35px Kinmen County 金門縣 Abbreviation(s): Kinmen (金門; Pinyin: Jīnmén)
County seat	Jincheng
Region	Southern Fujian
County Magistrate	Li Wo-shi (李沃士)
Cities	0
Townships	6
Area
- Total	153.056 km² (20 of 25)
- % water	0 %
Population
- Total	84,570 (December 2008) (24 of 25)
- Density	552.54/km²
Symbols
- County flower	Four-season orchid
- County tree	Cotton tree
- County bird	Hoopoe
Official websites	www.kinmen.gov.tw

Kinmen or Quemoy (/kɪˈmɔɪ/; see also "Names" section below) is a small archipelago of several islands administered by the Republic of China (Taiwan): Greater Kinmen, Lesser Kinmen, and some islets. Administratively, it is Kinmen County of Fujian Province, ROC. The county is claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) as part of its own Fujian Province's Quanzhou Prefecture. It is geographically very near Xiamen, no more than 2 kilometers. Some islands of other counties, such as Wuchiu, were transferred to the jurisdiction of Kinmen County by the ROC government following its civil war defeat and retreat to Taiwan. Matsu is the other set of islands on the Fujian coast controlled by the Republic of China.

Names[link]

Jiangong Island, with a Koxinga monument, in Kinmen Harbor

Kinmen was first named Jīnmén (金門; lit, "golden gate") in Chinese 1387 when the Hongwu Emperor of China's Ming Dynasty appointed a military officer to administer the island and protect it from wokou (pirate) attacks.^[1] The name, pronounced Jīnmén in the official Mandarin Chinese and Kim-mûi in the native Zhangzhou dialect of Hokkien Minnan. The various names used in English for the islands derive from these name.

Quemoy is the name for the island in English and in many European languages.^[2] It likely began as a Portuguese transcription of the Minnan (Hokkien) Zhangzhou dialect pronunciation of the name, Kim-mûi.^[3] This form of the islands' name was used almost exclusively in English until the late 20th century and is still used widely in current English-language contexts that involve historical coverage. For example, current works that deal with the First and Second Taiwan Strait Crises (the Quemoy Incident^[4]) when the islands received prominent worldwide news coverage as "Quemoy" still use this form. In addition, the former National Kinmen Institute of Technology was renamed National Quemoy University in 2010. Kinmen scholar Wei Jian-feng advocates the use of "Quemoy" to better connect the island to "international society or achieve more recognition in the world".^[3]

Kinmen is a more recent transcription based on the Chinese Postal Map Romanization of the Republic of China (where k is used instead of ch or j for the initial sound in Wade-Giles Chin-men or pinyin Jīnmén). With some exceptions, this form is used in most current English-language contexts on Kinmen and in Taiwan as a whole. Entities such as the county government,^[5] the islands' airport,^[6] and the national park^[7] use this spelling.

Chin-men is the Wade-Giles romanization form of the island's name and appears on some maps using that as their standard.^[8]

Jinmen is the Hanyu Pinyin form of the island's name used especially in sources from the People's Republic of China.^[9] The Kinmen County Government and ROC central government have adopted Hanyu Pinyin as their standard romanization, such as for names of townships within Kinmen County, but this does not apply to the name of Kinmen itself.^[10]

History[link]

The Prince of Lu was part of the Southern Ming Dynasty, resisting the invading Manchu Qing dynasty forces. In 1651, he fled to Kinmen and, in 1663, Kinmen was taken by the invaders.^[11]

Unlike the island of Taiwan and the Penghu islands, Kinmen was never ceded to Japan, because Kinmen was, and still is considered to be a part of Fujian Province, both to the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC), though Kinmen was occupied by Japan from 1937 to 1945.

The PRC extensively shelled the island during the First and Second Taiwan Strait Crises, which was a major issue in the 1960 United States Presidential Election between Kennedy and Nixon. In the 1950s, the United States threatened to use nuclear weapons against the PRC if it attacked the island.

Kinmen was originally a military reserve. The island was returned to the civilian government in the mid-1990s, after which travel to and from it was allowed. Direct travel between mainland China and Kinmen was opened in 2001, and there has been extensive tourism development on the island in anticipation of mainland tourists. Direct travel was suspended in 2003 as a result of the SARS outbreak, but has since resumed.

