town of Clatskanie, Oregon a memorial park and statue was constructed in the late 2000s spearheaded by the local Friends of the Library, using mostly local donations. Tess Gallagher was present at the dedication. It is located in the old town on the corner of Lillich and Nehalem Streets, across from the library. A block away, the building where Raymond Carver was born still stands. There is a plaque of Carver in the foyer).

Raymond Carver Memorial in Clatskanie, Oregon. Located at Nehalem and Lillich Streets in old town...

Legacy and posthumous publications[link]

In 2001 the novelist Chuck Kinder published Honeymooners: A Cautionary Tale, a roman à clef of his friendship with Carver in the 1970s. In 2006 Maryann Burk Carver wrote a memoir of her years with Carver: What It Used To Be Like: A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver. An unauthorized biography, Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life by Carol Sklenicka, published by Scribner in 2009, was named one of the Best Ten Books of that year by The New York Times Book Review.^[5] Carver's widow refused to cooperate with Sklenica.^[6]

His final (incomplete) collection of seven stories, titled Elephant in Britain (included in "Where I'm Calling From") was composed in the five years before his death. The nature of these stories, especially "Errand", have led to some speculation that Carver was preparing to write a novel. Only one piece of this work has survived - the unpromising fragment "The Augustine Notebooks," printed in No Heroics, Please.^{[citation needed]}

Tess Gallagher published five Carver stories posthumously in Call If You Need Me; one of the stories ("Kindling") won an O. Henry Award in 1999. In his lifetime Carver won five O. Henry Awards; these winning stories were "Are These Actual Miles" (originally titled "What is it?") (1972), "Put Yourself in My Shoes" (1974), "Are You A Doctor?" (1975), "A Small, Good Thing" (1983), and "Errand" (1988).

Tess Gallagher fought with Knopf for permission to republish the stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver, as opposed to the heavily-edited and altered versions that appeared in 1981 under the editorship of Gordon Lish.^[7][8] The book, entitled 'Beginners',^[9] was released in hardback on October 1, 2009 in Great Britain.^[10] 'Beginners' also appears in a new Library of America edition collecting all of Carver's short fiction.

Literary characteristics[link]

Carver's career was dedicated to short stories and poetry. He described himself as "inclined toward brevity and intensity" and "hooked on writing short stories" (in the foreword of Where I'm Calling From, a collection published in 1988 and a recipient of an honorable mention in the 2006 New York Times article citing the best works of fiction of the previous 25 years). Another stated reason for his brevity was "that the story [or poem] can be written and read in one sitting." This was not simply a preference but, particularly at the beginning of his career, a practical consideration as he juggled writing with work. His subject matter was often focused on blue-collar experience, and was clearly reflective of his own life.^{[citation needed]}

Minimalism is generally seen as one of the hallmarks of Carver's work. His editor at Esquire magazine, Gordon Lish, was instrumental in shaping Carver's prose in this direction - where his earlier tutor John Gardner had advised Carver to use fifteen words instead of twenty-five, Gordon Lish instructed Carver to use five in place of fifteen. Objecting to the "surgical amputation and transplantation" of Lish's heavy editing, Carver eventually broke with him.^[11] During this time, Carver also submitted poetry to James Dickey, then poetry editor of Esquire. His style has also been described as Dirty realism, which connected him with a group of writers in the 1970s and 1980s that included Richard Ford, Tobias Wolff -- two writers Carver was closely acquainted with—as well as Ann Beattie and Jayne Anne Phillips. With the exception of Beattie, who wrote about upper-middle class people, these were writers who focused on sadness and loss in the everyday lives of ordinary people—often lower-middle class or isolated and marginalized people—who represent Henry David Thoreau's idea of living lives of "quiet desperation."^{[citation needed]}

Works[link]

Fiction[link]

Collections[link]

• Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? (first published 1976)
• Furious Seasons (1977)
• What We Talk About When We Talk About Love (1981)
• Cathedral (1983)
• Elephant (1988)

Compilations[link]

• Where I'm Calling From (1988)
• Short Cuts: Selected Stories (1993) - published to accompany Robert Altman film Short Cuts
• Collected Stories (2009) - complete short fiction including Beginners

Poetry[link]

Collections[link]

• Near Klamath (1968)
• Winter Insomnia (1970)
• At Night The Salmon Move (1976)
• Fires (1983)
• Where Water Comes Together With Other Water (1985)
• Ultramarine (1986)
• A New Path To The Waterfall (1989)

Compilations[link]

• In a Marine Light: Selected Poems (1988)
• All of Us: The Collected Poems (1996)

Screenplays[link]

• Dostoevsky (1985, with Tess Gallagher)

Films and theatre adaptations[link]

• Short Cuts directed by Robert Altman
• Everything Goes directed by Andrew Kotatko and starring Hugo Weaving and Abbie Cornish
• Jindabyne (based on So Much Water So Close to Home) directed by Ray Lawrence
• Everything Must Go directed by Dan Rush and starring Will Ferrell based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"
• What's in Alaska? directed by Jim Fields
• Carver a production directed by William Gaskill at London's Arcola Theatre in 1995, adapted from five Carver short stories including What's in Alaska, Put Yourself in My Shoes and Intimacy
• Studentova žena (Croatian) directed by Goran Kovač based on "The Student's Wife"
• After the Denim directed by Gregory D. Goyins
• Carousel (Croatian) directed by Toma Zidić inspired by "Ashtray"
• Men Who Don't Work directed by Alexander Atkins and Andrew Franks inspired by "What Do You Do In San Francisco?"

