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Mentorship refers to a personal developmental relationship in which a more experienced or more knowledgeable person helps to guide a less experienced or less knowledgeable person. However, true mentoring is more than just answering occasional questions or providing ad hoc help. It is about an ongoing relationship of learning, dialog, and challenge.

The person in receipt of mentorship may be referred to as a protégé (male), a protégée (female), an apprentice or, in recent years, a mentee.

"Mentoring" is a process that always involves communication and is relationship based, but its precise definition is elusive. One definition of the many that have been proposed, is

Mentoring is a process for the informal transmission of knowledge, social capital, and the psychosocial support perceived by the recipient as relevant to work, career, or professional development; mentoring entails informal communication, usually face-to-face and during a sustained period of time, between a person who is perceived to have greater relevant knowledge, wisdom, or experience (the mentor) and a person who is perceived to have less (the protégé)".^[1]

Mentoring in Europe has existed since at least Ancient Greek times. Since the 1970s it has spread in the United States of America mainly in training contexts^[2] and it has been described as "an innovation in American management".^[3]

Historical[link]

The roots of the practice are lost in antiquity. The word itself was inspired by the character of Mentor in Homer's Odyssey. Though the actual Mentor in the story is a somewhat ineffective old man, the goddess Athena takes on his appearance in order to guide young Telemachus in his time of difficulty.

Historically significant systems of mentorship include traditional Greek pederasty, the guru - disciple tradition practiced in Hinduism and Buddhism, Elders, the discipleship system practiced by Rabbinical Judaism and the Christian church, and apprenticing under the medieval guild system.

Mentoring techniques[link]

The focus of mentoring is to develop the whole person and so the techniques are broad and require wisdom in order to be used appropriately.^[4]

A 1995 study of mentoring techniques most commonly used in business^[5] found that the five most commonly used techniques among mentors were:

1. Accompanying: making a commitment in a caring way, which involves taking part in the learning process side-by-side with the learner.
2. Sowing: mentors are often confronted with the difficulty of preparing the learner before he or she is ready to change. Sowing is necessary when you know that what you say may not be understood or even acceptable to learners at first but will make sense and have value to the mentee when the situation requires it.
3. Catalyzing: when change reaches a critical level of pressure, learning can jump ( jump ?? ). Here the mentor chooses to plunge the learner right into change, provoking a different way of thinking, a change in identity or a re-ordering of values.
4. Showing: this is making something understandable, or using your own example to demonstrate a skill or activity. You show what you are talking about, you show by your own behavior.
5. Harvesting: here the mentor focuses on "picking the ripe fruit": it is usually used to create awareness of what was learned by experience and to draw conclusions. The key questions here are: "What have you learned?", "How useful is it?".

Different techniques may be used by mentors according to the situation and the mindset of the mentee, and the techniques used in modern organizations can be found in ancient education systems, from the Socratic technique of harvesting to the accompaniment method of learning used in the apprenticeship of itinerant cathedral builders during the Middle Ages.^[5] Leadership authors Jim Kouzes and Barry Posner^[6] advise mentors to look for "teachable moments" in order to "expand or realize the potentialities of the people in the organizations they lead" and underline that personal credibility is as essential to quality mentoring as skill.

Typology[link]

This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (February 2010)

There are two broad types of mentoring relationships: formal and informal. Informal relationships develop on their own between partners. Formal mentoring, on the other hand, refers to a structured process supported by the organization and addressed to target populations. Youth mentoring programs assist at-risk children or youth who lack role models and sponsors. In business formal mentoring is part of talent management address to populations such as key employees, newly hired graduates, high potentials and future leaders. In formal mentoring, matching of mentor and mentee is often done by a mentoring coordinator.

There are formal mentoring programs that are values-oriented, while social mentoring and other types focus specifically on career development. Some mentorship programs provide both social and vocational support. In well-designed formal mentoring programs, there are program goals, schedules, training (for both mentors and protégés), and evaluation. In 2004 Metizo created the first mentoring certification for companies and business schools in order to guarantee the integrity and effectiveness of formal mentoring. Certification is attributed jointly by the organization and an external expert.^[7]

There are many kinds of mentoring relationships from school or community-based relationships to e-mentoring relationships. These mentoring relationships vary and can be influenced by the type of mentoring relationship that is in effect. That is whether it has come about as a formal or informal relationship. Also there are several models have been used to describe and examine the sub-relationships that can emerge. For example, Buell describes how mentoring relationships can develop under a cloning model, nurturing model, friendship model and apprenticeship model. The cloning model is about the mentor trying to "produce a duplicate copy of him or her self." The nurturing model takes more of a "parent figure, creating a safe, open environment in which mentee can both learn and try things for him-or herself." The friendship model are more peers "rather than being involved in a hierarchical relationship." Lastly, the apprenticeship is about less "personal or social aspects... and the professional relationship is the sole focus".^[8]

Contemporary research and practice in the US[link]

Research in the 1970s, partly in response to a study by Daniel Levinson,^[9] led some women and African Americans to question whether the classic "white male" model was available or customary for people who are newcomers in traditionally white male organizations. In 1978 Edgar Schein described multiple roles for successful mentors.^{[10][clarification needed]}

Two of Schein's students, Davis and Garrison, undertook to study successful leaders of both genders and at least two races. Their research presented evidence for the roles of: cheerleader, coach, confidant, counsellor, developer of talent, "griot" (oral historian for the organization or profession), guardian, guru, inspiration, master, "opener of doors", patron, role model, pioneer, "seminal source", "successful leader", and teacher.^[11] They described multiple mentoring practices which have since been given the name of "mosaic mentoring" to distinguish this kind of mentoring from the single mentor approach.