Many Taiwanese businesspeople use the link through Kinmen to enter the Chinese mainland as it is seen as cheaper and easier than entering through Hong Kong. However, this changed following the 2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China and the presidential and legislative victories of the KMT, that allowed easier Cross-Strait relations. Kinmen has experienced a considerable economic boom as businesspeople relocate to the island for easier access to the vast markets of the PRC.

A shisa (wind-lion god) carving in Kinmen

Culture[link]

The people of Kinmen see themselves as Jīnmén rén (Kinmenese), Mínnán rén (Southern Min, or Southern Fujianese), or Chinese, but not so much as Taiwanese.^[4][12] The strong Chinese identity was forged during the period of the ROC's military confrontation with the People's Republic of China (1949–1992) when Kinmen was under military administration.^[4] In the 1980s, as the militarization decreased and martial law was ended in Taiwan, the Taiwan independence movement and efforts in de-Sinicization grew in strength in Taiwan.^[4] To Kinmenese, however, these developments were viewed with concern and there was a feeling that "Taiwan didn’t identify with Kinmen".^[4] Many worried that Taiwanese de jure independence from China would lead to the severing of ties with Kinmen.^[4] These concerns play a strong role in Kinmenese politics as well.^[4]

Many of the county's inhabitants speak Hokkien. Since Kinmen is historically part of Fujian, most residents will say they speak "Kinmenese", as opposed to "Taiwanese" as it is commonly called in Taiwan, though the two dialects are mutually intelligible. The residents of Wuchiu Township speak Puxian Min, as opposed to Hokkien for the rest of Kinmen.

Kinmen is notable for a number of cultural products. Due to the extensive shelling by the People's Republic of China, Kinmen is famous for its Artillery Shell Knives. Local artisans would collect the vast amounts of exploded ordnance and make high-quality knives which are still sought after by chefs and connoisseurs. Kinmen is also home of the regionally famous Kinmen Kaoliang liquor, a spirit ranging between 38 and 63 percent alcohol, which is highly appreciated by the Taiwanese. Other local culinary specialties include Kinmen noodles (金門麵線), gongtang (貢糖) and beef jerky (牛肉乾).

Like the Ryukyus, Kinmen is known for shisa (wind-lion god) figures (風獅爺).^[13]

Economy[link]

Kinmen's economy is mainly based on tourism and services due to its proximity to mainland China.^[14][15] A 5.4 km (3.4 mi) bridge connecting Kinmen Island (Greater Kinmen) and Lieyu is planned to be completed by June 2016, estimated to cost NT$7.5 billion (US$250 million).^[16] It is expected to integrated local tourism resources and the bridge's 1.4 km (0.87 mi) main body will have the largest span in the world when completed.

The slogan "Three Principles of the People unite China", written in traditional Chinese, the official language of the ROC, located in Kinmen, directly facing Mainland China

Tourism[link]

Because of its military importance, development on the island was extremely limited. As a result, it is now a popular weekend tourist destination for Taiwanese and is known for its quiet villages, old-style architecture, and beaches. Large parts of Kinmen form the Kinmen National Park which highlights military fortifications and structures, historical dwellings, and natural scenery. The Kinmen Airport is located on the Greater Kinmen.

Politics[link]

The island consistently votes for the Kuomintang (KMT). Until the early 1990s, proponents of Taiwan independence argued that they would consider handing Kinmen over to the PRC in any negotiated settlement. Residents of the island have broadly opposed such measures, fearing the consequences of the PRC government's policies on their standard of living and political freedom.

Subdivision of Kinmen County into townships

Townships[link]

Kinmen County is subdivided into six townships:

All those townships on Greater Kinmen Island start their names with Jin (i.e., Kin, lit. "gold"). Lieyu Township encompasses the entire Lesser Kinmen Island, and is the closest to Xiamen. Wuqiu Township comprises Greater Qiu Islet (大坵) and Lesser Qiu Islet (小坵).

Jincheng and Jinsha are the largest of the six townships. Altogether, there are 37 Kinmen villages, three of which – all in Zhen (鎮) – are Li-villages (里); the rest are Cun-villages (村).