Music[link]

• The 1989 album So Much Water So Close to Home by Australian singer-songwriter Paul Kelly, includes a track "Everything's Turning to White" which is a re-telling of Carver's story So Much Water So Close to Home.
• The 2004 EP by Owen includes a song titled Gazebo, named after Carver's short story. The song mentions Carver's name, and also quotes the final line of Gazebo; "In this too, she was right."
• The 2005 album Pocket Revolution by dEUS includes a song titled "What We Talk About (When We Talk About Love)".
• The 2011 album Summer of Lust by Library Voices includes a song titled "If Raymond Carver Were Born in the 90's".

Books and articles about Carver[link]

• Carver, Maryann Burk (2006). What It Used to Be Like; A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33258-0. 
• Nesset, Kirk (1995). Stories Of Raymond Carver: A Critical Study. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1100-4. 
• Charles McGrath (October 28, 2007). "I, Editor Author". Week in Review, New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/weekinreview/28mcgrath.html. Retrieved 2007-10-28. 
• Pieters, Jesús (2004). El silencio de lo real: sentido, comprensión e interpretación en la narrativa de Raymond Carver. Monte Ávila Editores Latinoamericana. ISBN 978-980-01-1219-9. 
• Stull, William L. and Gentry, Marshall Bruce (editors) (1990). Conversations With Raymond Carver (Literary Conversations Series). University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 0-87805-449-9. 
• Stull, William L. and Carroll, Maureen P. (editors) (1993). Remembering Ray: A Composite Biography of Raymond Carver. Capra Press. ISBN 0-88496-370-5. 
• Runyon, Randolph Paul (1994). Reading Raymond Carver. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2631-2. 
• Kleppe, Sandra Lee and Miltner, Robert (editors) (2008). New Paths to Raymond Carver; Critical Essays on His Life, Fiction, and Poetry. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-724-5. 
• Halpert, Sam (1995). Raymond Carver. An Oral Biography. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-502-3. 
• Sklenicka, Carol (Nov 2009). Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-6245-3. 
• Ródenas, Gabri (2009), “Jarmusch y Carver: Se ha roto el frigorífico” in Fernández, P. (Ed.), Rompiendo moldes: Discursos, género e hibridación en el siglo XXI. Zamora/Sevilla: Editorial Comunicación Social. ISBN 978-84-96082-88-5. Available at Google Books.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Gies, Martha. Raymond Carver in the Oregon Encyclopedia
• Mona Simpson, Lewis Buzbee (Summer 1983). "Raymond Carver, The Art of Fiction No. 76". Paris Review. http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3059/the-art-of-fiction-no-76-raymond-carver. 
• Koehne, David (1978). "Echoes of Our Own Lives; An interview with Raymond Carver". http://www.sophieswoods.com/carver.html. 
• Yardley, Jonathan (2006). "Raymond Carver's first wife remembers the influential American writer.". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/13/AR2006071301020.html?nav=rss_opinion/columns.  A review of Maryann Burk Carver's What It Used To Be Like; A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver
• King, Stephen (2009). "Raymond Carver's Life and Stories". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/books/review/King-t.html?_r=1.  A review of Raymond Carver A Writer's Life by Carol Sklenicka and Raymond Carver Collected Stories edited by William L. Stull and Maureen P. Carroll
• Hansen, Ron (2009). "Ron Hansen reviews the biography and short stories of Raymond Carver". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/11/AR2009121101707.html.  A review of Raymond Carver A Writer's Life by Carol Sklenicka and Raymond Carver Collected Stories edited by William L. Stull and Maureen P. Carroll
• Polsgrove, Carol (2009). "A Conversation on Raymond Carver". http://carolpolsgrove.com/interview/.  Historian Carol Polsgrove interviews Carver biographer Carol Sklenicka
• Myers, D. G. (1998). "Between Stories: A Memoir of Raymond Carver". Philosophy and Literature. http://www-english.tamu.edu/pers/fac/myers/between_stories.htm. 
• Gaby Wood (27 September 2009). "Raymond Carver: the kindest cut". The Observer. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/sep/27/raymond-carver-editor-influence. 
• Rights Battle Brews over Un-Edited Carver Stories, All Things Considered, January 7, 2008
• Carversite Features story, video, photographs, poems, quotations, bibliography, more
• An indepth interview from 1985 in which Carver talks about his father, his early writing, his characters, and the 'dark humour' in some of his stories.
• The Raymond Carver Page
• The International Raymond Carver Society
• The Raymond Carver Review
• Map of Port Angeles marked with Carver's 'haunts' such as the Odyssey Bookshop
• Tell it All this review site for the posthumously published Tell it All, provides numerous links to Carver sites on the web and links to his work
• Manga and Minimalism: The Shared Visions of Yoshihiro Tatsumi and Raymond Carver
• Blog post at Beyond the Margins about Dell Smith's experiences adapting Carver's story Why Don't You Dance into a student film in mid-'80s.