Mosaic mentoring is based on the concept that almost everyone can perform one or another function well for someone else — and also can learn along one of these lines from someone else. The model is seen as useful for people who are "non-traditional" in a traditional setting, such as people of color and women in a traditionally white male organization. The idea has been well-received in medical education literature.^[12] There are also mosaic mentoring programs in various faith-based organizations.^{[citation needed]}

New-hire mentorship[link]

For example, in some programs, newcomers to the organization (protégés) are paired with more experienced people (mentors) in order to obtain information, good examples, and advice as they advance. It has been claimed that new employees who are paired with a mentor are twice as likely to remain in their job than those who do not receive mentorship.^[13]

These mentoring relationships provide substance for career growth, and benefit both the mentor and the mentee. For example, the mentor gets to show leadership by giving back and perhaps being refreshed about their own work. The organization receives an employee that is being gradually introduced and shaped by the organization's culture and operation because they have been under the mentorship of an experienced member. The person being mentored networks, becomes integrated easier in an organization, gets experience and advice along the way.^[14] It has been said that "joining a mentor's network and developing one's own is central to advancement" and this is possibly why those mentored tend to do well in their organizations.^[14]

In the organizational setting mentoring usually "requires unequal knowledge".^[1] but the process of mentorship can differ. Bullis describes the mentoring process in the forms of phase models. Initially, the "mentee proves himself or herself worthy of the mentor's time and energy". Then cultivation occurs which includes the actual "coaching...a strong interpersonal bond between mentor and mentee develops". Next, under the phase of separation "the mentee experiences more autonomy". Ultimately, there is more of equality in the relationship, termed by Bullis as Redefinition.^[15]

High-potential mentorship[link]

In other cases, mentoring is used to groom up-and-coming employees deemed to have the potential to move up into leadership roles. Here the employee (protégé) is paired with a senior level leader (or leaders) for a series of career-coaching interactions. A similar method of high-potential mentoring is to place the employee in a series of jobs in disparate areas of an organization, all for small periods of time, in anticipation of learning the organization's structure, culture, and methods. A mentor does not have to be a manager or supervisor to facilitate the process.^{[citation needed]}

Mentorship in education[link]

In many secondary and post-secondary schools, mentorship programs are offered to support students in program completion, confidence building and transitioning to further education or the workforce. There are also many peer mentoring programs designed specifically to bring under-represented populations into science and engineering.^{[citation needed]}

Blended mentoring[link]

The blended mentoring is a mix of on-site and online events, projected to give to career counselling and development services the opportunity to adopt mentoring in their ordinary practice.

Reverse mentoring[link]

In the reverse mentoring situation, the mentee has more overall experience (typically as a result of age) than the mentor (who is typically younger), but the mentor has more knowledge in a particular area, and as such, reverses the typical constellation. Examples are when young internet or mobile savvy Millennial Generation teens train executives in using their high end Smart Phones. They in turn sometimes offer insight in business processes.^{[citation needed]}

Business mentoring[link]

The concept of mentoring has entered the business domain as well. This is different from being an apprentice, a business mentor provides guidance to a business owner or an entrepreneur on the entrepreneur's business. An apprentice learns a trade by working on the job with the "employer".

The word mentoring is being often used by organizations such at TiE,^[16] which help entrepreneurs start new ventures. Several venture capitalists also claim that they provide mentoring along with capital.

See also[link]

• Big Brothers Big Sisters of America
• Coaching
• eMentors
• Maybach Foundation
• Father complex
• New Teacher Center
• Peer mentoring
• Youth mentoring

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Alliance for Excellent Education. (2005) Tapping the potential: Retaining and developing high-quality new teachers. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education.
• Boreen, J., Johnson, M. K., Niday, D., & Potts, J. (2000). Mentoring beginning teachers: guiding, reflecting, coaching. York, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers.
• Carger, C.L. (1996). "The two Bills: Reflecting on the gift of mentorship". Peabody Journal of Education 71 (1): 22–29. DOI:10.1207/s15327930pje7101_4. 
• Cheng, M. & Brown, R. (1992). A two-year evaluation of the peer support pilot project. Evaluation/Feasibility Report, Toronto Board of Education. ED 356 204.
• Clinard, L. M.; Ariav, T. (1998). "What mentoring does for mentors: A cross-cultural perspective". European Journal of Teacher Education 21 (1): 91–108. 
• Cox, M.D. (1997). Walking the tightrope: The role of mentoring in developing educators as professionals, in Mullen, C.A.. In M.D. Cox, C.K. Boettcher, & D.S. Adoue (Eds.), Breaking the circle of one: Redefining mentorship in the lives and writings of educators. New York: Peter Lang.
• Daloz, L. A. (1999). Mentor: Guiding the journey of adult learners. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Head, F. A., Reiman, A. J., & Thies-Sprinthall, L. (1992). The reality of mentoring; Complexity in its process and function. In T.M. Bey & C. T. Holmes (Eds), Mentoring: Contemporary principles and issues. Reston, VA: Association of Teacher Educators, 5-24.
• Huang, Chungliang and Jerry Lynch (1995), Mentoring - The TAO of Giving and Receiving Wisdom, Harper, San Francisco.
• Kram, K. E. (1985). Mentoring at work: Developmental relationships in organizational life. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
• Murray, M. (1991). Beyond the myths and the magic of mentoring: How to facilitate an effective mentoring program. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Schlee, R. (2000). "Mentoring and the professional development of business students". Journal of Management Education 24 (3): 322–337. DOI:10.1177/105256290002400304. 
• Scherer, Marge (ed.). (1999) A better beginning: Supporting and mentoring new teachers. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
• Project Blue Lynx, by Dan Ward. A journal article published by Defense Acquisition University, exploring an innovative approach to mentoring.

External links[link]

Look up mentorship in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Mentoring at the Open Directory Project

Phil Cousineau (born in 1952) is an author, lecturer, independent scholar, screenwriter, and documentary filmmaker.

Career[link]

Phil Cousineau was born in an army hospital in Columbia, South Carolina. He has worked as a sportswriter and taught screenwriting at the American Film Institute (AFI). American mythologist Joseph Campbell was a mentor and major influence; Cousineau wrote the documentary film and companion book about Campbell's life, The Hero's Journey. The author of more than 25 nonfiction books, Cousineau has more than 15 documentary screenwriting credits to his name, including the 1991 Academy Award-nominated Forever Activists.