Education[link]

In August 2010, National Quemoy University (國立金門大學) was established from the Kinmen Technology Institute.^[17] It is located in Jinning Township, Kinmen. The islands also have a satellite campuses of Ming Chuan University and National University of Kaohsiung. Secondary educational institutions include National Kinmen Senior High School and National Kinmen Agricultural & Industrial Vocational Senior High School.

Gallery[link]

See also[link]

Republic of China portal

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

• Administrative divisions of the Republic of China
• Township (Taiwan)
• List of cities in the Republic of China (Taiwan)
• Cross-Strait relations
• Boyu Road

References[link]

External links and further reading[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kinmen

Find more about Kinmen on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

• Kinmen travel guide from Wikitravel
• Kinmen County Government Official Website
• Complete list of the villages in each township
• Maps of Kinmen
• Satellite image of Greater Kinmen and Lesser Kinmen by Google Maps
• Michael Szonyi, Cold War Island: Quemoy on the Front Line, Cambridge University Press (August 11, 2008), hardcover, 328 pages, ISBN-10: 0521898137 ISBN 978-0521898133; trade paperback, 328 pages, ISBN-10: 0521726409, ISBN 978-0521726405
• "Once a Redoubt Against China, Taiwan’s Outpost Evolves" feature article by Edward Wong and Xiyun Fukada in The New York Times September 16, 2011

Coordinates: 24°26′N 118°20′E / 24.44°N 118.33°E / 24.44; 118.33

v t e Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (Otherwise known as Taiwan) Special municipalities Kaohsiung New Taipei Taichung Tainan Taipei Taiwan Province Cities Chiayi Hsinchu Keelung Counties Changhua Chiayi Hsinchu Hualien Miaoli Nantou Penghu Pingtung Taitung Taoyuan Yilan Yunlin Fujian Province Counties Kinmen Lienchiang See also: Free Area of the Republic of China.

v t e Administrative divisions of outlying islands of Taiwan Kaohsiung Cijin District (Spratly Islands and Taiping Island) Kinmen Jincheng Township Jinhu Township Jinsha Township Jinning Township Lieyu Township Wuqiu Township Lienchiang1 Beigan Township Dongyin Township Juguang Township Nangan Township Penghu Magong City Baisha Township Huxi Township Qimei Township Xiyu Township Wang'an Township Pingtung Liuqiu Township Taitung Lanyu Township Lüdao Township Yilan Toucheng Township (Guishan Island and Diaoyutai Islands2) 1 Lienchiang County commonly known as Matsu. 2Diaoyutai Islands are controlled by Japan, (called Senkaku Islands).

Michael A. Szonyi (Chinese: 宋怡明; pinyin: Sòng Yímíng; born May 18, 1967) is Professor of Chinese History at Harvard University. His research focuses on the local history of southeast China, especially in the Ming dynasty, the history of Chinese popular religion, and Overseas Chinese history. He is currently studying the social history of the Ming Dynasty military. Szonyi has traced local cults from the Ming Dynasty and has found that some of these cults continue to exist. He hopes that his research on these traditions can help historians better understand the role of religion in establishing local social orders.^[1]

Biography[link]

Szonyi received his BA from the University of Toronto and his D.Phil from the University of Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. After completing his doctorate, he worked at McGill University, but soon returned to his hometown to get married and teach at the University of Toronto, where he received tenure in 2002. Szonyi came to Harvard in 2005, and was named John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Humanities in 2007 and Professor of Chinese History in 2009. Today he splits his time between Cambridge and London, Ontario, where his wife, Francine McKenzie, is a professor of international relations at the University of Western Ontario.^[2]

Publications[link]

• The Cold War in Asia: The Battle for Hearts and Minds. Brill, 2010. (Co-edited with Zheng Yangwen and Liu Hong)
• Cold War Island: Quemoy on the Front Line. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
• Ming-Qing Fujian Wudi xinyang ziliao huibian (Documents on the Cult of the Five Emperors in Fujian in Ming and Qing). Hong Kong University of Science and Technology South China Research Centre, 2006.
• Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press, 2002.
• Zheng Zhenman, Family and Lineage Organization and Social Change in Ming-Qing Fujian, translated and with an introduction by Michael Szonyi. University of Hawai'i Press, 2001.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Homepage at Harvard