Seminal works include, Soul: An Archaeology, Readings from Socrates to Ray Charles, which Los Angeles Times columnist Jonathan Kirsch reviewed as "Inspiring, often mind-blowing, sometimes even a little scary," ^[1] and the best-selling book, The Art of Pilgrimage: The Seeker's Guide the Making Travel Sacred, described in the Austin American-Statesman as "If Joseph Campbell, the Dalai Lama and Bill Moyers were to have collaborated on a book about journeys...I suspect it would look very much like The Art of Pilgrimage." Cousineau worked with religion scholar Huston Smith on two books as well as four documentary films on contemporary Native American issues. His books have been translated into nine languages. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, "Phil Cousineau has long been a powerful presence in the [San Francisco] Bay Area literary scene, but he is best known as a filmmaker and...writer who has carried on and reinterpreted the work of Joseph Campbell, especially regarding the omnipresent influence of myth in modern life." ^[2]

Cousineau grew up just outside of Detroit, once known as "the Paris of the Midwest,” with French Canadian roots. While moonlighting in a steel factory he studied journalism at the University of Detroit. Before turning to writing books and films full-time, Cousineau’s peripatetic career also included playing semi-professional basketball in Europe, harvesting date trees on an Israeli kibbutz, painting 44 Victorian houses (also known as Painted Ladies in San Francisco), teaching, and leading art and literary tours to Europe.

Current work[link]

An expert on mythology and film and the monomyth "hero journey" structure of screenplays, Cousineau consults on writing projects of all kinds. He lectures frequently on themes of sacred travel, sports, writing, and creativity and is currently the host of the Link TV television series, Global Spirit, interviewing guests such as Robert Thurman, Karen Armstrong, Andrew Harvey, Deepak Chopra, and Joanne Shenandoah.^[3] Broadcast journalist Bill Moyers has commented that “The discussions on Link TV’s Global Spirit series are sorely needed in this dispirited and disenchanted world. In many ways it is more important than journalism today.”

Cousineau lives in North Beach, San Francisco, California and is currently writing different books on language, atonement, and beauty.

Famous Quotes[link]

On Words: "Who knows why some words ignite the hearts of some readers while others are like wet matches that won't light."

On Creativity: "Inspiration comes and goes, creativity is the result of practice." ~from Stoking the Creative Fires: 9 Ways to Rekindle Passion and Imagination

"The creative urge matters. Stories matter. Images matter. It matters that you were born with a genius, a guiding spirit, a daimon that may know more about your destiny than you do."

"But what if your fire is not burning well or, worse, has gone out? Without inner fire, you have no light, no heat, no desire... there's only one way out - and that's through the dark woods. You must change your life."

On Travel and Pilgrimage: "Now is the time to lead your ideal life." ~from The Art of Pilgrimage: The Seeker's Guide to Making Travel Sacred

"The practice of soulful travel is to discover the overlapping point between history and everyday life, the way to find the essence of every place, every day: in the markets, small chapels, out-of-the-way parks, craft shops. Curiosity about the extraordinary in the ordinary moves the heart of the traveler intent on seeing behind the veil of tourism."

"In each of us dwells a pilgrim. It is the part of us that longs to have direct contact with the sacred."

"The pilgrim is a poetic traveler, one who believes that there is poetry on the road, at the heart of everything."

"Are you alive now at home? Are you going to stay in your coffin of mediocrity, [or] break out of your cage, and take a journey to discover this in order to find yourself?"

"What every traveler confronts sooner or later is that the way we spend each day of our travel...is the way we spend our lives."

"Have you ever made a vow to go someplace that is sacred to you, your family, your group? Have you ever imagined yourself in a place that stirred your soul like the song of doves at dawn? If not you, then who? If not now, when? If not here, where?"

"Mapping out dozens of deeply focused trips around the world has convinced me that preparation no more spoils the chance for spontaneity and serendipity than discipline ruins the opportunity for genuine self-expression in sports, acting, or the tea ceremony."

"The force behind myths, fairytales, parables and soulful travel stories reveals the myriad ways the sacred breaks through the resistance and shines forth into our world. Pilgrimage holds out the promise of personal contact with that sacred force."

"The art of movement, the poetry of motion, the music of personal experience, of the sacred in those places it has been known to shine forth. If we are not astounded by these possibilities, we can never plumb the depths of our own souls or the soul of the world.”

"What is sacred is what is worthy of our reverence, what evokes awe and wonder in the human heart, and what, when contemplated, transforms us utterly."

"Uncover what you long for and you will discover who you are."

"Our task in life is to find our deep soul work and throw ourselves headlong into it."

On Synchronicity: "[Synchronicity is] an inexplicable but profoundly meaningful coincidence that stirs the soul and offers a glimpse of one's destiny." ~from Coincidence Or Destiny?: Stories of Synchronicity That Illuminate Our Lives

On the Soul: "As the ancients said, the soul is realized in love."

On the Hero's Journey: "The journey of the hero is about the courage to seek the depths; the image of creative rebirth; the eternal cycle of change within us; the uncanny discovery that the seeker is the mystery which the seeker seeks to know. The hero journey is a symbol that binds, in the original sense of the word, two distant ideas, the spiritual quest of the ancients with the modern search for identity, “always the one, shape-shifting yet marvelously constant story that we find."

On Jim Morrison: "Morrison represents the power of a god that won't die. It's the story of a young god who dies, and yet lives on though his music." ^[4]

Select Books[link]

• Cousineau, Phil (February 2011). Beyond Forgiveness: Reflections on Atonement. Jossey-Bass. pp. 272. ISBN 978-0-470-90773-3. 
• Cousineau, Phil (April 2010). Wordcatcher: An Odyssey into the World of Weird and Wonderful Words. Viva Editions. pp. 305. ISBN 978-1-57344-400-2. 
• Cousineau, Phil (January 2010). The Oldest Story in the World. Sisyphus Press. pp. 84. ISBN 978-0-9626548-9-3. 
• Cousineau, Phil; Scott Chamberlin Hoyt (September 2009). The Meaning of Tea: A Tea Inspired Journey. Talking Leaves Press. pp. 362. ISBN 978-0-615-20442-0. 
• Cousineau, Phil (May 2008). Stoking the Creative Fires: 9 Ways to Rekindle Passion and Imagination. Conari Press. pp. 224. ISBN 978-1-57324-299-8. 
• Cousineau, Phil (December 2005). A Seat at the Table: Huston Smith in Conversation with Native Americans on Religious Freedom'. University of California Press. pp. 253. ISBN 978-0-520-24439-9. 
• Cousineau, Phil (2004). The Blue Museum: Poems. Sisyphus Press. pp. 152. ISBN 978-0-9626548-2-4. 
• Cousineau, Phil (November 2003). The Olympic Odyssey: Rekindling the True Spirit of the Great Games. Quest Books. pp. 224. ISBN 978-0-8356-0833-6. 
• Cousineau, Phil (September 2003). The Way Things Are: Conversations with Huston Smith on the Spiritual Life. University of California Press. pp. 338. ISBN 978-0-520-23816-9. 
• Cousineau, Phil (October 2001). Coincidence Or Destiny? Stories of Synchronicity That Illuminate Our Lives. Red Wheel / Weiser. pp. 224. ISBN 978-1-57324-712-2. 
• Cousineau, Phil (May 2001). Once and Future Myths: The Power of Ancient Stories in Modern Time. Conari Press. pp. 224. ISBN 978-1-57324-299-8. 
• Cousineau, Phil (May 2000). The Book of Roads: Travel Stories. Sisyphus Press. pp. 227. ISBN 978-0-9626548-1-7. 
• Cousineau, Phil (November 2000). The Soul Aflame: A Modern Book of Hours. Conari Press. pp. 224. ISBN 978-1-57324-509-8. 
• Cousineau, Phil (June 1999). The Art of Pilgrimage: The Seeker's Guide to Making Travel Sacred. Conari Press. pp. 288. ISBN 978-1-57324-080-2. 
• Cousineau, Phil (February 1994). Soul: An Archaeology: From Socrates to Ray Charles. HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 249. ISBN 978-0-06-250239-1. 
• Cousineau, Phil (February 1993). The Soul of the World: A Modern Book of Hours. HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 249. ISBN 978-0-06-250239-1. 
• Cousineau, Phil (September 1991). Deadlines: A Rhapsody on a Theme of Famous and Infamous Last Words. Sisyphus Press. pp. 121. ISBN 978-0-9626548-0-0. 
• Densmore, John; Phil Cousineau (August 1990). Riders on the Storm: My Life with Jim Morrison and The Doors. Delacorte Press. pp. 319. ISBN 978-0-385-30033-9. 
• Cousineau, Phil (August 2003). The Hero's Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work, Centennial Edition, 3rd edition. New World Library. pp. 288. ISBN 978-1-57731-404-2. 
• Cousineau, Phil (May 1990). The Hero's Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work. Harper & Row. pp. 255. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0062500102X|0062500102X]]. 

Select Filmography[link]

• A Seat at the Table: Struggling for American Religious Freedom A Kifaru Production.
• The Peyote Road: Ancient Religion in Contemporary Crisis A Kifaru Production. Narrated by Peter Coyote.
• The Red Road to Sobriety A Kifaru Production. Narrated by Benjamin Bratt
• Your Humble Serpent: The Life of Reuben Snake A Kifaru Production.
• Ecological Design: Inventing the Future A Knossos Project. Narrated by Linda Hunt
• Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey Directed by Gail Evenari. Narrated by Napuanalani Cassidy and Patrick Stewart
• Wiping the Tears of Seven Generations A Kifaru Production. Narrated by Hanna Left Hand Bull Fixico.
• The Presence of the Goddess A film by Christy Baldwin. Narrated by Isabel Allende (1993)
• Forever Activists: Stories from the Abraham Lincoln Brigade A film by Connie Field and Judith Montell. Narrated by Ronnie Gilbert, nominated for an Academy Award Best Documentary, Features. (1990).
• The Hero's Journey: The World of Joseph Campbell Narrated by Peter Donat (1987)
• The Roots of Fundamentalism: A Conversation with Huston Smith and Phil Cousineau (2006), GemsTone, distributed by mondayMEDIA, DVD

External links[link]

• Biography
• Interview
• Joseph Campbell Foundation Fellow
• Los Angeles Times review
• San Francisco Chronicle review
• New York Times on "Global Spirit"

Notes[link]

1. ^ Los Angeles Times, March 2, 1994
2. ^ San Francisco Chronicle, May 8, 2005
3. ^ New York Times, April 10, 2009
4. ^ The Free Lance-Star, July 6, 1996

Tony Dungy

Tony Dungy during his coaching tenure with the Colts in November 2007.
No. 21, 27
Defensive back / Head coach
Personal information
Date of birth: (1955-10-06) October 6, 1955 (age 56)
Place of birth: Jackson, Michigan
Height: 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Weight: 188 lb (85 kg)
Career information
High school: Parkside High School
College: Minnesota
Undrafted in 1976
Debuted in 1977 for the Pittsburgh Steelers
Last played in 1979 for the San Francisco 49ers
Made coaching debut in 1981 for the Pittsburgh Steelers
Last coached in 2008 for the Indianapolis Colts
Career history
As player:
Pittsburgh Steelers (1977–1978) San Francisco 49ers (1979) New York Giants (1980)* *Offseason and/or practice squad member only
As coach:
Pittsburgh Steelers (1981–1983) (Defensive backs coach) Pittsburgh Steelers (1984–1988) (Defensive coordinator) Kansas City Chiefs (1989–1991) (Defensive backs coach) Minnesota Vikings (1992–1995) (Defensive coordinator) Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1996–2001) (Head coach) Indianapolis Colts (2002–2008) (Head coach)
Career highlights and awards
2× Super Bowl champion (XIII, XLI) NFL 2000s All-Decade Team
Career NFL statistics
Win-loss record 139-69 Winning % 68.8 Games 208 Stats at NFL.com
Stats at pro-football-reference.com
Stats at DatabaseFootball.com

Anthony Kevin "Tony" Dungy (pronounced /ˈdʌndʒi/ DUN-jee; born October 6, 1955) is a former professional American football player and coach in the National Football League. Dungy was head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1996 to 2001, and head coach of the Indianapolis Colts from 2002 to 2008.

Dungy became the first African American head coach to win the Super Bowl when his Colts defeated the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI.^[1] Dungy set a new NFL record for consecutive playoff appearances by a head coach In 2008 after securing his tenth straight playoff appearance with a win against the Jacksonville Jaguars.^[2][3]

After the 2008 season,^[4] Dungy announced his retirement as coach of the Indianapolis Colts, which went into effect after the 2008–2009 season.^[5] Since retirement, Dungy has served as an analyst on NBC's Football Night in America. Tony Dungy is also the national spokesman for the fatherhood program All Pro Dad.^[6] The Colts qualified for the playoffs in every season they were coached by Dungy.

NFL career[link]

After playing quarterback in college for the University of Minnesota, Dungy went undrafted in 1976 and was signed as a free agent by the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League as a defensive back. He played as a reserve and special teams player for the Steelers in 1977 and the Super Bowl champion 1978 season, leading the team in interceptions in the latter campaign. In 1979 Dungy was traded to the San Francisco 49ers, then finished his career a year later in the training camp of the New York Giants in 1980.

Dungy is the only NFL player since the AFL-NFL merger to intercept a pass and throw an interception in the same game. Dungy was the emergency quarterback for the Pittsburgh Steelers in a 1977 game against the Houston Oilers when both Terry Bradshaw and Mike Kruczek went down with injuries on October 9, 1977.^[7] He played safety on defense.

Coaching career[link]

Assistant coaching positions[link]

Following his NFL experience as a player, Dungy was invited to become an assistant coach for his alma mater, the University of Minnesota in 1980. After one season in charge of defensive backs, he was asked to come back to the NFL as a coach. He was hired as an assistant coach with the Steelers by Chuck Noll, his former coach, in 1981. His work under Noll put Dungy in the Sid Gillman coaching tree.

In 1982, he was named defensive backfield coach, and was promoted in 1984 to defensive coordinator. He left the Steelers in 1989 to become the defensive backs coach for the Kansas City Chiefs, and took over the defensive coordinator position for the Minnesota Vikings under Dennis Green in 1992. While at Minnesota, Dungy's defense was ranked first in the NFL.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers[link]

Dungy achieved his dream of being an NFL head coach when he was hired by Rich McKay to reform the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, a team well known for its lack of success, on January 22, 1996. Dungy installed his version of the Cover 2 defense with Defensive Coordinator Monte Kiffin with a few new wrinkles now known as the famous Tampa 2.

1996[link]

Despite finishing with a 6-10 record in 1996, the Buccaneers finished strong and showed signs of developing into a winning team. After a home win versus the Raiders, the Buccaneers fell to a quick 14–0 hole to the Chargers in San Diego, where the Buccaneers had not won on the west coast in over 15 years. Instead of folding, the team fought to a hard win. Many Bucs fans believe that this was where the long-beleaguered franchise finally turned the corner. It turned out to be the only losing season Dungy would suffer as a head coach.

1997[link]

In 1997, the Buccaneers finished second in the NFC Central division, Tampa Bay's first winning season since 1982 after starting the season 5-0 matching the only time the Bucs were ever undefeated with as many wins in the 1979 season. In the last game played at Tampa Stadium, the Bucs defeated the Detroit Lions for only their second playoff win in franchise history. They lost the next game to the defending champion Green Bay Packers.

1998-2001[link]

Under Dungy's watch, the Buccaneers made four playoff appearances and won their division in 1999 only to lose to the St. Louis Rams in the NFC Championship Game. Under Dungy, Tampa Bay struggled unsuccessfully to reach the playoffs in 1998. They went on to reach the playoffs again in 1999, 2000 and 2001. Also, in his last three playoff games, Tampa Bay was offensively shut out. Constant changes to the offensive coordinator position despite a successful 2000 offensive ranking were often to blame, as QB Shaun King had to work with 3 different coordinators in 3 years. Dungy was fired on January 14, 2002 due to the club's repeated losses in the playoffs including two lopsided defeats (in 2000 and 2001) to the Philadelphia Eagles. Additionally, owner Malcolm Glazer felt Dungy's conservative offense was too inconsistent against NFL teams. Dungy thus became the first coach in Bucs history to leave the team with a winning record.

The following season, the Buccaneers won Super Bowl XXXVII, their first appearance in the championship game. Though Dungy was fired the prior season and replaced with Jon Gruden, Dungy has been credited for constructing the team.^[8][9][10]

Indianapolis Colts[link]

On January 22, 2002, Dungy was hired as head coach of the Indianapolis Colts,^[11] a team that at the time was very potent offensively, but very weak defensively. He installed his "Tampa 2" defense immediately and continued to retool the Colts' defense to his liking during his tenure. After joining the Colts, Dungy left the high-powered offense previously installed there by Jim Mora, in both playing style and in personnel, virtually unchanged. Dungy was reunited with Tom Moore, who was retained as offensive coordinator. Moore and Dungy had previously worked together at Minnesota and Pittsburgh.^[12]

During his early tenure in Indianapolis, Dungy struggled to fix the Colts' defense and had mixed results in the postseason. In his first season at Indianapolis the Colts were shut out 41–0 by the New York Jets in a first-round playoff game, and the team lost postseason games to the New England Patriots in both 2003 (in the AFC championship game) and 2004 (in the second round of the playoffs). Dungy signed a three-year contract extension in October 2005^[13] for US$ 5 million per year.^[14][15]

The Colts focused on defensive improvements during the 2005 offseason, signing five-year defensive tackle Corey Simon. Widely expected to be a Super Bowl contender, the Colts won their first 13 games, prompting much speculation about the possibility of the Colts becoming the NFL's first team to finish the season undefeated since the 1972 Miami Dolphins.

Their thirteenth win guaranteed the Colts home field advantage throughout the playoffs. With nothing to play for except the chance to go unbeaten, the Colts lost their 14th game to the San Diego Chargers. The Colts only played their starters sparingly in the last two games. The Colts lost in their first playoff game to the eventual Super Bowl winner Pittsburgh Steelers. This loss made the Colts the first team to ever start a season 13–0 and not reach the Super Bowl.

The Colts' 2006 playoff run was characterized by a marked improvement in defensive play, as the Colts defeated the Kansas City Chiefs, holding one of the NFL's best running backs to less than 50 yards, and upset the favored Baltimore Ravens in the divisional round. On January 21, 2007, after trailing 21-3, the Colts defeated the New England Patriots to become AFC Champions and advanced to Super Bowl XLI. This was the largest comeback in conference title game history.^[16] By a matter of only a few hours, Dungy became the second African-American coach to lead his team to the Super Bowl. His good friend, Chicago Bears head coach Lovie Smith, had clinched the NFC's bid in the Super Bowl earlier in the day.

On February 4, 2007, Dungy and the Colts won Super Bowl XLI 29–17 over the Bears at Dolphin Stadium in Miami.

On December 23, 2007, with a win over the Houston Texans, Dungy won his 72nd game as Colts head coach, passing Don Shula to become the winningest coach in franchise history.

On January 21, 2008, Dungy announced that he would return at least for the 2008 season.^[17]

During the 2008 season the Colts won 12 regular season games, including their last 9 straight clinching a wildcard birth, but were upset 23-17 in overtime by the San Diego Chargers in the wildcard round of the 2008–09 NFL playoffs.

Retirement[link]

On January 12, 2009, Jim Caldwell who'd been a long time Colts assistant was chosen as the new head coach for the Indianapolis Colts after being named Dungy's future successor a year earlier. On November 1, 2010, the Colts added Tony Dungy's name to the Colts Ring of Honor located on the middle balcony on the east side of Lucas Oil Stadium.

Broadcasting[link]

In June 2009, NBC Sports hired Dungy to serve as a studio color analyst on the network's weekly Sunday Night Football pregame show, Football Night in America.

Coaching firsts[link]

Dungy's career has included several notable firsts. Among them, Dungy is the first NFL head coach to defeat all 32 NFL teams.^[18] He was also the youngest assistant coach at age 25^[18] and the youngest coordinator at age 28^[18] in NFL history.

Dungy was the first African-American head coach to win the Super Bowl (with the Colts' victory over the Bears in 2007). He was the third black head coach to win a pro football championship in North America, behind Darren Arbet of the San Jose Sabercats (Arena Football League) who won ArenaBowl XVI in 2002 and Pinball Clemons of the Toronto Argonauts (Canadian Football League) who won the 92nd Grey Cup in 2004.

Dungy also became the sixth man to play in a Super Bowl and be the head coach of a Super Bowl team. He joins Dan Reeves, Sam Wyche, Mike Ditka, Forrest Gregg and Tom Flores. After the win in Super Bowl XLI, Dungy became the third man to win Super Bowls both as a player and a head coach, following Ditka and Flores.

Coaching strategy[link]

On offense, Tony Dungy's strategy involved a conservative, ball-control offense based primarily around running the ball and short, high-percentage passes when he was at Tampa Bay. At Indianapolis, he inherited and kept the offense designed by offensive coordinator Tom Moore because the offense was in the hands of someone he knew and trusted.^[12] In both cases, most of the offensive planning has been handled by his offensive coordinators.

On defense, Dungy used a stifling "Cover 2" style zone defense, which usually was based around a formation of 4 linemen, 3 linebackers, and 4 defensive backs. The "Cover 2" defense Dungy used involved his linemen rushing the passer, the cornerbacks covering the passing flat area, the linebackers covering the middle of the field, and the safeties providing deep coverage on each half of their respective zones. While the Cover 2 defense was not a new concept, Dungy contributed to its greater use by systemizing it into an every-down defense. The personnel and techniques that Dungy used in this defense were very specific, and as a result, his style of defense earned the moniker of the "Tampa 2" around the NFL.^[19]

Coaching tree[link]

Dungy is also credited with supporting and fostering the development of defensive-minded coaches, notably during his tenure with the Buccaneers. His contributions have had a great effect on the diversity of the league and helped lead to the institution of the Rooney Rule by Steelers owner Dan Rooney, requiring teams to interview minority coaches.

Tony Dungy and Nathan Whitaker at the book-signing of Quiet Strength at Fort Wayne, Indiana on July 15, 2007

• Lovie Smith for the Chicago Bears (Linebackers coach under Dungy at Tampa Bay)
• Mike Tomlin for the Pittsburgh Steelers (Defensive backs coach under Dungy at Tampa Bay)
• Leslie Frazier for the Minnesota Vikings (Defensive backs coach under Dungy at Indianapolis)^[20][21]

Moreover, Rod Marinelli, the defensive line coach under Dungy at Tampa Bay, was the head coach of the Detroit Lions from 2006 to 2008. Mike Shula, the offensive coordinator under Dungy at Tampa, was the head coach at the University of Alabama from 2003 to 2006. Herman Edwards, the former head coach for the New York Jets and Kansas City Chiefs was an assistant head coach under Dungy at Tampa Bay. Jim Caldwell, an assistant under Dungy in Indianapolis, was promoted to head coach in 2009, and coached the Colts for three seasons.

Joe Barry, a linebackers coach under Dungy at Tampa Bay, was the defensive coordinator for the Detroit Lions from 2006 to 2008.^[22]

Dungy is listed as not only a part of the Bill Walsh coaching tree, but also a part of the Marty Schottenheimer coaching tree. The Dungy tree grew from the roots of the Pittsburgh Steelers' dynasty of the 1970s. He was influenced by the defensive schemes learned under Chuck Noll and Bud Carson.^[23] Dungy said that he inherited most of the coaching philosophies from Noll and he is proud to be a protégé of Noll.^[24]

Coaching philosophy[link]

Dungy stresses that coaches are essentially teachers^[25] who put faith and family ahead of football and do not belittle their players or scream at them. Also, like Dungy, they remain calm when things go badly. They guide instead of goad, and Lovie Smith found that perhaps the most instructive thing of all.

Smith said, "We talked about how to do it, being a teacher instead of screaming and yelling, all that stuff." ^[26]

Smith also said:

I think as you look to young coaches coming up in the ranks, a lot of us have a picture of how a coach is supposed to be, how he is supposed to act...And I think what Tony Dungy showed me is you don't have to act that way.^[27]

Dungy said:

I really wanted to show people you can win all kinds of ways. I always coached the way I've wanted to be coached. I know Lovie has done the same thing. For guys to have success where it maybe goes against the grain, against the culture.... I know I probably didn't get a couple of jobs in my career because people could not see my personality or the way I was going to do it.... For your faith to be more important than your job, for your family to be more important than that job.... We all know that's the way it should be, but we're afraid to say that sometimes. Lovie's not afraid to say it and I'm not afraid to say it.^[28]

Dungy also learned from Noll that it takes all 53 of the players on the team to win so that a coach should train the 33rd player on the roster as he would the third player, which has become the spine of Dungy's own coaching philosophy,^[29] which is the Next Man Up theory of calm coaching.^[30] Dungy stressed that a team should have a thought process, a philosophy and the conviction to stick with it, even if the personnel changes during the games because of injuries.^[31] Dungy said:

Chuck's philosophy was to convince every guy on the team that his role was important. If you came in as a free agent and were just a gunner on the punt team or the third safety, you were doing something the team needed to win...It was his way of emphasizing that no one is irreplaceable. You have to coach everybody the same way. If Joe Greene goes out, Steve Furness goes in and we're not going to change anything. Chuck never panicked when someone got hurt or held out. We can still function. That made a big impression on me.^[29]

Dungy put his coaching beliefs on his memoir, Quiet Strength: The Principles, Practices, and Priorities of a Winning Life. (ISBN 1-414-31801-4) Cam Cameron, former head coach of the Miami Dolphins, highly recommended the book by buying 1,000 books to give away to football coaches at his preseason coaching clinic in July 2007 in South Florida,^[32] and said:

It dispelled so many myths about the coaching business -- that you had to be a yeller and a screamer to win. You can be your own person, treat people with respect, be very demanding but demanding in a way that doesn't trample on people. And you don't have to give up your faith to win in the NFL. It confirmed and re-affirmed an awful lot of the beliefs I held about coaching....^[32]

Head coaching record[link]

Civic involvement[link]

In August 2007, President George W. Bush appointed Dungy a member of the President's Council on Service and Civic Participation.^[34] The 25-member council represents leaders from government, business, entertainment, athletics and non-profit organizations committed to growing the spirit of service and civic participation. The two-year appointment requires attendance at two in-person meetings per year and quarterly phone conversations with assigned committees. After receiving the call from President Bush, Dungy remarked "It was something that was really hard to believe. Certainly, when you go into football coaching, you’re not expecting to get presidential appointments to anything."^[34]

In March 2009 President Barack Obama invited Dungy to join the Advisory Council on Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships.^[35] He declined the invitation to join the council because of scheduling conflicts, as he could make only two of 2009's four council meetings, but agreed to be an informal adviser on fatherhood issues.^[36]

Personal[link]

Dungy's tenure in Tampa Bay as the head coach of the Buccaneers brought greater attention to his personal accomplishments outside of sports. Tony Dungy has earned widespread respect both on and off the field due to what many see as strong convictions and high personal standards of ethics and behavior, which affect his behavior as both a coach and as a member of his community. He has been active in many community service organizations in the cities in which he has coached. While in Tampa Bay, Dungy worked as a public speaker for the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and Athletes in Action.^[18]

He began a mentoring program for young people called Mentors for Life, and provided Buccaneers' tickets for the participants. He also supported other charitable programs in the area such as Big Brothers/Big Sisters, Boys and Girls Club, the Prison Crusade Ministry, foster parenting organizations, and Family First. He continues to assist Big Brothers/Big Sisters and the Boys and Girls Club in Indianapolis. He also supports the Black Coaches Association National Convention and Indiana Black Expo.^[18]

His community involvement and care continues in Indianapolis where Tony helped launch the Basket of Hope program at the Riley Hospital for Children. Basket of Hope is a national, non-profit organization which began in 1995. Tony is the National Spokesperson for Basket of Hope and delivers the baskets filled with age and gender appropriate toys, games and craft items to Riley Hospital for Children. Along with the baskets, he delivers a Hope Tote, which includes Quiet Strength, a journal, Bible, Christian music, and other inspirational materials. Dungy worked with Basket of Hope and Riley Hospital for Children to implement the Super Baskets of Hope project where 7,000 baskets and totes were delivered to the 32 NFL cities and participating hospitals during the weeks surrounding Super Bowl XLVI.

Dungy is an evangelical Christian and at one point in his coaching career considered leaving football for the prison ministry.^[7] Throughout his career, he has remained involved with community service organizations.^[37] On March 20, 2007, Dungy aligned himself with a socially conservative organization, the Indiana Family Institute, and openly supported an amendment to the Indiana constitution which would have defined marriage as solely between one man and one woman.^[38] Dungy also appeared in a testimonial video on I Am Second, in which he shares his story of his personal relationship with Jesus Christ.

Dungy is married to Lauren Harris of Pittsburgh^[7] and has two daughters, Tiara and Jade, and five sons, James (died December 22, 2005), Eric, Jordan, Justin and Jason. James committed suicide at age 18, outside of Tampa.^[39] The Dungys still keep their home in the Tampa Bay area. Dungy's son, Eric, plays football at the University of Oregon.

On September 6, 2007, The Indianapolis Star reported that the Davie-Brown Index (DBI), an independent celebrity rating service for advertisers, places Dungy in the top 15 of the 900 actors, musicians, TV personalities, and sports celebrities it ranks for overall appeal, putting him on a level with actors such as Tom Hanks and Morgan Freeman. Among sports figures, he ranks second only to Hank Aaron.^[37]

On February 27, 2008, Indiana Wesleyan University honored Dungy in a ceremony where he was inducted into IWU's Society of World Changers.^[40] Dungy also received an honorary doctorate of humane letters from the university.^[41][42]

On August 5, 2009, Dungy spoke at the 53rd General Council of the Assemblies of God.

Since retirement, Dungy has become an informal mentor to the formerly suspended NFL player Michael Vick, counseling him during his incarceration and, with the help of Donovan McNabb, convincing Eagles owner Jeff Lurie and head coach Andy Reid to consider signing him to the team's roster.

Books[link]

Dungy's memoir, Quiet Strength: The Principles, Practices, and Priorities of a Winning Life, was released on July 10, 2007^[43] and reached No. 1 on the hardcover nonfiction section of the New York Times Best Seller list on August 5, 2007^[44] and again on September 9, 2007.^[45] Tyndale House Publishers said it was the first NFL-related book ever ranked No. 1.^[46] When asked why he wrote Quiet Strength, Dungy said,

"It's not something I ever really thought of doing. I've had several people ask me about it for a number of years. Several people asked about it after winning (the Super Bowl). I was hoping, really, not to do it... I think it becomes kind of what happens. You win a Super Bowl, you have a big achievement, and you write a book. And I didn't want to be one of those guys, but a lot of people thought that it was the right time -- and it did turn out to be that. I think people were looking for something positive to read, and we had a lot of negative in the sports world. I think it just came out at the right time. Maybe the Lord's timing was good."^[47]

Dungy said he’d actually gotten "more satisfaction" from the success of Quiet Strength than the Super Bowl win. That’s because, he said, "I’ve gotten so many calls and letters from people saying they really got something out of it, something that helped them."^[48] On January 10, 2008, Quiet Strength reached 1,000,000 copies in print.^[49] Quiet Strength was on the New York Times Best Seller List for 32 weeks, including 27 in the top 10 for hardcover nonfiction.^[50]

Dungy also published a 96-page paperback called Quiet Strength: Men's Bible Study on July 18, 2007. Dungy challenged men to answer six questions: What's my game plan? What's my strength? What's success? Where's my security? What's my significance? And, what's my legacy? The book is aimed specifically at men, including those who may not otherwise be interested in spiritual matters.^[51]

When asked if Dungy would consider writing a follow-up to Quiet Strength, Dungy said,

"Three months ago, I would've said 'no' for sure. But the impact of this one has been beyond what I could've dreamed and there may be another one in the future. The focus would probably be on how to develop leadership and a coaching strategy for whatever business you're in; coaching for your family, business, or sport based on Christian principles."^[52]

Dungy published a 24-page children's picture book called You Can Do It with Little Simon Inspirations, a division of Simon & Schuster on July 8, 2008, reached No. 1 on the children's picture books section of the New York Times Best Seller list on July 27, 2008^[53] and stayed on the top 10 for 5 weeks.^[54] The book tells the story of Dungy's younger brother Linden who struggles, then figures out his life dream and is encouraged by his family to follow that dream as a dentist.^[55][56] Dungy said that his other hopes for You Can Do It were that it would encourage parents to read to their kids and that kids would learn the lesson of pursuing whatever field they were gifted in, even if it might be not the popular thing to do.^[57]

Dungy has also published Uncommon: Finding Your Path to Significance, a book revealing lessons on achieving significance that Dungy has learned. The book, released on February 17, 2009 with Tyndale House Publishers, particularly focuses on what it means to be a man of significance in a culture that is offering young men few positive role models. Dungy said,

"Our young men today are falling into a trap... Society is telling them material success is what's important, but if we buy into that idea, we can spend a lifetime chasing that success and never really have the positive impact on people that would make our lives truly significant."^[58]

Uncommon reached No. 2 on the hardcover advice section of the New York Times Best Seller list and stayed on the top 10 for 9 weeks.^[59]

On August 3, 2010 Dungy released a new book entitled The Mentor Leader, which debuted at No. 2^[60] and stayed on the top 10 for 5 weeks on the hardcover advice section of the New York Times Best Seller list.^[61]

On January 11, 2011 Dungy and wife Lauren released a new book entitled You Can Be a Friend. Their story teaches children what it means to be a good friend.^[62] The book debuted at No. 7^[63] and stayed on the top 10 for 1 week on the children's picture books section of the New York Times Best Seller list.

Endorsements[link]

Dungy graced the cover of NFL Head Coach 09 as its "cover coach".^[64] The previous head coach on the cover was Bill Cowher. Coincidentally, both coaches would retire the season after their cover issues were published.

Awards[link]

In 2007 Dungy was awarded the Amos Alonzo Stagg Coaching annual Award by the United States Sports Academy.^[65]

Bibliography[link]

• Dungy, Tony; Whitaker, Nathan (2007). Quiet Strength: the Principles, Practices, & Priorities of a Winning Life. Tyndale House. ISBN 1-4143-1801-4. 
• Dungy, Tony (2007). Quiet Strength : Men's Bible Study. Group Publishing. ISBN 0-7644-3662-7. 
• Dungy, Tony; Bates, Amy June (2008). You Can Do It!. Little Simon Inspirations. ISBN 1-4169-5461-9. 
• Dungy, Tony; Whitaker, Nathan (2009). Uncommon: Finding Your Path to Significance. Tyndale House. ISBN 1-4143-2681-5. 
• Dungy, Tony; Whitaker, Nathan (2010). The Mentor Leader: Secrets to Building People & Teams That Win Consistently. Tyndale House. ISBN 1-4143-3804-X. 
• Dungy, Tony; Dungy, Lauren; Mazellan, Ron (2011). You Can Be a Friend. Little Simon Inspirations. ISBN 1-4169-9771-7. 

References[link]

External links[link]

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